Internship Report

As a requirement for the degree of B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, this

internship report is presented to Civil Engineering Department, University
of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Campus-III Bannu

Submitted By:

Nawaz Khan (15BNCIV0758)

Hosting Organization: Peshawar development Authority

(PDA)

Internship Duration: From 1st June- 30th September 2019.

Approved By:

Resident Engineer

Peshawar development authority

BRT reach 3
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 Acknowledgement
All glory be to ALLAH, the most beneficent, the most merciful, who is the
creator of all the universe and guides us in oceans of darkness and
difficulties.

And all respect, love and references for THE HOLY PROPHET HAZRAT
MUHAMMAD (SAW) for enlightening our conscience with the torch of
ALLAH’s message about this kindness and mercy upon us.

I would also thank my mentor Resident Engineer for his endless support at
site and in his office by consulting me how do things in the site and how to
write this report in outstanding manner, all teachers of civil and urban
engineering who brought me to my present performance and shape me
like this during the last three successive years.

Before I finish, I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from
the contractor and the consultant side starting from engineers to daily
laborers. Also, for those who do not listed in the above but support me in
different areas I would like thank all.

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 Abstract
The internship report is the summary of internship in PDA in which I try to
explain my four month experience in my hosting company. The content of
all chapters is broadly explained and it is constructed from the practical
basis of the site work ended all months.

In the first chapter I give details to the company background including its
mission, vision, the project those runs through the company consultation.
In this chapter I put all record or history and futurity of my hosting
company with its official address. So, it is giving details of the company in
terms of reader can easily know and access the company.

The second chapter is the most hunted chapter which explains my overall
internship familiarity in the last successive months. This chapter is the
main chapter and I record on it the overall work I have been executing. It
gives a high light what I have been doing and main works of the
construction industry.

After all those chapters explained above, I go to the third chapter and
explains the main benefits of the internship class in terms of different
aspects and areas. It is obvious that the internship has a plus in terms of
improving skills and different abilities as a whole. In this chapter I try to
explain the advantages and benefits that I gain from this internship.

The final and fourth chapter explains about the winding up and suggestion
on the project that our company runs. Inside the site we get many things
which are appropriate and inappropriate for work in building construction,
thus I comment and give my recommendation in some conditions and
workings.

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 Table of Contents

1 Chapter 1...................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................1

1.2 Company address............................................................................1

1.3 Field of specialization.......................................................................1

1.4 Services:..........................................................................................1

1.5 Introduction of
project……………………………………………………………..2

2 Chapter 2...................................................................6
2.1 Joining the company........................................................................6

2.2 Section of the Company I have been work......................................6

2.3 Design and supervision team..........................................................7

2.4 Resident engineer............................................................................7

2.5 Project manager...............................................................................7

2.6 Site engineer...................................................................................8

2.7 Forman.............................................................................................8

2.8 Surveyor..........................................................................................9

2.9 Skilled and non-skilled persons........................................................9

2.10 Work piece or task I have been executing....................................9

2.10.1 Office work............................................................................10

2.10.2 Taking off...............................................................................10

2.10.3 Bill of quantity.......................................................................10

2.10.4 Report writing........................................................................11

2.10.5 Report types..........................................................................11

2.10.6 Reading and interpreting drawings.......................................12

2.10.7 Site work...............................................................................12

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 2.11 Procedure I have been used when I perform work tasks.............13

2.11.1 Flexible pavement

construction………………………………………………13

2.11.2 Rigid Pavement

construction………………………………………………14

2.12 Detail of construction

materiel…………………………………………….......14

2.12.1 Reinforcement bar.................................................................15

2.12.2 Concrete................................................................................15

2.13 My performance during accomplishing work

tasks…………………………..18

2.14 Challenges I have faced..............................................................19

2.15 Measures I take for challenges....................................................19

3 Chapter 3.................................................................20
3.1 Improving practical skill.................................................................20

3.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge............................................21

3.3 Upgrading interpersonal communication skill................................21

3.4 Improving team playing skill..........................................................21

3.5 Work ethics and related issues......................................................22

4 Chapter 4.................................................................23
4.1 Recommendation...........................................................................23

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List of Table

Table 2-1 tests perform on concrete ingredients and samples......................16

Table 2-2 properties of concrete...................................................................17

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 Chapter 1

Background of hosting company

1.1 Introduction

Peshawar development Authority (PDA) has the following features related

to introduction of organization:

I. Established in 1975 as Peshawar Metropolitan Authority which

is created under the act of 1975.
II. Bifurcated as Building & Roads (B&R) Department and Public
Health Engineering in 1985.
III. Public Health Engineering (PHE) established in 1985.

