Major Design of Experiment (DoE) Experience Information

CE 411 Hydraulics Engineering

1st Semester, SY 2018-2019

Dela Cruz, John Rendle J.

Francisco, John David G.
Group Members Gavin, Judith Claire O.
Laysico, Bernard C.
Melgar, Reymelson DC.
DoE Title Validation of Hydraulic Jump Model Using Laboratory Setup
This DoE aims to:
1) Conduct the experiment using the HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose
Teaching Flume and Crump Weir to create a hydraulic jump,
analyze and interpret the data and results.
Experimental 2) Develop a hydraulic jump model to interpret and analyze the
Design Objectives parameters gathered such as length and depth of the hydraulic
jump, the Froude number, and head loss.
3) Discuss the concepts used in the hydraulic jump such as the
significance of Froude number to the hydraulic jump, head loss,
and the method of analysis used in the experiment.
Input Factors
Length of HydraulicIt is the length between two section where one section is taken before
Jump (m) the hydraulic jump and 2nd section taken after the hydraulic jump is
termed as the length of hydraulic jump.
Depth of Hydraulic Critical depth of an open channel is the minimum depth of water above
Jump (m) ground level at which the velocity of flow is very high and flow takes
place with more of turbulence.
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Discharge (m /s) The amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit time.
Base of Flume (m) Equal to 300 mm or 0.3 m based from HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose
Teaching Flume
Output Responses
Head Loss (m) It represents the reduction in the total head or pressure (sum of elevation
head, velocity head and pressure head) of the fluid as it flows through
a hydraulic as well as the energy used in overcoming friction caused by
the walls of the pipe and other technological equipment.
Velocity (m/s) In the continuity equation, velocity can be computed by dividing the
volumetric flow rate to the area of the pipe or hydraulic system.
Froude Number It is a dimensionless parameter measuring the ratio of "the inertia
force on an element of fluid to the weight of the fluid element" - the
inertial force divided by gravitational force
Type of Jump This classifies the hydraulic jump produced by solving the Froude
number.
Design Statistics
ANOVA Test It is a statistical tool used to compare three or more means. This
statistical treatment will apply F-test to calculate for the F-value of each

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 factor so that it would be compared with the critical value that will be
determined from the F-distribution table.
Testing Standards
(If Applicable)
None

ii
 Design of Experiment (DoE)

entitled

Validation of Hydraulic Jump Model Using Laboratory Setup

Dela Cruz, John Rendle J.

Francisco, John David G.
Gavin, Judith Claire O.
Laysico, Bernard C.
Melgar, Reymelson DC.

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Cubao, Quezon City

October 2018

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VALIDATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMP MODEL USING LABORATORY SETUP

CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................................................................................I
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................III
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................................... IV
I. GENERAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................1
II. DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................2
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ..............................................................................................................................3
IV. PROCEDURE (TESTING STANDARDS IF APPLICABLE)..................................................................................4
V. DESIGN STATISTICS ..........................................................................................................................................5
VI. DISCUSSIONS .....................................................................................................................................................8
VII. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................12
VIII. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................13

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Hydraulic Jump Demonstration……………………………………………………………………………1

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Figure 3. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………………………….….3
Figure 4. HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume with its corresponding
HM 160.33 Crump Weir for Teaching Flume…………………………………………………………….4
Figure b. 1. F – distribution table (α = 0.05)………………………………………………………………..……….7

LIST OF TABLES

Table b.1. Data Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………..7

Table b. 2. ANOVA Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………7
Table 1. Hydraulic Jump Type Based on Froude’s Number……………………………………………………….9
Table 2. Flume Data and Determination of Length and Depth of Jump………………………………………….9
Table 3. Computation for Head Loss, Froude Number and Type of Jump……………………………..………..10

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 I. GENERAL BACKGROUND

Interest in the hydraulic jump began to increase after the early 19th century. In 1828, Belanger
connected the hydraulic jump with the Momentum Principle. Gibson (1913) did some experiments and the
results gave the best verification of the Momentum Principle in the hydraulic jump. By way of general
description, a hydraulic jump occurs when flow changes from supercritical to subcritical flow in a short
distance. In other words, the flow depths change from low stage to high stage.

