Basically, the Present Continuous tense is Work – working

formed by adding -ing to the base verb Two-syllable verbs: the last consonant is
Most verbs add –ing -ING Rules doubled when the last syllable is stressed
Examples: Examples:
Eat – eating Forget – forgetting
Speak – speaking Upset – upsetting
Cook – cooking Prefer – preferring
Most verbs ended with -y, add -ing Do not double the letter if the word has
Examples: two or more syllables and the last part is
Buy – buying not stressed. Examples:
Enjoy – enjoying Visit (first part is stressed) – visiting
Verbs that ended with -e, drop the -e and Benefit (first part is stressed) – benefiting
add –ing Examples: Do not double the letter if the word ends
Make – making in -y or –w Examples:
Write – writing Buy – buying
Drive – driving Enjoy – enjoying
Verbs that ended with -ee, add -ing Snow – snowing
Examples: Verbs ended with -ie, change -ie to -y, add
See – seeing –ing. Examples:
Agree – agreeing Lie – lying
Verbs ended with a consonant preceded Die – dying
by a vowel, double the consonant and add Verbs ended with -c, change -c to -ck
-ing -ING Rules Examples:
Present Continuous Spelling Examples: Picnic – picnicking
Swim – swimming Exceptions:
Run – running Age – ageing
Get – getting Dye – dyeing
Do not double the letter if the words ends Singe – singeing
in two consonants Examples: Budget – budgeting
Help – helping Enter – entering
Talk – talking
In English grammar, the present perfect is a combination of the present tense and perfect aspect
that is used to express a past event that has present consequences.
 The Past Perfect Continuous tense combines perfect progressive aspect with past tense. It is formed
by combining had (the past tense of auxiliary have), been (the past participle of be), and the present
participle of the main verb.

The Future Perfect Continuous is a verb form or construction used to describe actions that will
continue up until a point in the future.
In English, the Future Perfect Progressive is formed by combining the modal “will“, the auxiliary
verb “have“, “been“, and the present participle of the main verb (with an -ing ending).
Time Expressions Used with Future Perfect Progressive
 By + this year/ month/ week
 Next year/ month/ week
 For + an hour, for 5 years
 By then
 Since morning, since 1995
 By tomorrow
Present Simple vs Present Continuous Differences in Usage

The present simple tense is used to express general truths, while the present
continuous tense describes actions happening now.
Examples:
It rarely rains in the desert. (present simple)
You play chess with 32 pieces. (present simple)
She is reading a newspaper upstairs. (present continuous)
I’m busy, I’m doing my homework. (present continuous)

The present simple tense is used to indicate present habits, while the present
continuous tense is used to express annoying habits (+ always).
Examples:
The birds return to the island every morning. (present simple)
Marsha goes to dance club every Thursday. (present simple)
You’re always forgetting to pay the bills. (present continuous)
He’s always singing in the shower. (present continuous)

The present simple tense expresses timetable events; the present continuous tense is
used to describe future arrangements.
Examples:
The plane to London takes off at 6:30 a.m. (present simple)
The Drama club meets every other week at 7:30 p.m. (present simple)
She’s getting married on 3 November. (present continuous)
We’re leaving at 3 this afternoon. (present continuous)

The present simple tense is used to indicate permanent states; In contrast, the
present continuous tense is used to express temporary states.
Examples:
He works at a hotel. (present simple)
I like the new James Bond film. (present simple)
She’s working at the museum until the end of this month. (present continuous)

Time Phrases with Present Simple and Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Now
Present Simple Tense Right now
Always/usually/often/sometimes/rarely/n At the moment
ever Today
Every week/Monday/month/year… This week/month/yea
Once/twice/three times a week
Present Simple vs Present Continuou.

Present Simple and Present Continuous

 Present Perfect and Present Perfect
Present Perfect Simple Tense:
Formed by adding “have/has” to the past
participle
S + have/has + V3
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
Formed by adding “have/has been” to the
present participle
S + have/has + been + V-ing
Present Perfect and Present Perfect
Continuous Differences in Usage
The present perfect simple tense is
used with finished actions, while the
present perfect progressive tense is
used with unfinished actions.
Examples:
The kids have played for 2 hours. (present
perfect simple)
The kids have been playing since
morning. (present perfect continuous)
The present perfect simple tense
indicates permanent actions; the
present perfect progressive tense
describes temporary actions.
Examples:
I have taught English for 12 years.
(present perfect simple)
I have been teaching this class for one
hour. (present perfect continuous)
Past Simple and Present Perfect Differences
in Form
Past Simple Tense:
S + V-ed
Present Perfect Tense:
S + have/ has + V-ed
Present Perfect and Past Simple Differences
in Usage
Continuous Differences in Form
The present perfect simple tense
emphasizes the result of the action; In
contrast, the present perfect
progressive tense emphasizes the
duration of the action.
Examples:
He has repaired the car. (present perfect
simple)
He has been repairing the car for 2 hours.
(present perfect continuous)
The present perfect simple tense
indicates “How much/How many“,
while the present perfect progressive
tense indicates “How long something
has been happening“.
Examples:
It has taken six years to write this book.
(present perfect simple)
He has been studying English for two
months. (present perfect continuous)
Note for Present Perfect Simple vs
Present Perfect Continuous
Always use the present perfect simple
with the verbs believe, know, understand,
like/dislike, belong, own:
Examples:
We’ve known each other since we were
kids.
I’ve never understood math very well.
He’s always liked sports.
The past simple tense is used to express
finished time; In contrast, the present
perfect tense describes unfinished time.
Examples:
We lived Japan in from 1995-1998. (a time
period that started and ended in the past)
(past simple)
I’ve worked as a teacher since 2011. (a time Have you ever seen this movie? (present
period that started in the past, and continues perfect)
until now) (present perfect)
She has already watched this movie 3 times.
The past simple tense is used to refer to (present perfect)
definite time, while the present perfect
tense refers to indefinite time. Time Phrases for Past Simple vs Present
Examples: Perfect
Past Simple Tense
I saw the Eiffel Tower in 2007. (past simple) Yesterday

I have seen the Eiffel Tower. (present Ago

perfect) Last
In 1994, etc.
The past simple tense indicates series of In the 20th century,etc.
finished actions or repeated actions; the In July, etc.
present perfect tense expresses experience On Monday, etc.
or result.
Examples: Present Perfect Tense
Already
First, he read book and then he watched Just
movie. (past simple) Yet
Ever
He went to the cinema every weekend last Never
year. (past simple) For
Since

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Differences in Form

Past Perfect Tense:
We form the Past Perfect with had and the past participle:

Had + Past Participle

Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

We form the Past Perfect Continuous with had been and the -ing form of the verb:

Had been + V-ing

Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous Differences in Usage

The past perfect tense expresses a past action, already finished when another past action
happened; the past perfect continuous tense describes a past action which started in the past
and continued to happen after another action or time in the past.
Examples:

I met them after they had divorced. (past perfect)

Sara had been working here for two weeks when she had the accident. (past perfect continuous)
The past perfect tense emphasizes the result of an activity in the past; In contrast, the past
perfect continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an activity in the past.
Examples:

I had been to London twice by the time I got a job in New York. (past perfect)

Richard needed a holiday because he had been working hard for six months. (past perfect
continuous)

The past perfect tense shows two events in the past that are linked, while the past perfect
continuous tense shows the cause of a past action.
Example:

I couldn’t take my flight because I had forgotten my boarding pass. (past perfect)

I had been travelling all night, so I was tired. (past perfect continuous)