IV. Renamed as Peshawar development Authority (PDA) in 1989.

V. Peshawar development Authority (PDA) merged with Public

Health Engineer Department to for “Works & Services (W&S)
Department on July 01, 2001.

1.2 Company address

PDA Plaza, Phase#5, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

Pakistan.

Phone: (091) 9217028

1.3 Field of specialization

"Peshawar development Authority (PDA) is committed to provide

economical, sustainable and durable physical infrastructure for building,
compatible with economic constraints to improve the quality level of life of
the citizens of the Peshawar city."

1.4 Services:

The services of Peshawar development Authority (PDA) are as follow:

I. Construction, equipment, maintenance and repairing of

internal electrification and fixation of rent of Government

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 buildings, residential and non-residential.
II. Accommodation for Federal and Provincial Government
servants within the Peshawar city except that entrusted to
Establishment & Administration Department.
III. Construction, maintenance and repairs of roads, bridges in
the Peshawar city.
IV. Roads Funds.
V. Tolls (excluding those levies by Local Governments).
VI. Engineering training other than Engineering University,
Engineering Collages, and Engineering Schools.
VII. Evaluation/Fixation of Rent/Control/Management, leases and
disposal sales of Government buildings in the Peshawar city.
VIII. Water supply of sanitary works pertaining to Government
buildings and Government estates.
IX. Laying standards and specifications for various types of roads
and bridges for the Peshawar city.
X. Planning and designing roads and connected a works for the
department financed from Provincial and /or Federal Funds.
XI. Road research and material testing.
XII. Execution of works on behalf of other agencies/department as
deposit Works.
XIII. Preparation of architectural plans/drawing of buildings of
Government building in the Peshawar City.

1.5 Introduction of Project:

Transportation is the back bone for the economy of a country. A good
transportation system provides a better opportunity for investment and
upgrade the standard life of people. Transportation system consist of
Roads, Railways track, Air ports etc. In KPK, there are local department in
every district to construction, operation and maintenance of
communication infrastructure like Roads etc. In the same way, Peshawar
city has PDA which is the main department for these services. In the
recent year the population of Peshawar city grows very rapidly due to
some reasons and the big cause is the movement of people from rural
areas to Peshawar city for facilities. But this create a huge problem in the
context of transport of people and vehicles.

In order to encounter the effect of highly growing population of Peshawar

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city KPK government start a project know as Bus rapid transit (BRT).
Actually BRT is a busway or transitway which is designed to increase the
capacity and reliability relative to the conventional bus system. Rapid
transit, which describes a high-capacity urban public-transit system with
its own right of way .Typically, BRT system includes roadways that are
dedicated to buses, and gives priority to buses at intersections where
buses may interact with other traffic; alongside design features to reduce
delays caused by passengers boarding or leaving buses, or purchasing
fares. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a metro with the
flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system. BRT is complex
system which has its right of way and all the necessary element that a
road has like travelled way, median, shoulder kerb, bicycle and pedestrian
way, Drainage and side slope etc. Beside these BRT have some additional
element which make it more comfortable than the ordinary road like
dedicated lanes, Off-board fare collection, Platform-level boarding, special
Intersection treatment etc.

The first BRT system was in Brazil, which entered service in 1974.
TransJakarta is considered as the largest BRT network in the world with
approximately 251.2 kilometers of corridors connecting the Indonesian
capital city.

BRT have some special features which make it different from other traffic
routes like

I. Bus-only lanes make for faster travel and ensure that buses are not
delayed by mixed traffic congestion.
II. Fare prepayment at the station, instead of on board the bus,
eliminates the delay caused by passengers paying on board.
III. A popular compromise is low-floor buses with a low step at the door,
which can allow easy boarding at low-platform stops compatible
with other buses.
IV. This system has the additional benefit of diminishing queues on
main line stations.
V. High-capacity vehicles such as articulated or even bi-articulated
buses is used in BRT.
VI. The capital costs of implementing BRT are lower than for light rail

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 but greater than conventional bus system.
VII. Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit (Peshawar BRT) is a bus rapid transit
system currently under construction by the Peshawar Development
Authority (PDA) in Peshawar, capital of Pakistan's Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. Peshawar BRT is divided into two
separate phases, the first phase of the Trans-Peshawar BRT system
will encompass an east-west corridor to be served by 30 stations.
88% of funding is being provided by the Asian Development Bank.
Peshawar BRT starts from Chamkano and its end is Karkhano.
According to Peshawar Development Authority (PDA) expected rider
is 500,000. The system will have 30 stations and will be mostly
elevated (around 49 %) while 38 % will be at grade and only 17 %
via underpass. The line will also contain 3.4 kilometers of
underpasses, 10.5 kilometers of at grade and 13.7 kilometers of
elevated part. The entire busway will be fenced to prevent
unauthorized pedestrian crossings, and to prevent vehicular traffic
from entering, However passersby can use stairs, elevators or
bridges to cross the BRT corridor and reach on the other side.