Hydraulic jump observed in open channels hold responsible to rapidly varied flow where velocity
occurs from super-critical flow to sub-critical flow indicating a significant change. This is due to the presence
of structures that blocks the movement of flow in open channels. Figure 1 shows the parameters in a
hydraulics jumpOne impressive example forming hydraulic jump is under-shot weir or gate seen in canals
where flow goes through high velocity beneath gates with upstream small depth and goes back to an elevated
downstream conjugate depth afar from the gate with lesser velocity. Froude number defined as ratio of inertia
to the external field, shows the clear effect of non-uniform flow velocity in open channels, gaining super-
critical flow at Froude number greater than 1, considering that sub-critical flow is determined at Froude
number lesser than 1. Formation of hydraulic jump in canals have its advantage. One main advantage is
energy dissipation downstream spillways, where build-up of water behind the gate combining the high velocity
which suddenly declines downstream gate which helps it avoid erosion and scour. (El-Seddik, 2017)

A few of laboratory experiments were performed to explore the upstream conjugate depth for different
discharges and downstream water depths by regulating both flow meter and over-shot weir. Types of
hydraulic jump can be noticed by simulating Froude number responsible for super-critical flow under the
impact of upstream conjugate depth. A novel alteration was made to show the response of hydraulic jump
accompanied by critical depth exploration using different flow structures. Moreover, the area of hydraulic
jump coupled with energy dissipated is checked by changing the sluice gate opening in the flume.

Figure 1. Hydraulic Jump Demonstration

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 In a paper entitled Determining the Location of Hydraulic Jump by Model Test and Hec-2 Flow Routing,
the author, Li (1995), listed some of the many researchers and designers who have studied and written
numerous papers about the hydraulic jump. Bradley and Peterka (1957) investigated design of a stilling basin
for a hydraulic jump. Chang (1988) devised a way to estimate the locations of hydraulic jumps. Ohtsu and
Yasuda (1991) investigated the relationshrps among tailwater, upstream flow depth, and the Froude numbers
at the upstream. Molinas et.al (1985) developed a computer model for the hydraulic jump. Rajaratnam and
Ortiz (1977) worked on the behaviors of the jump in a drop down channel. Narayanan and Schizas (1980)
presented the effect of sills on the hydraulic jump. Kindsvater (1944) observed the effects of a sloping channel
on the hydraulic jump. Rhone (1977) studied the effects of channel bottom roughness on the jump. Wilson
(1972) investigated the boundary layer effects in the hydraulic jump locations.

II. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OBJECTIVES

This DoE aims to:

1) Conduct the experiment using the HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume and Crump
Weir to create a hydraulic jump, analyze and interpret the data and results.
2) Develop a hydraulic jump model to interpret and analyze the parameters gathered such as
length and depth of the hydraulic jump, the Froude number, and head loss.
3) Discuss the concepts used in the hydraulic jump such as the significance of Froude number
to the hydraulic jump, head loss, and the method of analysis used in the experiment.

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III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

a. FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

• Performing a lab • Assuming the • Determining the

experiment to values for flow rate head loss.
validate hydraulic from the laboratory • Determining the
jump. equipment. velocity to compute
• Using HM 160.0 • Identifying the for the Froude
mult - purpose factors of hydraulic number.
teaching flume as jump by measuring • Determining the
laboratory the horizontal and Froude number to
equipment and HM vertical depths. identify the type of
160.33 crump weir • Conducting four hydraulic jump in
as the designated trials to compare each trial.
weir for the the factors based
experiment . from the change in
flow rate.

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework illustrates the logical process in which the fundamental of the design
experiment circulates. This comprehensive framework shows the distinctive Input-Process-Output
(IPO) structure in detailing how this design experiment progresses until it accomplishes its objectives.

