Battery charging station report

ABSTRACT:

A battery charging station (BCS) is a charging

facility that supplies electric energy for recharging electric vehicles' depleted
batteries (DBs). A BCS has a certain number of charging bays and maintains a
dynamic inventory of fully charged batteries . This paper studies a BCS scheduling
(BCSS) problem whose target is to schedule the charging processes of the charging
bays such that the charging cost is minimized while satisfying the FB demand.
Specifically,

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the spread of charging infrastructure,

which is essential to spreading electric vehicles (EVs), has been actively
promoted in India. Several automakers started selling mass-produced EVs after
2009. However, while EVs are expected to continue becoming prevalent, we are
anxious about the simultaneous rise in the power-grid-load as well as waiting
times to charge multiple EVs.
Several studies have already been carried out to analyze by
modeling and simulation to reduce the load on grid power .The study reports
that the detailed analysis of EV in Indian market, their utilization as V2G
(Vehicle to Grid) and its impact on the Indian grid. the authors conclude from
their simulation results that a charge control system could be avoided voltage
sags and grid overload by EV. One novel approach is to incorporate EV
charging station with storage system

public EV charging station. I have proposed method of calculating the offered

energy for the EVs at a charging station taking into account future power
demand. In addition they aim to satisfy the customers’ needs as much as
possible and maintain fairness during insufficient supply energy. However, it
seems that no studies of method using EV’s charging characteristic and
demonstration experiment by actual equipment have been reported. We propose
a Battery & Charger Integration System (BCIS).

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This is an EV charging system with multiple quick chargers and large capacity
batteries. The features of the system are the control of multiple quick chargers
and the shift of the power peak of subsequent second EV charging and
subsequent charging through the controlling multiple quick chargers. This
method can limit grid power peak. Moreover, the extension of charging time can
be curbed by using stationary batteries. Our system enables coexistence between
the load mitigation to gridpower

PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the future, as EVs become more popular, it is feared that simultaneous

charging of multiple EVs will cause electric power shortages. An increase in the
waiting time for charging might be another issue for drivers. Assuming that
multiple EVs may be charged at an EV charging station, it is essential to provide
multiple EV quick chargers at suitably located charging stations.
However, a large volume of power is required for charging
multiple EVs via quick chargers. Charger operators and electric utilities may need
to enhance power distribution facilities in order to cope with the projected peak
power consumption, and also they have to prepare the expense burden for such
enhancement of power distribution facilities.
For example, to install two quick chargers of 50kW output
performance, the equipment needs to be set to a 100kW charge peak. Another
concern is the shortage of power supply when quick charging peak time is
concentrated at certain hours. EV drivers may also have to wait long hours in
queues for charging even at stations with multiple charging facilities. Moreover,
there is also a problem with simultaneously charging two EV units by two quick
chargers (rated output: 50kW) under the maximum received grid power of 50kW.
Because of this method, the charging of the second EV cannot begin until the
charging of the first EV has been completed. As a result, waiting time can be
long.

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BCIS
BCIS Manager
BCIS

BCIS
Power controller
Grid power
receiving section BCIS power control

Grid power
Battery Battery

control control
section section

Battery units Quick chargers

EV

Fig. 1. System configuration of BCS

BATTERY AND CHARGER INTEGRATION SYSTEM (BCIS)

To solve the problems , Developed BCIS, which combines several quick

chargers and large capacity batteries. The system nfigurations, operations and
features of BCIS will be described in the following sections.

A. The System Configuration

BCIS is composed of six components. Figure 1 shows the system configurationand
the grid power receiving section (AC/DC converter) and battery control section
(DC/DC converter) .
The function of each component is described below.
(1) Grid power receiving section
This component converts the AC power (three-phase three-wire system
AC200V) received from the grid into DC power (DC450V) and then supplies it
to the battery control and quick charger sections Rated power is 50kW.

(2) Battery control section

This section receives commands from the power controller in order to control
the charge and discharge operations of the battery unit Rated power is 50kW.

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(3) Battery
unit
The battery unit consists of the Li-ion batteries and a battery management
system (BMS) that is designed to secure
a suitable power storage level and a safe environment for the stationary batteries
(Fig.3). The capacity is 64.2kWh. The output voltage is 336～393.6V.

(4) Quick charger

The quick charger provides a rapid battery charge for the EVs while receiving
commands from the power controller to enable the dynamically controlled
charging of power during fast charging for the EVs. The quick charger used by
this system has changed its specification into the direct-current input for the
input unit of a commercial quick charger.

(5) Power controller

The power controller monitors the status of each component and controls the
power resources to provide optimum control of the EV chargers. Moreover, by
receiving commands from the BCIS manager unit, it can control the charging
amounts of the quick chargers for the EVs and the charge/discharge amounts of
the stationary batteries.

