NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

 Group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are
characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.

NUMBER OF
DISORDERS DEFINITION CRITERIAS TO AGE ONSET AND COMORBIDITY SIMILIRATIES DIFFERENCES
LOOK FOR DURATION
Characterized by deficits in general 3 attention-
INTELLECTUAL mental abilities or intellectual With specifies ( mild, Developmental periods deficit/hyperactivity
DISABILITY functions such as reasoning, problem moderate ,severe and disorder; depressive and
solving, planning, abstract thinking, profound) Delayed motor, bipolar disorders; anxiety
(Intellectual Developmental academic learning, and learning from language, and social disorders;
experience. confirmed by milestones may be autism spectrum disorder;
Disorder)
both clinical identifiable within the stereotypic movement
Note: can be confirmed by clinical assessment and first 2 years of life among disorder (with or without
assessment and intelligence testing individualized, those with more severe self-injurious
standardized intellectual disability, behavior); impulse-control
intelligence testing. disorders; and major
neurocognitive disorder. The disorders typically
Disorders of communication include manifest early in
COMMUNICATION deficits in language, speech, and development
DISORDERS communication. Age onset and
duration, severity

Persistent difficulties in the 4 onset in toddlerhood to other neurodevelopmental Children are mostly
 LANGUAGE acquisition and use of language across the adult level of disorders in terms of diagnosed
DISORDERS modalities (i.e., spoken, written, sign competency that appears specific learning disorder
language, or other) due to deficits in during adolescence. (literacy and numeracy),
comprehension 4 A speech sound attention- Can be biological
disorder is diagnosed deficit/hyperactivity
 SPEECH SOUND whenspeech sound Most speech sounds disorder, autism spectrum
DISORDERS Persistent difficulty with speech production is not what should be produced disorder, and
sound production that interferes with would be expected clearly and most words developmental coordination
speech intelligibility or prevents based on the child's should be pronounced disorder. It isalso associated
verbal communication of messages. age and accurately according to with social (pragmatic)
developmental age and community communication disorder.
stage and when the norms by age 7 years.
deficits are not the
result of a physical,
structural,
neurological,
or hearing NP in DSM5
impairment. onset of symptoms is in
 the early developmental
period. occurs by age 6
4 and one or more
 CHILDHOOD-ONSET episodes in Criteria A
The essential feature of childhood- The onset of the
FLUENCY DISORDER
onset fluency disorder (stuttering) is a symptoms is in the early
disturbance in the normal fluency and developmental period
motor production of speech, including NP in DSM5
repetitive sounds or syllables,
prolongation of consonants or vowel 4 with 4episodes in
sounds, broken words Criteria A
 SOCIAL
(PRAGMATIC)
COMMUNICATION Persistent difficulties in the social use
DISORDER of verbal and nonverbal NP in DSM5
communication, as manifested by
deficits in understanding and
following social rules of
communication, changing language
according to the needs of the listener
or situation, following rules for
conversations and storytelling
Symptoms
AUTISM SPECTRUM persistent impairment in reciprocal 5 with 3 episodes in are typically recognized frequently associated with
DISORDERS social communication and social Criteria A and 4 during the second year of intellectual impairment and
interaction episodes in criteria B life (12-24 months of structural language disorder
age) but may be seen
*social deficits, language impairment With specifiers earlier than 12 months if
an repetitive behaviors and lack of developmental delays are
eye contact as essential features severe, or noted later than
24 months if ymptoms
are more subtle.
Typically, this would
occur between
12 and 24 months of age
Persistent pattern of inattention and/or
ATTENTION-DEFECIT/ hyperactivity-impulsivity that 5
HYPERACTIVITY interferes with functioning or ADHD begins in In the general population,
DISORDER development. childhood. oppositional defiant
Criterion A1 6 disorder co-occurs with
Inattention manifests behaviorally in episodes or more out present prior to age ADHD in approximately
ADHD as wandering off task, lacking of 9, For older 12 years. half of children with the
persistence, having difficulty adolescents combined presentation and
sustaining focus, and being and adults (age 17 and persisted for at least about a quarter with the
 disorganized and is not due to older), at least five 6 months to a degree that predominantly inattentive
defiance or lack of comprehension. symptoms are is inconsistent with presentation. Conduct
required. developmental level disorder co-occurs in
Hyperactivity refers to excessive about a quarter of children
motor activity (such as a child Criterion A1 6 or adolescents with the
running about) when it is not episodes or more out combined presentation,
appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, of 9, depending on
tapping, or talkativeness. With specifies For older adolescents age and setting. Most
In adults, hyperactivity may manifest and adults (age 17 and children and adolescents
as extreme restlessness or wearing older), at least five with disruptive mood
others present in two or more symptoms are required. dysregulation disorder
out with their activity. settings have symptoms that also
(e.g., at home, school, meet criteria for ADHD;
Impulsivity refers to hasty actions or work; with friends
that occur in the moment without or relatives; in other
forethought and that have high activities).
potential for harm to the individual
(e.g., darting into the street without
looking).
Is a neurodevelopmental disorder with 4 with 6 episodes in
SPECEFIC LEARNING a biological origin that is the basis for criteria A Onset, recognition, and
DISORDERS abnormalities at a cognitive level that diagnosis of specific commonly co-occurs with
are associated with the behavioral learning disorder usually neurodevelopmental (e.g.,
signsof the disorder? presence of at least occurs during the ADHD,communication
one of the following elementary school years disorders, developmental
One essential feature of specific symptoms that have when children are coordination disorder,
learning disorder is persistent persisted for at least 6 required to learn to read, autistic spectrum disorder)
difficulties learning keystone months, with spell, write, and learn or other mental disorders
academic skills specifiers mathematics. (e.g., anxiety disorders,
depressive and bipolar
Word reading and comprehension, 6 month duration disorders).
written expressions, dyslexia(spelling)
dyscalculia( mathematical reasoning)
Motor deficits that interfere with
MOTOR DISORDERS activities of daily living, academic or
vocational activities, leisure and play

