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จริยา เอี่ยมศรีรักษ
Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) refers to the condition of nutritional malabsorption because of
anatomical or functional loss of a significant length of the small intestine. The sequelae of severe SBS
include delayed growth and development as well as metabolic imbalances.
Objectives: To determine growth, development, and nutritional status of pediatric patients with SBS after
intestinal adaptation
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed using data collection from medical records of 23
subjects with SBS. They were diagnosed between 1980-2006 and underwent small bowel resection more
than 2 yrs before enrollment. The data included anthropometric measurement and laboratory investigations
as follows: plasma levels of zinc, vitamin A (VA), vitamin E (VE) as well as CBC, alkaline phosphatase,
albumin, serum ferritin, urinalysis, and bone mineral density (BMD). The cognitive function of SBS
patients was measured using BSID-II, SB-IV or WISC-III according to age group. The behavioral outcome
was assessed by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) which is a screening instrument.
Descriptive data were expressed by Z-scores, percentages, and medians. The data were analyzed in
comparison with previous studies.
Results: Twenty-three patients (17 males, 6 females) with complete data were identified. The median age
was 9.6 years (range 2.5 -28.8 years). Most patients (73.9%) had surgery in neonatal period. The 3
common indications for surgery were necrotizing enterocolitis (38.1%), Hirschsprung’s disease (26.1%),
and intestinal atresia (26.1%). Concerning bowel resection, most patients (69.6%) had residual small bowel
of at least 25%; 73.9% and 60.9% of them had no terminal ileum and
no ileocecal valve, respectively. Most patients (91.3%) had full enteral feeding. According to anthropometry,
two-thirds of the patients had normal growth whereas 4.4% and 30.4% had wasting and stunting, respectively.
The median Z-score for BMD was 0.2 (range from -2 to 2.4). Fourteen patients (77.8%) had normal BMD.
Regarding biochemistry tests, 27.3%, 38.1%,13.6%, and 31.8% of them had anemia, low serum zinc, low VA,
and low VE levels, respectively. Cognitive assessment by IQ test revealed normal IQ (score 90-119) in more
than half of the patients (57.1%), borderline (score 70-89) in 28.6%, and mental retardation (score ≤ 69) in
14.3% of them. Among 3 cases with mental retardation, 1 patient had comorbid spinocerebellar ataxia, 1 had
central hypothyroidism, and the last one was a very young child who was not fully cooperated when tested by
BSID-II. SDQ by parent report demonstrated abnormal results particularly in conduct problems (61.9%) and
peer problems ( 57.1%).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that most patients (67%) with SBS had normal growth, nutritional
status, BMD, and IQ test after intestinal adaptation even though most of them had no terminal ileum and IC
valve. However, approximately one-third of them had stunting, osteopenia, low serum zinc and VE.
การศึกษาความชุกของผื่นลมพิษเฉียบพลันที่มีสาเหตุจากยาในผูปวยเด็ก
ชนมนิภา มฤคทัต
Natthachai Muangyod
Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common problems in children. The effects
of IDA are headache, irritability, lethargy, developmental delay, immune defect, increasing risk of
infection, and possible thrombosis. IDA was reported to have the increasing risk for cerebral venous
thrombosis and ischemic stroke with the ORs of 1.10 and 10, respectively. However, the mechanism of
IDA leading to thrombosis is unclear. In 1997, three hypotheses of thrombocytosis, anemic hypoxia and
abnormal flow pattern in vessel were defined. Nevertheless, these hypotheses have been unproven.
Hypothesis: IDA results in endothelial cell injury and hypercoagulable state.
Objective: To demonstrate endothelial cells damage and coagulation markers in iron deficiency anemia
Study design: Cross-sectional cohort study.
Statistical analysis: Descriptive analysis, multiple regression analysis
Materials and methods: After informed consent, blood was collected for CBC, ferritin, iron, TIBC (total
iron binding capacity), coagulation markers including prothrombin fragment (F1+2), thrombin
antithrombin complex (TAT) and D-dimer, and soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), an endothelial damage
marker. IDA was diagnosed by using WHO criteria. Subjects with IDA were treated with ferrous sulfate 4-
6 mg/kg/day for one month, and then all laboratories were repeated.
Results and discussion: 143 subjects, 103 in control group, and 40 in IDA group, were enrolled in the
study. Mean±SD for age in control (11.4±1.9) and IDA groups (11.4±1.8) were similar. The sex, weight,
height, and BMI were not significantly different. The mean±SD of hemoglobin (Hb) level in IDA group
was 11.2±0.7 g/dL. The median (range) of sTM in IDA group was 0.5 (0-2.5) ng/mL , which was
significantly higher than that in control group 0.05 (0-1.4) ng/mL, p<0.01. The sTM had a negative
correlation with the Hb level, r = -0.376, p<0.01. The median (range) of F 1+2, TAT and D-dimer in
control and IDA groups were 189.5 (92.9-1542.0) vs 172.0 (84.0-1542.0) pmol/L, 2.79 (1.5- 47.6) vs 2.8
(1.7-30.8) mcg/L and 294.0 (107.0-1192.0) vs 301.0 (129.0-1504.0) ng/mL, respectively, which were not
significantly different. After iron treatment, improvement was seen in 28 patients. The median (range) of
F1+2, TAT, D-dimer, sTM did not significantly change, although F1+2, D-dimer and sTM had a tendency
to decrease after treatment.
