2 CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING How high can a solid, unloaded brick wall (2.08 tonnes per m*) be carried without the ‘compressive stress on the lower course exceeding (a) 12 kg/cm’, (b) 17.5 kg/cm’? Solution: 84,13 m (answer) ‘The brick walls of a small power plant are of the bearing wall type, 432 mm thick. They are 10.5 1m high to the eaves and take a reaction of 3400 kg from roof trusses spaced 4.5 m apart. (a) ‘What is the maximum compression in the brick work? (b) The safe bearing power of the subsoil is 9765 kg/m’, and the wall footings weight approximately 495 kg/m. How wide should the footings be? Solution: We = weight of brickwall = (2403 kg/m?)(0.432 m)(10.5 m)(4.5 m) = 49,050 kg W, = weight of roof truss = 3400 ke ‘A= Compression area on brick wall = 0.432 4.5 = 1.944 m (a) Maximum compression on brick wall = (Wa W:W/A = (49,050 + 3400) / 1.944 = 26,980 kg/m” (b) Width of footing Safe bearing power = 9765 kg/m? W, = wall footing weight = 495 x 4.5 = 222755 kg Wy +W, +, Safe bearing power = —$-T EE 19,050-+3400+2227.5 45xb = 1.245 m= 1245 mm (answer) 9765=CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING A brick power plant building is 12 m x 21 m x 7.5 m high, with flat roof. Walls are 544 m thick for lower 4.5 m, 432 mm for upper 3 m. There are 10 window openings 1.5 m x 2.0 m, and 2 door ‘openings 2.0 m x 2.5 m. The walls are built with thin cement mortar joints. Calculate the cost of building materials for the walls, given the following unit costs: Brick, $40.00 per 1000; cement, $4.00 per bbl; sand, $3.50 per cubic metre. Solution: Volume = [2(22\4.5) + 2(21)(4.5) ~ 10(2.5)(2.0) - 2(2.0)(2.5)/(0.544) + [2(22)(3) + 2(24)(3))(0.432) = 225,344 m?, ‘There are 650 standard bricks per 1 cubic meter. 225.344 x 650 = 146,474 bricks 190 to 250 liters of mortar per cubic meter, say 220 liters 220 x 225.344 = 49,576 liters = 49.576 cu m mortar For preliminary estimating purposes, a cubic meter of mortar may be taken as made from a cubic meter of sand and 13 sacks of cement. Sand: 49.576 cu m mortar = 50 cu m of sand Cement: 13 x 49.576 = 645 sacks ‘1 bbI = 42 gallons = 0.159 m’. Proportions for the mortar are from one to three parts of dry sand to one part of Portland ‘cement depending on the strength needed. ‘Cement: 49.576 cu m mortar = 49.576 cu m of cement In bbl = (49.576 / 0.159)(1 bbl) = 312 Cost of Building Materials Brick = (146,474)(40/1000) = $5,858.96 Cement = (312)(4) = $1,248.00 Sand = (50)(3.50) =$ 175.00 Cost of Building Materials == ‘= $7,281.96 (answer) What is the cost, in place, of a brick wall 6 m high, 21 m long, 432 mm thick? Thin cement mortar joints. Bricklayer, $15.00 per day; helper, $8.00 per day. Brick, $32.00 per 1000; cement, $4.00 per bbl; sand, $3.00 per tonne (1780 kg = 1m’). Solution: Volume = (6)(21)(0.432) = 54.432 m*, ‘There are 650 standard bricks per 1 cubic meter. 54.432 x 650 = 35381 bricks 190 to 250 liters of mortar per cubic meter, say 220 liters 220 x 54.432 = 11,975 liters = 11.975 cu m mortar 2CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING For preliminary estimating purposes, a cubic meter of mortar may be taken as made from a cubic ‘meter of sand and 13 sacks of cement. Sand: 11.975 cu m mortar= 12 cum of sand In tons. = 12 x 1780 /1000 = 21.36 tonne Cement: 13 x 11.975 = 156 sacks 1 bb| = 42 gallons = 0.159 m’. Proportions for the mortar are from one to three parts of dry sand to one part of Portland cement depending on the strength needed. Cement: 11.975 cu m mortar = 11.975 cu m of cement {In bbl = (12.975 / 0.159)(1 bbl) = 76 In the absence of union rates, a bricklayer with helper will lay from 1000 to 2000 brick daily, the former figure being for facing work and the latter for massive work such as foundations or buttresses. Use 1500 brick daily. Number of days = 35381 / 1500 = 23.6 say 24 days Cost: Brick = (85381)(82/1000) = $1,132.19 Cement (76)(4) =$ 304.00 Sand (21.36)(3.00) =$ 64.08 Bricklayer = (15)(24) =$ 360.00 Helper = (8)(24) =$ 192.00 Cost: = = $2,052.27 (answer) ‘An engine is to be set on a symmetrical concrete foundation 1.2 m x 3.5 m top face, 2.1. mx 3.5, m bottom face, 1.5 m deep. Make a list of the materials to be used in the construction of the foundation and calculate the foundation weight. Solution: Material Used: Cement, Sand, and Stone Volume = 0.5(1.2 + 2.1)(1.5(3.5) = 8.6625 cum Reinforced Concrete = 2403 kg/cum Foundation Weight = 2403 x 8.6625 = 20,816 kg (answer) ‘A 30.5 m circular water tunnel of 1.2 m inside diameter and 