Construction of the east-west corridor will be completed in three

phases:

I. Phase 1: Chamkano to Balahisar Fort.

II. Phase 2: Balahisar Fort to Aman Chowk.
III. Phase 3: Aman Chowk to Karkhano Market.

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 Chapter 2

OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERINCE

2.1 Joining the company

Since we finish 3rd year and final year class I got the application letter for
internship from the Career Development Center of UET Bannu Campus.
So, I have been searching a hosting company in the summer. At last I
decided to join the reputed and well known. I present the letter to the
Resident Engineer of BRT reach 3 officer Peshawar development Authority
(PDA) upon which he agreed to offer internship for summer vacations.
Actually, BRT is big project which is divide into three reaches/phases i.e.
reach I, reach II, reach III. I presented my acceptance letter to the resident
Engineer of Reach 3. Reach 3 start from Aman Chowk to the end
Karkhano. Our camp is near the Hayatabad phase 3 Chowk, I went to the
camp and meet to Resident Engineer Manzoor Hussain. He meet to me in
a good manner and encourage me to take the internship. He accepted my
letter and I join the site from the very next day.

2.2 Section of the Company I have been work

The department works on the following basis:

First the client compute bid for their drawing(architectural drawing) after
they selected by the client they supply a working drawing like structural
drawing, electrical drawing in one copy based on the agreement and the
total project cost(bill of quantity) for the contractor after the contractor
officially announced by the client. Then construction begins starting from
mobilization and execution of streets.

The consulting work includes so many tasks such as inspecting of the site,
quality control and safety of workers. In the site works executed based on
the agreement between the client and the contractor. This document is

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called contract document so the consultant checks every trade of work is
executed based on the contract document and the working methodology.
Drawings and design also from the consultant side.

2.3 Design and supervision team

The team includes structural engineer, architectural engineers, electrical

engineers and other experienced engineers in other professions according
to the project. The design and supervision team is a team from the
consultant side which guide every work executed in that site and gives
supervision for the contractor based on the drawing and the specification
(bill of quantity). This team mostly comes to the site when there is a

Misunderstanding in drawings, working techniques, drawing detailing

error, and for meeting between the three parties. The team provides
continuous service to the project from start to finish, establishing and
maintaining the quality and integrity of each design.

2.4 Resident engineer

Resident Engineer is a very important position in the project because

He/She control almost every work as much as possible. Position is
responsible for multiple construction projects or a single project of a large
scale requiring multiple disciplines. This includes reviewing design;
supervising construction progress and scheduling; starting up process
systems/equipment or facilities for turning over to the owner's personnel.
Supervise field staff and contractors on the site with responsibility for
quality construction in accordance with plans and specifications. He/she
also responsible for approval of change orders, invoices, and payment
applications which may include final payment. So, the resident engineer
mostly control every work as much as possible in terms of their quality,
cost and time. Testing of materials delivered at site and safety of workers
starting from managers to daily labors also the duty of the resident
engineer.

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2.5 Project manager

The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and in our
site these positions is accountable for the contractor or the owner and are
appointed by the owner of the construction company. The main duty of
the manager is to Manages the whole site work execution, Makes payment
to sub contract workers, Approves material request, Analyses the work
processes, Executes sub-contracting agreements, Reviews and checks the
reports made by the office engineer.

2.6 Site engineer

Site engineer shall be accountable for the following tasks and

responsibilities:

I. Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests

any modifications.
II. To watch and inspect the construction work and assure that it is
done in full accordance with the drawings, technical specifications
and bills of quantities.
III. Supervising the works on site in accordance with the contract
documents and using the template and procedure established by
the consultant.
IV. Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use at site as per
sample approved by the consultant and ensuring removal of
rejected material out from site.
V. Ensuring the correct implementation of the works according to
technical specifications, to designs and quality of materials
VI. Checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to
existing structures and site levels.
VII. Checking and testing of completed works before they are covered
by the contractor, taking photos on a regular basis and also on
account of defective work.
VIII. Ensuring that health and safety measures are adopted and
followed to the full extent.
IX. prepare weekly report and suggest and instruct additional safety
measures if needed
X. Maintain a filing system for all site memos and instructions,
measured quantities of work and materials on site, reports and

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 other documents and correspondence pertaining to the
construction activities and
XI. Maintain a site order book to be made available for the
consultants and senior officers to write comments or defects in
construction noticed during site visits and carrying out compliance
at site.