Summary: The soluble thrombomodulin was significantly increased in IDA group compared to control
group. This data support the hypothesis of possible endothelial damage caused by anemic hypoxia. Its level
also had the negative correlation with Hb level. The unchanged in coagulation markers may be due to the
mild degree of anemia in our study group.
ระดับคารนิทนี ในเลือดของผูปวยเด็กโรคหัวใจพิการแตกําเนิดกอนและหลังผาตัดหัวใจแบบเปดหัวใจ
รัชพร รัตนมาลี
Background: Beta-oxidation is an important pathway to produce energy for the heart. Free carnitine has a
role in transporting fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria. Most infants with congenital heart diseases
(CHD) are malnourished and may prone to inadequate intake of carnitine. The only study of serum carnitine
levels in adults undergoing open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) showed that total
carnitine (TC) and free carnitine (FC) levels were significantly reduced during and after use of CPB. There
was no such study in children with CHD.
Objectives:
Primary objectives
1. To assess preoperative carnitine status in children with CHD
2. To compare plasma TC, FC and acylcarnitine (AC) levels before and after open heart surgery
Secondary objective: Application of the results to clinical outcome and future management
Patients and Methods:
Study design: Prospective cohort study.
Statistic analysis: Descriptive analysis, Student T-test, Mann-Whitney U Test , Regression analysis
Patients: Inclusion criteria: Children with CHD aged 1 month – 15 years who underwent open heart surgery and
use of CPB at Ramathibodi Hospital during September 2008 – February 2009. Exclusion criteria: known
primary/secondary carnitine deficiency and inborn error of metabolism, liver diseases, renal diseases,
malabsorption or chronic diarrhea, immunocompromised patients and valproic acid therapy.
Methods: Preoperative clinical data: age, gender, weight, height/length, nutritional status, type of CHD, treatment
before surgery, CBC, BUN, Cr, LFT, plasma TC, FC, and AC levels.
Postoperative clinical data: type of operation, type of CHD, operation time, duration of CPB and
clamp time, duration of NPO, plasma TC, FC, and AC levels immediately after CPB, 2 hours after stopping CPB
and 24 hours after stopping CPB.
Result : Total of 27 children were enrolled in this study. Sixty-four percents of the children were malnourished
before open heart surgery. Mean of total and free carnitine concentrations were lower than those with normal
nutrition, but statistically not significant. Total and free carnitine concentrations immediately after and 2-hr after
CPB were significantly lower than the preoperative levels, but restored to normal by 24 hours after the surgery.
Conclusion : Plasma TC, FC, and AC levels were not significantly different between children with normal
nutritional status and malnutrition. In conclusion, FC levels at 2 hr after stopping CPB were significantly lower
than preoperative period, but resumed to normal range at 24 hr after stopping CPB therefore carnitine supplement
in children with CHD may be not necessary.
การศึกษาระดับของวิตามินดีและพาราไทรอยดฮอรโมน
ในเด็กและวัยรุนที่มีภาวะอวน
สุนิศา เสาวรรณ
Sunisa Saowan
Background: The prevalence of pediatric obesity has been increasing worldwide. Obesity contributes
to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. In addition, vitamin D insufficiency has been
increasingly demonstrated in obese Caucasian children with the prevalence of 20-60%. Recently,
vitamin D insufficiency in obese adults has been shown to link with insulin resistance and type 2
diabetes. However, data on vitamin D-insufficient obese children associated with insulin resistance are
scanty. In addition, puberty during adolescence also aggravates insulin resistance.
Nevertheless, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and its association with insulin sensitivity in
Thai children is unknown.
Objectives: 1. To assess vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity in obese children and adolescents
2. To determine a relationship among vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity indices
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Patients and methods: A hundred and fifty obese children and adolescents aged 5-18 years were
enrolled from February 2008 to June 2009. They were excluded if they had chronic illnesses,
medications affecting Ca, P and bone metabolism. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist
circumference were obtained. All of them underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with
glucose and insulin levels measurement. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium,
phosphorus and magnesium levels were measured. Insulin sensitivity indices were calculated from the
measured glucose and insulin levels. Results were analyzed by using appropriate statistics.
