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Docslide - Us - DLRC Chemistry 16 Comprehensive Samplex For Long Exam 2 PDF
Docslide - Us - DLRC Chemistry 16 Comprehensive Samplex For Long Exam 2 PDF
September 7, 2012
Instructions: Answer as many items as you can. Read each question carefully and answer honestly. All
information you need is in this paper. Good luck!
III. CAUSE AND EFFECT. Determine the effect of the cause stated in the first column on the parameter in
the second assuming all other variables are held constant.
IV. PROBLEM SOLVING. Read (without underestimation) the problems carefully, and solve for what is
asked. There are ten problems in this part of the review.
When a lead-acid battery is fully charged, the battery contains sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. Two
grids, lead grid and lead(IV) oxide grid, serve as the electrodes of the battery. During discharge, the grids are
converted to lead(II) sulfate, and when the battery is fully discharged, the sulfuric acid is almost diluted to
water. Assume that sulfuric acid does not fully ionize during discharge; it will only give one H+ during ionization.
a) WRITE the balanced half-reactions for the anode and the cathode. INDICATE the reducing and
oxidizing agents.
b) WRITE the overall balanced equation for lead-acid battery discharge.
c) CALCULATE the number of electrons loss/gained after full discharge if 150.0 g of solid lead, 150.0 g
lead(IV) oxide, and 3.00 L of 4.2 M sulfuric acid was present at full charge.
The problem with lead-acid batteries is its environmental risks. Even though lead-acid batteries are
rechargeable, lead can still escape from the battery, especially during battery explosion. A battery explosion
happens when water molecules hydrolyze to hydrogen and oxygen gas during recharging.
An explosion can spray battery acid and release harmful lead compounds in the environment. Lead
mostly accumulates in bodies of water in the form of lead(II) ions. To detect concentration of lead(II) ions in
bodies of water, chemists use cerimetry, a redox titration by using cerium(IV) ions as the titrant.
e) If lead(II) and cerium(IV) becomes lead(IV) and cerium(III) during titration, WRITE the balanced
equation of the redox reaction.
f) CALCULATE the concentration of lead(II) ions in the wastewater sample.
a) The bomb calorimeter is also known as “constant-volume” calorimeter, because reactions are carried
out at constant volume. EXPLAIN why ∆E corresponds to the transferred heat in bomb calorimeter
rather than ∆H.
The bomb calorimeter is calibrated by burning 25.0 g of solid glucose (C6H12O6) in the sealed vessel,
and the temperature rose from 25.00 °C to 59.50 °C. The heat of reaction for the combustion of one mole of
solid glucose is -2803 kJ.
A certain milk tea was found to contain fructose (C6H12O6), gallic acid and palmitic acid. Gallic acid (MW
= 170.12 g/mol) is an antioxidant found in most Chinese herbs, while palmitic acid (C16H32O2) is an
unsaturated fat found in dairy products. 100.0 mL of the sample (filtered, only containing the desirable
compounds) was burned in the sealed vessel of the calorimeter in an initial temperature of 25.00 °C. Several
experiments were conducted to find the percent volumes of some of the compounds and the amount of
products formed.
The following data were collected before and after the tests:
Scientists noticed that the elements in Earth are different compared to the elements in DLRC Land.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, Aufbau’s Principle, Hund’s Rule, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty, etc. all apply to DLRC,
except with the quantum numbers. By calculations they concluded that they have the quantum numbers d, lr,
and c.
a) DRAW the first five periods of the DLRC-Land periodic table based on the information given above
(You just need to draw blocks.)
b) WRITE and DRAW the electronic configuration of DLRC-Land elements 28, 24, and 21. Give the
quantum numbers of their last-entering electron.
c) ARRANGE the following elements by their periodicity. Assume that like elements in Earth, DLRC-Land
elements have their cationic and anionic forms.
a. Atomic Radius: 7-, 162+ 62-
b. Ionization Energy: 2, 9, 13, 14
d) What rules in covalent bonding does DLRC-Land follow if our planet’s elements follow the octet rule
and 18-electron rule? EXPLAIN.
e) INDICATE which of the following hypothetical covalent compounds are possible to exist in DLRC-Land.