305 mm thick walls to be ‘constructed of concrete. Allowing 4 bags cement to the bbl, find the cost of materials based on the following unit prices: Cement, $4.50 per bbl; sand, $3.50 per tonne; stone, $4.00 per tonne. Sand and stone weight 1780 ke/m’. Solution: Outside diameter = 2(0.305) + 1.2 = 1.81m v=4 (ast) -(1.2) Js0s)=44m* For tunnel, use 1:2:3 mixtureCHAPTER 4 - THE POWER PLANT BUILDING For 1.cu m concrete 9.2 sacks or bags = 0.51 cumsand = 0.77 cum stone Cement = (44)(9.2)/4 = 102 bbl Sand = (44)(0.51)(1780)/1000 = 40 tonne ‘Stone = (44)(0.77)(1780)/1000 = 60 tonne Cost: Cement =(45)(102) = $459.00 Sand = (3.5)(40) = 140.00 Stone = (4)(60) = 240.00 Cost of materials = $839.00 (answer) Estimate the quantities of stone, sand, and cement required to build a circular concrete water tank (wood cover) to hold 7300 litres water. Interior depth of water, 1.5 m; of tank, 1.8 m. Walls ‘and floor, 200 mm thick. Neglect volume occupied by steel reinforcement, Solution: For circular concrete water tank, use 1:2:3 mixture For 1 cum concrete = 9.2 sacks or bags 0.51 cu msand =0.77 cu mstone Water volume = 7300 Liters =7.3 cum Inside diameter of tank —-2.49° \1.8)=3.042 m? Quantities of stone, sand, and cement (answer) Cement =9.2 x 3.042 = 28 sacks Sand = 0.51 x 3.042 = 1.55 cum Stone = 0.77 x3.042 = 2.35 cum ‘A 39.5 m high chimney of radial brick masonry is described by the following top and bottom dimension. D, = 1.9 m, d, = 1.5 m, D; = 3.2 m, d; = 2.3 m. Uniform batter, weight 180 tonnes.CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Find the maximum compressive stress under 160 km/hr wind load. Will a base crack be opened to windward? Solution: H=39.5m W= 180 tonnes = 180,000 kg At 160) Ny raha OOH Gn, +R) 200(39.5F° (22) 32 32 pa '=182,029kg-m Ph=We 182,029 = (180,000) 7=101m Maximum compressive stress Since y>2>k {1.01 1.01-0.607)" 0.607 ),1.09=0.607 ‘f, =144,740 kg/m? (answer) ‘The factor of safety against tipping downwind is the ratio of the stabilizing moment to the wind moment, both taken about the downwind edge. 59. CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Ru F5, == AS =1.584>15, a base crac wll not open to windward. ‘The upper 15.25 m of a radial brick chimney has D; = 2.2 m, D, = 2 m, wall thickness 178 mm. Is, it fully stable laterally at the 15.25 m section and safe against crushing when subjected to 160, km/h wind? Density, 2403 kg/m’; allowable compressive stress, 12.66 kg/cm’. Solution: t= 178mm 4, = Dy~2t= 2.2-2(0.178) = 1.844 m d= D;~2t= 2~2(0.178) = 1.644 m z A-2(0}~-d)-Z[e.2) -(.044) ]-1.1310° A Eo} -a) = [ay ~(0.644) }-1.019m* v= (4, + =5(0.1314+1.019)(15.25) 2 V=16,394m’ W-=(2403)(16.394)=39,395 kg ‘At 160 km/h rar ar, +n) pp i025) (22)43]- * 3 \2 2 Ph=We 24,807 = (39,395) 2=0.63m Fup aR R= Dy/2=2.2/2= 1.1 m,r=dy/2 = 1.844/2= 0.922 m es. (aay +(0.922F a(a.2) =0.47m10. CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING ‘The factor of safety against tipping downwind is the ratio of the stabilizing moment to the wind. moment, both taken about the downwind edge. R_ it FS, #1) Fi t . Fogg BP LS ks fully stabled laterally (answer). Maximum compressive stress Since y>2>k 39,395 laa war 092 f. = 38,841 kg/m? f ioe 1-088) =| (-28\28 a" 047 0.47 ma ] f, =94,427 kg/m? (answer) Allowable compressive stress, 12.66 kg/cm” = 126,600 kg/m” > 94,427 kg/m’. Safe for crushing. (answer) Using Table 4-3, estimate the proportions of a radial brick chimney of 2.4 m inside diameter x 45.5 m high. Masonry weight, 1922 kg/m’. Wind, 160 km/h. Test the base and mid-height sections for maximum compressive stress. No lining. Solution: =24m H=455m 1922 kg/m? Wind at 160 km/h No lining Hass 4, 24 Table 4.3, Batter = 18.4 mm/m Top wall thickness = 180 to 230 mm, say 210 mm n=12m Ry= a4 thickness = 1.2 +0.21 = 1.41 m Ry = Ry + (Batter)(H) = 1.41 + (18.4)(45.5)/1000 = 2.2472 m Dy = 2R; = 2(2.2472) = 4.4944 m Dy = 2R, = 2(1.4100) = 2.82 mCHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(45.5) = 421 mm as 432 mm y= 2.2472 ~0.432 = 1.8152 m oe (2.2472 41.41" +2.2472x1.41) = 486.32 m? Outside conical volume = 4s: Inside conical volume = “> (9152? + 1.2? +1.8152x1.2) = 329.40 m? 3 Volume of masonry = 486.32 -329.4 = 156.92 m? At 1922 kg/m? Chimney Weight = 1922 x 156.92 = 301,600 kg Estimated Dimension of Chimney: Top, 2.82 m outside diameter and 210 mm thick. Bottom, 4.4944 m outside diameter and 432 mm thick. Height = 45.5 m. (answer) ‘Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress At 160 km/h rr ar, +n) ren BOGS SY a