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LOYOLA – ICAM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY (LICET)
Loyola College Campus, Nungambakkam, Chennai – 34
V SEM IT Batch:2016-2020 R-2013 EC6801
- WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
OBJECTIVES: The student should be made to:
• Know the characteristic of wireless channel
• Learn the various cellular architectures
• Understand the concepts behind various digital signalling schemes for fading channels
• Be familiar the various multipath mitigation techniques
• Understand the various multiple antenna systems

UNIT I WIRELESS CHANNELS 9

Large scale path loss – Path loss models: Free Space and Two-Ray models -Link Budget design –
Small scale fading- Parameters of mobile multipath channels – Time dispersion Parameters-Coherence
bandwidth – Doppler spread & Coherence time, fading due to Multipath time delay spread – flat fading –
frequency selective fading – Fading due to Doppler spread – fast fading – slow fading.

UNIT II CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE 9

Multiple Access techniques - FDMA, TDMA, CDMA – Capacity calculations–Cellular concept-
Frequency reuse - channel assignment- hand off- interference & system capacity- trunking & grade of
service – Coverage and capacity improvement.

UNIT III DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING CHANNELS 9

Structure of a wireless communication link, Principles of Offset-QPSK, p/4-DQPSK, Minimum
Shift Keying, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, Error performance in fading channels, OFDM principle –
Cyclic prefix, Windowing, PAPR.
UNIT IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 9
Equalization – Adaptive equalization, Linear and Non-Linear equalization, Zero forcing and
LMS Algorithms. Diversity – Micro and Macro diversity, Diversity combining techniques, Error
probability in fading channels with diversity reception, Rake receiver,
UNIT V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES 9
MIMO systems – spatial multiplexing -System model -Pre-coding - Beam forming - transmitter
diversity, receiver diversity- Channel state information-capacity in fading and non-fading channels.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, the student should be able to: Characterize
wireless channels
• Design and implement various signaling schemes for fading channels
• Design a cellular system
• Compare multipath mitigation techniques and analyze their performance
• Design and implement systems with transmit/receive diversity and MIMO systems and analyze
their performance
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Rappaport, T.S, “Wireless communications”, Second Edition, Pearson Education, 2010.
2. Andreas.F. Molisch, “Wireless Communications”, John Wiley – India, 2006.
REFERENCES:
1. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication”, Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
2. Upena Dalal, “Wireless Communication”, Oxford University Press, 2009.

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3. Van Nee, R. and Ramji Prasad, “OFDM for wireless multimedia communications”, Artech
House, 2000.
UNIT I- WIRELESS CHANNELS
Large scale path loss – Path loss models: Free Space and Two-Ray models -Link Budget design – Small
scale fading- Parameters of mobile multipath channels – Time dispersion parameters-Coherence bandwidth
– Doppler spread & Coherence time, Fading due to Multipath time delay spread – flat fading – frequency
selective fading – Fading due to Doppler spread – fast fading – slow fading.

PART A

1. What are the propagation mechanisms of EM waves? (AU-Dec 2014)

The four propagation mechanisms of EM waves are
i. Free space propagation
ii. Reflection iii. Diffraction iv. Scattering
2. What is the significance of propagation model? The major significance of propagation
model are:
i. Propagation model predicts the parameter of receiver.
ii. It predicts the average received signal strength at a given distance from the
transmitter.
3. What do you mean by small scale fading?
Rapid fluctuations of the amplitude, phase as multipath delays of a radio signal over a short
period of time is called small scale fading.
4. What are the factors influencing small scale fading?
The factors which influence small scale fading are:
• Multipath propagation,
• Speed of the mobile,
• Speed of surrounding objects and
• The transmission bandwidth of the signal.

