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University of the Philippines Diliman

INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 17: Fluid Mechanics

Module 6: Closed Conduit Flow
(Part 2 of 2)
Week 11 Learning Resource

Water Resources and Coastal Engineering Group

ES 15: Mechanics of Fluids Module 4: Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
 Learning
Click Outcomes
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At the end of this presentation, the student should be

able to:
• Plot the energy grade line and hydraulic grade line of a
simple closed conduit system
• Describe the distinct properties of parallel pipes, pipes in
series, and branching pipes
• Analyze and solve problems involving multiple pipe
systems

2 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Outline of Presentation
Click to edit Master title style

I. Energy grade line and hydraulic grade line

A. Definition
B. Guidelines in plotting EGL and HGL

II. Multiple pipe systems

A. Pipes in series
B. Parallel pipes
C. Branching pipes

3 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Grade Line
a line or curve that indicates the total head at each location of
a system
𝑷 𝑽𝟐
𝑬𝑮𝑳 = + 𝒛 + 𝜶
𝜸 𝟐𝒈

Hydraulic Grade Line

a line or curve that indicates the piezometric head at each
location of a system
𝑷 𝑽𝟐
𝑯𝑮𝑳 = + 𝒛 𝑯𝑮𝑳 = 𝑬𝑮𝑳 − 𝜶
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
4 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Guidelines in plotting of EGL and HGL
1. In a lake or reservoir,
the HGL and EGL will
coincide with the liquid
surface with the
piezometric head as
their value.

2. For steady flow in a

pipe of constant diameter
and wall roughness, the Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.7.
slope of the EGL and EGL and HGL of a horizontal pipe from
HGL will be constant. a reservoir discharging freely at the end
5 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Guidelines in plotting of EGL and HGL
3. Locate the HGL below
the EGL by a distance
equal to the velocity of
head in the pipe.

4. The height of the EGL

decreases along the flow
direction due to head Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.7.
loss. EGL and HGL of a horizontal pipe from
a reservoir discharging freely at the end
6 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Guidelines in plotting of EGL and HGL
5. A pump causes an Effect of pump
abrupt rise in the EGL in the EGL and
and HGL by adding HGL
energy to the flow
Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.8.
equal to hP.

6. A turbine causes an
abrupt drop in the EGL
and HGL by removing EGL and HGL of a
pipeline with turbine
energy to the flow followed by a gradual
equal to hT. expansion of pipe

Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.9. 7 of 46

CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Guidelines in plotting of EGL and HGL
7. Gradual expansions convert kinetic energy to pressure;
hence, the HGL approaches the EGL.

EGL and HGL of a pipeline

with turbine followed by a
gradual expansion of pipe

Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.9. 8 of 46

CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Guidelines in plotting of EGL and HGL
8. When a pipe discharges
into the atmosphere, the
HGL is coincident with the
system since the piezometric
head will only be equal to the
elevation of the flowing fluid.

Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.7.

EGL and HGL of a horizontal pipe from

a reservoir discharging freely at the end
Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.10.

EGL and HGL through a nozzle 9 of 46

CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Guidelines in plotting of EGL and HGL
9. When a flow passage
changes in diameter, the
velocity in the conduit will
change. Because of this,
the distance between the
EGL and HGL will change,
as well as their slope.

Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.11.

Change in EGL and HGL when

pipe size changes
Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.10.

EGL and HGL through a nozzle 10 of 46

CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Energy Grade Line and
Click to edit Master title style
Hydraulic Grade Line
Guidelines in plotting of EGL and HGL
10. If the HGL falls below the pipe, then the pressure head is
negative, indicating subatmospheric pressure and a potential
location of cavitation.

Source: Crowe, et al. 2009. Figure 7.12.

HGL below the pipe indicates negative

vacuum (negative gage) pressure 11 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Click Example 6-6
to edit Master title style

Water is being transferred from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 using

a 250-mm diameter, 500-m long pipe. Halfway of the pipe is a
turbine which is used to generate power from the flow. If the
flow through the pipe is 300 L/s, determine the head extracted
by the turbine and draw the EGL and HGL of the system.
Assume f = 0.020 and neglect minor losses.