2.7 Forman

A foreman is the worker or tradesman who is in charge of a construction

crew and is a skilled supervisor who is responsible to work side by side
with the project manager, property owner, and other construction design
engineers in order to complete a project in a given time limit. His job is to
employ the suitable workers on the various tasks to complete the job, and
supervise all phases of the construction project from start to end or
supervise only a portion of the building process Normally the foreman is a
construction worker with many years of experience in a particular trade
who is charged with organizing the overall construction of a particular
project. Typically the foreman is a person with specialist knowledge of a
given trade who has moved into the position and is now focused on an
overall management of all trades rather than any particular specialized
group. A good foreman is the keystone of their projects since they control
every work more closely than the others like project manager, site
engineer etc. the Forman also have a duty of motivating workers and
choosing good workers for every aspects of work.

2.8 Surveyor

In any construction a surveyor is mandatory so, in our site the surveyor

works starting from setting out to point of central line, alignment of road
and prepare the proposed road for our work. A good surveyor make the
work of engineer very easy.

2.9 Skilled and non-skilled persons

This group includes masons, carpenter, bar benders, steel fixer and the
daily laborers. In our country workers of such group are appointed only by

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experience these have its own advantage on the construction. They work
everything as they ordered by the Forman or the site engineer. Work on
the site are greatly executed by this group because this is the most active
on the site. This group does not deal with the office documentation.

2.10 Work piece or task I have been executing

Actually I assigned from the university to work with consultants but

consultation is not easy task to perform especially for students because it
needs experienced and further specialized person in the field and most of
the work is not parallel with civil engineering it has different field within it.
So, to know every work what civil engineers do I try to work and share
experience with contractor in addition to consultant. And also the
consultant main work at the site is controlling time, cost, quality and
safety of workers so those work needs inspection, test conducting and
taking different measures when the contractor don‘t execute it properly.
Their main work is to advice and provides a bettor idea how the project
will finish with a minimum cost, time and quality.

Generally, I have been working in the two sections as mentioned above. I

classify the work in to office work and site works, mostly the work I have
been executing on the site is supervising, working as a site engineer,
surveyor and Forman

2.11 Office work

In my four month internship period I experience Office works that are

worked mostly at the site this includes some tasks performed by office
engineer and quantity surveyor. Such as;

I. Taking off
II. Bill of quantity
III. Report writing
IV. Reading and interpreting drawings

2.11.1 Taking of

This is the process of preparing / defining a detailed list of all labor and
materials necessary for the work and entering the items on properly

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dimensioned paper. The standard form used for entering the dimensions
taken or scaled from drawings to determine the accurate quantity in each
trade of work, except reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet or
dimension paper. The main aim of this sheet is for payment and cost
estimation for purchasing and preparing bill of quantity. The dimension
paper used for taking off is double – ruledA4 size paper as shown below

2.11.2 Bill of quantity

The traditional purpose of bills of quantities is to act as a uniform basis for

inviting competitive tenders, and to assist in valuing completed work. Bills
of quantity are first designed to meet the needs of estimators, although
some estimators say the bill format has changed to assist the consultants,
in cost planning exercises through the widespread use of elemental bills. A
contractor can also make use of the bill of quantities in many ways, for
example:

I. To plan material purchasing (note the danger in ordering from a bill:

the contractor should always order materials from drawn
information and the specification, making the contract administrator
aware of any differences)
II. Preparing resourced programs.
III. Cost control during the contract to ensure work is within budget.
IV. Data collection during construction for bonus systems and feedback
information for estimators. It is the format which is used in a bill of
quantity to list (include) a short description of the specification
along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine
the total Cost for each trade of item. In the site the bill of quantity is
done by consultant with the contract document but at site we work
it again for payment.

2.11.3 Report writing

Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in

evaluating the status of a project. It entails us how we are accomplishing
our set targets at the onset of a project. It will also help decision makers
to follow the status of the project without being present physically on the

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site. The reports should explain the history of the project .It should be
realistic and self-explanatory. Numbers in a report are far important than
number crunching. Putting numbers for a report writer like 10 % may be
simple but the meaning for the decision makers is very vital. Putting
wrong figures knowingly or unknowingly are devastating.