The acquisition and execution of
 DEVELOPMENATAL coordinated motor skills is
COORDINATION substantially below that expected
DISORDER given the individual’s chronological
age and opportunity for skill learning
and use.
4 children ages 5-11 years speech and language
is 5%-6% (in children age disorder; specific learning
7 years disorder (especially reading
and writing); problems of
inattention, including
ADHD (the most frequent
 at least to 1 year coexisting condition, with
diagnosed only if the impairment in follow-up. about 50% co-occurrence);
motor skills significantly interferes with autism spectrum disorder;
the performance of, or participation in, disruptive and emotional
daily activities in family, social, school, behaviour problems
or community life
4 with specifies Stereotypic movements stereotypies are a common
 STEREOTYPIC The essential feature of stereotypic typically begin within the manifestation of a variety of
MOVEMENT movement disorder is repetitive, first 3 years of life. neurogenetic disorders,
DISORDER seemingly driven, and apparently Simple stereotypic such as Lesch-Nyhan
purposeless motor behaviour. These movements syndrome, Rett syndrome,
behaviours are often rhythmical are common in infancy fragile X syndrome,
movements of the head, hands, or and may be involved in Cornelia de Lange
body without obvious adaptive acquisition of motor syndrome, and Smith-
function. mastery. Magenis syndrome.
I.e. body rocking, arm flapping, head
banging, eye poking, self-biting, and Onset of tics is typically ADHD and obsessive-
hitting own body between ages 4 and 6 compulsive and related
 TIC DISORDER years. disorders being particularly
common.
A tic is a sudden, rapid, recurrent,
nonrhythmic motor movement or
vocalization.

 Tourette’s disorder Both motor and vocal tics persisting

 Persistent motor or vocal
tic disorder
 Provisional tic disorder
for more than 1 year
motor or vocal tics persisting for more
than 1 year
motor or/and vocal tics present for
less than 1 year

NOTES:

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