(6) BCIS manager

The BCIS manager monitors and controls each BCIS as well as managing and
maintaining the BCIS system. By collaborative linkage with the Community
Energy Management System (CEMS), power demand and supply adjustment
within a region will be available via the demand response function.
CHARGING METHODOLOGIES OF EVS
Quality of service of a recharging station is measured in terms of how fast
the vehicles’ battery is charged and discharged, provision of electric supply for
recharging EVs, delay in accepting charging request by vehicle owner, long term
effect on battery performance, and pricing. Charging capability of battery as
defined in the SAE J1772 standard for e-vehicles is as follows:
• Slow charging - Level 1: Supplying AC energy to the on-board charger of the

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vehicle of rating of 120V/16 A for charging 1.92 kW battery with charging

time of 10 hours
• Standard charging - Level 2: Implies AC energy to the on-board charger of the
vehicle of voltage of 208-240 V and current of 12-80 A for 2.5-19.2 kW with
charging time of 8 hours at most
• Fast charging - Level 3: Using DC energy from an off- board charger, in DC
charging there is no minimum energy requirement but the maximum current
may be 400 A and 240 kW with charging time of 20-30 minutes.

LOCATING CHARGING STATIONS

It has been recognized that it is essential to site the charging
stations in such a way that it could support the transportation while drawing
power from the utility grid. In this regard, a two-stage stochastic program
based site for locating charging stations has already been proposed .
Renewable energy coupled with recharging stations may cope with the
challenges like variability of renewable energy resources and expected
increase in power demand due to power utilization by EVs. However, a
recharging station supplied by a stand-alone PV power generation can be
located at homes or public places. Installing PV on top roofs is becoming
popular and is consid- ered to be an optimal solution to power up electric
vehicles at very low cost. Small scale renewable power generation can play
vital role in acceptable popularization of electric vehicle without affecting

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utility grid while offering better economy.

CONVERTER FOR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM CHARGING

STATION
Charging station with storage system using AC/DC power converter or and
DC/DC bidirectional converter has also been proposed, keeping stress on the
power grid to a minimum to support additional load of EV charging stations [35],
[36]. In the wake of necessity to supply electric power for EVs on site and on
time i.e. as much smooth availability of charging facility as it is for conventional
fuel/gas filling stations, see Fig. 3. It means a charging station should be able to
provide fast charging comparable to gas station. AC supply is preferred to
recharge vehicles because AC system has already developed standards and
technologies.

Fig. 3. Rapid charging station using DC common bus

On the other hand, vehicle charger may be required to equip with a

transformer for matching the output voltage level, which will make the topology
complex and less economic. An ultra-capacitor based energy storage system
has already been proposed to save energy for smooth supply during peak demand
hours enhancing reliability of charging infrastructure. Ultra-capacitors are
charged and discharged at high rates but their power rating is limited by power
electronics and AC/DC power converters are mostly of 1.1MW power rating with
high switching frequency and are expensive. For this, several power converters of

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low power rating can be used in parallel to obtain higher power but it will make
the system complex.
In order to supply DC power to recharge electric vehicle, employing a diode
rectifier is the easiest method to convert AC into DC.
THE PROPOSED SMART CHARGING STATION
From previous sections it is evident
that most of the researchers have paid attention to equip a charging station with
energy storage system but as a matter of fact the performed simulation results in
Fig. 5 show that, having local energy storage system based charging station may
get too expensive to afford even than conventional vehicles’ fuel consumption
cost.
On the other hand communication based load management has
been given much attention for sustainability of charging infrastructure, in fact it
may be useful to an extent, but it may not be a solid strategy to support electric
vehicles’ electric load because it does not deal with the problem that how to
feed EVs if a certain number of vehicles require recharging during peak hours.
The presented idea for recharging station is that a smart
charging station which is connected to smart grid should be made a bidirectional
interface capable of either recharging electric vehicles or to use them as power
source. The proposed smart bidirectional recharging station is to be equipped
with robust and effective communication infrastructure. As communication
among the power supplier, vehicle driver, recharging station, SSC and other nodes
of the network is a key issue in making the recharging infrastructure smart and
reliable with instant reflection of availability of power and dynamic pricing to
the vehicle owner. .
In view of communication technologies for recharging
infrastructure, wireless mesh network is found to be the most suitable
communication technology for coordination between electric vehicle owner and
the nearest charging point for exchanging information about power demand either
by EV or the facility depending on load on the power grid and price informa-
tion.Mesh network offers fair enough data rate, self-healing, capability of self-
configuration, high scalability services and low deployment cost.

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CONCLUSION

The developed a Battery & Charger Integration System (BCIS) to solve power
supply shortages and long waiting times to charge electric vehicles (Evs)
confirmed that BCIS could control EV charging flexibly in accordance with the
stationary battery’s capacity. The proposed smart charging station prevails over
state-of- the-art-techniques due to its overwhelming distinctive features. This
paper identifies different flaws in the conventional tech- niques and
methodologies
And performed simulation in which it is shown that the
proposed architecture of recharging station gives better quality of service
relatively at lower cost than that of conventionally proposed charging station with
local energy storage system. The paper proposes mesh network and cellular
network as an optimal wireless communication technologies for communication
bridge among various nodes of the system. The specifically designed bidirectional
multilevel cascaded H- bridge power converter will operate at low frequency with
reducing the need of power filter . The designed power con- verter with high
power efficiency removes the need of bulky transformers. The proposed topology
ensures better control of two-way energy flow using third generation component
e.g. SiC and GaN. Using electric vehicles as an energy storage devices facilitate
integration and sustainability of renewable energy resources.

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