The group will gather data using HM 160.0 multi-purpose teaching flume to determine the
characteristic and behavior of the hydraulic jump. The data obtained will be processed by conducting
four trials to compare each factor affecting the hydraulic jump. The results of computations would
interpret the type of hydraulic jump present in each trial.

Validating hydraulic Reviewing concept Assesment of factors of

Conducting hydraulic jump to
jump using and background of
laboratory determine the
laboratory the hydraulic jump characteristic and
experiment
equipment and the experiment behavior of the jump

Weighing the data

Formulating Evaluating the gathered by
the conclusion results in each trial applying the
respective formulas

Figure 3. Theoretical Framework

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 The theoretical framework shown is the detailed procedure on how the students did the
experiment. It is a systematic process on how the experiment was conducted. From setting the main
objective, the students reviewed past experiments related to the topic to help in constructing the
methodology. After which, data has been collected to be analyzed. Thus, the students arrived into a
conclusion and able to provide assessment for the design experiment.

b. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

In this project, the designers aim to conduct an experiment about hydraulic jump with
the used of the HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume for the experiment with a base of 300
mm which is equal to 0.30 m and HM 160.33 Crump Weir for Teaching Flume. The flowrate or
discharge in the flume should be constant before taking any measurements in the experiment.
The designers focused on getting only the input factors such as depth of the hydraulic jump,
length of the hydraulic jump, discharge, and base of the flume to solve for the output responses
such as Froude number, velocity, head loss, and the type of jump. The method of analysis used
is only ANOVA test which is a statistical tool used to compare three or more means. The method
of analysis will be discussed in the design statistics of this paper.

IV. PROCEDURE

For the designers to conduct the experiment, the following materials/equipment below are used:

1 unit HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume

1 unit HM 160.33 Crump Weir for Teaching Flume
1 Set Timer
Power and Water Supply Supplies

Figure 4. HM 160.0 Multi-Purpose Teaching Flume with its

corresponding HM 160.33 Crump Weir for Teaching Flume

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 The following procedures are also listed below:
1) Set the discharge in the flume having uniform flow.
2) Introduce a hump in the flume at certain location.
3) Note depth of flow at upstream side of hump, over the hump and downstream side of the hump at
certain point.
4) Repeat steps 2-4 for the other discharges.

V. DESIGN STATISTICS

a. ANALYSIS

a. 1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The group used analysis of variance (ANOVA) as the statistical treatment for the
design experiment. Analysis of variance is a statistical tool used to compare three or more
means. This statistical treatment will apply F-test to calculate for the F-value of each factor
so that it would be compared with the critical value that will be determined from the F-
distribution table. The F-test will be used to test the hypothesis. It would demonstrate the
difference between the three means. For the F-test, two different estimates of the sample
variance will be arranged. The first estimate is the between-group variance. It contains the
analyzation of the variance of means. The second estimate is the within-group variance. It
comprises the calculation of variance by using all the data gathered, but it will not be
affected by the differences in means. If the F-value is greater than the critical value, the null
hypothesis will be rejected. The assumed level of significance was 0.05

The data gathered were used for ANOVA to determine if there is a significant
difference within each category and between different categories, having equations:
2
𝑆𝐵
F – value, 𝐹 = 2
𝑆𝑊
Where: 𝑆𝐵2 = between-group variance
𝑆𝑊2
= within-group variance

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (𝑥̅ 𝑖 −𝑥̅ 𝐺𝑀 )2
𝑆𝐵2 = 𝑘−1

Where: 𝑛𝑖 = number of samples in ith group

𝑥̅𝑖 = mean of samples in ith group
𝑘 = number of groups
∑ 𝑥̅
𝑥̅𝐺𝑀 = grand mean, 𝑁 , where 𝑁 is the total number of samples
∑ 𝑛𝑖 (𝑥̅𝑖 − 𝑥̅𝐺𝑀 )2 = sum of squares

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 2 ∑(𝑛𝑖 −1)2 𝑠𝑖2
𝑆𝑊 = (𝑛𝑖 −1)

Where: 𝑠𝑖2 = variance of samples in ith group

For the critical value (F - critical), it would be obtained from the F – distribution
table. It contains degree of freedom, numerator (d. f. N.) and degree of freedom,
denominator (d. F. D.). They would be the basis to find the critical value from the table.