5. When does large scale propagation occur?

Large scale propagation occurs due to general terrain and the density and height of
buildings and vegetation, large scale propagation occurs

6. Differentiate the propagation effects with mobile radio. (AU-May,2017, 2018)

Slow Fading Fast Fading

Slow variations in the signal strength.
Mobile station (MS) moves slowly
It occurs when the large reflectors and diffracting
objects along the transmission paths are distant
from the terminal.
Rapid variations in the signal strength
Local objects reflect the signal causes
fast fading
It occurs when the user terminal (MS) moves
for short distances

7. Define Doppler shift.

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If the receiver is moving towards the source, then the zero crossings of the signal appear
faster and the received frequency is higher. The opposite effect occurs if the receiver is moving
away from the source. The resulting chance in frequency is known as the Doppler shift (FD).
FD = fr – f0 = -f0V/C
Where f0 -transmission frequency & fr - received frequency

8. Differentiate time selective and frequency selective channel.

The gain and the signal strength of the received signal are time varying means then the channel
is described as time selective channel. The frequency response of the time selective channel is
constant so that frequency flat channel. The channel is time invariant but the impulse response of
the channel show a frequency-dependent response so called frequency selective channel.

9. Define coherence time and coherence bandwidth. .[Nov/Dec 2015] [May/June 2016]
(or) Define coherence time. In what way in what way does this parameter decides the
behavior of wireless channel? [Apr/May 2017]
Coherence time is the maximum duration for which the channel can be assumed to be
approximately constant. It is the time separation of the two time domain samples. Coherence
bandwidth is the frequency separation of the two frequency domain samples.

10. What do you mean by WSSUS channels?

In multipath channels, the gain and phase shift at one delay are uncorrelated with another
delay is known as uncorrelated scattering of WSSUS.

11. What is free space propagation model?

The free space propagation model is used to predict received signal strength, when
unobstructed line-of-sight path between transmitter & receiver. Friis free space equation is given
by, The factor (λ/4πd)2 is also known as the free space loss factor.

12. Define EIRP.

EIRP (Equivalent Iso tropically Radiated Power) of a transmitting system in a given
direction is defined as the transmitter power that would be needed, with an isotropic radiator, to
produce the same power density in the given direction.
EIRP=PtGt
Where Pt-transmitted power in W
Gt-transmitting antenna gain

13. Explain path loss.

The path loss is defined as the difference (in dB) between the effective transmitted power
and the received power. Path loss may or may not include the effect of the antenna gains.

14. What is intrinsic impedance and Brewster angle? [May/June 2016]

Intrinsic impedance is defined by the ratio of electric to magnetic field for a uniform plane
wave in the particular medium.
Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the origin.

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15. What is scattering?

When a radio wave impinges on a rough surface, the reflected energy is spread out in all
directions due to scattering. 16. Define radar cross section.
Radar Cross Section of a scattering object is defined as the ratio of the power density of the
signal scattered in the direction of the receiver to the power density of the radio wave incident upon
the scattering object & has units of squares meters.
17. Name some of the outdoor propagation models?
Some of the commonly used outdoor propagation models are
i. Longley-Rice model
ii. Durkin‟s model iii.
Okumura model.
18. Define indoor propagation models.
The indoor propagation models are used to characterizing radio propagation inside the
buildings. The distances covered are much smaller, and the variability of the environment is much
greater for smaller range of Transmitter and receiver separation distances. Features such as lay-out
of the building, the construction materials, and the building type strongly influence the propagation
within the building.
19. Mention some indoor propagation models? Some of the indoor propagation models are:
i. Long –distance path loss model ii.
Ericession multiple break point model
iii. Attenuation factor model.
20. What are merits and demerits of Okumara’s model?
Merits: Accuracy in parameter prediction
Suitable for modern land mobile radio system Urban,
suburban areas are analyzed.
Demerits: Rural areas are not analyzed.
Analytical explanation is not enough.
21. List the advantages and disadvantages of Hata model?
Advantages:
Suitable for large cell mobile system & cell radius on the order of 1km is taken for analysis.
Disadvantages:
Not suitable for PCS model. This model does not have any path specific correction 22.
What is the necessity of link budget?
The necessities of link budget are:
i. A link budget is the clearest and most intuitive way of computing the required
Transmitter power. It tabulates all equations that connect the Transmitter power to
the received SNR ii. It is reliable for communications. iii. It is used to ensure the
sufficient receiver power is available.
iv. To meet the SNR requirement link budget is calculated.
23. What is frequency selective fading? (AU-Dec’2016)
If a mobile radio channel has constant gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth
that is smaller than the bandwidth of transmitted signal, then the channel creates frequency
selective fading on the received signal. The channel impulse response response has a multipath
delay spread greater than the reciprocal of bandwidth of the transmitted signal. When this
occurs, the received signal includes multiple versions of the transmitted waveform which are
attenuated and delayed in time, and hence the received signal is distorted also ISI is present.