an)+22472]-349,679h0 “m Ph=we 349,679 = (301,600)2 2=1.16m R+r aR R= 2.2472 m,r=1.8152m (2.2472) +(a.8152)" 4(2.2472) ‘ H(aat) 227,882) alta)” a Ot 2247 =0.93m Maximum compressive stress Since y>z>kCHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING fo” 301,600 RR =F) 20.2472" -1.8152" $4,704 kg/m? 7s 18). _ (4118) 1.16-0. a) 093) 093 /\158-0.93) | f, = 124,631 kg/m? = 12.46 kg/cm? is less than 15.5 kg/cm? maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) Testing the mid-height section for maximum compressive stress ‘At 160 km/h rp a, +R.) R=Ry = F(R, +R) =$(2.2672+1.41)=1.8286m H=0.5x45,5=22.75m 100(22.75)" f(s.41) +1.8286]=80,198 kg-m R=R, =1.8286m 1 r HM 4+r,)=2(1.8152+1.2)=1.5076m 22.780 Outside conical volume = (1.82867 +1.41° +1.8286%1.41) = 188.45 m? 22.758 Inside conical volume (1.5076? +1.2” +1.5076x1.2) = 131.56 m? Volume of masonry = 188.45 -131.56 = 56.89 m’ At 1922 kg/m? Chimney Weight = 1922 x 56.89 = 109,343 kg = W Ph=We 80,198 = (109,343)z 2=0.73m Rar aR j= 11-8286) +(1.5076)" “4(1.8286) =0.77m11 CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Maximum compressive stress Fory>z>k [eH Butk>z i 2) mapa) 109,343, aI ‘a{l.8286" -1.5076") f, =32,500 kg/m? 073 Le 2.5001 +52) f,= 63,312 kg/m’ =6.33 kg/cm? is less than 15.5 kg/cm’ maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) te Repeat Prob. 10, except for 2.75 m x 60m chimney. Solution: d,=2.75m H=60m 1922 ke/m? Wind at 160 km/h Table 4.3, Batter = 20.6 mm/m ‘Top wall thickness = 180 to 230 mm, say 210 mm p= 2.75/2=1.375m Ro= r2+ thickness = 1.375 + 0.21 = 1.585 m Ry = Ro (Batter)(H) = 1.585 + (20.6)(60)/1000 = 2.821 m (Dy = 2R, = 2(2.821) = 5.642m (Dy = 2Ry = 2(1.585) = 3.17 m Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(60) = 555 mm as 559 mmCHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING y= 2.821 -0.559 = 2.262 m Outside conical volume = oer +1.585' +2.821x1.585) = 938.81 m? Inside conical volume Serer 41.375? +2,2621.375) = 635.70 m? ‘Volume of masonry = 938.81 — 635.70 = 303.11 m? At 1922 kg/m? Chimney Weight = 1922 x 303.11 = 82,578 kg Estimated Dimension of Chimney: Top, 3.17 m outside diameter and 210 mm thick. Bottom, 5.642 m outside diameter and 559 mm thick. Height = 60 m. (answer) Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress, ‘At 160 km/h Pah: ie 100" (en, +R) np CO) 718,920kg-m PLh=We 718,920 = (582,578)z 2=1234m kak +r aR = 2.821 m, r=2.262m jn 2820) +2262) 0 (2.821) y Blast 2H ae +2282) 1 976m aR) a 22) Maximum compressive stress Since y>2>k Te z\z-ky 14+2)-(1-222£ 5 5 i) ( {s)] $82,578 a P) me2t -2.262" 1CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING ) = (1-LB(aans9) 1.159 \ 1976-1159 f,=134,792 kg/m? =13.48 kg/cm? is less than 15.5 kg/cm? maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) ‘Testing the mid-height section for maximum compressive stress ‘At 160 km/h H=0.5x60=30m P. r= 20020) , ses)+2.203]=161,190 ko m R=R,=2.203m 6 =Fh +r,)=2(2.262+1.375)=1.8185m 2 Outside conical volume = 20% 41.585? +2.203%1.585) = 341.09 m? Inside conical volume = Gees 41.375? +1.8185%1.375) = 241.84 m? Volume of masonry = 341.09 ~ 241.84 = 99.25 m* At 1922 kg/m? Chimney Weight = 1922 x 99.25 = 190,759 kg = W h=We 161,190=(190,759)z 2=0.845m + 4R (2.203) +(.8185)° ~~ 4(2203)CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING pe Maat) 228(as rR) 4 Maximum compressive stress Fory>z>k [e823] f=—t 190,759 aR) (203° -1.8185" 39,269 kg/m” 5103 kg/m" = 7.51 kg/cm? is less than 15.5 kg/cm? maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) Analyze the chimney base section as mentioned at the end of Ex. 2, Sec. 4-6. Lining to weigh 12.4 tonnes. Solution:CHAPTER 4 ~ THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Vg; thickness = 190 mm, De=1.90m de=1,52m D5=2.10 m ds = 2,10-2x0.19=1.72m Dsg= (1/4)(1.904 1.52 + 2.104 1.72) = 1.81 m Vso = 7.5 X1.817 x 0.190 = 8,10 m? vei thickness = 220 mm. Ds=2.10m dy = 2.10-2%0.22=1.66m D.