Question 5

There are a number of refrigerant available for selection in the industry such as R134a,
R404A,R407A,R410A, and R22. The refrigerant selected for the application is this system is R-
22 or Freyon-22. Chlorodifluoromethane is a type of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This
colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22. It is commonly used as
a propellant and refrigerant. These applications are being phased out in countries due to the
compound's ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP), although
global use of R-22 continues to increase because of high demand in developing countries. R-22 is
a versatile intermediate in industrial organofluoride chemistry. The R22 refrigerant which is used
as an alternative to CFC-included refrigerants, has got a low ODP value and thus, its use is
permitted until the year 2030. Comparing R-22 to a well known refrigerant alternative, R-134a, in
term of performance, R-22 is generally better compared to R-134a. R-134a have lower thermal
conductivity than R-22, so R-134a system will generally need a larger heat exchanger. A system
circulating R134a needs a drier, because of the propensity of the refrigerant to absorb water. In
term or cost, the cost of R-22 as well as the maintenance cost of R-22 system is much lower than
R-134a system as R134a systems require special lubricating oils that are, on the whole, inferior to
those used in an R22 system. The properties of R-22 are shown in table below.

Properties
Chemical formula CHClF2
Molar mass 86.47 g/mol
Density 3.66 kg/m3 at 15 °C, gas
Melting point −175.42 °C (−283.76 °F; 97.73 K)
Boiling point −40.7 °C (−41.3 °F; 232.5 K)
Solubility in water 0.7799 vol/vol at 25 °C; 3.628 g/L
log P 1.08
Vapor pressure 908 kPa at 20 °C
Henry's law 0.033 mol.kg−1.bar−1
constant (kH)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -38.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Refrigerant R-22
The decided operating pressure:
Evaporator = 425 kPa
Condenser = 1700 kPa
• Tsat of evaporator at pressure 425 kPa.
From table of properties R-22 and using interpolation method:
Pressure (kPa) Temperature (ºC)
421.8 -5
425 Tsat= -4.78
436.3 -4

At 425 kPa of evaporator pressure, it will produce Tsat = -4.78oC which is the different
temperature between cooling water and refrigerant at evaporator is 9.78oC. The heat from water
will transfer continuously through the evaporator coil and produce the required temperature at
exit of the evaporator.
i. Tsat of condenser at pressure 1700 kPa.

From table of properties R-22 and using interpolation method:

Pressure (kPa) Temperature (ºC)
1689.0 44
1700 Tsat= 44.28
1729.0 45

The heat of refrigerant at condenser is higher than surrounding and the heat from the refrigerant
system release to the surrounding because heat transfer from high temperature to low temperature.
The values of temperature for the evaporator and the condenser will be rounded off to -5 and 45
respectively.
Question 6

Refrigerant
-5 °C

13.39 °C
Chilled
water

1 °C

-5 °C

The multipass heat exchanger selected for the system is a 2 shell 4 tube heat exchanger.

Effective Surface Overall heat transfer

area (m2) coefficient, U (kW/m2.
°C)
2 2396.08
4 1198.04
6 798.69
8 599.02
10 479.22
12 399.35
14 342.30
16 299.51
18 266.23
20 239.61
 Overall heat transfer coefficient vs Effective surface Area
3000.00
Overall heat transfer coefficient (kW)

2500.00

2000.00

1500.00

y = 4792.2x-1
1000.00

500.00

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25
Surface Area m2

From the plotted profile, the overall heat transfer coefficient decreases exponentially with
the increase of effective surface area. The heat transfer rate is directly proportional to the product
of overall heat transfer coefficient and the effective surface area as in general the higher the
effective surface area, the higher that rate of heat transfer. However, since the heat transfer rate are
assumed to remain unchanged with the change of effective surface area, the overall heat transfer
coefficient decreases to satisfy the energy equation. In real life application, we can expect the heat
transfer rate to increase as the effective surface area increases.
Sample calculation
Using chill water temperature in from Q4 at 13.39 °C and Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) approach,
𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2
𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 =
𝑇𝑇
ln(𝑇𝑇1 )
2

𝑇𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 13.39 − (−5) = 18.39 °𝐶𝐶

𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1 − (−5) = 6 °𝐶𝐶

18.39 − 6
𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 = = 11.06 °𝐶𝐶
18.39
ln( 6 )

𝑄𝑄̇𝐻𝐻 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 �(𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 )

The rate of heat transfer in this exchanger from chilled water to the refrigerant can be determined
from the energy balance of the water flow.
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄̇𝐻𝐻 = 0.17 �4.184 � (13.39 − 1 °𝐶𝐶) = 8.8128 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. °𝐶𝐶

Assuming there are no fouling, the overall heat transfer can be determined by equation the heat
transfer rate.