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24. List the different types of propagation mechanisms? (AU-Dec 2014)

Reflection: Occurs when EM wave falls upon an object which has very large dimensions
compared to the wavelength of the propagating wave.
Diffraction: Occurs when the radio path between transmitter and receiver is obstructed
by a surface that has sharp edges. It results in bending of waves.
Scattering: occurs when objects smaller than the wavelength of the propagation wave.
25. What are the different fading effects due to Doppler Spread? (AU-Dec 2014)
Doppler spread parameter describes the time varying nature of channel in a small-scale region.
Doppler spread BD is a measure of the spectral broadening caused by the time rate of change of
the mobile radio channel and is defined as the range of frequencies over which received Doppler
spectrum is essentially non-zero.
26. Find the far-field distance for an antenna with maximum dimension of 2 m and
operating frequency of 1 GHz (2 marks, Dec’2015).
Far field or Fraunhofer distance, df = 2D2/λ.
Operating frequency, f = 1GHz.
Λ = c/f = 3*10 8 / 1 * 10 9 = 0.3m. d
= 2D2/ λ = 2(1)2/0.3 = 6.66m.
27. Give the equation for average large scale path loss between the transmitter and receiver
as a function of distance. (AU-Dec’2016)
PL(db) = 40 log d – [10 log Gt + 10 log Gr + 20 log ht + 20 log hr].
PL – Path Loss, d – Tx to Rx distance, Gt – Gain of Tx, Gr – Gain of Receiver, ht
– height of transmitter, hr – height of receiver.
28. What is the major advantage of wireless communication. (May’2017)
Wireless communication has several advantages with the following being some of the most important:
Cost effectiveness - unlike communication that entails the use of connection wires, this type of
communication does not require elaborate physical infrastructure or maintenance practices.
Flexibility - wireless communication enables people to communicate regardless of their location. It is not
necessary to be in an office or some telephone booth in order to pass and receive messages
Convenience - wireless communication devices like mobile phones are quite simple and therefore allow
just about anyone to use them wherever they may be. There is no need to physically connect anything in
order to receive or pass messages
Constant connectivity - whether someone is traveling or seated at the beach, he or she can still stay in
touch with loved ones or important business contacts. Constant connectivity also ensures that people can
respond to emergencies relatively quickly
29. What is meant by multipath propagation? (Nov/Dec’2017)
The transmission path between the transmitter and the receiver may have multiple path because of
obstacles between them. Due to this multipath propagation exist that leads to rapid fluctuations of the phase
and amplitude of the signal if the vehicle moves over a distance in the order of a wave length or more.
Multipath fading thus has a „small scale‟ effect.
30. What is flat fading? (Nov/Dec’2017)
If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain & linear phase response over a bandwidth which is
greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the received signal will undergo flat fading.
31. Give the differences between frequency flat and frequency selective fading. (Apr/May 2018)
Frequency Flat Fading Frequency Selective Fading

Bandwidth of the signal < Bandwidth of Channel BW of Signal > BW of Channel (Wide band
(Narrow band Channel) Channels)

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Delay Spread < Symbol Period Delay Spread > Symbol Period

Here a change in the amplitude of the received Here certain frequency components in the received
signal occurs but the spectrum of the transmission signal spectrum have greater gains than others
is preserved

