京都大学防災研究所年報 第 51号 B 平成 20 年 6 月

Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 51 B, 2008

Numerical Simulation on Debris-Flow Deposition and Erosion Processes Upstream of

a Check Dam with Experimental Verification

Badri Bhakta SHRESTHA*, Hajime NAKAGAWA, Kenji KAWAIKE and Yasuyuki BABA

*Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University

Synopsis
The understanding of behavior and mechanism of debris flow, and the study of
preventive measures are very important in order to manage the sediment disaster in the
river basin and prevent the downstream hazards. A check dam is commonly used for
preventing the sediment disaster due to debris flow by storing the harmful sediment
discharge. The numerical simulations and experiments have been carried out to
investigate the mechanism of debris flow deposition process upstream of a check dam,
and flushing out of deposited sediment due to erosion process by a normal scale flood
flow. A new deposition equation to calculate debris flow deposition upstream of a check
dam is also developed. The simulations and experiments have been performed using
closed type and grid type check dams.

Keywords: debris flow, check dam, erosion/deposition, numerical simulation, experiments

1. Introduction flow, landslide, and slope failure disaster from 1982

Debris flows are common in mountainous areas
throughout the world, which contain varying amounts
of mud, sand, gravel, boulders, and water. In addition
to causing significant morphological changes along
riverbeds and mountain slopes, these flows are
frequently reported to have brought about extensive
to 2007 in Japan. Fig. 2 shows the historical trend
line of number of losses of life due to sediment
disasters such as debris flow/landslide, slope failure
and floods in Nepal and Japan. There is decreasing
trend of loss of life due to the development of
countermeasures against sediment hazards.
No. of disaster occurance

5000
property damage and loss of life (Takahashi, 1991; Debris Flow
4000 Landslide
Hunt, 1994; Huang and Garcia, 1997). Therefore, the
Slope Failure
3000
understanding of behavior and mechanism of debris
flow and the study of preventive measures are very 2000

important in order to manage the sediment disaster in 1000

the river basin and prevent the downstream hazards. 0
To reduce the debris flow hazards, it is common to 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Year
couple structural and non structural preventive
measures. Preventive measures require the Fig. 1 The number of debris flow, landslide and slope
consideration of the various scenarios and involve the failure disaster occurrence in Japan (Data of debris
evaluation of hydrological, hydraulic, sediment size flow from 1991 to 1993 include pyroclastic flow
distribution, topographical and other parameters. caused by the eruption of Mt. Unzen Fugendake in
Fig. 1 shows the number of occurrence of debris Nagasaki prefecture)

－ 613 －
 flushing out of deposited sediment due to erosion
1400
No. of losses of life 1200
process by a normal flow discharge. The simulations
Nepal
1000 Japan
and experiments have been performed using closed
800 type and grid type check dams. A debris flow
600 deposition model for upstream of a check dam is
400 developed based on the mechanism of static pressures.
200
The constitutive equations of Takahashi et al. (1997)
0
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
and those of Egashira et al. (1997) are chosen for the
Year study on deposition process upstream of a check dam.
A new deposition velocity equation to calculate
Fig. 2 Trend of number of losses of life due to debris flow deposition upstream of a check dam is
sediment disasters in Nepal and Japan also developed. To simulate the debris flow
deposition upstream of a closed or a grid type check
dam, a deposition model and a model of grid dam
blockage by large sediment particles in the case of a
grid dam, are incorporated in a flow model of the
solid-liquid mixture of debris flow. A riverbed
erosion model under unsaturated bed condition is
used to simulate the erosion process of deposited
sediment upstream of a check dam.