=2.31m de= 2.31-2x0.22=1.87m Das = (1/4)(2.10 + 1.66 + 2.31 + 1.87) = 1.985 m_ Ves = 7.5 X 1.985% x 0.220 = 10.29 m?CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING ai thickness = 270 mm. 31m dy =231-2x0.270=1.77m D,=2.68m d= 2.68-2x0.270=2.14m Dox = (1/4)(2.31 + 1.77 + 2.68 + 2.14) = 2.225 m Vyq= 7.5X2.2259x 0.270 = 14.16 m? Vos; thickness = 302 mm, D)= 268m dy = 2.68 -2x 0.302 = 2.076 m D,=3.04m d= 3.04 -2x 0.302 = 2.436 m Drs = (1/4)(2.68 + 2.076 + 3.04 + 2.436) = 2.558. m Van = 7.5 X2.S581x 0.302 = 18.20 m? Vj thickness = 330 mm. D2=3.06m dy = 3.04-2x0.330=2.38m Di=3.45m ds =3.45-2x0.330=2.79m Dua (1/4)(3.04 + 2.38 + 3.45 + 2.79) = 2.915 m Vaz= 7.5 x2.9157-x 0.330 = 22.67 m* Total volume = Viz + Vzs+ Vse+ Vas + Vse Total volume = 22.67 + 18.20+ 14.16 + 10.29 +8.10 Total volume = 73.42 m? Total Weight = W = 73.42 x 1922 + 12.4 x 1000 = 153,513 kg Ph mtg) 5) 20.90)+ 248, al 169,922 kg-m We=P,h 153,513z = 169,922 2=1.107m123. CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Rar aR R= 3.45/2 = 1.725 m; r= 2.79/2 = 1.395 m pa Gh-725) +(1.395)" =0.71 4(1.725) See Maximum compressive stress Since y>2>k k 153,513 We aL 728" -1.395" £,=47,460 kg/m? (+ au (2m 1.107) 1.10: aay 0.713, 0.713) 1.211-0.713, Ff, = 137,562 kg/m? =13.8 kg/cm” is ess than 15.5 kg/cm? maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) ‘45 mx2.4 m chimney has been laid out as follows, Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ht o 15 45 1. 165 25 30 375 4 above 5 5 ground “m Batter, 30 3030 7 7 4B 13. 135 mm 5 5 perm Wall, 464 42387387, 27221178 mm 5 8 © © Lay out this chimney to scale 1 cm = 1m. Determine its weight, cumulatively section by section, Using 1922 kg/m? both for main column and lining. Lining extends from 13.5 m to 29 m above round, is carried on corbels at 12.5 m and 31.5 m, is 100 mm thick and built to give minimum 50 mm air space. Solution: Section 8-9 d= 2.4m Dy= 24 +2 0.178 = 2.756 m H=45-37.5=7.5m 16CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Ry=2,756/2=1378m Re— Ri Re = 1,378 +0.10125 = 1.47925 m Dg= 2x 1.47925 = 2.9585 m Dao = (2/4)(2.756 + 2.4¢ 2.9585 + 2.6025) = 2.67925 m 5 2.67925 7x 0.178 = 11.237 m? Section 7-8 D,= 2.9585 m H=375-30=7.5m Rg = 2.9585 /2= 1.47925 m Ry— Ry= 13.5 x7.5 = 101.25 mm Ry = 1.47925 + 0.10125 = 1.5805 m Dy = 2x 1.5805 = 3.161m Thickness = 216 mm 9585 ~2x0.216 = 2.5265 m dy =3.161-2x0.216 =2.729m Dro = (1/4)(2.9585 + 2.5265 + 3.161 + 2.729) = 2.84375 m Vpu= 7.5 X 2.84375 2x 0.216 = 14.473 m? Section 6-7 D,=3.161m H=30-225=7.5m Ry= 3.161 /2= 1.5805 m Re -Ry=13.5x7.5 = 101.25 mm Rg = 1.5805 + 0.10125 = 1.68175 m De= 2x 1.68175 = 3.3635 m Thickness = 272 mm dy =3.161-2x0.272=2.617 m d = 3.3635 ~ 2x 0.272 = 2.821m Dey = (1/4)(3.161 + 2.617 + 3.3635 + 2.821) = 2.990625 m Vor = 7.5 x 2.990625 4x 0.272 = 19.166 m? Section 5-6 Dg= 3.3635 m H=225-165=6m Re = 3.3635 /2= 1.68175 m Ry—Ry=27x6 = 162 mm 7CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Rs = 1.68175 + 0.162 = 1.84375 m Ds= 2x 1.84375 = 3.6875 m ‘Thickness = 298 mm de = 3.3635 ~2x 0.298 = 2.7675 m ds = 3.6875 -2x 0.298 = 3.0915 m Ds = (1/4)(3.3635 + 2.7675 + 3.6875 + 3.0915) = 3.2275 m Vsg= 6 x 3.2275 x 0.298 = 18.130 m? Section 4-5, Ds = 3.6875 m H=165-105=6m Rs = 3.6875 / 2= 1.84375 m Ru Rs = 27 x6 = 162 mm R= 1.84375 + 0.162 = 2.00575 m Dg=2x2.00575 = 4.0115 m Thickness = 337 mm ds = 3.6875 ~ 20.337 = 3.0135 m dy = 4.0115 ~2.x0.337 = 3.3375 m Das = (1/4)(3.6875 + 3.0135 + 4.0115 + 3.3375) = 3.5125 m 35125 4x 0.337 = 22.312 m* H=105-45=6m 0115 /2= 2.00575 m 's= 30x 6 = 180 mm 00575 + 0.180 = 2.18575 m Dy= 2x 2.18575 = 4.3715 m ‘Thickness = 387 mm de = 4.0115 ~2 x 0.387 = 3.2375 m dy = 4.3715 ~ 2x 0.387 = 3.5975 m Dy = (1/4)(4.0115 + 3.2375 + 4.3715 + 3.5975) = 3.8045 m Vag 6 x 3.8045 7x 0.387 = 27.753 m™ Section 2-3 D3=4.3715m H=45-15=3m Ry = 2.18575 m Rp—Rs=30x3=90 mm. Rp = 2.18575 + 0.090 = 2.27575 m D,=2x2.27575 = 4.5515 mCHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING ‘Thickness = 425 mm d= 4.3715-2x0.425 = 3.5215 m d= 4.5515 ~2x0.425 = 3.7015 m Dos = (1/4)(4.3715 + 3.5215 + 4.5515 + 3.7015) = 4.0365 m Vas = 3 x 4.0365 x 0.425 = 16.168 m? Section 1-2 D,= 4.5515 m H=15-0=15m Rp= 2.27575 m R,-Rp=30x1.5 =45 mm Ry = 2.27575 + 0.045 = 2.32075 m Dy=2x2.32075 = 4.6415 m Thickness = 464mm d; = 4.5515 -2x0.464 = 3.6235 m ;= 4.6415 -20.464= 3.7135 m Diy = (1/4)(4.5515 + 3.6235 + 4.6415 + 3.7135) = 4.133 m Viz = 1.5 x 4.133 7x 0.464 = 9.037 m? At 1922 kg/m? Section Volume, m> ‘Weight by section, ke _| Cumulative weight, ke. 89 [31.237 21,598 21,598 78 14.473, 27,817 49,415 67 [19.166 36,837 86,252 56 18.130 34,846 121,098 45 22.312 42,884 163,982 34 27.753 53,341 217,323 23 16.168 31,075 248,398 12 9.037 17,369 265,767 Layout (scale based on dimension shown)CHAPTER 4 THE POWER PLANT BUILDING same Deas Beate, CCHINNEY LAYOUTCHAPTER 4- THE POWER PLANT BUILDING 14. Analyze the stability of the chimney of Prob. 13 at sections 1, 4, and 6 when subjected to 160 km/h wind load. Solution: ‘At 1922 kg/m? ‘Section Volume, m= ‘Weight by section, kg _| Cumulative weight, kg 89 11.237 21,598 21,598 78 14.473 27,817 49,415 67 19.166 36,837 86,252 56 18.130 34,846, 121,098 45 2312 42,884 163,982 34 27.753 53,341 217,323 23 16.168 31,075 248,398 42 9.037 17,369 265,767 Weight of linings Diameter at the bottom; 0D = 3.0755 m, ID = 2.8755 m Diameter at the t¢ (OD = 2.2385 m, ID = 2.0385 m D = (1/4)(3.0755 + 2.8755 + 2.2385 + 2.0385) = 2.557 m H=29-135=155m V= 15,5 x2,5574x 0.100 = 12.451 m> W = 1922 12.451 = 23,931 kg. Atsection 1 Total weight = = 265,767 + 23,931 = 289,698 ke Paha OF an, +R) H=45m R, = 2.32075 m R.