PART B
1. Enumerate of propagation mechanism. [May/June 2016]
2. Discuss about propagation effects with mobile radio
3. Explain Rayleigh and Ricean fading.
4. Explain about channel classification.
5. Explain the free space propagation model? (16 Marks) [Nov/Dec 2015]
• Free space model & equation (3 Marks, Apr/May 2018)
• Path loss model explanation (Dec 2016)
(or) What do you mean by path loss model? Explain in detail about log-distance path loss
model. (Nov/Dec’2017)
5a. Explain briefly about two ray ground reflection model. (13 marks, Apr/May 2018)
6. Explain in detail the small scale multipath propagation and its different measurements.
(16 Marks) [May/June 2016]
• Explanation of small scale multipath propagation
• Measurements –spread spectrum sliding channel sounding, frequency
domain channel sounding.
7. Write short notes on small scale fading. (8 Marks)
• Explanation of small scale fading
• Flat fading, frequency selective fading types (or)
(i) Explain fading effects due to multipath time delay spread and fading effects due to Doppler
spread. (Dec 2016)
(ii) What are the factors influencing small scale fading. (Dec 2016)
8. Brief notes about link calculations for various applications. (or) What is the need for link
calculation? Explain with suitable example. (Nov/Dec’2017)
9. Derive the Impulse response model of a multipath channel and also obtain the relationship
between bandwidth and received power.[Nov/Dec 2015]
10. In the following cases, tell whether the two-ray model could be applied, and justify why or
why not : (6 marks, Dec’2015)
Case (i) : h1 = 35 m, hr = 3 m, d = 250 m Case (ii) : h1 = 30 m, hr = 1.5 m, d = 450 m
11. Prove that in the two-ray ground reflected model ∆ = d″ - d′ = 2hthr / d (6 marks, Dec’2015).
(or) Derive the path Loss considering a Two-Ray Model for the propagation mechanism in a
wireless channel. Is considering just two rays alone sufficient?Why?(11 Marks, May’17)
12. Briefly explain parameters of mobile multipath channels like i. Time dispersion parameters,
ii. Coherence bandwidth iii. Doppler spread iv. Coherence time. (6 Marks, May 2017)
13. If a transmitter produces 50W of power, which is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900 MHz
frequency, find the received power in dBm at a free space distance of 100m from the antenna. What is
the received power at a distance of 10Km? Assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.
(5 marks, May 2017)
14. Compare and contrast fast fading and slow fading. “In practice fast fading only occurs for very low
data rate (communications)”.Why? (5 Marks, May’17)

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(or) Distinguish fast fading and slow fading in wireless channel and explain in detail. (Nov/Dec’2017)
15. Determine the proper spatial sampling interval required to make small scale propagation
measurements which assume that consecutive samples are highly correlated in time. How
many samples will be required over a 10m travel distance if fc = 1900 MHz and V=50 m/s. How
long would it take to make these measurements, assuming they could be made real time from
a moving vehicle? What is the Doppler spread BD for the channel? (5 Marks, May’17)
16. Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier frequency of 1850 MHz. For a
vehicle moving 60 mph, compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile is moving
directly towards the transmitter. (4 marks, Apr/May 2018)
17. Given that the coherence bandwidth is approximated by equation Bc = 1/5στ . Show that a flat
fading channel occurs when Ts >= 10 στ. (6 marks, Apr/May 2018)

UNIT II CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE

Multiple Access techniques - FDMA, TDMA, CDMA – Capacity calculations–Cellular concept-
Frequency reuse - channel assignment- hand off- interference & system capacity- trunking & grade of
service – Coverage and capacity improvement
PART A
1. What is meant by frequency reuse? (Dec-2014) (Nov/Dec’2017) (Apr/May 2018)
If an area is served by a single Base Station, then the available spectrum can be divided
into N frequency channels that can serve N users simultaneously. If more than N users are to be
served, multiple BSs are required, and frequency channels have to be reused in different locations.
Since spectrum is limited, the same spectrum has to be used for different wireless connections in
different locations. This method of reusing the frequency is called as frequency reuse.
2. What are the trends in cellular radio systems? (Dec-2014) The trends in personal cellular
radio systems are:
i. PCS – Personal Communication Services ii.
PCN – Personal Communication Networks
3. What do you mean by forward and reverse channel? (Nov/Dec’2017)
Forward channel is a radio channel used for transmission of information from base station
to mobile. Reverse channel is a radio channel used for transmission from mobile to base station.
4. What is the function of control channel? What are the types?
The function of control channel is to transmit call setup, call request, call initiation and
Control. There are two types of control channels,
i. Forward control
channel ii. Reverse control
channel
5. What is channel assignment? What are the types?
For efficient utilization of radio spectrum a frequency reuse scheme with increasing
capacity and minimizing interference is required. For this channel assignment is used. The types
of channel assignment are:
i. Fixed channel
assignment ii. Dynamic
channel assignment.
6. What is fixed channel assignment?
If the channels in each cell are allocated to the users within the cell, it will be called as
fixed channel assignment. If all channels are occupied, the call will be blocked.