Results: Approximately 80% of obese children had abnormal OGTT results (54% hyperinsulinemia
which infers insulin resistance, 22% impaired glucose tolerance and 3.4% type 2 diabetes). There were
17 of 150 children (11.3%) having vitamin D insufficiency. In comparison with vitamin D-sufficient
obese children, those having insufficient vitamin D were older but their auxological data were not
different. Moreover, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity indices were comparable between the 2
groups. All obese children were categorized into 3 groups according to Tanner’s pubertal stages; pre-,
early-mid and mid-late stages. There was a trend toward decreasing in waist circumference centile and
vitamin D level with advanced pubertal stages. However, a trend of reduced insulin sensitivity during
early-mid pubertal stage was shown with greater waist circumference centile associated with lower
insulin sensitivity.
Conclusions: Our study showed much lower frequency of vitamin D insufficiency in Thai obese
children and adolescents as compared to Caucasians. Pubertal status might affect vitamin D status in
obese children. Moreover, abnormal glucose homeostasis was shown in the majority of our obese
children and adolescents.
รายงานผูป วยเรื่องโรคคาสเซิลแมนในผูป วยเด็กหญิง
ที่มาดวยการเจริญเติบโตลาชาตามดวยภาวะน้ําตาลในเลือดสูง
ภัสสร บุณยะโหตระ
Background: Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder especially in children. The
lesion is frequently located in the mediastinum and the common pathologic finding is hyaline-vascular
type.
Objective: To report a case of unicentric Castleman disease in a Thai girl and to review characteristics of
Castleman disease in childhood from the published articles.
Methods: Report a pediatric case of CD and review case reports of CD in children & adolescents (age <18
years) published in the English literature from 1999 until October 2009. Literature review was
accomplished by Medline search.
Results: This reported case demonstrated unicentric CD located at pancreas complicated clinical course of
anemia, abdominal distension, failure to thrive followed by hyperglycemia. The histology was mixed type.
It was completely surgical removed with favorable outcome. Only 40 pediatric cases (20 females, 20
males) of CD were reported from 34 articles. Their mean age was 10.5 ± 4.2 years. Thirty six cases were
classified as unicentric CD and the 4 remainder were multicentric CD. The common location was
peripheral lymphadenopathy for which the hyaline-vascular type was more frequently encountered.
Conclusion: The unicentric CD with total surgical resection in children leads to a favorable outcome and
less severe clinical course compared to those in other age groups.
การศึกษาความเสี่ยงตอการไดรับสารตะกั่วของเด็ก
ในศูนยพฒ
ั นาเด็กกอนวัยเรียน สังกัดของกรุงเทพมหานคร
จันทิมา ใจพันธ
Background : Lead is a hazardous chemical for children under 6 years old because they have more
mouthing behavior and are prone to absorb more lead. Lead affects almost every systems, especially
irreversible damage of the nervous system. Lead poisoning in children is still an important public health
problem for millions of children in the world and cost of medical treatment is higher than environmental
intervention.
Objectives: To study the prevalence of high lead exposure in Bangkok child care center (BCC)
Methods : Cross-sectional survey in 17 from 293 BCC. 13 specimens were intended to collect from each
center including drinking water, tap water, toys, plasticine, crayon or coloring pencils, food containers,
lead solder containers, cups, spoons, furnitures (desk), paints, dust and soil. Lead level were measured
by standard method at Intertek Testing Services (Thailand) Ltd. and compared to standard level that
recommended by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Risk factors (high risk place, old
building, peeling paint, and type of paint) were identified. Descriptive data were expressed
by Epidata and Stata and comparative data were analyzed by Fisher’s Exact test and Pearson Chi-squre
Results : We collected 187 samples from 17 child care centers and found the contained lead exceeding
standard in 11 samples (5.9%) from 10 child care centers (58.8%). The lead based paint was the most
common source (9 of paints, 1 of furniture and 1 of soil). All samples of drinking water, tap water, food
containers, lead solder containers, cups, spoons, plasticine, coloring pencil or crayon, dust, and toys were
normal lead level. The overall prevalence of lead-based paint was 52.9% of all child care centers
[95%CI: 29.21, 76.67]. The soluble lead concentration found in the lead based paint ranged from 44 to
4,212 ppm. (normal soluble lead < 90 ppm.) We also confirmed by repeating 64 lead based paint samples
for the soluble lead test and 25 for total lead test. (normal total lead <600 ppm.)
The results were equivalent to the first reports in all child care centers. The highest concentration sample
contained 6779 ppm. in soluble lead and 32400 ppm. in total lead. Black, green and yellow paints
were found to be the most contaminated color. Concerning the risk factors of high lead contained
environment, we found no significant different of location (near street, expressway and industry); and age
of center between the high lead contained and normal lead contained child care centers.
Conclusions : More than half of child care centers under BMA were painted by the high
lead based paint. Approximately more than 15,000 preschool children would be affected.