2. Numerical model

2.1 Basic governing equations

Photo 1 A grid dam constructed to prevent The flow of the solid-liquid mixture is described
downstream sediment disaster of debris flow at using one dimensional depth averaged equations for
Hirayu River, Gifu Prefecture, Japan the mass conservation of a sediment water mixture,
the mass conservation of sediment particles and
Check dams are one of the effective structural momentum conservation of the flow mixture as
counter measures for debris flow control. Photo 1
shows a grid type check dam constructed to prevent ∂h ∂M (1)
+ = ib
sediment disaster in downstream area due to debris ∂t ∂ x
flow at Hirayu River in Jinzu River drainage basin,
∂ (Ch) ∂ (CM ) (2)
Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Check dams can effectively + = ibC*
∂t ∂x
store the debris flow as long as there is an adequate
storage capacity, when check dam loses such storage ∂M ∂(uM ) ∂h τ b
+β = gh sin θ − gh cos θ − (3)
capacity, the check dam can not capture enough ∂t ∂x ∂ x ρT
sediment to reduce the debris flow (Mizuyama et al.,
1998). Check dams can be distinguished as closed where M ( = uh ) is flow flux in x direction, u is
and open types. In closed type check dam, it is
the mean velocity, h is flow depth, ib is erosion
difficult to prevent from losing its trapping capacity
(> 0) or deposition (≤ 0) velocity, C is the sediment
unless sediments are continuously removed, whereas
concentration in the flow, C* is maximum sediment
open type dams may keep their trapping capacity
without any need of artificially removing the concentration in the bed, β is momentum correction
sediment (Bovolin and Mizuno, 2000). factor equal to 1.25 for stony debris flow (Takahashi
The main objective of this study is to develop a et al., 1992), g is the acceleration due to gravity, θ
numerical model and to investigate the debris flow is bed slope, τ b is bottom shear stress, ρT is mixture
deposition process upstream of a check dam, and density ( ρT = σC + (1 − C ) ρ ) , σ is density of the

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sediment particle, and ρ is density of the water. τ *c = 0.04 × 101.72 tan θ w (11)
The equation for the erosion/deposition process to
change in bed surface elevation is described as h tan θ w
τ* = (12)
follows: (σ / ρ − 1)d m

∂z b in which θw is water surface slope, τ *c is the

+ ib = 0
∂t
where z b is erosion or deposition thickness of the
bed measured from the original bed surface elevation.
The erosion and deposition velocity that have
been given by Takahashi et al. (1992) are used as
follows. Erosion velocity, if C < C∞ ;
C∞ − C M
ib = δ e
C* − C ∞ d m
Deposition velocity, if C ≥ C∞ ;
C∞ − C M
ib = δ d
C* d m
where δ e is erosion coefficient, δ e = 0.0007; δ d is
deposition coefficient, δ d = 0.01; dm is mean
diameter of sediment and C∞ is the equilibrium
sediment concentration described as follows
(Nakagawa et al., 2003), if tan θ w > 0.138 , a stony
type debris flow occurs, and
(4)
non-dimensional critical shear stress, and τ * is the
non-dimensional shear stress.
2.2 Deposition model upstream of a check dam
In the upstream region of a check dam, sediment
concentration is higher than that of equilibrium state
and becomes maximum sediment concentration due
to existence of the check dam, and the yield stress
(5) exceeds the driving force, then debris flow stops and
deposition occurs, before filling up upstream of the
check dam. This mechanism of deposition is
incorporated in momentum equation of the flow
mixture of debris flow as considering yield stress in
(6)
the bottom shear stress. The bottom shear stress is
evaluated as follows:
τ b = τ y + ρfb u u (13)
where τ y is the yield stress and fb is the
coefficient of resistance.

(1) The constitutive equations and bottom shear

tan θ w
C∞ = (7) stress
(σ / ρ − 1)(tan φ − tan θ w )
The constitutive equations of Takahashi et al.
(1997) and those of Egashira et al. (1997) are chosen
If 0.03 < tan θ w ≤ 0.138 , an immature type for the study on deposition process upstream of a
debris flow occurs, and
check dam. The constitutive equations of Takahashi
2
et al. (1997) for a fully stony debris flow are
 tan θ w  described as follows. The expression for the shear
C ∞ = 6.7  (8)
 (σ / ρ − 1)(tan φ − tan θ )
w  stress is as

If tan θ w ≤ 0.03 , a turbulent water flow with  C 1 3 

−2
2
2  ∂u  (14)
bed load transport occurs, and τ = τ y + ai sin α i  *
 − 1 σd m  
 C    ∂z 