=1,378m rapa OO at s78)+ 2.32075] =342,681 kg-m We=P,h 289,6982 = 342,681 z= 1.183 m Rar aR R= 2.32075 m; r= 3.7135/2 = 1.85675 m aCHAPTER 4 - THE POWER PLANT BUILDING (2.32075) +(1.85675° “~~ 4.32075) ‘ A(t) 23075 (,, 20307 alt Rs a PT a az075, Maximum compressive stress Since y>2>k +t f Wo Wamors 1856 f,=47,573kg/m* 75 (1 te 183) 1.183 ssa) ] 0.952 0.352 ) 1.625-0.952 f, = 108,050 kg/m? = 10.81 kg/em is less than 15.5 kg/cm’ maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) =0.952m 625m ‘Atsection 4 Total weight = Paha 2 +R,) = 163,982 + 23,931 = 187,913 kg H=45~-10.5=34.5m Ry = 2,00575 m R.=1.378m P.h= ro9s =" fo(1.378) +2.00575]=188,922 kg-m We=P,h 187,9132 = 188,922 2= 1.005 m hie aR R= 2.00575 m; r=3.3375/2 66875 m j= (2.00575) + (1.66875)" ‘4(2.00575) A 2) 200554 66875 4 R. 4 2.00575, Maximum compressive stress =0.849m ) 120mCHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Since y>2>k 187,913, oe ~77(2.00575" —1.66875" §,=48,304 kg/m? f, =106,146 kg/m’ =10.61. jojo is less than 15.5 ke/cm® maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) Atsection 6 Total weight = Pha or, +R,) = 86,252 kg, H=45-225=225m R,= 1.68175 m R= 1.378 m Ph 3002.5 fa) +1.658175]2 74,87 bg m We=Ph 86,2522 = 74,887 z= 0.868 m Ree aR R= 1.68175 m; r= 2821/2 = 1.4105 m k= (1.68175) + (2.4105) ‘4(1.68175) m ‘) sans Jats y=F(aet =: 2+ Ry 4 1.68175 k 716m 194m Maximum compressive stress Since y>2>k 86,252 E ao “L68175" =1.4105"15. CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING f, = 32,732 kg/m? _ (s=9888)_(sa0s# gust-0718) 0716) (0.716) 1194-0716 f,=73,115 kg/m" =7.31kg/em? is less than 15.5 kg/cm? maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) f Proportion, from Table 4-3, the chimney whose dimensions are given economic study in the ‘example, Sec. 12-12, Consider chimney foundation to be 2 m below furnace grates. Will the ‘chimney, as 50 laid out, be safe in 160 km/h wind, or will the economic dimensions be jettisoned because of structural requirements? 1922 kg/m’. Top thickness, 178 mm. Uniform inside and outside taper. Solution: From sec. 12-12 d,=2.793m H=54.33+2= 56.33 m 1922 ke/m? Wind at 160 km/h No lining H _36:33 292 d, 2793 Table 4.3, Batter = 20 mm/m ‘Top wall thickness = 178 mm p= 2.793 /2.= 1.3965 m p= 12+ thickness = 1.3965 + 0.178 = 1.5745 m Ry = Re + (Batter)(H) = 1.5745 + (20)(56.33)/1000 = 2.7011 m R; = 2(2.7011) = 5.4022 m IR, = 2(1.5745) = 3.149 m dD; Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(56.33) = 521 mm as 533.4 mm = 2.7011 - 0.5334 = 2.1677 m 330 : (2.7011? +1.5745? +2.7011%1.5745) = 827.49 m* Outside conical volume = © S635 (2x67 41.3965 +21677%2.3968) = 570.79? Volume of masonry = 827.49 - 570.79 = 256.7 m* Inside conical volume 2416. CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING ‘At 1922 kg/m? Chimney Weight = 1922 x 256.7 = 493,378 kg Estimated Dimension of Chimney: Top, 3.149 m outside diameter and 178 mm thick. Bottom, 5.4022 m outside diameter and 533.4 mm thick. Height = 56.33 m. (answer) Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress ‘At 160 km/h rin= OOH Gn, +R,) Ph: 12868 yy 2.7011]=618,759 kg-m Bh=we 618,759 = (493/878)2 2=1.254m Ree aR R= 2.7011 m, r= 2.1667 m (2.7011) +(2.1667)* 4(2.7011) y=B(2+f) 270 (4 21877) 4 R 4 2.7011 =1.110m Maximum compressive stress Since y>z>k 493,378 ze 701r -2.167°) £,= 80,472 kg/m? 1.254) _(,_1.254)/1.254-1.110)" 1110) 1.110) 1.892—1.110 Ff, = 130,385 kg/m? =13.04 kg/cm” is less than 15.5 kg/cm? maximum allowable compressive stress (answer) h -conn( 1+ ‘A block-type concrete foundation must support a static load of 22.5 tonnes transmitted to it on ‘a thick steel plate 610 mm x 915 mm. Design a foundation of minimum weight that will be safe ‘against settlement and cracking. Estimate the concrete materials needed. Bearing power of soil, 12t/m*. Solution:17. CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING b=a/./48x0.146/p b=a/,/48X0.146/12 =1.30860 w, =0.610+2a w, =0.915+20 V=w,w,b=(0.610+2a)(0.915+20(1.3086a) W, =2.403V =2.4030.610+2a\(0.915+2a)(1.3086a) Wet, wm, 