𝑑. 𝐹. 𝑁. = 𝑘 − 1
𝑑. 𝐹. 𝐷. = 𝑁 − 𝑘
Where 𝑘 = number of groups
𝑁 = the total number of samples

a.2. Hypothesis

The following hypotheses will be tested in this experiment with level

of significance of 0.05
 Ho: The head loss, velocity, and Froude number will not have a significant
relationship to the hydraulic jump
 H1: At least one of the factors has a significant relationship to the hydraulic jump.

b. INTERPRETATION

b.1. Computations

Given were the values we obtained from the table 3 of the experiment which is also included in
the discussion part of this paper:

Table 3. Computation for Head Loss, Froude Number and Type of Jump
Trial Head Loss (m) V1 (m/s) Froude Number
1 9.12941 𝑥 10−3 1.26288 1.92221
2 7.71965 𝑥 10−3 0.89570 1.62423
3 9.44808 𝑥 10−3 1.70940 2.76361
4 2.26667𝑥 10−3 0.81699 1.15504

Where: N = 12
k=3

With the data provided, we were able to come up with the parameters of ANOVA and we have
computed the F – value. Hereby is the table of data summary:

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Table b.1. Data Summary
DATA SUMMARY
Standard
Groups N Mean Variance Deviation
Head Loss 4 0.0007 0.00000009 0.0003
Velocity 4 1.1712 0.166464 0.408
Froude Number 4 1.8663 0.45765225 0.6765

Table b. 2. ANOVA Summary

ANOVA SUMMARY
Degree of Sum of Mean
Freedom Squares Squares
Source (dF) (SS) (SS/DF) F - value
Between Groups 2 7.1116 3.558 17.092
Within Groups 9 1.8723 0.208
Total 11 8.9839

For the critical value, we determined the degrees of freedom, d. F. N. and d. F. D.

d. F. N = k – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2
d. F. D. = N – k = 12 – 3 = 9

After obtaining the degrees of freedom, we determined the critical value by referring to the
F – distribution table, with 0.05 level of significance:

Figure b. 1. F – distribution table (α = 0.05)

The F – critical is 4.26.

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 b.2. Conclusion

Based from the computations, the obtained F – value, 17.092, is greater than F
– critical, 4.26. Therefore, the null hypothesis would be rejected. At least one of the
factors has a significant relationship to the hydraulic jump.

VI. DISCUSSIONS

Based from figure 1, the following parameters are discussed in this chapter. Note that the depth (d) in
the figure is taken as y in the equations below. The length of the hydraulic jump is the length between two
section where one section is taken before the hydraulic jump and 2 nd section taken after the hydraulic jump
is termed as the length of hydraulic jump. For rectangular channel, the length of the hydraulic jump is 5-7
times the depth. To calculate the length of the hydraulic jump, L= d2 – d1.

Depth of hydraulic jump:

Critical depth of an open channel is the minimum depth of water above ground level at which the
velocity of flow is very high and flow takes place with more of turbulence. The velocity of water at this depth
is called as critical velocity.