12 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-6: Solution
Master title style
Water is being transferred from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 using a 250-mm diameter, 500-m long pipe. Halfway of the pipe is a
turbine which is used to generate power from the flow. If the flow through the pipe is 300 L/s, determine the head extracted by the
turbine and draw the EGL and HGL of the system. Assume f = 0.020 and neglect minor losses.

𝑄 0.3
𝑉= =𝜋 = 6.112 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 0.25 2
4
𝑉2 6.112 2
= = 1.904 𝑚
2𝑔 2 9.81
𝒉𝒕 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎
Energy equation from 1 to 2
2 2 2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
+ 𝑧1 + α1 + ℎ𝑝 = + 𝑧2 + α2 + ℎ𝑡 + ෍ ℎ𝐿
γ𝑤 2𝑔 γ𝑤 2𝑔
1
500 6.112 2
0 + 197.3 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 50 + 0 + ℎ𝑡 + 0.02
0.25 2 9.81
13 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-6: Solution
Master title style
Water is being transferred from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 using a 250-mm diameter, 500-m long pipe. Halfway of the pipe is a
turbine which is used to generate power from the flow. If the flow through the pipe is 300 L/s, determine the head extracted by the
turbine and draw the EGL and HGL of the system. Assume f = 0.020 and neglect minor losses.

250 6.11155 2
ℎ𝐿,1−3 = ℎ𝐿,4−2 = 0.02
0.25 2 9.81

ℎ𝐿,1−3 = ℎ𝐿,4−2 = 38.074 𝑚 3 4

Point 3: right
Energy grade line (EGL) points (total head) before the turbine
Point 4: right after
@1: 𝐸𝐺𝐿1 = 𝑧1 = 197.3 𝑚 the turbine
@3: 𝐸𝐺𝐿1 − ℎ𝐿,1−3 = 197.3 − 38.07 = 159.23 𝑚
@4: 𝐸𝐺𝐿3 − ℎ𝑡 = 159.23 − 71.15 = 88.07 𝑚
@2: 𝐸𝐺𝐿4 − ℎ𝐿,4−2 = 88.07 − 38.07 = 50 𝑚
14 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-6: Solution
Master title style
Water is being transferred from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 using a 250-mm diameter, 500-m long pipe. Halfway of the pipe is a
turbine which is used to generate power from the flow. If the flow through the pipe is 300 L/s, determine the head extracted by the
turbine and draw the EGL and HGL of the system. Assume f = 0.020 and neglect minor losses.

Hydraulic grade line (HGL) points

(piezometric head)
@1: 𝐻𝐺𝐿1 = 𝑧1 = 197.3 𝑚
2 5
𝑉 3 4 6
@5: 𝐻𝐺𝐿1 − = 197.3 − 1.90 = 195.40 𝑚
2𝑔
@3: 𝐻𝐺𝐿5 − ℎ𝐿,1−3 = 195.40 − 38.07 = 157. 32 𝑚 Point 5: right before
the pipe entrance
@4: 𝐻𝐺𝐿3 − ℎ𝑡 = 157.32 − 71.15 = 86.17 𝑚 Point 6: right before
the pipe exit
@6: 𝐻𝐺𝐿4 − ℎ𝐿,4−6 = 86.17 − 38.07 = 48.10 𝑚
𝑉2
@2: 𝐻𝐺𝐿6 + = 𝑧2 = 48.10 + 1.90 = 50 𝑚
2𝑔
15 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-6: Solution
Master title style
Water is being transferred from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 using a 250-mm diameter, 500-m long pipe. Halfway of the pipe is a
turbine which is used to generate power from the flow. If the flow through the pipe is 300 L/s, determine the head extracted by the
turbine and draw the EGL and HGL of the system. Assume f = 0.020 and neglect minor losses.

197.30
197.30 EGL *All values are
159.23
195.40 in meters.
HGL
157.32
88.08
86.17 50
50
5 48.10

*The EGL and HGL have

the same slopes along the 3 4
length of the pipe
6
*The difference between the EGL and HGL
in the length of the pipe is the velocity head.
16 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Click Example 6-7
to edit Master title style

A pipeline with a pump that carries a 100 L/s discharge leads to

a nozzle as shown. If both pipes are made of galvanized iron
and the fluid is water with kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6 m2/s,
determine the head of the pump. Sketch also the HGL and
EGL. Neglect minor losses.