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7. What is dynamic channel assignment?

If the voice channels are not allocated permanently in a cell, it will be called as dynamic
channel assignment. In this assignment, channels are dynamically allocated to users by the MSC.
8. Define MS, BS and MSC. (Dec 2014)
MS – Mobile station - A station in the cellular radio service intended for use.
BS – Base Station
A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with MS
MSC – Mobile Switching Centre.
Mobile switching centre coordinates the routing of calls in large service area. It
connects the base station and mobiles to PSTN. It is also called as MTSO (Mobile
telephone switching office).
9. Define hand off and mode of hand off.
A handoff refers to the process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell
in a cellular network to another or from one channel in a cell to another. A well implemented
handoff is important for delivering uninterrupted service to a caller or data session user. Modes of
hand off are:
i. MCHO – Mobile Controlled Hand off ii. NCHO – Network Controlled Hand off
iii. MAHO – Mobile Assisted Hand off
10. Write the types of hand off. [May/June 2016] Types of handoff are:
i. Hard hand off – Mobile monitors BS and new cell is allocated to a call with strong
signal.
ii. Soft hand off – MS with 2 or more calls at the same time and find which is the
strongest signal BS, the MSC automatically transfers the call to that BS.
11. Define Cell, Cluster.
For a large geographic coverage area, a high powered transmitter therefore has to be used.
But a high power radio transmitter causes harm to environment. Mobile communication thus calls
for replacing the high power transmitters by low power transmitters by dividing the coverage area
into small segments, called cells.
Each cell uses a certain number of the available channels and a group of adjacent cells
together use all the available channels. Such a group is called a cluster.
12. What do you mean by foot print and dwell time?
The region over which the signal strength lies above this threshold value x dB is known as
the coverage area of a BS and it must be a circular region, considering the BS to be isotropic
radiator. Such a circle, which gives this actual radio coverage, is called the foot print of a cell. The
time over which a call may be maintained within a cell without hand off is called the dwell time.
13. What are the major types of cellular interference?(Dec-2014)
The major types of cellular interferences are as follows
i. CCI – Co-channel interference is the interference between signals from co-channel
cells.
ii. ACI – Adjacent channel interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in
frequency to the desired signal.
14. What are the techniques used to expand the capacity of cellular system?
Cell splitting, Sectoring, Coverage Zone approaches are the techniques used to expand the
capacity of cellular system.