22.5 +2.403(0.610+-20)(0.915+ 20\(1.3086a)=12(0.610+2a)(0.915+ 20)(1.3086a) 12(0.610+20)(0.915+2a)12~3.1446a)=22.5 9=0340m W, =2.403(0.610+2x0,340)(0.915+2x0.340)(1.3086x0.340) We = 3.085 tonnes (answer) ‘A432 mm brick wall 18.25 m high rests upon a concrete footing. The soil has a bearing power of 12 t/m’, Design a two-step offset footing of concrete and detail to a scale of 10 cm =1m. Solution: Brick wall thickness = 432 mm Carried by concrete footing = (0.432 m)(18.95 m)(2.403 t/m’) = 18.95 t/m Soil bearing pressure is taken as 12 t/m’. The wall section is 18.95 t/m which would require 18.95 / 12 = 1.579, width of lower step of the footing, neglecting the footing weight itself. However, this gives some indication of the footing size and we here allow for a section of (1.579 = 0.432)(1) = 1.147 m*, At 2403 kg/m’ this furnishes an estimated 3.8 t/m additional soil load (by trial and error). ‘Trial width = (18.95 + 3.8)/12 = 1.895 m. Offsets, a= (1.895 - 0.432) / 4 = 0.366 m Width of upper step = 0.432 + 2x 0.366 = 1.164 m Estimating its weight at 2.2 t/m? (by trial and error), p: = (18.95 + 2.2) / 1.164 = 18.17 kg/m? From equation 4-13, b, =0.366/ 48X0.146/18.17 =0.589m b, =0.366/,/48x0.146/12 =0.479m Next check the assumption of 3.8 t/m of foundation at lower step. W= (1.164 x 0.589 + 1.895 x 0.479)(2.403) = 3.8 t/m (ok) At upper step W= 1,895 x 0.479 x 2.403 = .2 t/m (ok) Detail to a scale. Scale based as shown.CHAPTER 4 THE POWER PLANT BUILDING - 1164 - 366 ~~ 432---366 |- A reinforced concrete wall carries a load to foundation of 30 t/m run. The wall is 500 mm thick. A subsoil bearing power of 19 t/m’ is allowed. Design and draw a sketch of the wall footing (two-step). Solution: Wall thickness = 500 mm Soil bearing pressure is taken as 19 t/m?, The walll section is 30 t/m which would require 30 / 19 = 1.579 , width of lower step of the footing, neglecting the footing weight itself. However, this gives some indication of the footing size and we here allow for a section of (1.579 — 0.500)(1) = 1.079 m’. At 2403 kg/m’ this furnishes an estimated 4.1 t/m additional soil load (by trial and error). ‘Trial width = (30 + 4.1)/19 = 1.795 m. Offsets, a = (1.795 ~ 0.500) / 4 = 0.324 m Width of upper step = 0.500 + 2 x 0.324 = 1.148 m Estimating its weight at 2.3 t/m? (by trial and error), p: = (30 4 2.3) / 1.148 = 28.14 kg/m? From equation 4-13, b, =0.324/ [48X0.146/28.14 =0.649m b, =0.324/ ,[48x0.146/19 =0.533m Next check the assumption of 4.1 t/m of foundation at lower step. W = (1.148 x 0.649 + 1.795 x 0.533)(2.403) = 4.1 t/m? (ok) ‘At upper step W= 1.795 x 0.533 x 2.403 = 2.3 t/m (ok) 719. CHAPTER 4 THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Detail to a scale. Scale based as shown, 1148 - ~ 324 500 ~ 324 ‘The following data refer to a 6-cylinder, 450-kw, 650 bmhp Diesel engine alternator unit having direct connected exciter: Weight of engine and flywheel, 63,500 kg; weight of alternator and exciter, 6,800 kg; bedplate of engine, 3 m x 7.3 m; length of whole unit, 10.6 m, width of generator bedplate, 3 m. The subsoil is average sand. Design and detail a foundation for this engine. The foundation top is all in one horizontal plane. Calculate the amount of sand, stone, 1795 cement, and form lumber required for its construction. Solution: W = 63,500 + 6800 = 70,300 kg Table 4-5, $70 kg/bmhp Wy= 650 x 570 = 370,500 kg Average sand safe bearing power of soil = 19.5 tonne/m” Width of foundation = 340.3 3m Length of foundation = 10.6 + 0.3 = 10.9 m ati o_ WM, 2 A +h, Estimate that eccentricity from midbase is 1m. 28CHAPTER 4 THE POWER PLANT BUILDING 70200, .3=23,433k9-m x=109 545m (23,433)5.45) ‘ = 2343315-45) _ 559) fh 356 am 19,500 _ 70,300+370,500 2 10.9W,, W,=431m +359 W, _ 370,500 ‘Volume of foundation = > =154.18m" Vel 154,18=(10.9)4.31)4 H=3.28m Dimension: (answer) Top: 10.9mx3.3m Bottom: 10.9 mx 431m Height = 3.28 m Detail a foundation for this engine. Scaled as shown. 