17 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-7: Solution
Master title style
A pipeline with a pump that carries a 100 L/s discharge leads to a nozzle as shown. If both pipes are made of galvanized iron and the
fluid is water with kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6 m2/s, determine the head of the pump. Sketch also the HGL and EGL. Neglect minor
losses.

Continuity Equation at C.V.

Pipe 2
Pipe 1
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0.1 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
0.1 0.1
𝑉1 = 𝜋 = 3.930 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉2 = 𝜋 = 8.842 𝑚/𝑠
0.18 2 0.12 2
4 4
Energy equation from A to C
2 2 𝑐
𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑃𝐶 𝑉𝐶
+ 𝑧𝐴 + α𝐴 + ℎ𝑝 = + 𝑧𝐶 + α𝐶 + ℎ𝑡 + ෍ ℎ𝐿
γ𝑤 2𝑔 γ𝑤 2𝑔
𝐴
𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑝 = 10 + + ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2
2𝑔
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CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-7: Solution
Master title style
A pipeline with a pump that carries a 100 L/s discharge leads to a nozzle as shown. If both pipes are made of galvanized iron and the
fluid is water with kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6 m2/s, determine the head of the pump. Sketch also the HGL and EGL. Neglect minor
losses. 2
𝑉1 = 3.930 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉1
Pipe 1 = 0.79 𝑚
2𝑔 Pipe 1
Pipe 2

3.930 0.18 5
𝑅𝑒1 = = 7.07 𝑥 10
10−6
> 4000 Turbulent flow
ε 0.15
= = 8.33 𝑥 10−4
𝐷1 180
From the Moody diagram,
𝑓1 ≈ 0.019
200 3.9302
ℎ𝑓1 = 0.019
0.18 2 9.81
ℎ𝑓1 = 16.617 𝑚
19 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-7: Solution
Master title style
A pipeline with a pump that carries a 100 L/s discharge leads to a nozzle as shown. If both pipes are made of galvanized iron and the
fluid is water with kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6 m2/s, determine the head of the pump. Sketch also the HGL and EGL. Neglect minor
losses. 2
𝑉2
Pipe 2 𝑉2 = 8.842 𝑚/𝑠 = 3.98 𝑚
2𝑔 Pipe 1
Pipe 2

8.842 0.12 6
𝑅𝑒2 = = 1.06 𝑥 10
10−6
> 4000 Turbulent flow
ε 0.15
= = 1.25 𝑥 10−3
𝐷2 120
From the Moody diagram,
𝑓2 ≈ 0.021
300 8.8422
ℎ𝑓2 = 0.021
0.12 2 9.81
ℎ𝑓2 = 209.197 𝑚
20 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-7: Solution
Master title style
A pipeline with a pump that carries a 100 L/s discharge leads to a nozzle as shown. If both pipes are made of galvanized iron and the
fluid is water with kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6 m2/s, determine the head of the pump. Sketch also the HGL and EGL. Neglect minor
losses.

Energy equation from A to C

Pipe 2
2
8.842 Pipe 1

ℎ𝑝 = 10 + + 16.617 + 209.197
2 9.81
𝒉𝒑 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝒎
Energy grade line (EGL) points (total head)
@𝐴: 𝐸𝐺𝐿𝐴 = 𝑧𝐴 = 20 𝑚
−
@𝐵 : 𝐸𝐺𝐿𝐴 − ℎ𝑓1 = 20 − 16.62 = 3.38 𝑚
@𝐵+ : 𝐸𝐺𝐿𝐵− + ℎ𝑝 = 3.38 + 239.80 = 243. 18 𝑚
@𝐶: 𝐸𝐺𝐿𝐵+ − ℎ𝑓2 = 243.18 − 209.20 = 33.98 𝑚
21 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-7: Solution
Master title style
A pipeline with a pump that carries a 100 L/s discharge leads to a nozzle as shown. If both pipes are made of galvanized iron and the
fluid is water with kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6 m2/s, determine the head of the pump. Sketch also the HGL and EGL. Neglect minor
losses.