2.11.4 Report types

The types of reports to be submitted in a project depends on project type;

complexity; working habit etc. In our project we work the following reports

 Weekly report and monthly report

Weekly Progress Report is the lowest report form. ( lowest means the
level of view of the project is high).In short - it evaluates the
accomplishment of the weekly plan and puts the next week schedule .This
report will show the achievement/ drawbacks of the project at the
broadest level and help the project manager ( PM) or Resident Engineer
(RE) to solve the shortcomings at the grass root level.

Monthly Progress Report: This is a report with a view of many eyes. This
will be thoroughly seen by second level observers. The contractor, the
client and the Consultant‘s representative will make an in-depth view of
the report to have full information about the project status. This is a report
where major bottle necks of the project will be narrated and the
performance of the parties will be vividly seen.

2.12 Reading and interpreting drawings

Drawings are the means by which the designer conveys the physical,
quantitative, and visual description of the project to the contractor. The
drawings are a two-dimensional representation of the physical structure
that meets the objectives of the owner. They are also known as plans or
blueprints

In our site there were 4 types of drawing;

I. Architectural drawing
II. Structural drawing

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 III. Sanitary drawing
IV. Electrical installation drawing

This drawing is the main language between the architect, designer and
any worker at the site or office to build the model in position as specified
by the designer and the client, based on the agreement. Thus to work as
an engineer in the construction site it is mandatory knowing drawings and
any other specification. Drawings are the most common means of
communication for all types and sizes of project. Thus I understand each
drawing and knew every symbol abbreviation for every section and I able
to communicate with different workers using it.

2.13 Site work

The site work was the very important task for me because the internship
main objective lies over her and I have gain many knowledge from the site
like communication skill, handling workers, management skill etc. within
four month I have the ability to see many works from the project.

The work task I have been executing at site is:

I. Supervising of works
II. Inspecting the worked element and how they work
III. Checking the work based on the given check list
IV. Testing materials

The site work in general overlay over the supervision part so I have been
working as supervisor based on the given check list that our company
give to us. Every work must be checked wither it is executed based on the
methodology that the contractor provides to the consultant or not. If not
the contractor must report the case why they didn‘t execute upon it.

2.14 Procedure I have been used when I perform work

tasks

The site work I have been perform was controlling how the work is going
on and supervising the work based on the given check list which was
given to us from the office. The checklist for site supervisors is issued in
order to ensure a uniform system of supervision of building construction
projects and as a result ensure the quality of construction. In the checklist
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the responsibilities, liabilities and limitations of the supervisor are briefly
mentioned in the steps to the general terms.

Details of construction are specified in the drawings, technical

specifications and in the general and special conditions of the contract.
The duty of mine was to ensure that the construction works are executed
in accordance with the contract requirement. In the application of the
checklist the details specified in the contract document always precede
before the application and use of it. There are also tables and forms in the
checklist that help as records of the incidences affecting the work and as
references. In addition the standard technical specification was used as
reference on the preparation of the checklist and shall always have
precedence over the checklist. Therefore, I have been work most of my
time at site to become more familiar with site works and to get more
practical knowledge. Site work in general includes every kind of work
executed at the site starting from setting out till finishing works based on
the given specification and methodology. The site work that I have been
trough in the fore month internship period was in the sub structure work
and super structure work exclusively. As we know that BRT is a big project
and it include both the construction of flexible and rigid pavement, But
most part consist of rigid pavement which include bridges, underground
passway. The flexible pavement consist of side road for pedestrian and
bicycle and renewal of old road in some places.

A normal flexible road construction consist of following steps.

I. First of all Preparation of the existing base course layer. The existing
surface is prepared by removing the pot holes or rust.
II. The compaction of surface through roller, the roller used in our site
is compactor roller. This is the most important part of pavement
construction and much welled supervised B/C any deficiency will led
to serious damage later.
III. Then the premix is well prepared under the supervision of site
supervisor. The premix is prepared by mixing bituminous materiel
and aggregate in the mixer. First the bitumen is heated up to
melting then mix with aggregate. Bitumen used is according to the

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 standard of 50/70.the mix is placed through the machines.
IV. Then rolling of this mix is done through Roller. Rolling is inspected
specially, B/C improper compaction can create problem later.
Sometime, our supervisor inspect the rolling and compaction by a
conventional method by a stone in front of Roller wheel and
predicate the compaction quality. This method is not a technical one
but adopted due to the shortage of time.
V. In the last finishing of pavement comes to prevent the road from
water etc.