10. a3 & & § § L431 m ‘Amount of Sand, Stone, Cement, and Form Lumber Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation, For 1 cum concrete Cement = 6.2 sacks Sand = 0:52 cum stone = 0.86 cum2. CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING For form lumber : Diagonal {4 ‘Total surface area = (2)(3.32)(10.9) + (2)(0.5)(3.3 + 4.31)(3.28) = 97.3 sqm ‘Amount: (answer) Sand = 0.52x 154.18 = 80 cum Stone = 0.86 x 154.18 = 133 cum Cement = 6.2 x 154.18 = 956 sacks Form Lumber = 97.3 or 98 sqm The condenser of 2 10,000-kw turbine is rigidly carried by its own foundation and is connected to the turbine by @ copper expansion joint whose dimensions are 2.1 m x 2.8 m, approximately rectangular. The water and steam normally in the condenser weighs 9072 kg. Condenser pressure = 0.07 kg/cm’ ab. What is the variation in weight on the condenser foundation between in-service and out-of-service conditions? Solution: F=A(1.03-p, )kg F=(2.1(2.8)(100) (1.03-0.07)=56,448 kg 9072 +56,448 = 65,520 kg Variation in weight = 9072 kg to 65,520 kg (answer) Design a sloping octagonal concrete foundation for the chimney of Ex. 1, Sec. 4-6. Bearing power of soil 19.5 t/m?, Justify any necessary assumptions. Solution: From Ex. 1, sec. 4-6. At 160 km/h. P,h=155,520kg-m W=148,690 kg ‘b= width across flats on the top b=2x17+03=3.7m B= (1/10)(36) + 2x 0.94 = 5.48m = Depth of foundation = 0.04(36) Volume of Sloping Foundation v=5(0.28\'+8")a2. CHAPTER 4— THE POWER PLANT BUILDING v= (o.87e)(a.7° +5.48°)a.44)=26.068 0? Weight of foundation = 2403 x 26.064 = 62,632 kg Weight of chimney = 148,690 kg ‘Wind pressure at 160 km/h P, =100H(R, +R,) P, =100(36\(1.7+0.94) P, =9,508kg Moment M on foundation = 155,520 + 9504 x 1.44 = 169,206 ke.m ‘Weight W on subsoil = 148,690 + 62,632 = 211,322 kg 169,206 _, 71322 k=0.1338 = 0.133(5.48) = 0.73 k<2, there is windward floating. Increase Bto B= 6.1m, k=0.81>z Volume of Sloping Foundation v= (ozs) 7 +6.1° (1.44) = 30.345 m? Weight of foundation = 2403 x 30.345 = 72,919 kg Weight W on subsoil = 148,690 + 72,919 = 221,609 kg 169,206 =0.76 221,609 ‘k= 0.1338 = 0.133(6.1) ‘Area of the octagonal base =0.828 x 6.1” = 30.81 m” y= 22809 3081 fom: =13.95t/m’ < 19.5 t/m’ which is seen conservative ‘445.75 m chimney with Dy, 4.71 m; D2, 2.79 m weighs 272 tonnes. The chimney is set on a two- step octagonal concrete foundation, laid on soil having 24.5 t/m” safe bearing power. Wind load, 1160 km/h. Design and make a drawing of the foundation. Solution: At 160 km/h. 1,94 =13,950 kg/m? r= Oar, +R) 31CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING 2.79 2 R “2. 2.355m=2355mm H=45.75m .395m=1395mm pyre TOMES) ft s05)+ 2.355]= ‘b= width across flats on the top b=4.71+0.3=501m B= (1/10)(45.75) + 2.79 = 7.365 m_ Depth of foundation = 0.04(45.75) = 1.83 m>1.2m Volume of Two-Step Foundation b=501m 5x1.83 = 0915 m .82867h, .828(5.01)'(0.915)=19.02m" B=7.365m hy = 0.5K1.83 =0.915 m 8288"h, .828(7.365)'(0.915)=41.10 m* V= Vi+ Vp= 19.02 +41.10 = 60.12 m? Weight of foundation = 2403 x 60.12 = 144,468 kg Weight of chimney = 272,000 kg Wind pressure at 160 km/h P, =100H(R, +R,) P, =100(45.75)2.355+1.395) = 358,960 + 17,157 x 1.83 = 390,357 ke.m 72,000 + 144,468 = 416,468 ke ‘k= 0.1338 = 0.133(7.365) = 0.98 k>z, there is no windward floating. tte ‘Area of the octagonal base =0.828 x 7.365” = 44.9 m? _ 416,468 = 1,96 = 18,180) ° F. ag 7196-18) kg/m’CHAPTER 4 THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Soe: =18.18t/m’ < 24.5 t/m? which is seen conservative. Drawing of the foundation 4.71 m: 0.915 m 1 o91sm ‘ |-_______7.365 A 60-kw vertical, single-cylinder, steam engine-generator set has a bedplate 1.5 m x 2.25 m. Its weight is 4536 kg. Design a foundation to rest on average sandy soll, Foundation mass in accordance with Table 4-5. Solution: W, = 4536 kg Table 4-5, 320 ke/bmhp for vertical single-cylinder steam-engine generator 660 kw = 60 kw (1 bmhp /0.7355 kw) = 81.58 bmhp Wy= 320 xB1.58 = 26,106 kg Average sand safe bearing power of soil = 19.5 tonne/m? Width of foundation = 1.540.3 = 1.8 m Length of foundation = 2.25 +0.3 = 2.55m WAM 2A Estimate that eccentricity from midbase is 1m. 3324. CHAPTER 4 - THE POWER PLANT BUILDING S28 ca =1512kg-m 2258 3975m 2 2 1842.58" 9 ga79 at _(0512)(.275) no a872 19,500 _ 4536+26,100 2 255M, W, =1339m<18m Use W,=18m 775 kg/m” +718 Volume of foundation = “¥/ = 26:100 _ 19.96 m? v=uWyH 10.86 =(2.55\1.8)}H H=237m Dimension: (answer) Top: 2.55 mx1.8m Bottom: 2.55 mx 1.8m Height = 2.37 m ‘The foundation under the engine of Fig. 4-14 is 300 mm higher than that under the generator. Considering the generator pit to have the same volume as the exciter pedestal, find the ‘amounts of sand, crushed stone, and cement required for this foundation. Solution:CHAPTER 4 ~ THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Volume = (1/2)(2.75 + 3.25)(2.4 + 0.3)(4.25 /2)= 17.212 m* Generator less engine: Width at 2.4m H _* _3.25-2.75)/2 03 24403 X=0.028 m Upper width = 2.75 +2 x 0.028 = 2.806 m Volume = (1/2)(2.806 + 3.25)(2.4)(4.25 / 2) = 15.443 m* Total volume = 17.212 + 15.441 = 32.653 m* Amount of