Hydraulic grade line (HGL) points

Pipe 2
(piezometric head) Pipe 1
D E
@𝐴: 𝐻𝐺𝐿𝐴 = 𝑧𝐴 = 20 𝑚
𝑉1 2 Point D: right before
@𝐷: 𝐻𝐺𝐿𝐴 − = 20 − 0.79 = 19.21 𝑚 the pipe 1 entrance
2𝑔
− Point E: right before
@𝐵 : 𝐻𝐺𝐿𝐷 − ℎ𝑓1 = 19.21 − 16.62 = 2.59 𝑚 the pipe 2 entrance
@𝐵+ : 𝐻𝐺𝐿𝐵− + ℎ𝑝 = 2.59 + 239.80 = 242. 39 𝑚
EGL difference due to velocity head at pipe
2 2
𝑉1 𝑉2 1 will be replaced by velocity head at pipe 2

@𝐸: 𝐻𝐺𝐿𝐵+ + − = 242.39 + 0.79 − 3.98 = 239.20 𝑚

2𝑔 2𝑔
@𝐶: 𝐸𝐺𝐿𝐸 − ℎ𝑓2 = 239.20 − 209.20 = 30 𝑚
22 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-7: Solution
Master title style
A pipeline with a pump that carries a 100 L/s discharge leads to a nozzle as shown. If both pipes are made of galvanized iron and the
fluid is water with kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6 m2/s, determine the head of the pump. Sketch also the HGL and EGL. Neglect minor
losses.
243.18
242.39
239.20 EGL HGL
*All values are in meters.

*The EGL and HGL in pipe 2

have a steeper slope than in
pipe 1 since V2 is higher 33.98
than V1.
30
20 20
3.38
19.21
2.59 *The EGL and HGL have the same
slopes along the length of each pipe.
The distance between them is the
corresponding constant velocity heads.
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ES17:
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Module
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6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Multiple
Click to editPipe System
Master title style

Multiple Pipe Systems (a)

- a system composed of two or
more pipes (e.g. (a) pipes in
series, (b) pipes in parallel, (c)
branching pipes, pipe networks) (b)

(c)

Source:httpswww.google.com.phurlsa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjc6KOB5ePPAhUJOo8KHRz-
BvkQjRwIBw&url=%2Furl%3Fsa%3Di%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%26esrc%3Ds%26source%3Dimages%26cd%3D%26cad Source: White, 1998. Figure 6.24. 24 of 46
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Module
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6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Multiple
Click to editPipe System
Master title style

Analysis of multiple pipe systems involves relationships between

Q and hf so it is efficient to express hf in terms of Q.

General expression: 𝒉𝒇 = 𝑲𝑸𝒙

where:
hf = head loss due to friction K = conveyance
Q = discharge x = constant

for Darcy – Weisbach Equation: 𝒙=𝟐

𝑳 𝑽𝟐 𝟖 𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐 𝟖 𝒇𝑳
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐 𝑲= 𝟐
𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝝅 𝒈 𝑫𝟓 𝝅 𝒈 𝑫𝟓
NOTE: In this course, we will use Darcy-Weisbach equation primarily but other friction loss formulas,
i.e. Hazen-Williams equation and Manning’s equation, are also used in engineering practice.
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Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Multiple
Click to editPipe System
Master title style

Pipes in Series
pipes that are connected end to end in continuation with
each other

Source: White, 2011. Figure 6.24a.

Continuity Equation: 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸
Energy Equation: 𝒉𝒇𝑨−𝑩 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑

Equivalent Pipe
- replacement of the given pipes in series into a single pipe that
will carry the same discharge at the same head loss 26 of 46
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Module
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6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Multiple
Click to editPipe System
Master title style

Pipes in Parallel
pipes that share the same entrance and exit node

Source: White, 2011. Figure 6.24b.

Continuity Equation: 𝑸𝑨 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑

Energy Equation: 𝒉𝒇𝑨−𝑩 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟑

27 of 46
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Module
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6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Click Example 6-8
to edit Master title style

With a velocity of 1 m/s in the 200-mm diameter pipe, determine

the discharge through each of the other pipes and the
difference in elevation between the two reservoirs, H. For
simplicity, assume f = 0.02 for all pipes.