(1 + 5 tan θ w ) tan θ w  τ  τ 
C∞ = 1 − α 02 *c 1 − α 02 *c  (9)
τ y = ps tan φ (15)
σ / ρ −1 τ  τ* 
 *  

where φ is the internal friction angle of the where ai is experiment constant, αi is the
sediment, and collision angle of the particle ( a i sin α i =0.02)
(Takahashi, 1991), z is coordinate perpendicular to
2{0.425 − (σ / ρ ) tan θ w /(σ / ρ − 1)} bed and positive upward in the normal direction of
α 02 = (10)
flow and
1 − (σ / ρ ) tan θ w /(σ / ρ − 1) p s is static pressure which can be

－ 615 －
expressed as follows:
1

p s = f (C )(σ − ρ )Cgh cos θ (16) 0.8

0.6 Takahashi et al.

Egashira et al.

f(C)
in which f (C ) is described as 0.4

0.2

 C − C3 0
 ; C > C3 (17) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
f (C ) =  C* − C 3
 0 ; C ≤ C 3 C/C *

Fig. 3 Plots of f(C) according to Takahashi et al.

where C3 = 0.5 is the limitative concentration which (1997) and Egashira et al. (1997), C*=0.65
p s affects.
By substituting the constitutive equations of p s = f (C )(σ − ρ )Cgh cos θ (22)
Takahashi et al. (1997) into the momentum
in which f (C ) is described as
conservation equation under a steady and uniform
flow conditions, the bottom shear stress for a stony 1/ 5
C
debris flow is derived as follows: f (C ) =   (23)
 C* 

2
1  dm 
(σ / ρ ) (18) By using the constitutive equations of Egashira et
τ b = ps tan φ + ρ   uu
8 { }
(C* C ) − 1  h 
13 2
al. (1997), the bottom shear stress is derived as
follows:
An immature debris flow occurs when C is less
than 0.4C* and bottom shear stress is described as τ b = ps tan φ
2
d 
follows: +ρ
25
4
{ ( )
k d (σ ρ ) 1 − e 2 C1 3 + k f (1 − C )5 3 C 2 3  m  u u
 h 
}
2 (24)
ρT  d m  (19)
τb =   uu
0.49  h 
Eq. (17) and Eq. (23) are represented in Fig. 3,
from which the roles of the both constitutive
The Manning’s equation is used to determine the
equations assigned to static pressures or yield stresses
bottom shear stress in the case when C is less than
are evident. The static pressures in Eq. (16) are
0.02 as follows:
influential when sediment concentration is higher
than C3 , while in Eq. (22) they are predominant even
ρ gn 2 u u
τb = (20) for lower sediment concentrations.
h1 / 3

(2) Deposition velocity model

The constitutive equations of Egashira et al.
The deposition velocity models given by previous
(1997) are described as follows. The shear stress is as
researchers such as Takahashi et al. (1992), Egashira
et al. (2001) and others are proportional to the flow
τ = p s tan φ
2 2 velocity, and deposition upstream of a check dam can
 ∂u   ∂u 
( )
+ σk d 1 − e 2 C 1 3 d m2   + ρk f (1 − C )5 3 C 2 3 d m2   not be calculated, when the flow velocity becomes
 ∂z   ∂z 
zero, also the calculated deposition upstream of check
(21)
dam is too small. Therefore, a new deposition
where e is the restitution of sediment velocity equation for upstream of a check dam is
particles, kd and k f are empirical constants, derived. Upstream of a check dam, deposition usually
k d = 0.0828 and k f = 0.16. The static pressure is
takes place when yield stress exceeds the equilibrium
shear stress, before filling up the sediment storage
described as follows:

－ 616 －
 and the sediment concentration of debris flow
Ci-1hi-1ui-1 (Ashida and Takahashi, 1980; Ashida et al., 1987;
Check dam
∆x Mizuyama et al., 1995; Mizuno et al; 2000;
Takahashi et al., 2001b, 2002; Miyazawa et al., 2003,
zdam Satofuka and Mizuyama, 2006). Takahashi et al.
zi-1
zi (2001b) proposed stochastic model of blocking
zi+1 caused by formation of an arch composed of several
DL boulders. They clarified the relationship between the
probability of blockage of grid and parameters such
Fig. 4 Definition sketch of deposition upstream of a as boulder’s diameter, sediment concentration and
check dam clear spacing of dam. Based on this probability of
blockage model, growing rate formula of grid dam
capacity. In the upstream area of a check dam, if bed
developed by Satofuka and Mizuyama (2006) is used
elevation z i is less than elevation of the dam crown
as follows:
zdam at calculation point i (Fig. 4), the sediment
discharge from the upstream will deposit in the
Chu
distance increment of calculating point ∆x when ib' = ib − a 2 (29)
C* ∆x
yield stress exceeds the equilibrium shear stress. The
sediment discharge per unit width from the upstream where a 2 coefficient parameter depends on the
is described as follows:
instantaneous blockade probability of grid and
influence of horizontal beam, the details can be found
qsup = C i −1 hi −1u i −1 (25)
in Satofuka and Mizuyama (2006).

Effective non-dimensional shear stress on the bed 2.4 Erosion model upstream of a check dam
responsible for the deposition should be τ *e−τ * y and
The large boulders deposited upstream of a check
deposition velocity is written as follows: dam can not be transported by a normal scale of flood
flow. If we remove large boulders deposited upstream
C i −1 hi −1u i −1
i dep = K dep (τ *e−τ * y ) (26) of a grid dam or blockaded large boulders at open
C * ∆x
spaces of grid, deposited sediment upstream of grid
dam may be transported to the downstream of grid
where idep is the deposition velocity upstream of a dam by a normal scale flood flow due to the erosion
check dam (if z i < z dam or z i +1 > z i and τ * y >τ *e ), process. Thus, the grid dams will have debris flow
K dep is constant, τ *e is the non-dimensional storage capacity to control the next debris flow event
equilibrium shear stress and τ * y is the in monsoon season. Hence, a one-dimensional
non-dimensional yield stress. These non-dimensional mathematical riverbed erosion equation proposed by
stresses are described as follows: Takahashi et al. (1992) is used to simulate the erosion
process of deposited sediment upstream of a grid dam
ρ T gh sin θ as follows:
τ *e= (27)
(σ − ρ ) gdm
1/ 2
ib  σ − ρT  tan φ 
= K sin 3 / 2 θ 1 − C − 1
(σ − ρ )Cgh cos θ tan φ gh  ρT  tan θ 
τ * y= (28)
(σ − ρ ) gd m
 tan φ  h
⋅ (
− 1 C ∞ − C ) (30)
 tan θ  dm
2.3 Grid dam blockage model
The opening of a grid dam is blockaded by large
sediment particles in debris flow. This blockade where K is a numerical constant.
phenomenon is influenced by the width of dam The condition setup for installation of closed dam
opening, the maximum particle diameter of sediment, proposed by Takahashi et al. (2001a) is used.

－ 617 －
 Width=10cm
5.0m 1.9m Valve
Video camera Qin
2.6m

0.2m
Check dam
Pump
Saturated bed sediment
θ=18o 7cm thick
Sampler Video camera

Fig. 5 Experimental flume setup

3. Laboratory experiments 100

80

Percent Finer
A rectangular flume of 5m long, 10cm wide and 60
13cm deep flume is used for the experiments. The 40
slope of flume is set at 18 degrees. The details of 20
experiment setup are shown in Fig. 5. Silica sand and 0
gravel mixtures sediment with 1.9m long and 7cm 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
deep is positioned 2.8m upstream from the outlet of Diameter (mm)
the flume by installing a partition of 7cm in height to
retain the sediment. This sediment bed is saturated Fig. 6 Particle size distribution of bed sediment
by water. Sediment materials with mean diameter
24mm
d m = 2.53mm, maximum diameter d max = 15mm, 100mm

maximum sediment concentration at bed C * = 0.65,

24mm
80mm

angle of repose tan φ = 0.72 and sediment density

σ = 2.65g/cm3 are used. The particle size
distribution of sediment mixture is shown in Fig. 6. Closed dam Grid dam type-1 (GDT-1)
(4mm column/beam diameter)
Check dams are set at the 20cm upstream from the 26mm 30mm
end of the flume. Four types of check dam; one
closed dam of 8cm in high and three open type grid
26mm