𝐷 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1

𝑦1 2𝑉1 2 𝑦1 𝑦2 2𝑉2 2 𝑦2
𝐷 = − + √1 + − + √1 +
2 𝑔 2 𝑔

For rectangular section:

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
𝐻𝐿 =
4𝑦1 𝑦2

Where:
HL = head loss (m)
y2 = depth before the jump (upstream part)
y1 = depth after the jump (downstream part)

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Froude Number
In open channel hydraulics, the Froude number is a very important non-dimensional parameter. It is
a dimensionless parameter measuring the ratio of "the inertia force on an element of fluid to the weight of the
fluid element" - the inertial force divided by gravitational force. It is computed by the equations below:
𝑄
𝑣1 =
𝑏𝑦1
𝑣1
𝐹𝑟 =
√𝑔𝑦1
Where:
𝑣1 = velocity (m/s)
Q = Discharge in the conjugate depth (m3/s)
g = gravitational force (9.81 m/s2)
𝑦1 = downstream depth of the jump

When the slope of open channel decreases from steep to mild, the depth of flow of water increases
toward the critical depth and a flow instability occurs at some point. The flow becomes turbulent until the new
normal depth is attained in the downstream. This is called a hydraulic jump.

Table 1. Hydraulic Jump Type Based on Froude’s Number

Froude Number (Fr) Type of Hydraulic Jump
1 No jump
1-1.7 Undular Jump
1.7-2.5 Weak Jump
2.5-4.5 Oscillating Jump
4.5-9 Steady Jump
>9.0 Strong Jump

The following tables are the data and results gathered from the experiment:

Table 2. Flume Data and Determination of Length and Depth of Jump

Depth of flows Horizontal Distance Depth of Length of
Trial Discharge (mm) (m) Jump (m) Jump (m)
(m /s)
3 y1 y2 x1 x2 y2-y1 x2-x1
1 0.01667 44 98 9.40 9.65 0.054 0.25
2 0.00833 31 72 8.42 8.65 0.041 0.23
3 0.02000 39 90 9.50 9.34 0.051 0.16
4 0.01250 51 85 8.73 8.95 0.034 0.22

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Table 3. Computation for Head Loss, Froude Number and Type of Jump
Trial Head Loss (m) V1 (m/s) Froude Number Type of Jump
1 9.12941 𝑥 10 −3 1.26288 1.92221 Weak
2 7.71965 𝑥 10−3 0.89570 1.62423 Undular
3 9.44808 𝑥 10 −3 1.70940 2.76361 Oscillating
4 2.26667𝑥 10 −3 0.81699 1.15504 Undular

Computations:

B= 300 mm = 0.3 m
For Trial 1
𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
𝑄=1 𝑥 = 0.01667
ℎ𝑟 60 𝑠 𝑠
98 − 44
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = = 0.054 𝑚
1000
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 9.65 − 9.40 = 0.25 𝑚
(𝑦 −𝑦1 )3 (98−44)3
𝐻𝐿 = 4(𝑦2 = 4(98)(44) ÷ 1000 = 9.12941 𝑥 10−3 𝑚
2 )(𝑦1 )

𝑄 0.01667
𝑣1 = = = 1.26288 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵𝑦1 0.3 (0.044)
𝑣1 1.26288
𝐹𝑟 = = = 1.92221
√𝑔 (𝑦1 ) √(9.81)(0.044)
∴ Weak Jump

For Trial 2
𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.5 𝑥 = 0.00833
ℎ𝑟 60 𝑠 𝑠
72 − 31
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = = 0.041 𝑚
1000
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 8.65 − 8.42 = 0.23 𝑚
(𝑦 −𝑦1 )3 (98−44)3
𝐻𝐿 = 4(𝑦2 = 4(98)(44) ÷ 1000 = 7.71965 𝑥 10−3 𝑚
2 )(𝑦1 )

𝑄 0.00833
𝑣1 = = = 0.89570 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵𝑦1 0.3 (0.031)

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 𝑣1 0.89570
𝐹𝑟 = = = 1.62423
√𝑔 (𝑦1 ) √(9.81)(0.031)
∴ Undular Jump

For Trial 3
𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
𝑄 = 1.2 𝑥 = 0.02
ℎ𝑟 60 𝑠 𝑠
90 − 39
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = = 0.051𝑚
1000
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 9.50 − 9.34 = 0.16 𝑚
(𝑦 −𝑦1 )3 (90−39)3
𝐻𝐿 = 4(𝑦2 = 4(90)(39) ÷ 1000 = 9.44808 𝑥 10−3 𝑚
2 )(𝑦1 )

