MAMARIL, Shaira Mae A.

12 May 2018
2014063421 4PHL2

1. (Lyotard) How does paralogy affect the relationship between “grand recit” and “petit recit”?
For, Jean-Francois Lyotard, the true essence of knowledge or paralogy in which he means
as meaning has diminished through postmodernism. First, people nowadays tend to value
knowledge not because it is a ‘human value’ but because it has become labelled as a
commodity. Second, this epoch has become more lenient to the increase of competing
knowledge. And third, postmodernism world has become sceptic towards knowledge that
claim the status of a metanarrative or a grand narrative. A metanarrative is a system of
knowledge that claim to be universally valid and capable of evaluating the “lesser” system of
knowledge.

2. (Foucalt) Why is the critique rooted in our desire to be “not governed”

Foucault’s critique in our desire to be “not governed” pertains to the struggle of modern
technique and the problem of relationship between critique and affect – schock, outrage, anger,
resentment, indignation, rage, and hate. Linking these emotions with the desire to “not being
governed like that and at that cost,” as Foucault puts it, may not be too bold of an assumption.
How might we theorize the connection between anger and critique? Is anger an effect of,
precondition, or stumbling block for critique?1 Foucault perceives critique as an effect of the
development in opposition to it. This emphasizes the modern power of governance to constitute
to the truth – the question of legitimacy of power made by knowledge and the authorization of
knowledge by power.2 Furthermore, he explained that critique is not a resistance but an effort
to participate and redirecting the course of discourse of truth.

3. (Deleuze) What is the difference between disciplinal systems and systems of control?
Disciplinal systems refer to the enclosed environment of organizations in a society such as
family, school and factory while systems of control that offer reforms to the said institutions.
As stated in his text, “In the disciplinary societies one was always starting again (from school
to the barracks, from the barracks to the factory), while in the societies of control one is never
finished with anything-the corporation, the educational system, the armed services being
metastable states coexisting in one and the same modulation, like a universal system of
deformation.”
To compare their differences, the disciplinal societies and systems of control have the
likelihood of the mole and the serpent respectively, as stated by Deleuze in his text. The mole
represents the confinement of his environment in the underground as his way of life while the
serpent can move freely but is still confined with his environment.

1
Purtschert, P. (2008). europäisches institut für progressive kulturpolitik in Not Wanting To Be
Governed Like That: On the Relationship between Anger and Critique. Retrieved May 12, 2018
http://eipcp.net/transversal/0808/purtschert/en
2
Foucault 1997 [1978], p. 32