30mm

dams with various spacing of grid are selected for the

study. The details of the check dam types are shown
in Fig. 7.
Debris flow is produced by supplying a constant
water discharge 260cm3/sec for 10sec from the
upstream end of the flume. Debris flow produced in
the experiments is the fully stony type debris flow
and the largest particles are accumulated in the
forefront. Debris flow deposition patterns upstream
of check dams are captured by two standard video
cameras located at side and above the flume end.
The deposited sediment upstream of a grid dam
may not be effectively transported downstream of the
dam by a normal scale flood flow because the large
Grid dam type-2 (GDT-2) Grid dam type-3 (GDT-3)
(4mm column/beam diameter) (2.5mm column/beam diameter)
Fig. 7 Check dam types
boulders deposited upstream of the grid dam can not
be transported by a normal scale flood flow. If we
remove some large boulders deposited upstream of a
grid dam, the deposited sediment upstream of the grid
dam may be transported to the downstream by a
normal scale flood flow. The experiments on flushing
out of deposited sediment upstream of the check dam

－ 618 －
 10 10

Dep

Dep
8 Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec 8
Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec

th
6

t h (c
Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Sim at 0.2sec Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Exp at 2sec 6

( cm )
Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec Sim at 0.8sec 4 Sim at 0.2sec Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec 4
Sim at 1sec

m)
2 Sim at 0.8sec Sim at 1sec Sim at 2sec
2
0 0
θ=18o 50 θ=18o 50
40 40
30 30
20 (c m) 20 m)
10 ance 10 nce (c
Dist Di s ta
0 a. Closed dam 0 b. Grid dam type-1

10 10

Dep

Dep
Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec 8 8
Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec

th
Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Exp at 2sec

t h (c
6 Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Exp at 2sec 6

( cm )
Sim at 0.2sec Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec
Sim at 0.8sec Sim at 1sec Sim at 2sec
4 Sim at 0.2sec Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec 4

m)
2 Sim at 0.8sec Sim at 1sec Sim at 2sec 2
0 0
θ=18o 50 θ=18o 50
40 40
30 30
20 ) 20 (cm)
10 anc e ( cm 10 i s t ance
D
0
Dist 0
c. Grid dam type-2 d. Grid dam type-3

Fig. 8 Simulated and experimental results of debris flow deposition upstream of a check dam (using proposed
deposition velocity model of upstream of a check dam and the constitutive equations of Takahashi et al.)

are carried out in two cases, with removing and
without removing some large boulders from the
upstream of the check dam. In CASE-I: clear water
discharge at a rate of 260cm3/sec is supplied for
15sec after removing some large boulders deposited
upstream of the check dam. In CASE-II: clear water
discharge at a rate of 260cm3/sec is supplied for
15sec without removing any large boulders from the
upstream of the check dam, the deposited sediment
can not be effectively transported to the downstream,
after that some deposited large boulders are removed,
then again clear water discharge at a rate of
260cm3/sec is supplied for 15sec to check the
flushing out of deposited sediment. The erosion
process of deposited sediment is analyzed from the
images shot by video cameras.
4. Results and discussions
To simulate the debris flow deposition upstream
of a check dam, the blockage of grid by large
sediment particles, and the erosion of deposited
sediment upstream of a check dam, numerical models
described in 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 are used, respectively.
The calculation conditions of the numerical
simulation are as follows; the grid size ∆x =5cm, the
time interval ∆t = 0.001sec, ρ = 1.0g/cm3, n =0.04
(in Eq. (20)), e=0.85 (in Eq. (24)), Kdep= 1.0 (in Eq.
(26)) and K = 0.1 (in Eq. (30)).
4.1 Debris flow deposition upstream of a check
dam
Fig. 8 shows the simulated results using proposed
deposition velocity model of upstream of a check
dam and the constitutive equations of Takahashi et al.
(1997), and experimental results of debris flow
deposition upstream of a closed type or a grid type
check dam. The calculated results of the debris flow
deposition upstream of a check dam using the
constitutive equations of Egashira et al. (1997) are
shown in Fig. 9. From the both figures, the simulated
results of deposition depth upstream of a check dam
are quite consistent with the experimental results at
the front and near the check dam parts. However,
some discrepancies can be found in the shape of
deposition between the simulated and experimental

