NUTRITION: CALORIES, VITAMINS AND MINERALS Toxicity Not likely reach toxic Likely to reach

levels when toxic levels

FOOD consumed from when
• Provide energy and new molecules to replace supplement consumed
those that the body uses from
supplement
NUTRIENTS Dosage Needed in frequent Needed in
Frequency doses periodic doses
• Component of food and drink that provide Relationship Function as Do not
growth, replacement, and energy to coenzyme function as
coenzyme coenzymes
 Carbohydrates

 Lipids
CALORIES
 Proteins
- Measurement of amount of energy derived
 Vitamins from food

 Minerals 1000 Cal = 1 kCal

 Water Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day

Carbohydrates 45 – 65% ( 50%)

Proteins 10 – 35% (20%)

Lipids 20 – 35% (30%)

CHO (Carbohydrates) 4 cal/gram

CHON (Proteins) 4 cal/gram

Lipids 9 cal/gram

Example: using 2000 calories diet

CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories

= 1,000 calories / 4 = 250 grams

CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories

The General Properties of Water-Soluble Vitamins and
Fat- Soluble Vitamins = 400 calories / 4 = 100 grams

Water- Soluble (B Fat Soluble(Vit. Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories

vitamins and C) ADEK) = 600 calories / 4 = 150 grams
Absorption Directly to the blood First enter into
the lymph CHO 250 grams
system
Transport Travel without Many require CHON 100 grams
carriers protein carriers Lipids 150 grams
Storage Circulate in the Found in cells
water- filled parts of associated with ============
the body fats
500 grams/day
Excretion Kidney remove Tend to remain
excess In urine in fat-storage
sites
VITAMIN 4. Reproduction and Growth
- MEN:participates in sperm development
- is an organic compound required as a nutrient
- WOMEN: normal fetal development during
in tiny amounts by an organism
pregnancy
- Derived from “Vitamine”
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
- 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• Nightblindness/Blindness
- 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Keratinization of epithelium and cornea
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Best Food Source:
1. VITAMIN A
• Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,
sweet potatoes

2. VITAMIN D

Other Name: Retinoids

Retinol
Other name : Calciferol
Retinal
Retinoic Acid 2 Members
Best Food Sources Vitamin D3 ( Cholecalciferol)
- Egg yolks and dairy products - Produced in the skin of humans and animals by
 Provide retinyl esters that are the action of sunlight
hydrolyzed to retinoids in the intestine
Vitamin D2 ( Ergocalciferol )
- Carotenoids (precursor forms of Vit. A)
 Beta- Carotene – which can be cleaved - Produced from the plant sterol ergosterol
to yield 2 molecules of Vitamin A through the action of light
 Yellow to red-orange pigment
Function:
Function:
 Stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate
1. Vision ions from the GIT and acids in the retention by
- Retinal combines with protein opsin to form the the kidneys
visual pigment rhodopsin  Triggers deposition of calcium salts into the
2. Regulating Cell Differentiation organic matrix of bones
- Retinoic acid binds to protein receptors, then
the complex binds to regulatory regions of DNA
molecules.
3. Maintenance of the Health of Epithelial Cells
- Retinoic acid is related to cellular differentiation
involving mucus-secreting cells
- Lack of this causes surfaces to become drier and
harder than normal
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: • In premature infants: anemia

• Rickets (children): pliable bones Best Food Source:

• Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones  Gamma- tocopherol

- Is the main form in food
Best Food Source:
- Plant oils, green leafy vegetable and whole grain
• Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese, products
eggs, milk
4. VITAMIN K

Other name: Phylloquinone

- Synthesized by intestinal bacteria and from the

diet

Function:

 Blood clotting
3. VITAMIN E  Essential in the formation of Vitamin K-
dependent clotting factors

Deficiency Symptoms and Disease:

 Uncontrolled bleeding ( mostly in infants)

Best Food Source:

 Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef liver

Other Name: Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, Gamma-

TOCOPHEROL

Functions:

1. Antioxidant
- Giving up the hydrogen present on its OH group
to oxygen- containing free radicals
- Preventing the oxidation of polyunsaturated
fatty acids in membrane lipids
- Protects Vit. A from oxidation
- Exerts it antioxidant effect in the lungs

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

• In cases of malabsorption such as cystic

fibrosis: anemia
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMININS Best Food Source:

1. VITAMIN B1 • Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,

mushrooms, beans

3. VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID

Other Name: Thiamine

Function:

- Coenzyme in oxidative carboxylation and in the

pentose phosphate shunt
Other Name: Niacin
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Function:
• Beriberi
- Coenzyme of oxidative processes
• In alcoholics: heart failure
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
• Pulmonary congestion
• Pellagra
Best Food Source:
Best Food Source:
Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver
- Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,
2. VITAMIN B2 mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice

Other Name: Riboflavin

Function:

- Coenzyme of oxidative processes

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

• invasion of cornea by capillaries

• Cheilosis

• Dermatitis
 4. VITAMIN B6 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

• Anemia

Best Food Source:

• Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange

juice

6. VITAMIN B12

Other Name: Pyridoxine

Function:

- Coenzyme in transamination
- Heme synthesis

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

• Convulsions

• Chronic anemia

• Peripheral neuropathy

Best Food Source: Other Name: Cyanocobalamin

- Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat Function:

- Part of methyl-removing enzyme in folate

metabolism
5. VITAMIN B9
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

• Pathcy demyelination

• Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and

brain

Best Food Source:

- Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney

7. VITAMIN B5

Other Name: Folic Acid; Pteroylglutamic Acid

Function:

• Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA Other Name: Pantothenic Acid

synthesis
Function:

- Part of CoA
 - Fat and carbohydrate metabolism  Maintains iron in the oxidation state that allows
it to function (specific antioxidant)
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 General antioxidant for water soluble
• Gastrointestinal disturbances substances in the blood and other body fluids
 Helps keep the active form of folate
• Depression
 Often added as food preservative because of its
Best Food Source: antioxidant properties

- Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain, heart Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

• Scurvy
8. VITAMIN B7
Best Food Source:

• Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage, tomatoes

Other Name: Biotin

Function:
• Synthesis of fatty acids
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
• Dermatitis, nausea, depression
Best Food Source:
• Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk

9. VITAMIN C

Other Name: Ascorbic Acid

Function:

 Co-substrate in the formation of structural

protein collagen
MINERAL

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY Chloride Osmotic Electrolyte

SYMPTOMS / pressure imbalances
DISEASES

Phosphorus Balancing Structural

Potassium Provides Muscle Weakness calcium in the weakness in
membrane diet bones
potential

Sodium Osmotic Electrolyte Magnesium Cofactor in Hypocalcemia

pressure imbalances enzymes

Calcium Bone Muscle cramps; Iron Oxidative Anemia

formation; osteoporosis, phosphorylation;
Hormonal fragile bones, hemoglobin
function; Blood coagulopathy synthesis
coagulation;
Zinc Cofactor in Retarded
Muscle
enzymes; insulin growth;
contraction
enlarged liver
Manganese Bone Retarded growth of
formation hair and nails
Copper Oxidative Loss of hair
Chromium Glucose Glucose not enzymes pigmentation;
metabolism available to cells cofactor anemia

Molybdenum Protein Retarded growth Manganese Bone formation Retarded

synthesis growth of hair
and nails
Fluorine Enamel Tooth
formation Chromium Glucose Glucose not
metabolism available to
cells

Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded

growth

“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRSIT WHO

STREGHTENS ME”