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Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-8: Solution
Master title style
𝐵
Energy equation With a velocity of 1 m/s in the 200-mm diameter pipe, determine the
discharge through each of the other pipes and the difference in
from A to B: 𝐻 = ෍ ℎ𝐿 elevation between the two reservoirs, H. For simplicity, assume f =
0.02 for all pipes. A
𝐴
Pipe 1 datum B
Pipe 3
8 𝑓𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑄2 𝐾= 2 Pipe 4
𝜋 𝑔 𝐷5 Pipe 2
Pipe 5

Properties of each pipe:

8 𝑓𝐿1
Diameter Length Conveyance, 𝐾1 = 2
Pipe
(m) (m) K
𝜋 𝑔 𝐷1 5
1 0.2 300 1549.25 8 0.02 300
2 0.3 300 204.02 𝐾1 = 2
𝜋 9.81 0.2 5
3 0.5 300 15.86
4 0.3 600 408.03 𝐾1 = 1549.25
5 0.3 800 544.05
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ES17:
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Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-8: Solution
Master title style

Pipe 1 𝑉1 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 With a velocity of 1 m/s in the 200-mm diameter pipe, determine the
discharge through each of the other pipes and the difference in
𝜋 elevation between the two reservoirs, H. For simplicity, assume f =

𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 0.2 2 1 0.02 for all pipes. A

4 Pipe 1
Pipe 3
datum B

𝑸𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝟑/𝒔 Pipe 4

ℎ𝑓1 = 𝐾1 𝑄1 2 = 1549.25 0.03142 2 Pipe 2

Pipe 5

ℎ𝑓1 = 1.529 𝑚
Pipe 1 and pipe 2 are parallel ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2 = 1.529 𝑚
ℎ𝑓2 = 𝐾2 𝑄2 2 1.529 = 204.02 𝑄2 2 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟑/𝒔
Continuity equation at C.V. 1
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝟑/𝒔
0.031416 + 0.086572 = 𝑄3 30 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-8: Solution
Master title style
Continuity equation With a velocity of 1 m/s in the 200-mm diameter pipe, determine the
discharge through each of the other pipes and the difference in
at C.V. 2 elevation between the two reservoirs, H. For simplicity, assume f =
0.02 for all pipes. A
𝑄3 = 𝑄4 + 𝑄5 Pipe 1 datum B
Pipe 3

0.11799 = 𝑄4 + 𝑄5 𝟏 Pipe 4
Pipe 2
Pipe 5
Pipe 4 and pipe 5 are parallel
ℎ𝑓4 = ℎ𝑓5 𝐾4 𝑄4 2 = 𝐾5 𝑄5 2
408.03𝑄4 2 = 544.05𝑄5 2 𝟐
𝑸𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝟑/𝒔
Solving equations 1 and 2,
𝑸𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝟑/𝒔
408.03𝑄4 2 = 544.05 0.11799 − 𝑄4 2

31 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-8: Solution
Master title style
With a velocity of 1 m/s in the 200-mm diameter pipe, determine the
Pipes 1 or 2 are in series discharge through each of the other pipes and the difference in
with pipe 3 and pipes 4 or 5 elevation between the two reservoirs, H. For simplicity, assume f =
0.02 for all pipes. A

𝐵 Pipe 1 datum B
Pipe 3

𝐻 = ෍ ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝑓1𝑜𝑟2 + ℎ𝑓3 + ℎ𝑓4𝑜𝑟5 Pipe 4

Pipe 2
𝐴 Pipe 5

𝐻 = 𝐾1 𝑄1 2 + 𝐾3 𝑄3 2 + 𝐾4 𝑄4 2

𝐻 = 1549.25 0.03142 2 + 15.86 0.11799 2 +

408.03 0.06323 2
𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟏 𝒎

32 of 46
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ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Multiple
Click to editPipe System
Master title style

Branching Pipes
Composed of 3 or more reservoirs
supplying or receiving water through
pipes connected at a point called the
junction, J
Source: Alejandrino, 1989.

The simplest branching pipe problem is a 3-reservoir system. Its

solution can be extended to n-reservoir problems, but it will be
more tedious.
Continuity equation is always satisfied at the junction:
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 OR 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 (𝟏)
depending on the flow on the second pipe 33 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Multiple
Click to editPipe System
Master title style

Branching Pipes
Energy equation (neglecting minor
losses):
Surface of Reservoir 1 to Junction:
𝒛𝟏 = 𝑯𝑱 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏 (𝟐) Source: Alejandrino, 1989.

