Feasibility of Lantana Camara with Tamarind Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus Aureaus (Sanitizer)

Feasibility of Coffee Grounds with Tamarind Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus Aureaus (Sanitizer)

Effectiveness of Coffee Grounds wind tamarind leaf extract against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (pesticide)

Lantana camara is a small perennial shrub which can grow to around 2 m tall and form dense thickets in a variety of
environments. Due to extensive selective breeding throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries for use as an ornamental plant, there
are now many different L. camara cultivars.

Tamarindus indica L. leaves are reported worldwide as antibacterial and antifungal agents; however, this observation is not completely
accurate in the case of Cuba. In this article, decoctions from fresh and sun dried leaves, as well as fluid extracts prepared with 30 and 70%
ethanol-water and the pure essential oil from tamarind leaves were microbiologically tested against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Aqueous and fluid
extracts were previously characterized by spectrophotometric determination of their total phenols and flavonoids, while the essential oil
was chemically evaluated by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Experimental data suggest phenols as active compounds
against B. subtilis cultures, but not against other microorganisms. On the other hand, the essential oil exhibited a good antimicrobial
spectrum when pure, but its relative low concentrations in common folk preparations do not allow for any good activity in these extracts.

The use of medicinal plants with therapeutics properties represents a secular tradition in different cultures, mainly in underdeveloped
countries. Lantana camara Linn and Lantana montevidensis Briq (Verbenaceae) found in tropical and subtropical areas around the world
are popularly known as “camará” or “chumbinho.” In popular medicines, both plants are used as antipyretic and carminative and in the
treatment of respiratory system infections. In this study, the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts of L. camara and L.
montevidensis leaves and roots against gram-positive and gram-negative strains standard and multi-resistant bacteria isolated from clinical
material are presented. In order to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), the microdilution method was used. The extracts
demonstrated antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, but the L. montevidensis fresh leaves extract present the best result
against P. aeruginosa (MIC 8 μg/mL) and against multi-resistant E. coli (Ec 27) (MIC 16 μg/mL). These results drive new researches with
both species in order to isolate the constituents responsible for the activity.

A sneeze, or sternutation, is a semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth,
usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa. A sneeze expels air forcibly from the mouth and nose in an
explosive, spasmodic involuntary action resulting chiefly from irritation of the nasal mucous membrane. This action allows for
mucus to escape through the nasal cavity.[1] Sneezing is possibly linked to sudden exposure to bright light, sudden change (fall)
in temperature, breeze of cold air, a particularly full stomach, or viral infection, and can lead to the spread of disease.

Large amounts of bacteria expelled during sneezing. NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Many people carry Staphylococcus
aureus, a potential disease-causing microbe, in their nose and now new research shows that large amounts of this organism
and other bacteria are released into the air with every sneeze

Cough headaches are an unusual type of headache triggered by coughing and other types of straining — such as
from sneezing

By nature, coughing, sneezing and laughing increase pressure on the discs and nerve roots internally.

A strenuous sneezing attack can leave the body with back spasms and upper or lower back pain and can cause injury.
Vigorous sneezing not only wracks the entire body, but the pressure can be so intense it may actually cause a weakened
spinal disc to herniated.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial human pathogen that causes a wide variety of clinical
manifestations.[1] Infections are common both in community-acquired as well as hospital-acquired
settings and treatment remains challenging to manage due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant
strains such as MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus).[2][3] S. aureus is found in the
environment and is also found in normal human flora, located on the skin and mucous membranes
(most often the nasal area) of most healthy individuals.[1] S. aureus does not normally cause infection
on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may
cause a variety of potentially serious infections.[1] Transmission is typically from direct contact.
However, some infections involve other transmission methods

S. aureus has long been recognized as one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans. It is the leading cause of skin
and soft tissue infections such as abscesses (boils), furuncles, and cellulitis. Although most staph infections are not serious, S.
aureus can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections.

An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.[1] Signs and symptoms of
abscesses include redness, pain, warmth, and swelling.[1] The swelling may feel fluid-filled when pressed.[1] The
area of redness often extends beyond the swelling.[6] Carbuncles and boils are types of abscess that often
involve hair follicles, with carbuncles being larger.[7]

A furuncle, also known as a boil, is a painful infection that forms around a hair follicle and contains pus. A carbuncle is
collection of boils that develop under the skin. When bacteria infect hair follicles, the follicles can swell and turn into boils and
carbuncles. A furuncle starts as a red lump. It may be tender.

Cellulitis is a common and sometimes painful bacterial skin infection. It may first appear as a red, swollen area that feels hot
and tender to the touch. The redness and swelling can spread quickly. It most often affects the skin of the lower legs, although
the infection can occur anywhere on your body or face.

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid. This yellow solid consists of both phenolic
and acrylic functional groups. It is found in all plants because it is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, one of the
principal components of woody plant biomass and its residues.

Our study indicates that S. aureus susceptibility to CA alone, or in the phenolic acid-antibiotic combination, is strain-dependent and is not
associated with MRSA and ML resistance. The combination of caffeic acid with common antibiotic shows promising synergistic activity
against S. aureus strains isolated from intractable wound infections which implies the necessity for further research focused on the
mechanisms of antimicrobial action of antibiotic CA interactions. Such a research would contribute to the development of the new therapies
effective against MDR S. aureus clinical strains
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Anthracnose) is one of the most common Colletotrichum fungal plant pathogens. It causes bitter
rot in variety of crops worldwide, particularly perennials in the tropical regions (3). Some of the important host plants include
citrus, yam, papaya, avocado, coffee, eggplant, sweet pepper, and tomato. It produces substantial amount of pre- and post-
harvest loss in these crops worldwide. It acts as a secondary invader of injured tissue, but can also survive as a saprophyte.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is considered as most important and destructive disease of mango. Use of natural
plants is recommended because it is cost-effective and safe. Plant extracts like tamarind shown to have antifungal activity. The
experiment was conducted in Pampanga, Philippines following two factor-factorial Complete Randomized Design to determine
the antifungal effect of tamarind against anthracnose, specifically to: determine zones of inhibition in C. gloeosporioides as
affected by different solvents in young and mature leaf extracts; determine interaction effect between different solvents and type
of leaf used; determine the most effective tamarind extract against C. gloeosporioides.