Clinical implication
1. Educate the caregivers about lead exposure control and how to modify environment to reduce lead
exposure such as getting rid of high lead furniture, soil and sealing some high lead based paint area
2. Report to BMA, local district administrative offices, and other stakeholders to response the
problem and should commit a long-term challenge to eliminate paint lead in all child care centers.
3. Blood lead level (BLL) should be obtained from children in high risk child care centers.
การติดเชื้อแบคทีเรียในผูป วยเด็กที่ไดรับการปลูกถายเซลลตนกําเนิดเม็ดเลือด
ชุลีกร ชิวปรีชา
Background: Infection is a major complication leading to morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem
cell transplantation (HSCT). Bacterial infection is commonly found during the early phase of HSCT (< day
+100) due to profound cellular and humoral immunodeficiency. The prevalence and type of bacteria are
different between transplant centers. To our knowledge, there has been no data of bacterial infection during
HSCT in Thailand. In addition, we found more prevalence of gram negative than gram positive bacteremia
in febrile neutropenic children at Ramathibodi Hospital which contrast to the reports from western
countries. We also have given antibiotic (ATB) prophylaxis consisting of ciprofloxacin and penicillin to
our HSCT recipients since July 2002. Therefore, the analysis of bacterial infection may lead us to improve
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and hematology – oncology charts of children
undergoing HSCT at Ramathibodi Hospital since 1992 to 2009. Antibiotic prophylaxis consisting of
ciprofloxacin and penicillin has been given to the patients since July 2002. Therefore, the patients were
divided into two groups which were no ATB prophylaxis and ATB prophylaxis groups. Demographic data,
type of HSCT, transplant related complications, and documented bacterial infections of both groups were
Results: A total of 158 patients underwent 168 HSCT (54 in no ATB prophylaxis group and 114 in ATB
prophylaxis group) were included in the study. A median age of the patients was 8.5 years (range, 0.5 – 22
years). Acute leukemia and thalassemia were the most common underlying diseases for malignant and non-
malignant diseases, respectively. Documented bacterial infections were found in 12 transplants (22.2%)
with 14 episodes and in 30 transplants (26.3%) with 43 episodes for no ATB prophylaxis and ATB
prophylaxis groups, respectively. Bacteremia was the most common bacterial infections in this study.
Gram-negative bacterial infection was more common in both groups. Gram- negative/gram-positive ratio
did not significantly change between no ATB prophylaxis and ATB prophylaxis groups. Antibiotic
prophylaxis did not increase the frequency of multidrug-resistant or extended spectrum beta-lactamase
producing bacteria. There was no risk factor for documented bacterial infection found in no ATB
prophylaxis group. In ATB group, cord blood stem cell was the significant risk factor with an OR of 11.2
(95% CI, 1.2 – 104.2) Conclusions: The prevalence of documented bacterial infections during the early
phase of HSCT was 22.2% in no ATB prophylaxis group and 26.3% in ATB prophylaxis group. In this
study, using allogeneic cord blood grafts was the only risk factor for bacterial infections in children
ความเปนมา: ภาวะเจริญเติบโตชาเปนปญหาที่สําคัญและพบไดบอยในเด็กโรคหัวใจพิการแตกําเนิดและเกิดจากหลาย
สาเหตุรวมกัน เด็กที่เปนโรคหัวใจพิการแตกําเนิดชนิดรูรวั่ ที่ผนังหัวใจหองลาง (ventricular septal defect, VSD) ขนาดปาน
กลางถึงใหญมกั มีภาวะหัวใจวายเรื้อรังและการเจริญเติบโตชา ซึ่งพบวาสวนใหญการเจริญเติบโตจะดีขึ้นหลังไดรบั การ
ผาตัดแกไขแลว แตอยางไรก็ตาม ยังมีเด็กจํานวนหนึ่งยังมีการเจริญเติบโตที่ยังไมดนี ัก นอกจากนี้ ผูปวยเด็กกลุม นี้ยังเสี่ยง
ตอภาวะขาดสังกะสี เนื่องจากการไดรับอาหารไมเพียงพอ และการไดรบั ยาที่เพิ่มการสูญเสียสังกะสีทางปสสาวะ ใน