If possible, DRAW their Lewis structures and indicate the electron-group geometry and molecular-
group geometry in each central atom.
a. (6)(5)3 c. Hypothetical “carbon chain” (5)3(1)5
b. Hypothetical “carbon chain” (5)2(1)6 d. Hypothetical anion (13)(7)4 -
f) GIVE the hybridized DLRC-Land orbital that corresponds to (a) tetrahedral, (b) trigonal bipyramidal, and
(c) octahedral electron-group geometry.
Dessa accidentally placed one drop of L on a tissue paper. The tissue paper acquired a burnt mark.
Based on her lab manual, all fresh (soluble) anionic and cationic samples have molarity of 1.0 M.
When G is added with 5 drops A, a deep red solution formed. When it was added with 5 drops M, a
blue precipitate formed.
When 5 drops of C was added with 5 drops D, a blue precipitate formed, but when mossy zinc was
immersed before adding D, a yellow precipitate formed.
After doing the said tests and observations, Air Asserc knew the corresponding compounds from A to
Q. GIVE the corresponding compounds from A to Q. (NOTE: Some of the compounds have slight
modifications from the compounds in the Chem 16 manual. Qualitative analysis alone is not enough to solve
the problem.)
In 1999, Karl O. Christe and his team of researchers from the Air Force Research Laboratory
synthesized a polynitrogen species other than N2, and azide (N3-). Pentazenium (N5+), an open chained
“polynitride” like the other compounds, was synthesized for a less toxic and more environmental-friendly
alternative to hydrazine, a gas used in rocket fuel.
a) DRAW the Lewis structures (and resonance structures if possible) for azide anion.
b) DRAW the three most dominant resonance structures of pentazenium. INDICATE the formal charges
of each atom. GIVE the hybridization overlaps between the five nitrogen atoms for each resonance
structure.
Karl Christe proposed a reaction between gaseous hydroazoic acid and N2F+ gas to give pentazenium
and hydrogen fluoride as the byproduct. The bond energies of the atoms are given below:
H – H 432 kJ/mol F – F 159 kJ/mol N = N 418 kJ/mol
H – F 565 kJ/mol F – N 283 kJ/mol N ≡ N 945 kJ/mol
H – N 391 kJ/mol N – N 160 kJ/mol
c) WRITE the balanced equation of the proposed mechanism, using the Lewis structures of the
compounds/ions (instead of writing with chemical formulas).
d) CALCULATE the change in bond enthalpy of the proposed mechanism.
However, a new polynitrogen species is being studied. Pentazole anion, or N5-, is an anion from
aromatic pentazole. Due to its all-nitrogen cyclical structure, chemists have been studying this anion as
8|DLRC Chem 16 LE2 Samplex
another alternative for propellants in space travel, but so far pentazole is known to be unstable and it does not
last longer than a few seconds.
e) DRAW the three most dominant resonance structures of pentazole anion. INDICATE the formal
charges of each atom. GIVE the hybridization overlaps between the five nitrogen atoms for each
resonance structure.
Consider binary fluorine species F2+, F2, and F2-, and binary boron species B2+, B2, and B2-. ARRANGE
the groups of species (separately) in increasing order by:
Lanthanum metal forms cations with a charge of 3+. Consider the following observations about the
chemistry of lanthanum:
When lanthanum metal is exposed to air, a white solid A is formed that contains lanthanum and one
other element.
When lanthanum metal is added to water, gas bubbles are observed and a different white solid B is
formed. Both A and B dissolve in hydrochloric acid to give a clear solution.
When either of these solutions is evaporated, a soluble white solid C remains. If compound C is
dissolved in water and sulfuric acid is added, a white precipitate D forms.