𝑄𝑄̇ = 𝑈𝑈𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝑚𝑚

𝑄𝑄̇
𝑈𝑈 =
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝑚𝑚
8.8128 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑈𝑈 = = 2396.08 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2𝑚𝑚2 × 11.06 °𝐶𝐶
Other values of U were calculated by substituting the value of As with an increment of 2m2 per
increment.
Question 7
Chosen case
Tin = 13.39 °C

From Thermo-physical properties table for R-22

Through interpolation
State 1
P1 = 0.425 MPa h1=hf@0.425 = 403.3 kJ/kg

State 2
P2 = 1.7 MPa h2s = 417.6 kJ/kg
T2 = 45oC

State 3
P3 = 1.7 MPa h3 = hf@1.7 = 255.4 kJ/kg
State 4
h3 = h4 = 255.4 kJ/kg
From table water temperature property table A4
Through interpolation
Cooling water in
Tw1 = 28 °C hw1=hf@28 = 117.34 kJ/kg

State 2
Tw2 = 45 °C hw2=hf@32 = 134.10 kJ/kg

Sample interpolation
Cooling water in
25 104.83
28 hw1
30 125.74

(28 − 25)(125.74 − 104.83)

ℎ𝑤𝑤1 = + 104.83 = 117.34 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
30 − 25

Compressor isentropic efficiency is given by 0.9

ℎ2𝑠𝑠 − ℎ1
𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
ℎ2 − ℎ1
ℎ2𝑠𝑠 − ℎ1
ℎ2 = + ℎ1
𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
417.6 − 403.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ2 = + 403.3 = 419.19
0.9 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
The mass flow rate of the refrigerant can be found from the energy balance on the condenser
𝑚𝑚̇𝑟𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑤𝑤 (ℎ𝑤𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤𝑤1 )
𝑚𝑚̇𝑤𝑤 (ℎ𝑤𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤𝑤1 )
𝑚𝑚̇𝑟𝑟 =
(ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0.25 𝑠𝑠 �134.1 − 117.34 𝑔𝑔 �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇𝑟𝑟 = = 0.026 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(419.19 − 255.4 )
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
𝑊𝑊̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑟𝑟 (ℎ1 − ℎ4 )
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿 = 0.026 �419.19 − 255.4 � = 3.846 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑊𝑊̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑟𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑊𝑊̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.026 �419.19 − 403.3 � = 0.413 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Thus, the coefficient of performance is,
3.846 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = 9.312
0.413 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Question 8
System Analysis
ṁa h2 T2 (°C)
1 77.47 25.10
2 74.33 24.60
3 73.29 24.30
4 72.77 24.20
5 72.45 24.10
6 72.24 24.05
7 72.10 24.00
8 71.98 23.90
9 71.90 23.85
10 71.83 23.80

Air outlet temperature vs mass flow rate or air

25.20

25.00

24.80
Outlet temperature

24.60

24.40

24.20

24.00

23.80

23.60
0.0000 2.0000 4.0000 6.0000 8.0000 10.0000 12.0000
Mass flow rate (kg/s)

From the curve plotted, it is observed that the air outlet temperature decreases exponentially with
the increase of mass flow rate. The relationship obtained satisfies the mass balance as constructed
in the sample calculation section.
Sample Calculation
Dry air mass balance
𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎1 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎2 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎
Water mass balance
𝑚𝑚̇3 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎1 𝜔𝜔1 = 𝑚𝑚̇4 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎2 𝜔𝜔2
Energy balance
𝐸𝐸̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐸𝐸̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝛥𝛥𝐸𝐸̇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝐸𝐸̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐸𝐸̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
0 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎2 ℎ2 + 𝑚𝑚̇4 ℎ4 − 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎1 ℎ1 − 𝑚𝑚̇3 ℎ3
𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 ℎ1 + 𝑚𝑚̇3 ℎ3 − 𝑚𝑚̇4 ℎ4
ℎ2 =
𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎

𝐿𝐿 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 15 = 𝑚𝑚̇ = 0.25
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 65% = 0.65
𝐿𝐿
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 100 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 1000
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇 = 30°𝐶𝐶 ; ϕ = 60%
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ1 = 71.2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
𝜔𝜔1 = 16 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚3
𝜐𝜐1 = 0.875 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
From table A-4
Through interpolation
At T3=38 °C
h3 = 159.174 kJ/kg

At T4 = 32 °C
h4 = 134.1 kJ/kg

Solving for h2
𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 ℎ1 + 𝑚𝑚̇3 ℎ3 − 𝑚𝑚̇4 ℎ4
ℎ2 =
𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎

Q (L/min) ṁ ( kg/s) h2
100 0.0020 3141.49
200 0.0041 1606.34
300 0.0061 1094.63
400 0.0082 838.77
500 0.0102 685.26
600 0.0123 582.91
700 0.0143 509.81
800 0.0163 454.99
900 0.0184 412.34
1000 0.0204 378.23

Since the values of ṁair is to small, variation to the mass flow rate were made. Values for 1 kg/s
to 10 kg/s will be used instead.
(1)(71.2) + (0.25)(159.174) − (0.25)(134.1) 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ2 = = 77.47
1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Other values of h2 are calculated by substituting different values of ṁair.