ปจจุบันการศึกษาภาวะโภชนาการและปจจัยที่เกี่ยวของของเด็กที่เปนโรค VSDหลังไดรับการผาตัดแกไขยังมีจํากัด และยัง
ไมเคยทําในประเทศไทยมากอน
วัตถุประสงค
เพื่อศึกษาและเปรียบเทียบภาวะโภชนาการและภาวะสังกะสีในเด็กโรค VSD กอน และหลังไดรับการผาตัดแกไข
รูปแบบการวิจยั : Prospective cohort study
วิธีวิจัย: ศึกษาในผูปวยโรค VSD และ complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) อายุนอยกวา 8 ป ที่ไดรับการผาตัด
แกไขที่โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี ตั้งแตเดือนมกราคมถึงธันวาคม พ.ศ.2551 โดยผูปวยทีม่ ีลิ้นหัวใจไมทรัลหรือลิ้นหัวใจเอออร
ติกรั่วตั้งแตระดับปานกลางขึน้ ไป โรคตอมไรทอ โรคไตวาย และโรคทางพันธุกรรมจะถูกคัดออกจากการศึกษา ผูเขารวม
การวิจยั จะไดรับการประเมินภาวะโภชนาการและภาวะสังกะสีกอนและหลังผาตัด โดยการสัมภาษณเพื่อเก็บขอมูลทั่วไป
ประวัติอาหารที่ไดรับ และชัง่ น้ําหนัก วัดสวนสูงและเจาะเลือดตรวจระดับอัลบูมิน, alkaline phosphatase activity,
ฮีโมโกลบินและระดับสังกะสีในพลาสมา แลวนําไปวิเคราะหทางสถิติเชิงบรรยายและเชิงเปรียบเทียบระหวางกอนและ
หลังไดรับการผาตัด
ผลการวิจัย: ผูเขารวมการวิจยั 44 คน (ชาย 23 คน) เปนโรค VSD 39 คน และโรค AVSD 5 คน
คามัธยฐานของอายุ 15 เดือน (2-83 เดือน) และระยะเวลาที่ไดรับการติดตามเฉลี่ย 8.6 เดือน (0.6-18.96 เดือน) พบวาคา Z-
scores ของน้ําหนักตามอายุ และน้ําหนักตามสวนสูงหลังผาตัดดีขึ้นกวากอนผาตัด แตคา Z-score ของสวนสูงตามอายุไม
เปลี่ยนแปลงอยางมีนัยสําคัญทางสถิติ สวนขอมูลทางดานอาหารที่ไดรับ มีคาเฉลี่ยของพลังงาน โปรตีน เหล็ก และสังกะสี
กอนและหลังผาตัดไมแตกตางกัน ผลการตรวจเลือดพบวามีระดับอัลบูมิน alkaline phosphatase activity และฮีโมโกลบิน
นอยกวาปกติ ในผูปวยกอนผาตัด รอยละ 22, 13.9, และ18.4 ตามลําดับ และในผูปว ยหลังผาตัด รอยละ 25, 0, และ 15.8
ตามลําดับ โดยคาเฉลี่ยของผลเลือดดังกลาวกอนและหลังผาตัด 3 เดือนไมแตกตางกัน และยังพบวารอยละ 37 ของผูปวย
ทั้งหมดกอนผาตัดมีระดับสังกะสีในพลาสมาต่ํา และดีขน้ึ หลังผาตัด
สรุป: การผาตัดแกไข VSD มีผลตอการเจริญเติบโตหลังผาตัดที่ดีขึ้น ดังที่แสดงจากคา Z-score ของน้ําหนักตามอายุและ
น้ําหนักตามสวนสูงที่แตกตางกันอยางมีนยั สําคัญทางสถิติ อยางไรก็ตาม ยังมีผูปวยรอยละ 16 ที่ยังมีการเจริญเติบโตชาหลัง
ผาตัด ซึ่งไมสามารถแสดงปจจัยที่มีผลตอการเจริญเติบโตไดเนื่องจากมีขอจํากัดเรื่องขนาดของประชากร สวนภาวะขาด
สังกะสีพบไดถึง 1 ใน 3ของผูปวยกอนผาตัดและลดลงหลังผาตัด ดังนั้นจึงควรใหความสําคัญกับภาวะโภชนาการในเด็ก
กลุมนี้และนาจะมีการศึกษาถึงผลการใหการดูแลทางโภชนาการรวมถึงการใหสังกะสีตอการเจริญเติบโตตอไป
Background: Growth failure in children with congenital heart disease is common and caused by
multifactors. Children with moderate to large ventricular septal defects (VSD) usually present with chronic
congestive heart failure and failure to thrive. Most patients have improved growth after surgical correction.
However, in recent studies, few VSD children still have suboptimal growth. Children with VSD are prone
to zinc deficiency due to inadequate dietary intake and increased urinary excretion. Data concerning
postoperative nutritional status and related factors in children with VSD is limited.
Objectives:
To assess and compare nutritional status and zinc status of children with VSD before and after surgical
correction
Study design: Prospective cohort study
Methods: Forty-four patients aged <8 years with isolated moderate to large VSD (n=39) and complete
atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) (n=5) were followed after surgical correction at Ramathibodi
Hospital from January to December 2008 to assess nutritional and zinc status. Exclusion criteria were
moderate aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, endocrine diseases, syndromes affecting growth
except Down syndrome, and renal failure. Data collection included anthropometric measurement and
laboratory investigations (complete blood count, plasma levels of zinc, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase
activity). Descriptive data were expressed by Z-scores, number (%), and median (range) and comparative
data were analyzed by paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, and repeated measurement
ANOVA.