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Cell splitting – Cell-splitting is a technique which has the capability to add new smaller cells in
specific areas of the system. i.e. divide large cell size into small size. Sectoring – use of directional
antennas to reduce Co-channel interference.
Coverage Zone approaches – large central BS is replaced by several low power transmitters on
the edge of the cell.
15. What is frequency reuse ratio? [Nov/Dec 2015]
If the cell size and the power transmitted at the base stations are same then co-channel
interference will become independent of the transmitted power and will depend on radius of the
cell (R) and the distance between the interfering co-channel cells (D). If D/R ratio is increased,
then the effective distance between the co-channel cells will increase and interference will
decrease. The parameter Q is called the frequency reuse ratio and is related to the cluster size. For
hexagonal geometry
Q=D/R
Where, D is Distance between the centere of the nearest co channel cells.
R is Radius of the cell.
From the above equation, small of `Q' means small value of cluster size `N' and increase in cellular
capacity.
16. Define FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. (Dec-2014) [May/June 2016]
FDMA - the total bandwidth is divided into non-overlapping frequency sub bands. TDMA
– divides the radio spectrum into time slots and in each slot only one user is allowed to
either transmit or receive.
CDMA – many users share the same frequency same time with different coding.
17.i. Define Grade of service. (Dec-2015) (Dec - 2016)
Grade of service is defined as the measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system
during the busiest hour.
17.ii. What is trunking?
Trunking allows a large number of users to share the relatively small number of channels in a cell
by providing access to each users, on demand, from a pool of available channels. In some systems
when all radio channels are already in use, queuing concept may be used to hold the requesting
users until a channel becomes available.
18. What is blocked call clear system (BCC)?
In a system, a user is blocked without access by a system when no channels are available
in the system. The call blocked by the system is cleared and the user should try again .This is called
BCC system.
19. What is blocked call delay system?
If a channel is not available immediately, the call request may be delayed until a channel
becomes available. This is called as blocked call delay system.
20. Define cell splitting.
Cell splitting is the process of subdividing congested cells into smaller cells each with its
own base stations and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power. It
increases the capacity of cellular system.
21. What is sectoring?
Sectoring is a technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing the
system performance by using directional antennas.
22. What are the features of TDMA?
Features of TDMA are:

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i. TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users, where each user
makes use of non overlapping time slots. ii. Data transmission occurs in bursts. iii.
Handoff process is much simpler
iv. Duplexers are not required, since transmission and reception occurs at different time
slots.
23. What are the features of FDMA?(Dec-2014) Features of FDMA are:
i. FDMA channel carries only one phone circuit at a time ii. The bandwidth of
FDMA channels is relatively narrow as each channel supports only one circuit per carrier.
24. What are the different modules of a basic cellular system? (Dec 2014) Ans: Q.1,2,8 & 13
25. State advantages of CDMA over FDMA? (Dec 2014) (Dec 2016) Ans: Q.24, 16
26. What is capacity of cellular systems?
Channel capacity of a radio system can be defined as the maximum number of channels or users
that can be provided in a fixed frequency band. Radio capacity is a parameter which measures
spectrum efficiency of a wireless system. It is determined by the required carrier-tointerface ratio
(C/I) and channel bandwidth (Bc).
27. Why is cellular concept used for mobile telephony? (May 2017)
With limited frequency resource, cellular principle can serve thousands of subscribers at an
affordable Cost using frequency reuse. In a cellular network, total area is subdivided into smaller
areas called “cells”. Each cell can cover a limited number of mobile subscribers within its
boundaries. By using the frequency reuse concept, the more number of users can use the service
with high coverage and maximum capacity.
28. In a cellular network, among a handoff call and a new call, which one is given priority?
Why? (May 2017)
Handoff calls are given higher priority over new calls.
A new call occurs When a User requests a new connection, while a handoff occurs when an active
user moves from one cell to other. Call dropping occurs when a call in progress is forcefully
terminated due to lack of available sources in the new cell. On the other hand, Call blocking takes
place when a new call may not be served. Call dropping is less desirable than call blocking. Hence,
Handoff calls are given higher priority over new calls.
29. Differentiate between FDMA, TDMA and CDMA Technologies. (Apr/May 2018)
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Here the total bandwidth is It divides the radio spectrum into Here many users share the same
divided into non-overlapping time slots and in each slot only frequency same time with
frequency sub bands one user is allowed to either different coding
transmit or receive
If an FDMA Channel is not in TDMA has an advantage in that Unlike TDMA or FDMA,
use, then it sits idle and cannot be it is possible to allocate different CDMA has no absolute limit on
used by other users to increase or number of time slots per frame to number of users. Only system
share capacity. different users. Bandwidth can be performance decreases gradually
increased for users by as number user increases due to
concatenating or reassigning time linear increase in noise floor.
slots based on priority

