Deviance
Innovation
- An act that violates a norm.
- Action that is perceived as violating widely
shared values or norms.
- Depends on time, place, situation, culture.
- Can be understood within its social context.
 Deviance depends on…
a. Time – Fashion and grooming change.
b. Place – Where behavior or action occurs
determines whether is appropriate or deviant.
Ex. Women driving is common in the Philippines but in
Saudi Arabia it is banned by law.
c. Situation – Laughing in class (Joke vs. Moment of
Silence)
d. Culture – Men greeting each other.
Ex.
- U.S. – Hand Shake
- Japan – Bow
- Europe – Kiss on Cheek
 The study on Deviance has 2 concerns:
1. Why people violate laws or norms?
2. How the society does react to this violation?
Theories of Deviance
1. Structural Functionalism
- Emile Durkheim
- Deviance helps to define the limits of proper
behavior.
 Anomie
- Describe the loss of direction felt in the society
when social control of individual behavior has
become ineffective.
2. Strain Theory
- Robert Merton
- Deviance results when socially approved goals
cannot be reached by socially approved means.
 Types of deviance that emerge from this are:
- Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism,
Retreatism, Rebellion.
a. Conformity
- Accepting socially approved goals and the use of
legitimate means to achieve that goal.
b.
- Accepting the goal of success but rejected the
use of socially accepted means.
Ex. Cheating, Corruption, Drugs.
c. Ritualism
- People no longer set high success goals.
- People reject the importance of success once
they realize that they will never achieve it.
- Work becomes simply a way of life rather that a
means to the goal of success.
d. Retreatism
- Withdrawal from society.
- Rejecting goals and procedure.
Ex. Drug addicts and Alcoholics.
e. Rebellion
- People reject and attempt to change the goals
and the means approved by the society.
3. Symbolic Interactionism
- Deviance is learned through interaction with
others.
- Product of face to face interactions.
- Largely influenced by interpersonal relationship
between members of society.
a. Differential Association
- Deviance is a learned behavior.
- People learn it from different groups in which
they are associated.
b. Social Disorganization
- Crime is most likely to occur in communities with
weak social ties.
- A person is not born a criminal, but becomes one
over time, based on his or her social
environment.
c. Labeling
- Society tends to react to a rule breaking act by
labeling its deviant.
- “I become a criminal because you classify my
acts as a crime.”
- Once a person is labeled a thief or drunkard, he
or she ay stuck with that label for life, and
maybe rejected or isolated.
4. Conflict
- Class conflicts within the society create
deviance.
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 - It affects deviance in 2 ways. ii. Search for Alternatives – leave of absence,
1. Class interests determine which acts are temporary separation.
criminalized and how heavily they are punished. iii. Action Stage or Departure – leave a job, end a
2. Economic pressures lead to offenses particularly marriage
property offenses, among the poor. iv. Creation of New Identity

Elements of Social Structure 2. Social Groups

- Collection of individuals who regularly interact
1. Social Role
with one another.
a. Reciprocal Role
- Role that cannot be fulfilled alone.
- Types of Social Group
- A man cannot perform the role of a husband
- Primary group
without a wife.
- Secondary group
- In – group
Ex. Doctor – Patient; Athlete – Coach;
- Out – group
Boss – Employee; Friend – Friend
- Reference group
b. Role Expectations
- Behaviors and actions expected. a. Primary group
- Small group characterized by intimate, face to
Ex. face, association and cooperation.

- Doctors treat their patients. Ex.

- Parents provide for their children.
- Police uphold the law. - Family, Childhood and Close Friends, Highly
Influential group.
c. Role Conflict
- An individual finds himself or herself pulled in b. Secondary group
various directions while trying to respond to the - Larger, less intimate and more specialized group.
statuses he or she holds at the same time. - Impersonal and objective-oriented relationship
- Difficulty in time-management. for a limited time.
- Members treat each other as means to achieve
Study for Role Conflict his or her objectives.
Student exam - Professional relationship.
Occurs when the
demands or
Brother Attend c. In – group
expectations
bday of associated with two - A group to which people feel they belong.
sibling or more statuses - It comprises everyone who is regarded as “we”
are incompatible. or “us”.

d. Role Strain d. Out – group

- An individual finds it difficult to perform the role - A group in which people feel they do not belong.
expected of them. - Viewed as “them” or “they”.
- Problems of individuals in meeting or fulfilling
their roles. e. Reference group
- A group in which an individual compares himself
e. Role exit or herself.
- Disengage from social roles that have been - Strongly influence an individual’s behavior and
central to their lives. attitudes.
- A priest who decides to get out of priesthood and - Source of role model.
decides to get married.
Ex.
i. Doubt – unhappiness, burnout and or
- Your favorite basketball team.
frustrations.