2.15 Rigid Pavement construction:

The construction of rigid portion of BRT includes the following steps:

I. First of all Sub grade and Sub base are prepared for the construction
and the all the herbs etc. are removed.
II. Then the forms are placed properly. This work is well inspected b/c
placing of form is very important in almost all project of civil
engineering construction.
III. Then the steel fixer fix the whole arrangement of Reinforcement of
steel according to the design. The site Engineer direct the drawing
to the fixer. The whole RC design is already drawn on a paper and
site engineer execute the work according to the drawing. The
complete detail of RC design will be in the next topic.
IV. Then concrete mix is prepared in the concrete plant, our concrete
plant is near to our camp. According to my opinion, placing of
concrete is the most difficult part of road for a site engineer, detail
of concrete, and its constituents etc is in the next topic. The fresh
concrete is compacted and sometime we use concrete vibrator
when needed. Concrete vibrator is need in special cases.
V. Curing of concert is carried out for many days. As we know that the
weather of Peshawar is extreme and the concrete need proper
curing, therefore labors are special instructed for curing.

2.16 REINFORCEMENT BAR:

Concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression. Its tensile

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strength is approximately 10% of its compressive strength. Therefore,
concrete is generally used in conjunction with steel reinforcement, which
provides the tensile strength in a concrete member. The use of plain
concrete without steel reinforcement is limited to pavements and some
slabs-on-ground. Steel is the ideal material to complement concrete
because the thermal expansion of both materials is the same. In other
words, when heated or cooled, both steel and concrete expand or contract
equally. Consequently, no stress is caused by differential expansion or
contraction. Composite materials that expand differentially are subjected
to such stresses. Steel also bonds well with concrete. In a composite
material, the bond between two materials is necessary for it to function as
a single material. The bond between steel and concrete is due to the
chemistry of the two materials, which produces a chemical bond between
them. Additionally, as water from concrete evaporates, it shrinks and grips
the steel bars, making a mechanical bond. The mechanical bond is
enhanced by using reinforcing bars, or rebar, that have surface
deformations. Because a mechanical bond is a function of the area of
contact between the two materials, surface deformations increase that
area, thereby increasing the bond. For the same reason, rebar that have a
light, firm layer of rust bonds better with concrete. Rust that is produced
by leaving rebar outdoors on a construction site for a few days or weeks is
not objectionable as long as the rust is not loose or flaky. Loose and flaky
rust should be scraped using burlap or a piece of cloth. Excessively rusted
rebar should not be used

2.17 Concrete:

Concrete is a composite consisting of the dispersed phase of aggregates

(ranging from its maximum size coarse aggregates down to the fine sand
particles) embedded in the matrix of cement paste. This is a Portland
cement concrete with the four constituents of Portland cement, water,
stone and sand. These basic components remain in current concrete but
other constituents are now often added to modify its fresh and hardened
properties. This has broadened the scope in the design and construction

15
of concrete structures. It has also introduced factors that designers should
recognize in order to realize the desired performance in terms of structural
adequacy, constructability, and required service life. These are translated
into strength, workability and durability in relation to properties of
concrete. In addition, there is the need to satisfy these provisions at the
most cost effective price in practice. Since our building is a reinforced
concrete structure the concrete work was commenced every day for
constructing/development of every part of the building.

The constituents of modern concrete have increased from the basic four
(cement, water, stone, and sand) to include both chemical and mineral
admixtures. These admixtures have been in use for decades, first in
special circumstances, but have now been incorporated in more and more
general applications for their technical and at times economic benefits in
either or both fresh and hardened properties of concrete

2.17.1 Cement

Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive

properties that make it capable of bonding mineral fragments into a
compact whole.

2.17.2 Aggregate

Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete,

it contributes significantly to the structural performance of concrete,
especially strength, durability and volume stability. In general, aggregates
in concrete have been grouped according to their sizes into fine and
coarse aggregates. The separation is based on materials passing or
retained on the nominally 5 mm (ASTM No. 4) sieve. It is common to refer
to fine aggregate as sand and coarse aggregate as stone. Traditionally,
aggregates are derived from natural sources in the form of river gravel or
crushed rocks and river sand. Fine aggregate produced by crushing rocks
to sand sizes is referred as manufactured sand.