Junction to surface of Reservoir 3: 𝑯𝑱 = 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑 (𝟑)

Junction to OR from surface of Reservoir 2:

𝒛𝟐 = 𝑯𝑱 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 OR 𝑯𝑱 = 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 (𝟒)
depending on the flow on the second pipe
Here, HJ is the total head at the junction and 𝒉𝒇𝒊 = 𝑲𝒊 𝑸𝒊 𝟐
34 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Multiple
Click to editPipe System
Master title style

Branching Pipes
General flow of solution:
• Assume an initial head at the
junction (e.g. surface elevation
of middle reservoir) Source: Alejandrino, 1989.

• Solve for the flow rates on each pipe (e.g. Q2 = 0 if HJ = z2)

• Substitute the calculated flow rates to the continuity equation
at junction and determine the flow direction of Q2
• An iterative solution may be done by choosing an appropriate
junction head until the continuity equation is satisfied
• Alternatively, the system of non-linear equations from the
energy equations and continuity equation may be solved 35 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Click Example 6-9
to edit Master title style

Determine the discharge through each pipe. The properties of

each pipe are shown in the table below. The fluid is water with
kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s and the elevation of the water
surfaces are z1 = 100 m, z2 = 40 m, z3 = 20 m.

36 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-9: Solution
Master title style
Determine the discharge through each pipe. The properties
Assume an initial head at the of each pipe are shown in the table below. The fluid is water
with kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s and the elevation of the
junction equal to the elevation of water surfaces are z1 = 100 m, z2 = 40 m, z3 = 20 m.

the middle reservoir, HJ = 40 m.

𝒛𝟏 = 𝑯𝑱 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏 ℎ𝑓1 = 100 − 40 = 60 𝑚

Solve for Q1 which is a type 2 pipe problem

refer to slide 50 of week
11 resource presentation
𝑔𝐷5 ℎ𝐿 𝜖 Τ𝐷 1.78𝜈
𝑄 = −2.22 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝐿 3.7 𝑔𝐷3 ℎ𝐿 Τ𝐿
𝑯𝑱 = 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 ℎ𝑓2 = 𝑄2 = 𝑉2 = 0 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑯𝑱 = 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑 ℎ𝑓3 = 40 − 20 = 20 𝑚 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
Solve for Q3 which is a type 2 simple pipe problem 37 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-9: Solution
Master title style
Determine the discharge through each pipe. The properties
Continuity equation at the junction of each pipe are shown in the table below. The fluid is water
with kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s and the elevation of the
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄1 water surfaces are z1 = 100 m, z2 = 40 m, z3 = 20 m.

෍ 𝑸𝒊𝒏 = ෍ 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄3
𝑚3 𝑚3
Since 𝑄1 = 0.01249 𝑠
< 𝑄3 = 0.01724
𝑠
,
Q2 must be an inflow. 𝑯𝑱 < 𝒛𝟐
𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑯𝑱 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐
HJ = 30 m
Iterative solution: Pipe hf (m) Q (m3/s)
Assume values of HJ between 1 70 0. 03145
z2 and z3 (e.g. HJ = 30 m) 2 10 0.00886
3 10 - 0.01214
σ𝑄 = 0 0.00357 38 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-9: Solution
Master title style
Determine the discharge through each pipe. The properties
Since in the last iteration, the of each pipe are shown in the table below. The fluid is water
with kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s and the elevation of the
inflows exceed the outflow water surfaces are z1 = 100 m, z2 = 40 m, z3 = 20 m.

(σ 𝑄 > 0), increase HJ to say 35 m.

Pipe hf (m) Q (m3/s)
In this iteration, the σ 𝑄 becomes
1 65 0.03030
negative which means the value of
2 5 0.00626
HJ that will make σ 𝑄 = 0 is
3 15 - 0.02745
between 30 m and 35 m.
σ𝑄 = 0 - 0.00035

Using linear interpolation to approximate this value of HJ,

30 − 35 30 − 𝐻𝐽
= 𝑯𝑱 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎
0.00357 − (−0.00035) 0.00357 − 0
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CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-9: Solution
Master title style
Determine the discharge through each pipe. The properties
Check if HJ = 34.55 m, of each pipe are shown in the table below. The fluid is water
with kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s and the elevation of the
water surfaces are z1 = 100 m, z2 = 40 m, z3 = 20 m.
Pipe hf (m) Q (m3/s)
1 65.45 0.01305 The error σ 𝑄 is already negligible
2 5.45 0.00162 so we can accept the value of HJ =
3 14.55 - 0.01468 34.55 m.
σ𝑄 = 0 - 0.00001

Therefore, the flow rates are

𝑸𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝟑/𝒔 to the junction
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝒎𝟑/𝒔 to the junction
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟑/𝒔 from the junction

40 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Example
Click to edit6-9: Solution
Master title style
Determine the discharge through each pipe. The properties
Alternative solution by solving the of each pipe are shown in the table below. The fluid is water
with kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s and the elevation of the
system of non-linear equations water surfaces are z1 = 100 m, z2 = 40 m, z3 = 20 m.