－ 619 －
 10 10

Dep
Dep
8 8
Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec

th
Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec 6

th (c
Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Sim at 0.2sec Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Exp at 2sec 6

(cm)
Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec Sim at 0.8sec 4 Sim at 0.2sec Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec 4

m)
Sim at 1sec Sim at 0.8sec Sim at 1sec Sim at 2sec
2 2
0 0

θ=18o 50 θ=18o 50
40 40
30 30
20 (cm)
20 (cm)
nce ance
10 Dis ta
10 Dist
0 0 b. Grid dam type-1
a. Closed dam
10 10

Dep
Dep
Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec 8 Exp at 0.2sec Exp at 0.4sec Exp at 0.6sec 8

th
Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Exp at 2sec 6

th
Exp at 0.8sec Exp at 1sec Exp at 2sec 6

(cm )
Sim at 0.2sec Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec

(c m )
Sim at 0.2sec Sim at 0.4sec Sim at 0.6sec 4
Sim at 0.8sec Sim at 1sec Sim at 2sec 4 Sim at 0.8sec Sim at 1sec Sim at 2sec
2 2
0 0
θ=18o 50 θ=18o 50
40 40
30 30
20 (cm) 20 (cm)
ance ance
10 Dist 10 Dist
0 0
c. Grid dam type-2 d. Grid dam type-3

Fig. 9 Simulated and experimental results of debris flow deposition upstream of a check dam (using proposed
deposition velocity model of upstream of a check dam and the constitutive equations of Egashira et al.)

results at the most upstream part of the deposition, Before flushing, GDT-1 After flushing, GDT-1 10

Dep
Before flushing, GDT-2 After flushing, GDT-2 8
which may be due to the effect of the air entrapped in

th
Before flushing, GDT-3 After flushing, GDT-3 6

( cm )
Before flushing, Cosed dam After flushing, Closed dam 4
the fluid, which results from churning up the flow,
2
when a debris flow from the upstream collides with 0
the check dam or the deposited surface; and high θ=18o 120
turbulence is generated at upstream end of the 100
80
deposition, in the experiments. 60
40 (c m)
The experiments are carried out in the fixed bed ance
20 Dist
condition, in which the debris flow jumps due to the 0

collision with a check dam or the deposited surface

and flows on it. The deposited sediment in the most
upstream area of the deposition is eroded by the
coming debris flow from the upstream and the many
sediments discharge downstream, which affects in the
experimental results on depth of sediment deposition
in the most upstream area.
The debris flow deposition phenomenon upstream
of a closed or a grid dam could be calculated by the
proposed deposition velocity model and both the
constitutive equations. Some variations are found in
the simulated results with the comparison between
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, which may be due to the effect of
the static pressures. The static pressures in Eq. (16)
are influential when sediment concentration is higher
Fig. 10 Experimental results of flushing out deposited
sediment due to erosion and variations in depth,
CASE-I
than the limitative concentration C3, while in Eq. (22)
they are predominant even for lower sediment
concentrations. In the simulation results, by using the
constitutive equations of Egashira et al. (1997), the
deposition shapes are reproduced larger in area with
compared to the results obtained from the constitutive
equations of Takahashi et al. (1997), because of the
yield stress is highly predominant even for lower
sediment concentration in the constitutive equations
of Egashira et al. (1997) (Fig. 3).

－ 620 －
 Initially deposited depth Exp at 4sec 10 10
Before flushing, GDT-1 After flushing, GDT-1

Dep

Dep
Exp at 8sec Exp at 12sec 8
Exp at 15sec Sim at 4sec
Before flushing, GDT-2 After flushing, GDT-2 8

th
6 Before flushing, GDT-3 After flushing, GDT-3

th
Sim at 8sec Sim at 12sec 6

(cm)
Before flushing, Cosed dam After flushing, Closed dam

( cm )
Sim at 15sec 4 4
2
2
0
0
00
θ=18o 1 θ=18o 20
80 1
100
60 80
40 (c m) 60
nc e 40 m)
20 Dis ta nce (
c
0 20 Dista
0