30. Draw the channel assignment diagram for FDMA, TDMA, CDMA.

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PART B
1. Write short notes on frequency reuse & channel assignment. (16 Marks)
• Concept of frequency reuse or explain in detail how frequency is efficiently allocated in
an cellular radio system. (Dec 2016)
• Fixed channel assignment
• Dynamic channel assignment
(or) Describe channel assignment strategies and Hand-off strategies. (10 Marks, May’17)
2. Explain the different hand off strategies used in wireless communication (8 Marks) (AU-Dec’16)
• Concept of Handoff
• Different types of handoff
2a. Explain channel assignment and handoff strategies in detail. (13 Marks, Apr/May 2018)
3. Explain in detail the different techniques used to improve coverage &capacity of cellular
system. (16 Marks) [Nov/Dec 2015] [May/June 2016]
• Explanation of cell splitting
• Explanation of sectoring
• Explanation of micro zone coverage
4. Compare FDMA, TDMA & CDMA. (16 Marks) [May/June 2016]

5. Explain in detail the TDMA & FDMA multiple access techniques. (16 Marks)
• TDMA working principle &advantages
• FDMA working principle &advantages
6. A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a signal-
to-interference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Find the optimal value of N for
(Dec’2015)
(1) Omni-directional antennas (3)
°
(2) 120 sectoring (3)
(3) 60° sectoring (3)
° °
(4) Should sectoring be used? If so, which case (60 or 120 ) should be used?
(Assume a path loss exponent of n = 4 and consider trunking efficiency) (3)
7. If a signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel
performance of a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should
be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (1) n = 4, (2) n = 3? (4 marks,
Dec’2015).

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8. A hexagonal cell within a four – cell system has a radius of 1.387 km. A total of 60 channels
are used within the entire system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlangs, and λ = 1 call/hour,
Compute the following for an Erlang C system that has a 5% probability of a delayed call: (16
marks, Dec’2015)
(i) How many users per square kilometer will this system support?
(ii) What is the probability that a delayed call will have to wait for more than 10sec?
(iii) What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 10 sec? [Data : From
Erlang c chart, for 5% probability of delay with C = 15, traffic intensity = 9.0
Erlangs.]
9. Explain about co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference. Describe the
techniques to avoid interference. (Dec’16)
10. Write briefly about trunking and Grade of Services. (15 Marks, Nov/Dec’17)
11. Explain in detail the capacity calculations of a cellular system.
12. Derive the expression for cellular CDMA schemes for both noise limited and interference
limited scenarios. (10 Marks, May’17)
13. If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone system
which uses two 25 KHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels,
compute the number of channels available per cell if a system uses (1) four-cell reuse
(2) seven-cell reuse and (3) twelve-cell reuse. If 1 MHz of the allocated spectrum is
dedicated to control channels, determine the equitable distribution of control channels and
voice channels in each cell of the three systems. (6 Marks, May’17)
14. Consider Global System for Mobile, which is a TDMA/FDD system that uses 25 MHz for
forward link, which is broken into radio channels of 200 MHz. If 8 speech signals are supported
on a single radio channel and of no guard band is assumed find the number of simultaneous
users that can be accommodated in GSM. (2 Marks, May’17)
15. If GSM uses a frame structure where each frame consists of eight time slots, and each time
slots contains 156.25 bits and data is transmitted at 270.833 Kbps in the channel, find (1) the
time duration of a bit (2) the time duration of a slot (3) the time duration of a frame and
(4) how long must a user occupying a single time slot wait between two successive
transmissions? (4 Marks, May’17)
16. Identify the channel capacity of TDMA in cell system. (15 Marks, Nov/Dec’17)
17. Consider a time invariant frequency selective block fading channel consisting of
(3) sub-channels of B=1MHz. The frequency response associated with each channel is H1=1,
H2=2, H3=3. The transmit power constraint is P = 10mW and noise power spectral density N0
= 10-9 W/Hz. Find the Shannon capacity of the channel and optimal power allocation that
achieves the capacity. (13 marks, Apr/May 2018)

LICET/IT WIRELESS COMMUNICATION