𝑄 0.02
𝑣1 = = = 1.70940 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵𝑦1 0.3 (0.039)
𝑣1 1.70940
𝐹𝑟 = = = 2.76361
√𝑔 (𝑦1 ) √(9.81)(0.039)
∴ Oscillating Jump

For Trial 4
𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.75 𝑥 = 0.0125
ℎ𝑟 60 𝑠 𝑠
85 − 51
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = = 0.034 𝑚
1000
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 8.95 − 8.73 = 0.22 𝑚
(𝑦 −𝑦1 )3 (85−51)3
𝐻𝐿 = 4(𝑦2 = 4(85)(51) ÷ 1000 = 2.26667 𝑥 10−3 𝑚
2 )(𝑦1 )

𝑄 0.0125
𝑣1 = = = 0.81699 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵𝑦1 0.3 (0.051)
𝑣1 0.81699
𝐹𝑟 = = = 1.15504
√𝑔 (𝑦1 ) √(9.81)(0.051)
∴ Undular Jump

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VII. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

In this design experiment, we were able to accomplish the objective of our design experiment through
the observation of the hydraulic jump as we perform the experiment and determined its value along with its
corresponding flow parameters based from what we obtained from the apparatus. The depth of flow and its
horizontal distance was measured from the observed hydraulic jump. The slope behind the upstream was
the cause for creating the hydraulic jump. After the water reaches the tip of the weir, the flow of the fluid was
stable, but the depth of water varies due to the shape of weir, compared to rectangular weir which has a
constant depth of water at the upstream. On the other hand, the flow in the tip of the crump weir was unstable
due to the presence of hydraulic jump that is caused by the flow from the upstream. The difference between
the depths upstream and downstream, which was the depth of jump, with respect to the function of flow rate,
determines the characteristic of the jump, as well as the head loss. Based from the experiment, the
relationship of head loss to the depth of jump was directly proportional, because as the depth of jump
increases, the calculated head loss also increases.

The significance of Froude number to the hydraulic jump is to characterize the type of hydraulic jump
throughout the four trials. The common types obtained from the experiment include undular, weak, and
oscillating hydraulic jumps. If the calculated Froude number ranges from 1 to 1.7, the hydraulic jump is an
undular jump. If it ranges from 1.7 to 2.5, the hydraulic jump is weak. Lastly, if it ranges from 2.8 to 4.8, the
hydraulic jump is oscillating. Trials 2 and 3 obtained undular jump with resulted Froude numbers 1.6 and 1.2
respectively. Trial 1 had the weak jump and the last trial was oscillating with Froude numbers 1.9 and 2.8,
respectively.

Based from the computations in the method of analysis, the obtained F – value, 17.092, is greater
than F – critical, 4.26. Therefore, the null hypothesis would be rejected. At least one of the factors has a
significant relationship to the hydraulic jump.

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VIII. REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Bradley, J.N., and Peterka, A. J., The Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins:Hydraulic Jumps on A Horizontal
Apron(Basiu I), Joumal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, vol. 83,No. 5, pp. 1041-1-1042, 1957.

Bradley, J.N., and Peterka, A.J.,The Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins:High Dams, Earth Dams, and Large
Canal Structures (Basin II), Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, vol. 83 , No. 5, pp. 1042-1-1043,
1957

Chang, T.J., Studies of Hydraulic Jump by The Flow Routine, Hydraulic En-gineering Proceed in of the 1988
National Conference, ASCE, pp. 1003-1012, 1988.

El-Seddik MM. (2017). Hydraulic jump experiment in a rectangular open channel flume. Paper article
submitted in Heighten Science Publications Corporation. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.29328/
journal.acee.1001005

Li, C. (1995). Determining the Location of Hydraulic Jump by Model Test and Hec-2 Flow Routing. Thesis
presented in the College of Engineering and Technology in Ohio University.

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