Fig. 11 Simulated and experimental bed variations of Fig. 14 Experimental results of flushing out deposited
deposited sediment due to erosion, CASE-I, GDT-1 sediment before removing large boulders, CASE-II

10 10

Dep
Dep Before flushing, GDM-1 After flushing, GDM-1
Initially deposited depth Exp at 4sec 8 8
Before flushing, GDM-2 After flushing, GDM-2

t h (c
Exp at 8sec Exp at 12sec 6
t h (c
6 Before flushing, GDM-3 After flushing, GDM-3
Sim at 4sec Sim at 8sec Before flushing, Cosed dam After flushing, Closed dam 4

m)
4
m)

Sim at 12sec 2
2
0
0
0 θ=18o 100
θ=18o 10
80 80
60 60
40 40 (cm)
(cm) ance
ance 20 i s t
20 Di st D
0 0

Fig. 12 Simulated and experimental bed variations of Fig. 15 Experimental results of flushing out deposited
deposited sediment due to erosion, CASE-I, GDT-2 sediment after removing large boulders, CASE-II

continuous line indicates depth of deposition after the

10
Initially deposited depth Exp at 4sec
Dep

8 erosion. The sediment deposited upstream of a grid

Exp at 8sec Exp at 12sec 6
th (c

Sim at 4sec Sim at 8sec 4 dam is flushed out more effectively than the closed
m

Sim at 12sec 2 dam. The erosion process of deposited sediment

)

0
upstream of grid dams is investigated using a
θ=18o 120
100 one-dimensional riverbed erosion model and
80
60
comparison between experimental and simulated
)
40
anc e (c m results are shown in Fig. 11, Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 for
20 Dist
0 Grid Dam Type (GDT)-1, GDT-2 and GDT-3,
respectively. Deposited sediment upstream of grid
Fig. 13 Simulated and experimental bed variations of dams is effectively transported to the downstream
deposited sediment due to erosion, CASE-I, GDT-3. due to the erosion process by a normal flow discharge.
Thus, the grid type check dams will have debris flow
4.2 Erosion of deposited sediment storage capacity to control the next debris flow event.
In the numerical simulation, measured mean diameter
CASE-I 3.21mm of deposited sediment is used.
Fig. 10 shows the experimental results of the time
variation in shape of deposited sediment upstream of CASE-II
the check dams due to erosion process after supplying In this case, firstly clear water discharge is
the normal flow discharge. In which, dashed line supplied without removing any blockaded and
indicates initially deposited depth of sediment and deposited large boulders from the upstream of a grid

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 Initially deposited depth Exp at 4sec 10 supplied, and Fig. 15 shows the experimental results

Dep
Exp at 8sec Exp at 12sec
Exp at 15sec Sim at 4sec
8 of erosion of deposited sediment by supplying a

th
Sim at 8sec Sim at 12sec 6 flushing discharge after removing some large

(cm )
Sim at 15sec 4
2 boulders, where dashed line indicates the deposition
0 shape after removing boulders at the end of first
θ=18o 80 water supply. The deposited sediment could not be
60 flushed out effectively due to erosion by water
40 supplying before removing large boulders. Fig. 16,
(cm)
20 i s tance Fig. 17 and Fig. 18 show the comparison of the
D
0 simulated and experimental results of variations in
deposition shape upstream of GDT-1, GDT-2 and
Fig. 16 Simulated and experimental bed variations of GDT-3, respectively at different time steps due to
deposited sediment due to erosion, CASE-II, GDT-1 erosion process after removing some large boulders
from upstream of the grid dam.
12 In all three types of grid dam, deposited sediment
Initially deposited depth Exp at 4sec
Dep
10 upstream of grid dam could be effectively transported
Exp at 8sec Exp at 12sec 8
th

Sim at 4sec Sim at 8sec 6

to the downstream due to the erosion process by
( cm )

Sim at 12sec 4 normal flow discharge, when some large boulders

2
0
blockaded in open spaces of grid and deposited
upstream of the grid dam, are removed. The
θ=18o 100
80 simulated results of erosion process of deposited
60 sediment upstream of the grid dam are in good
40 (cm) agreement with the experimental results.
20 i s tance
D
0
5. Conclusions
Fig. 17 Simulated and experimental bed variations of
deposited sediment due to erosion, CASE-II, GDT-2 The numerical model is developed to simulate
debris flow deposition, and erosion upstream of a
10 check dam. A new deposition equation to calculate
Dep

