in practice.

If the internal load should change from 26 W/m² floor area to 44

W/m² floor area, still comparing the same strategies, it would result in an 18%
lower annual energy use when controlling the supply air temperature
optimally. Therefore, there is great potential in this optimization to reduce the
HVAC energy use, provided there is a cooling need for much of the year.
When a system has been put into operation it is almost impossible to control
the load or the products’ efficiencies, but the supply air temperature can be
controlled and optimized to decrease the energy use. Therefore, the equations
can be efficient to implement in existing 100% outdoor VAV systems if the
parameters mentioned above are known.
No solar radiation is included in the energy calculations of different control
strategies of the supply air temperature. If solar radiation were present, the
absolute calculated HVAC-energy use would be affected. In the comparison
between the control strategies, the affection would be in the same direction
and therefore the difference would be small. Solar radiation will not affect the
supply air temperature optimization because from the system perspective there
is no difference in solar gain or internal heat load. Therefore, solar radiation
can be treated as a part of the internal heat load.
2
In most practical applications the internal heat load is below 135 W/m and
the building is not used 24-hours a day. As can be seen in Fig. 8, the optimal
U-value regarding energy use is only above zero when the internal loads are
very high or when the loads are active more than 12 hours a day. The energy
use might be reduced at a higher U-value but the penalty might be a poorer
thermal comfort and an increase in energy use if the use of the building is
changed.

7. Future work
The 100% outdoor air variable volume should be compared to other systems
that provide both cooling and ventilation. The comparison should be done in a
life cycle perspective. One problem will be that the systems will probably not
create identical thermal climate and IAQ. Whether and how these two
parameters should be integrated in a life cycle perspective needs to be studied.
The energy use in practice of a 100% outdoor VAV system and maintenance
cost should be studied to provide basic data for the life cycle analysis. A cost-
effective way to implement the pressure controlled system in residences
should be studied to improve the residential IAQ. The behavior of users when
given the opportunity to choose a minimum, and to some extent a maximum,
supply air flow would have been interesting to study.

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