Sand, Stone, and Cement Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation, For 1 cum concrete Cement = 6.2 sacks Sand =0.52 cum Stone = 0.86 cum Sand = 0.52 x 32.653 = 17.0. cum ‘Weight of sand = 1682 x 17.0 / 1000 = 28.6 tonne ‘Stone = 0.86 32.653 = 28.1 cum ‘Weight of stone = 1682 x 28.1 / 1000 = 47.3 tonne Cement = 6.2 x 32.653 = 203 sacks ‘A Diesel engine sets on a plain block foundation 3 m x 9 m x 2.75 m deep. Find cost of foundation and form lumber (forms of 25 mm lumber). Lumber, $25.00 per 100 board metre; ‘cement, $1.50 per sack; stone $3.00 per tonne; sand, $2.25 per tonne. Solution:26. CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING ‘Amount of Sand, Stone, Cement, and Form Lumber Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation, For 1 cum concrete ‘Cement = 6.2 sacks Sand = 0.52 cum Stone = 0.86 cum Length = 9m width= 3m Depth = 2.75 m For form lumber: Total surface area = (2)(9 + 3)(2.75) = 66 sqm ‘board foot = 1 ft x1 ft x 1 in = 0.3048 m x 0.3048 m x 0.0254 m = 2.3610? m* 1 board meter = 3.281” = 10.765 board feet (Here in Morse book) No. of board foot = 66 / (0.3048 x 0.3048) = 710.4 No, of board meter = 710.4 / 10.765 = 66 Volume =3x9x2.75 =74.25 cum Sand = 0.52x 74.25 = 38.6 cum Weight of sand = 1682 x 38.6 / 1000 = 65 tonne Stone = 0.86 x 74.25 = 63.9 cum ‘Weight of stone = 1682 x 63.9 / 1000 = 107.5 tonne Cement = 6.2 x 74.25 = 460 sacks Cost of foundation: Sand = $2.25 x 65 = $146.25 ‘Stone = $3,00x 107.5 = $322.50 ‘Cement = $1.50 x 460 = $690.00 Lumber = $25 x 66 / 100 = $16.50 Total = $146.25 + $322.50 + $690.00 + $16.50 = $1,175.25 (answer) Estimate the weight and cost of materials for foundations for the following 300 mhp primemovers, using 70% of foundation masses from Table 4-5. Get local unit costs, (2) Vertical multi-cylinder unaflow engine. (b) Vertical multi-cylinder Diesel engine. (c) Horizontal single-cylinder gas engine. (a) Horizontal single-cylinder Corliss engine. Solution: (a) Vertical multi-cylinder unaflow engine. Weight = (230 ke/mhp)(300 mhp)(0.7) = 48,300 kg Volume = 48,300 / 2403 = 20.1 m?CHAPTER 4 - THE POWER PLANT BUILDING Sand = 0.52x 20.1= 10.5 cum Weight of sand = 1682 x 10.5 / 1000 Stone = 0.86 x20.1 = 17.3 cum Weight of stone = 1682 x 17.3 / 1000 = 29.1 tonne Cement = 6.2 x 20.1 = 125 sacks 7.7 tonne Cost of foundation: Sand = $2.25 x 17.7 = $39.83 Stone = $3.00 x 29.1 = $87.30 Cement = $1.50 x 125 = $187.50 ‘Total = $39.83 + $87.30 + $187.5 = $314.63 (answer) (b) Vertical mult-cylinder Diesel engine. Weight = (570 kg/mhp)(300 mhp)(0.7) = 119,700 kg Volume = 119,700 / 2403 = 49.8 m? Sand = 0,52 49.8 = 25.9 cum Weight of sand = 1682 25.9 / 1000 = 43.6 tonne Stone = 0.86 x 49.8 = 42.8 cum Weight of stone = 1682 x 42.8 / 1000 = 72.0 tonne Cement = 6.2 49.8 = 309 sacks Cost of foundation: Sand = $2.25 x43. Stone = $3.00 x 72.0 = $216.00 Cement = $1.50 x 309 = $463.50 Total = $98.10 + $216.00 + $463.50 = $777.60 (answer) (c) Horizontal single-cylinder gas engine. ‘Weight = (1135 kg/mhp)(300 mhp)(0.7) = 238,350 ke Volume = 238,350 / 2403 = 99.2 m? Sand = 0.52x99.2=51.6 cum Weight of sand = 1682 x 51.6 / 1000 = 86.8 tonne Stone = 0.86 x99.2=85.3cum Weight of stone = 1682 x 85.3 / 1000 = 143.5 tonne Cement = 6.2 x99.2 = 615 sacks Cost of foundation: Sand = $2.25 x86. Stone = $3.00 x 143.5 = $430.5 Total = $195.30 + $430.50 + $922.50 = $1,548.30 (answer) 37at CHAPTER 4 — THE POWER PLANT BUILDING (4) Horizontal single-cylinder Corliss engine. Weight = (320 ke/mhp)(300 mhp)(0.7) Volume = 67,200 / 2403 = 28.0 m* Sand = 0.52x28= 14.6 cum Weight of sand = 1682 x 14.6 / 1000 = 24.6 tonne Stone = 0.86 x28 = 24.1 cum Weight of stone = 1682 x 24.1 / 1000 = 40.5 tonne Cement = 6.2 x 28.0 = 174 sacks 7,200 kg, Cost of foundation: Sand = $2.25 x 24.6 = $55.40 Stone = $3.00 x 40.5 = $121.50 Cement = $1.50 x 174 = $261.00 Total = $55.40 + $121.50 + $261.00 = $437.90 (answer) Piles are driven in @ quicksand (bearing 5 t/m’) on 900 mm centers. They are driven until the penetration under the last hammer blow is 25 mm. The driver's 1-tonne hammer drops 2.5 m. Piles are sawn off and surmounted by a concrete slab 900 mm thick. What average bearing. power, in t/m’, does this foundation provide? Solution: w= 1 tonne = 1000 kg H=25m $=25 mm =2.5em Safe load on a pile = = “= S5W# $4256 16.66(1000)2.5) _ 5564 kg 254254 We = 2403 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 = 1752 kg, We= W, + Wy= 8264 +1752 = 10,016 kg Average Bearing Power = 10,016 / (0.9 x 0.9) = 12,377 kg/m? = 12.377 t/m’. - End- kg Wy