The results and specification of the test performed on constituent of the

concrete are given below:

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 Table 2-1 tests perform on concrete ingredients and samples

Name Test Performed Specification

Cement Finess of cement ASTM C125

Specific gravity ASTM C70-40
Fine aggregate Specific gravity ASTM C128
Water absorption ASTM C128
Finess modulus ASTOM C125
Moisture content ASTM C70-13
Coarse aggregate Impact value ASTM C469
Moisture content ASTM C565
Specific gravity ASTM C127-88
Water absorption ASTM C127-89

The results of the properties of concrete are given below

Table 2-2 properties of concrete

Test Results of Coarse Aggregates

Name Specification Values Limit
Impact value ASTM C469 6.25% < 10% Exceptionally strong
Moisture content ASTM C565 0.22% < 3%
Specific gravity ASTM C127-88 2.6 Range 2.5-2.9
Water absorption ASTM C127-89 1.24% Range 0.3 - 2.5%
Test Results of Fine Aggregates
Specific gravity ASTM C128 2.76 Range 2.5-2.9
Water absorption ASTM C128 3.14% <3.5%
Finess modulus ASTOM C125 2.90 Range 2.6-2.9
Moisture content ASTM C70-13 2.45% < 3%
Test Performed on Cement
Finess modulus ASTM C125 97% > 90%
Specific gravity ASTM C70-40 3.12 Range 2.9-3.2

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2.17.3 Water

Water has a significant role to play in the making of concrete — in mixing

of fresh concrete and in curing of hardened concrete. In order to ensure
proper strength development and durability of concrete, it is necessary
that the water used for mixing and curing is free from impurities such as
oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar and organic materials. Water that is fit for
human consumption (i.e., potable water) is generally considered to be
suitable for concreting. However, when the portability of the water is
suspect, it is advisable to perform a chemical analysis of the water

2.17.4 Curing

The hydration reaction begins as soon as water and cement come into
contact, but the rate at which this reaction proceeds is extremely slow. It
takes up to 6 months or longer for concrete to gain its full strength.
However, approximately 80% of concrete strength develops in 28 days.
Approximately two thirds of the 28-day strength is obtained in the first 7
days and approximately half in the first 3 days. This is true only if
sufficient water and favorable temperature are available for the hydration
reaction to continue. That is why concrete test cylinders are kept in a
moist chamber until tested. Providing moisture to concrete continuously
for hydration is called curing of concrete. A well-cured concrete is denser
and, hence, stronger and more durable. On construction sites, curing is
begun as soon as the concrete has fully set (solidified), which is generally
12 to 24 h after placing the concrete. Curing in the initial stages of
hardening is extremely important and should continue as long as possible,
not less than 7 days. It is the process of preventing the loss of moisture
from the concrete while maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime.
Curing is essential for producing good concrete that has the desired
strength, impermeability and durability, and is of particular importance in
situations where the water-cement ratio is low, or the cement has a high
rate of strength development. So, curing must be conducted using potable
water and covering of the structural element using covering material for

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at least 7 successive days to retain the moisture lost.

2.18 My performance during accomplishing work tasks

My performance during the task was good, as I coordinate with all the
worker and continue group work and get involved in different site works to
gain more knowledge about the working environment in the site and
improve myself with more site works and office work. Since the site work
is very repetitive I have been working in different section to get involved
and pass through different peace of works. Especially the work tasks I
have been performing in the office work were very impressive because I
didn‘t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and report
writing etc. In general in the last four month I perform all my duties nicely
and get knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I
have learnt in the class in the last three years. Also I transform myself to
another level of skill, ethics, knowledge and leadership using this
internship class and I perform it well.

2.19 Challenges I have faced

Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that

require the interaction and cooperation of many different persons to
accomplish. The construction industry is typically divided into specialty
areas, with each area requiring different skills, resources, and knowledge
to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate and work closely in
each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when he/she
is fresh or beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by me but
some are above my limit and even the workers at the site also. In general
I have faced the following challenges in the internship period.

I. Communication problem with workers in the office and at the site.

II. Shortage of working drawings like structural, architectural, sanitary,
electrical and some other details.
III. Weather condition of the site, as we know that Peshawar weather is
extreme.
IV. Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.
V. Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Forman.
VI. Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers.

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VII. Safety facility.

Measures I take for challenges

Communication challenge was the most dangerous challenge from all

challenges because of that it blocks me from finding more knowledge from
skilled workers and other persons those are closed to the site work. Their
language at the site was mostly a local words that makes me more
confused and it was uneasy to know those words within a few days. At last
I was able to understand those words through experience and by working
with the employees.

Chapter 3
OVERALL INTERNSHIP BENEFITS
My three month internship introduces me to practical nature of civil
engineering. I learn how to apply the theoretical knowledge that I have
learned during the 3 year course work. . Student like civil and urban
engineering and other fields also take this practice. The main aim of this
practice (internship) is that to teach students communication with
different workers or employees, to improve practical skill what they
learned at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the
class, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.

3.1 Improving practical skill

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for

student. So, I found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible
within the four month. The knowledge we have learn in the class is helpful
to get those practical or real work in the site and totally different from the
actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some knowledge in
the site which helps me to work with the site environment or site peoples.

Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete

structure. In any construction work the first stage before casting of
concrete is designing and constructing of form work. As I explained in the

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work procedure the formwork and false work must be stiff and must resist
the fresh concrete till the concrete gain its strength. Thus the construction
stage of form work was new to me since I‘m new for the practical world
now I gain practical knowledge about how it is worked and erected.

Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified

drawing. After the formwork and false work is ready the bar bending,
positioning and tying work goes next. This work is done based on the
working drawing provided in the working drawings (structural drawing) by
the design team of that specified structure. In most case it was new for
me to see such work since it is a practical work only performed at the site.

Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used

for casting.

Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and

is the main constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure.
Thus it is mandatory to know this material in practice including how it is
treated, placed (poured), mixed and the equipment used for those work. I
got the practical knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete

3.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge

The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it
also help students to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they
have. I try to integrate the practical knowledge with that of the theory
learned in the class in different place in order to get more knowledge than
the theory we learned on the class. I got the internship class very
interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I learned
from the site some theories that we haven‘t learn in the class room by
searching different related literature.

3.4 Upgrading interpersonal communication skill

Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others

in order to get some messages and knowledge. The communications
systems within the building design and construction enterprise has taken
on a large role in the achievement of profitability and efficiency. A basic

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understanding of communication systems is beneficial to all building
professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success of the
construction.

3.5 Improving team playing skill

Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for
engineers, involve in every piece of task and achieving good team playing
skill is essential for Effective completion of tasks and Increasing
productivity. This skill already exists in my personality in the campus due
to different assignment and project works that I work together with
student. But this skill is more than this in the construction site. In the
construction site the work is already a team work and it needs more
closeness of workers to solve problems arise in different aspects,
misunderstanding in the drawing or working methodology and consult
every work. We the student at the site also works together as a team to
get more understanding and share ideas. More or less I improve my team
work status by working together with different professionals, student and
workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and consulting.

3.6 Work ethics and related issues

The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in

one‘s behavior towards appreciating the process of work flow and
performing rather well on the job so that this work flow will not be
jeopardized in the long run. During my internship program, I could say
that I have managed to do my side of the job description with a high spirit
and enthusiasm so that there was a smooth flow of activities both in the
office and on construction site. Work ethics involve such characteristics as
honesty, responsibility, reliability, accountability and etc.

Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking
about work ethics and on my side I tried meet this criteria by attending to
my working station in time so that there will not be any delay on the
activities planned for that day. The behavior that one shows towards his
peers and colleagues is also one manifestation of the concept of work

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ethics. Personally, I always respected and gave priority the employers of
the company. Elements of work ethics that worth mentioning are:-
punctuality, honesty, reliability, office discipline, corporation and
responsibility.

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 Chapter 4
Conclusion and recommendation
Internship plays a bridge like role between the theoretical and practical
knowledge. The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge
and the practical or the reality work at the field of construction or civil
engineering work. We all who take the internship class go to companies
that already working either as a consultant or a contractor. The
responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape
them in the four month as a real site workers. My hosting company is a
consultant team and they help me and my friends who took the internship
session in this company in acquiring different knowledge in different
positions. They collaborate with the contractors to teach us in that section
and they believe that the civil engineering work is more important for us
than the consulting office. This program played an important role to break
the conventional thought that field works can be only implemented by
students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in building
construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal
with problems that arise in a building construction.

Overall the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our
career. We are proud to be able to contribute towards nation building
during the country's extremely critical period of the history. It will be
definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate in other
disciplines as well.

4.1 Recommendation

Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision
of works but in some case the site works goes improperly due to different
causes. This kind of carelessness is not good for either the consultant or
the contractor. Therefore I suggest supervisors and site engineers to take
a care full look after the work executed on the site and the work that will
be executed.

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The student goes to the internship class are owned by the university are
given to the companies that use or teach us throughout the four month.
So, before and after we go to the companies the school must fulfill the
following:

I. Evaluating and supervising student as they are in the site by

sending mentors on time.
II. Giving courses that are appropriate for the site work before the
internship class is commenced like report writing, quantity survey
etc.
III. Working with the companies closely to address more knowledge to
the student.
IV. Sending the student on time to their hosting company.
V. Organizing students those reside in the same place to create a
team playing skill and provide group working environment in order
to share ideas.
VI. Budget for the internship is not enough to student and it is not
updated and not parallel with the price right now.

Mostly those listed problem challenges the student at site and if the
school can erase those challenges the intern student can do every work
without being stressed and worries.

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