What you will see below are free energy changes of redox reactions (regardless of spontaneity)
between lanthanum and certain metals:
La(s) + Al3+(aq) → La3+(aq) + Al(s) -208 kJ/mol 2Al(s) + 3Yb2+(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3Yb(s) 212 kJ/mol
+ 3+
3Rb (aq) + La(s) → 3Rb(s) + La (aq) 174 kJ/mol 2Rb(s) + Yb2+(aq) → 2Rb+(aq) + Yb(s) -42 kJ/mol
3+ 2+
3Yb(s) + 2La (aq) → 3Yb (aq) + 2La(s) -221 kJ/mol Ti(s) + Yb2+(aq) →Ti2+(aq) + Yb(s) 218 kJ/mol
3+ 2+ + 2+
3Ti(s) + 2La (aq) → 3Ti (aq) + 2La(s) 434 kJ/mol Ti(s) + 2Rb (aq) → Ti (aq) + 2Rb(s) 261 kJ/mol
3Rb(s)+ Al3+(aq) → 3Rb+(aq) + Al(s) -382 kJ/mol 3Ti(s) + 2Al3+(aq) → 3Ti2+ + 2Al(s) 19 kJ/mol
d) ARRANGE the five elements (in the table) in decreasing reducing property.
e) INDICATE which elements can act as a sacrificial anode for lanthanum.
Problem 8: Permanganometry
Permanganometry is a special redox titration that involves the use of permanganates, and it is an
alternative to acid-base titration because permanganates can transform to different manganese species,
depending on the pH of the solution.
Standardization of KMnO4 is done by oxalic acid as the primary standard (You should know the formula
of oxalic acid, based on inorganic nomenclature.) Oxalic acid was prepared by dissolving 0.63 g of oxalic acid
crystals in 100 mL water. 20 mL of 0.1 M sulfuric acid is added to the oxalic acid solution to acidify the medium.
The results of the standardization are as follows:
Organic acids (Acids containing C, H, and O) turn into carbon dioxide gas and water during titration.
A Chem 16 student wants to find out the amount of Ascorbic Acid (MF = C6H8O6) in a sample of orange
juice. A 25 mL orange juice sample was added with 25 mL distilled water, and was titrated with the KMnO4
solution. While titrating, the analyte slowly turned into a solution with brown precipitate.
Trial Starting Point Endpoint
1 0.0 mL 5.6 mL
2 5.6 mL 11.6 mL
3 11.6 mL 17.0 mL
Problem 9: Olympicene
Olympicene (MW = 240.286 g/mol) is a special aromatic compound with five carbon rings stacked
together like a benzene ring. It was recently synthesized by Anish Mistry and David Fox of the University of
Warwick only for the purpose of celebrating the London 2012 Olympics.
1.00 g of olympicene (only containing C and H) was burned in excess oxygen and the combustion
yielded 3.48 g carbon dioxide.
10 | D L R C C h e m 1 6 L E 2 S a m p l e x
The picture above is the carbon skeletal structure of olympicine. Based on experiments, only Ring 2
cannot undergo pi-bond delocalization.
b) Can Ring 2 have all of its carbon atoms sp2 hybridized? EXPLAIN.
c) GIVE three possible resonance structures of olympicene by assigning the C and H atoms, and double
bonds.
d) GIVE all possible hybridization overlaps in olympicene.
The Solvay Process, invented by Ernest Solvay in the 1860s, is an industrial process used to make
sodium carbonate, and this chemicals are needed in glass making and oxidizing bleaches. The following
reactions are steps for Solvay Process:
NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + NH3(g) + H2O(l) → NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(s) ∆Hrxn = -129.48 kJ/mol ∆Srxn = -394.81 J/mol*K
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) ∆Hrxn = 178.3 kJ/mol ∆Srxn = 160.47 J/mol*K
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) ∆Hrxn = -65.17 kJ/mol ∆Srxn =-26.26 J/mol*K
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl(s) → 2NH3(g) + CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) ∆Hrxn = 73.75 kJ/mol ∆Srxn =356.82 J/mol*K
2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ∆Hrxn = -85.17 kJ/mol ∆Srxn =215.31 J/mol*K
The overall reaction of the spontaneous process is: 2 NaCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CaCl2(aq).
11 | D L R C C h e m 1 6 L E 2 S a m p l e x