Results: Baseline characteristics, anthropometric measurement, and dietary records of 44 patients (male
23) were collected at admission for surgical correction as well as follow-up visits (latest follow-up 8.58
(0.6-18.96) months). The median age was 15 months (range 2-83). In comparison with preoperative values,
the postoperative (latest follow-up) weight for age (WA) and weight for height (WH) Z-scores were
statistically significant increased. However, preoperative and postoperative height for age (HA) Z-scores
were not significantly different. The median preoperative and postoperative intakes of energy and protein
were not significantly different. Preoperative values of serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase activity, and
hemoglobin were low in 22%, 13.9%, and 18.4% of patients, respectively. Three months after surgery,
these values were 25%, 0%, and 15.8%, respectively. Approximately one-third of the patients had low
preoperative plasma zinc levels and mostly improved after surgical correction.
Conclusion: Surgical VSD closure resulted in improved nutritional status. There were statistically
significant improvement in WA and WH Z-scores. After surgery, 16% of children still had both WA and
HA Z-scores <-2. Factors related to postoperative nutritional status cannot be determined in this study due
to insufficient sample size. Preoperative zinc status was poor in one-third of patients. Interventional study
to assess the effect of nutritional support in VSD patients is warranted.
This study was supported by Ramathibodi Research Grant.
การเกิดพิษตอหูในกลุมผูปวยที่ไดรับ Cisplatin:
อุบัติการณ, ปจจัยเสี่ยงและความสัมพันธกับ Genetic Polymorphisms
วรวุฒิ เชยประเสริฐ
ความเปนมา: Cisplatin [cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II)] คือ ยาเคมีบําบัดที่มีประสิทธิภาพและใชอยางกวางขวางใน
การรักษาโรคมะเร็งชนิดกอนในผูปวยเด็ก ผลขางเคียงจาก cisplatin คือการเกิดพิษตอหู ไต และระบบประสาท อุบัติการณ
การเกิดพิษตอหูจาก cisplatin มีการรายงานตั้งแตรอยละ 20-90 ผูปวยที่ไดรับ cisplatin แตละคนมีการเกิดพิษตอหูที่
แตกตางกัน ไมสามารถอธิบายไดจากเภสัชจลนศาสตรของ cisplatin ไดทั้งหมด
พยาธิกําเนิดของการเกิดพิษตอหูจาก cisplatin สวนหนึ่งเกี่ยวของกับ oxidative stress ที่เกิดขึ้นภายในเซลล
เอ็นไซมที่รางกายใชในการปองกันเซลลจากภาวะดังกลาว คือ glutathione s-tranferases (GSTs) genetic polymorphisms
ของเอ็นไซมนมี้ ีผลตอการสรางเอ็นไซม ดังนั้นในแตละคนอาจมีระดับเอ็นไซมที่แตกตางกันซึ่งอาจเกี่ยวของกับการเกิดพิษ
ตอหูจาก cisplatin ที่พบแตกตางกันในแตละบุคคล
วัตถุประสงค:
1) เพื่อศึกษาอุบัตกิ ารณและปจจัยเสี่ยงของการเกิดพิษตอหูในผูปวยเด็กที่ไดรับ cisplatin
2) เพื่อศึกษาความสัมพันธของ GSTM1 และ GSTT1 polymorphisms กับการเกิดพิษตอหูในผูปวยเด็กทีไ่ ดรับ cisplatin
แบบแผนการวิจัย: เปนการศึกษาแบบ case control association study
วิธีดําเนินการวิจัย: ผูปวยโรคมะเร็งในเด็กและวัยรุนที่ไดรับการรักษาดวย cisplatin ทุกคนจะไดรับการตรวจประเมินการ
ไดยนิ ภายหลังการรักษาดวย cisplatin ในบางคนจะไดรบั การตรวจกอนหรือระหวางการรักษาดวย cisplatin ตามแต
แนวทางในการดูแลโรคนั้นๆ ของหนวยโลหิตวิทยาและมะเร็งวิทยา ภาควิชากุมารเวชศาสตร รพ. รามาธิบดี ผูวิจยั ทําการ
เก็บตัวอยางเลือด นําไปสกัด DNA และตรวจหา GSTM1 และ GSTT1 polymorphisms
ผลการวิจัย: ผูปวย 70 คนเขารวมการศึกษา พบวาผูปวย 47 คน (67.1%) มีระดับการไดยินลดลงมากกวาหรือเทากับเกรด 2
ตาม Brock’s classification ปริมาณ cisplatin รวมที่ผูปวยไดรับมีคากลางที่ 505.5 mg/m2 (100-1200 mg/m2) กลุมผูปวยที่
ไดรับ cisplatin มากกวา 400 มิลลิกรัมตอตารางเมตรมีความเสี่ยงที่จะเกิดความบกพรองของการไดยินสูงขึ้น 12.55 เทา
(95% CI: 2.14 - 73.54) เมื่อเทียบกับกลุมผูป วยที่ไดยาในขนาดนอยกวา การมี GSTT1 wild type จะเพิ่มโอกาสการเกิดพิษ
ตอหูจาก cisplatin มากกวากลุม null genotype สูงถึง 15.57 เทา (95% CI: 2.68 - 90.68)
Conclusion: การศึกษานีพ้ บวาปจจัยเสี่ยงตอการเกิดพิษตอหูจาก cisplatin ไดแก การไดรับปริมาณ cisplatin รวมมากกวา
400 มิลลิกรัมตอตารางเมตร และ การมี GSTT1 wild type
CISPLATIN-INDUCED OTOTOXICITY:
THE INCIDENCE, RISK FACTORS AND GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS
Worawut Choeyprasert
Introduction: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic with broad spectrum antitumor activity.