Initially deposited depth Exp at 4sec 8 debris flow deposition upstream of a check dam is
6
th

Exp at 8sec Exp at 12sec also developed based on the mechanism of effective
(c m )

Sim at 4sec Sim at 8sec 4

Sim at 12sec 2 non dimensional shear stress on the bed. The debris
0
flow deposition phenomenon upstream of a closed or
θ=18o 12 0
10 0
a grid type check dam can be calculated by the
80 proposed deposition velocity model and both the
60
40 m)
constitutive equations of Takahashi et al. (1997) and
(c
anc e
20 Dist Egashira et al. (1997). The simulated results of debris
0
flow deposition upstream of a check dam, and the
erosion of deposited sediment using a
Fig. 18 Simulated and experimental bed variations of one-dimensional riverbed erosion model agree well
deposited sediment due to erosion, CASE-II, GDT-3 with the experimental results. The deposited sediment
upstream of a grid dam can be flushed out more
dam, and Fig. 14 shows the experimental results of effectively than that of a closed dam due to erosion
erosion of deposited sediment, in which deposited process by a normal scale of flood flow when some
sediment may not be effectively transported to deposited large boulders are removed. From the
downstream. After that some blockaded and results, it is shown that the grid type check dam can
deposited large boulders from upstream of a grid dam keep their sediment trapping capacity more
are removed, then again clear water discharge is effectively than the closed type check dam.

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 Acknowledgements
Dr. Hao Zhang, Assistance Professor, Disaster
Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University is
gratefully acknowledged for his suggestions in many
ways.
References
Ashida, K., Egashira, S., Kurita, M. and Aramaki, H.
(1987): Debris flow control by grid dams, Annuals
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flow control -hydraulic function of grid type open
dam-, Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research
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Egashira, S., Miyamoto, K. and Itoh, T. (1997):
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Miyazawa, N., Tanishima, T., Sunada, K., and Oishi,
S. (2003): Debris-flow capturing effect of grid type
steel-made sabo dam using 3D distinct element
method, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on
Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics,
Prediction, and Assessment, pp.527-538.
Mizuno, H., Mizuyama, T., Minami, N., and Kuraoka,
S. (2000): Analysis of simulating debris flow
captured by permeable type dam using distinct
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element method, Journal of the Japan Society of
Erosion Control Engineering, Vol.52, No.6, pp.4-11
(in Japanese).
Mizuyama, T., Kobashi, S. and Mizuno, H. (1995):
Control of passing sediment with grid-type dams,
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Engineering, Vol.47, No.5, pp.8-13, (in Japanese).
Mizuyama, T., Nakano, M. and Nanba, A. (1998):
Case study on debris flow control, Journal of the
Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering,
Vol.51, No.4, pp.36-39, (in Japanese).
Nakagawa, H., Takahashi, T., Satofuka, Y., and
Kawaike, K. (2003): Numerical simulation of
sediment disasters caused by heavy rainfall in
Camuri Grande basin, Venezuela 1999, Proceedings
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Satofuka, Y., and Mizuyama, T. (2006): Numerical
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 実験的検証を伴う砂防ダム上流における土石流の堆積・侵食過程の数値解析

Badri Bhakta SHRESTHA*・中川一・川池健司・馬場康之

*京都大学大学院工学研究科

要 旨
土石流メカニズムの理解と予防策についての研究は，流域内の土砂管理や土砂災害の防止のために重要で
ある。通常，透過型の砂防ダムは土石流を貯えることにより土砂災害を防ぐものとして使われている。砂防
ダム上流での土石流堆積過程及び通常洪水流による堆積土砂侵食のメカニズムを研究するため，数値解析と
実験を行った。砂防ダム上流での土石流堆積を計算する新たな式を明らかにした。解析と実験は不透過型砂
防ダムと格子型砂防ダムを用いた。

キーワード ：土石流，砂防ダム，侵食/堆積，数値解析，実験

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