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 3. Formal organization How Society is Organized
- Group designed for a special purpose and
structured for maximum efficiency. 1. Social Interaction
- Refers to the ways in which people respond to
Ex. one another.
- Language, symbols and gestures.
- Student Organizations - We attach meaning to the actions of other
- Professional Associations people.
- Daily activity of people.
 Bureaucracy - Family, neighborhood, friends, classmates,
- A component of formal organization that uses teachers and other school employees.
rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve - Letter, cellphone, telephone, e-mail, social
efficiency. media.
- May involve formal pattern.
Characteristic Positive For the For the - It can take place anywhere.
Consequences Individual Organization
Produces
Division of efficiency in a Produces trained Produces a  Types of Social Interaction
Labor large-scale incapacity. narrow
- Cooperation
corporation. perspective.
Deprives Permits - Conflict
Hierarchy of Clarifies who is in employees of a concealment - Competition
Authority command. voice in of mistakes.
decision-making. - Coercion
Written rules Let workers know Stifle initiative Lead to goal - Exchange
and what is expected and imagination. displacement. - Conformity
regulations of them.
Contributes to Discourages
Impersonality Reduces Bias. the feelings of loyalty to a. Cooperation
alienation company.
- Collaborative efforts to achieve a common goal.
Employment Discourages Discourages to
based on favoritism and ambition to Fosters Peter
technical petty rivalries. improve one- principle. Ex.
qualifications. self elsewhere.
- Team Sports, Group Peta.

4. Social Networks b. Conflict

- Series of social relationships that link a person - Direct struggle between individuals or groups
directly to other, and indirectly link him or her to over commonly valued goals.
more people. - Due to differences and disagreements.
- Age of Internet – Facebook, Twitter, Instagram.
c. Competition
5. Social Institutions - One or more individuals in opposing interaction
- Integrated beliefs, norms and values formed and toward attaining a similar goal.
patterned around the social needs, activities and
way of life of members of society. Ex.

Ex. - Olympics, Quiz Bee, Beauty Pageant.

- Family, Religious (Church), Government, d. Coercion

Educational (School), Economic, Health, Mass - Individual or groups are forced to behave in a
media. particular way.
- It can prove to be an effective social control.
“You never really learn much from hearing yourself
- Compelling people to comply with laws out of
speak.” – George Clooney
instilling penalty.

e. Exchange
- A voluntary action performed in the expectation
of getting a reward in return.

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Ex.
Me
- Helping a friend in doing her project expecting
that in the future she will help you in your Ascribed Status Achieved Status
requirements.
- “Utang na loob” - Female - Classmate
- 20 y/o - Employee
- Daughter - Friend
f. Conformity
- Latina - Student
- Behavior that matches the group expectations.
- Sister - Dormitory
- When we conform, we adapt our behavior to fit resident
the behavior of those around us.

2. Social Structure
- Refers to the way in which society is organized b. Social Role
into a predictable relationship… - Set of expectations for people who occupy a
- Societal institutions, Politics and given status.
Religion. - Behavior, obligations, privileges.
- And social practices - You occupy a status – you play a role.
- Social roles -

Social Institutions
 Element of Social Structure
- Status - A group of social positions, connected by social
- Roles relations, performing a social role.
- Groups
- Networks  Institutions:
- Social institutions - Family
- Political Institutions
a. Social Status - Economic System
- Refers to any of the socially defined positions - Non-State
within the society. - Education
- Guides the social interaction that occurs within - Religion
any given setting. - Health
- A person holds more than one status
simultaneously.
Kinship, Marriage, Family
Types of Social Status
 Kinship Structure
 Ascribed Status - Identified as the, primary socialization unit in the
- Assigned outside of your control. Philippine Society.
- Gender, Age. - It refers to relations formed between members
 Achieved Status of society developed through blood or
- Achieved by an individual through his consanguineal relationships, marriage or affinal
or her own efforts. relationships, adoption and other culturally
- Teacher, Volleyball player, Pilot, accepted rituals.
Businessman.
 Master Status  Types of Kinship
- Statuses that dominate others and
determine the person’s general 1. Kinship by blood ( Consanguineal )
position. - Achieved by blood affinity or by birth.

Ex.

- Parents, children, siblings, niece/nephew,

aunt/uncle.
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 b. Exogamy
 Principles of Descent - Requires mate selection outside certain groups,
usually family or certain kin from other
A. Patrilineal form of descent categories.
- Both males and females belong to the kin - Incest is taboo.
group of their father.
- Only the males pass on to their children  Theories on mate selection
their family identity.
a. Homogamy
B. Matrilineal - Tendency to select a mate with personal’s
- Persons are related if they can trace their characteristics similar to one’s own.
descent through females to the same - The idea “like marries like” applies to this type.
woman ancestor.
- Only daughters can pass on the family line b. Heterogamy
to their offspring. - Tendency to select a mate different from one’s
- Rain Queen (Province of Limpopo, South own.
Africa) her eldest daughter is the heir, and - “opposites attracts” best characterizes this idea.
the males are not entitled to inherit the
throne at all.  Forms of marriage

a. Monogamy
- One woman and one man are married only to
2. Kinship by Rituals
each other.
- Baptism, confirmation, and marriage.
- Serial monogamy – several spouses in
- This mutual kinship is also known as
her or his lifetime, but only one spouse
“Compadrazgo”
at a time.
- It means “godparenthood or sponsorship” –
dates back at least to the introduction of
b. Polygamy
Christianity and perhaps earlier.
- In this case, the husband or wife has more than
one partner at the same time. (Saudi Arabia)
 Suki relationships
- Polygyny – a marriage of a man to
- Market exchange partnerships
several women.
- May develop between two people who
- Polyandry – this family consists of a
agree to become regular customer and
wife with more than one husband.
supplier.
 Patron-client bonds
- Also are very much a part of prescribed
patterns of appropriate behavior.
 Friendship
- Filipinos also extend the circle of social
alliances with friendship.

3. Kinship by marriage
- A socially sanctioned sexual and economic union
between men and women.

 Aspects of mate selection

a. Endogamy
- Requires a person to marry someone from its
locality, own race, own class, own religion.

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