Chronic administration leads to a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, but the exact mechanism is
unclear. Recently, it has been suggested that DOX may exert at least a part of its cardiotoxicity by
inhibition of long-chain fatty acid oxidation in the heart. There have been extensive clinical and
experimental researches to overcome DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. One of the studied drugs is L-carnitine
which is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial transport and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. Previous
studies have demonstrated that L-carnitine could protect the myocardium against DOX-induced
cardiotoxicity.
Objective: Primary objective is to study plasma carnitine levels & cardiac function in patients
treated with DOX. Secondary objectives are to study association between altered carnitine levels and
cardiac functions, and to study effect of short term carnitine supplement on cardiac function.
Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed in pediatric oncologic patients who expected to
receive DOX cumulative dose>300 mg/m2, at Ramathibodi Hospital during March 2008 – April 2009.
Cardiac function and plasma carnitine levels were studied before treatment of DOX and at cumulative dose
of DOX 150, 300 and 375 mg/m2. After echocardiogram and carnitine analysis at each cumulative dose, the
patients received 100 mg/kg/day of oral carnitine supplement for 3 days, followed by repeat
echocardiogram and blood carnitine analysis. Cardiac function was determined by echocardiographic data,
ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), and left ventricular index of myocardial performance
(LIMP), which were analyzed by a single cardiologist (A.K.). Total, free, and acyl carnitine (TC, FC, and
AC) levels were measured by using spectrophotometric method. Kruskal-Wallis test and Rank Sum test
were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Eleven patients (6 males, 5 females) were enrolled in the study. Median age was 9.3
years (range 1.5-14.8y). The diagnoses included osteosarcoma (6), fibrosarcoma (2), rhabdomyosarcoma
(high risk) (1), Ewing’s sarcoma (1), hemangiopericytoma (1). The TC and FC levels were decreased with
higher cumulative doses of DOX (p=NS). AC levels and AF ratio were increased with higher cumulative
doses of DOX (p=NS). EF and FS were decreased with higher cumulative doses of DOX (p=NS) but still
within normal limits. LIMP was increased with higher cumulative doses of DOX especially after
cumulative doses 150 mg/m2. The altered LIMP indicated left ventricular global dysfunction ( p=0.04).
After 3-day of carnitine supplementation, LIMP was not improved to the normal range.
Discussion & Conclusion: Plasma carnitine levels were not correlated with cardiac abnormalities. The
short- term carnitine supplement did not improve cardiac function, indicating that carnitine deficiency may
not be the main mechanism for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity or carnitine deficiency is in fact underlying
DOX-induced cardiotoxicity but it may require longer duration of carnitine supplementation. Altered
cardiac function was observed when cumulative dosed of doxorubicin reached 150 mg/m2. LIMP is
suggested as an indicator for early detection of subclinical cardiomyopathy.
การสํารวจการรับรูของผูป กครองที่พาบุตรหลานมารับบริการที่คลินิกตอเนื่องของแพทยประจําบาน
ณ โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี
ฉัตตมณี บัญชรเทวกุล
Chatmanee Bunchorntavakul,
Background : High quality of pediatric primary care is a cornerstone of efforts to improve health
outcomes, control health care spending and improve access of care. Greater continuity of primary care is
associated with higher quality of care as reported by parents. Since 1998, Pediatric Residents’ Continuity
Clinic (CC) at Ramathibodi hospital was settled to provide continuity experiences for residents through 2nd
and 3rd year of training. Up to the present, the clinic is evaluated only from providers’ aspect The purpose of
this study is to evaluate the Residents’ Continuity Clinic from another stakeholder by survey parents’
perceptions of the care which their children received based on the components of primary care defined by
Institute of Medicine including longitudinal continuity, communication, comprehensiveness, access,
coordination and contextual knowledge.
Study Objectives
-To assess parents’ perceptions of primary care at Residents’ Continuity Clinic.