𝟖 𝒇𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑸𝟏 𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝑯𝑱 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏 𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝟐
𝝅 𝒈 𝑫𝟏 𝟓
𝟒𝟎 = 𝑯𝑱 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐
𝟖 𝒇𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑸𝟐 𝟐
𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝟐
𝑯𝑱 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑 𝝅 𝒈 𝑫𝟐 𝟓
10 Unknowns: f1, f2, f3,
𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 𝟖 𝒇𝟑 𝑳𝟑 𝑸𝟑 𝟐
𝒉𝒇𝟑 = 𝟐 𝟓
hf1, hf2, hf3, Q1, Q2, Q3, HJ
𝝅 𝒈 𝑫𝟐
𝒇𝟏 = 𝑭(𝑸𝟏 ) 10 equations. SOLVABLE!
𝒇𝟑 = 𝑭(𝑸𝟑 )
𝒇𝟐 = 𝑭(𝑸𝟐 ) The relative roughness is given on each pipe, so the friction
factor is only a function of Re which is a function of V or Q 41 of 46

CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Practice
Click to editProblem
Master title6-3
style

Determine the elevation of the water surface in the reservoir

such that the turbine will generate 200 kW of power at 80%
efficiency. The discharge on the coarse concrete pipes (ε = 0.25
mm) is 1 cms. Sketch the EGL and HGL of the system. Use
viscosity of water, ν = 1 x 10-6 m2/s and neglect minor losses.

42 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Practice
Click to editProblem
Master title6-3
style
Determine the elevation of the water surface in the reservoir such that the turbine will generate 200 kW of power at 80% efficiency.
The discharge on the coarse concrete pipes (ε = 0.25 mm) is 1 cms. Sketch the EGL and HGL of the system. Use viscosity of water,
ν = 1 x 10-6 m2/s and neglect minor losses.

108.76
108.76 z1 = 108.76 m
98.56
EGL

76.46
HGL
66.26

50.98
*All values are in meters. 50.34 50.64

*NOT drawn to scale

40.78 50

43 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Practice
Click to editProblem
Master title6-4
style

The head loss from A to E is 15 meters. Find the discharge in

each pipe. For simplicity, assume f = 0.02 for all pipes and
neglect minor losses.

Q1 = 0.6773 m3/s, Q2 = 0.4106 m3/s, Q3 = 0.2667 m3/s

Q4 = 0.2667 m3/s, Q5 = 0.6773 m3/s
44 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
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Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Practice
Click to editProblem
Master title6-5
style

Determine the flow rates in all pipes in the branching pipe

system shown. For simplicity, assume f = 0.025 for all pipes and
neglect minor losses. Hint: Iterative solution is not necessary.

Q1 = 3.588 m3/s, Q2 = 0.737 m3/s, Q3 = 4.325 m3/s

45 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
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Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)
 Click References
to edit Master title style

• Alejandrino, A.A., Lecture Notes in Fluid Mechanics, National Hydraulic

Research Center, 1989
- Chapter 7, Closed Conduit Flow
• Cengel, Y.A., and Cimbala, J.M., Fluid Mechanics: fundamentals and
applications, 1st ed., McGraw-Hill International, 2006
- Chapter 8, Flow in Pipes
• Crowe, C.T., et al., Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed., John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2009
- Chapter 10, Flow in Conduits
• Streeter, V.L., et al., Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill International,
1998
- Chapter 10, Closed-conduit flow
• White, F.M. Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill International, 2011
- Chapter 6, Viscous Flow in Ducts
46 of 46
CE
ES17:
15:Fluid
Mechanics
Mechanics
of Fluids Module
Module
4: Dimensional
6: Closed Conduit
Analysis
Flow
and(Part
Similitude
2 of 2)