-To describe factors that associate with parents’ perceptions.
Methodology : A Cross-sectional survey by phone interview using the questionnaire modified from the
Parents’ Perceptions of Primary Care Measure (P3C) was conducted of patients enrolled from Residents’
Continuity Clinic at Ramathibodi hospital during January-December 2008 with inclusion criteria of visit at
CC ≥ 3 times. Outcome measures included demographic data, mean total scores for the Parents’ Perceptions
of Primary Care Measure and mean scores for each primary care domain. A score of more than 75 is
consistent with primary care attribute. Data analysis was made to find association between particular factors
and mean total scores using Independent T-test, One-Way Anova and multiple linear regression
Results : A total of 185 patients were enrolled with interviewed group of 100 parents. The mean age was
5.3 years (Range 0.5-17.75). The common groups of diagnosis were allergy (36%), child development
(26%), nutrition (25%), well child care (21%) and hematology (16%). Seventy five percents of patients
received care from residents (one or two) while others received care from both residents and specialists.
Parents rated the care that they received more than 75 scores in both total scores and each domains (mean
total scores = 78.6). The mean scores for communication and contextual knowledge were higher than other
domains. There were no difference of mean total scores between groups of providers (p=0.11). By using
multiple linear regression, higher scores were associated with a number of visits at 6 or more (p=0.02),
parents able to name the resident as their child’s regular doctor (p=0.01) and children with developmental
problems (p=0.02).
Conclusion : From parents’ perceptions, pediatric residents at Ramathibodi hospital can provide primary
care for their child at continuity clinic. Parents rated residents higher scores in communication and
contextual knowledge than other domains.
การศึกษาประสิทธิภาพของโปรแกรมการปองกันการบาดเจ็บในสนามเด็กเลนในศูนยดูแลเด็กเล็กเพื่อลดอุบัติเหตุและ
พฤติกรรมเสี่ยงในสนามเด็กเลน
นันทา จรูญรุงสิริกุล
Background: Playgrounds are important tools for children to improve their physical, emotional, social and
intellectual development. However playgrounds are also the common products causing fatal and disable
injuries.
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the playground safety program in reducing playground related
risk taking behavior and injuries among children in Bangkok child care centers.
Study design: Community intervention trial
Participants: Ten of 293 child care centers in Bangkok which took care of 2-7 years old children and had
outdoor playgrounds were nonrandomly selected. Five centers were enrolled in intervention group by
matching number of children and playground equipments with those in control group.
Methods: Pre-intervention video recording was performed for all child care centers. Three to four video
cameras were installed in each study site and were adjusted their field of view to cover the whole
playground area and all playground equipments. The video was recorded between 6.00 am to 6:00 pm. The
risk taking behaviors (those were engaging in an activity that could lead to injury and/or demonstrated
inappropriate use of playground equipment in a way that could lead to injury) were identified. Such data
combined with injury risk situation check lists developed from the US National Program for Playground
Safety (NPPS) were used to construct our risky behavioral checklist. Then the checklist was used to count
the number of risk taking behaviors in one minute period of every five minutes of video record. Adult
supervision was also observed. Any one minute video clip which presents adult supervision in any level of
physical proximity, visual supervision, or engaging was classified as the structural play. It was, otherwise,
classified as the free play. Playground surface, area design, and playground equipment (installation and
characteristics) were also measured by playground safety checklists which followed through Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommendation.
In the intervention group, video clip presenting risk taking behaviors and accidents in their own
child care centers, and the environmental checklists were shown and discussed. The child friendly materials
as cartoon flip charts, telling stories, and games were also developed from the risk data and provided, after
demonstrated, to all child care centers in intervention group.
Repeated video recording and environmental check lists were done on 12th month. The risk
behavior was measured per person-minute and the risk difference between pre-post intervention periods of
each child care center was calculated. The risk differences among intervention and control group were
compared by non parametric test: Kruskal Wallis test
Result: In pre-intervention period, the absolute risks for playground injury related risk taking behavior
among preschool children in child care centers ranged from 0.54 to 2.04 times per person-minute in
intervention group, and from 0.38 to 1.59 in control group
(p= 0.6). In post-intervention period, the risk differences among intervention group ranged from -1.32 to
1.11 times per person-minute, and from -0.11 to 1.51 in control group (p= 0.456). By stratifying the risk
differences of total play as those of free play and structural play, also no significant differences were found
between intervention group and control group (p value = 0.75 for free play and 0.33 for structural play).
However, the exposure, identified by total play time, in the intervention group significantly decreased
compared to the control group (p value = 0.047). For environmental check lists, no significant changes
were identified in play ground surface, area design, and also playground equipments (installation and
characteristics).
Conclusion: This active intervention through child care takers aimed to improve playground safety by
supervision, teaching children, and changing environment was ineffective. The passive intervention by
modifying playground equipments and environment through policy makers would be crucial.