CPT-350 15 Pipeline

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Pipeline systems modeling and data reconciliation by RECON
Technical Report · December 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3943.7047
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Report CPT- 350-15
Date of issue: 15.12.2015
This report has 70 pages.
Pipeline systems modeling and data

reconciliation by RECON
Authors: Miloslav Hošťálek

František Madron
Ústí nad Labem July 2015

ChemPlant Technology s.r.o. Tel.: +420 474 527 221
Vinařská 1015/4
400 01 Ústí nad Labem E-mail: support@chemplant.cz
This report is the internal report of ChemPlant Technology, s.r.o. It is not
allowed to pass this report to any third party without a written permission
of ChemPlant Technology, s.r.o.
i
Index
SUMMARY 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. PIPELINE FLOW MODELING 3
2.1. General considerations 3
2.2. Flow of liquids 4
2.3. Flow of gases 8
2.4. Complex pipeline systems with loops 11
2.5. Physical properties 11
3. CONFIGURATION OF PIPELINE HYDRAULICS IN RECON 14
4. EXAMPLES OF PIPELINE MODELS 20
4.1. A gravitational flow 20
4.2. Pumping water 25
4.3. Local losses 27
4.4. Hydraulic network 28
4.5. Crude oil pipelines in series 32
4.6. Simple gas pipeline 36
4.7. Natural gas gathering system 41
4.8. Natural gas transportation and distribution system 46
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 49
LITERATURE CITED 51
APPENDIX 1: DATA AND RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE H-7 (SECTION 4.7) 53
APPENDIX 2: DATA AND RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE H-8 (SECTION 4.8) 62
i
Summary
1. Theory of flow in pipelines is treated in Chapter 2. Problems solved are limited
to isothermal single phase flow of liquids and gases at a stationary state.
Described are passive elements (pipes, fittings) and active elements (pumps
and compressors). Special attention is paid to modeling long gas pipelines
with significant pressure and density profile. Discussed are also models of
physical properties of liquids and gases.
2. Chapter 3 describes configuration of hydraulic tasks in RECON. Configuration
panels in RECON enable one to model complex pipeline systems with passive
and active elements. Density and viscosity of fluids are configured with the aid
of physical properties bank included in RECON.
3. Chapter 4 contains 8 solved examples of liquid and gas pipelines, from simple
pipes to systems of industrial size.
4. Discussion is presented in Chapter 5 with the following main conclusions:
 RECON is capable of modeling pipeline hydraulics of industrial systems.
Calculation is very fast and can be a part of on-line monitoring systems
 Application of hydraulic modeling in Data Reconciliation and Validation is
not without problems stemming from the approximate character of
hydraulic models.
1
1. Introduction
Flow of fluids in pipes plays important role in many important areas of industry and
public life, like
 Transportation of crude oil and other chemicals
 Collection, transportation and distribution of gases (natural gas, fuel gases,
inert gases, air, …)
 Water transportation and distribution
 Flow of air in air conditioning systems
 Flow of fluids inside industrial plants (transport between process units, steam
flow in steam cycles of power plants, etc.).
In practice, the case of interest for us is conveying a fluid through a pipe of constant
cross-section between two points characterized by pressure and height. In practice
we meet two characteristic cases of transport of fluids – transport of liquids (water,
crude oil, etc.) and transport of gases (air, natural gas, etc.). Even if the general
differential model of the flow is the same for both cases, the integral models may
differ in simplifications, which are used. Liquids are usually supposed to be
incompressible, which does not hold for gases. The influence of temperature is
usually simplified by averaging of temperatures along a pipeline (imagine complexity
of a temperature profile in a pipeline depending on energy dissipated by friction, gas
expansion and heat fluxes caused by temperature differences between a fluid in a
pipeline and the environment). In the following we will concentrate on isothermal flow
in pipeline systems, often acceptable for example in transportation of water, oil and
natural gas.
The purpose of this report is to describe modeling and Data Reconciliation and
Validation (DRV) of flow in pipes with the aid of program RECON. The RECON itself
was primarily designed for mass and energy balancing. For pipeline hydraulics
modeling it was needed to add models of relations between flow parameters and
pressure changes in pipeline elements (pressure drops in pipes and other passive
elements) or pressure rise in active elements like pumps or compressors. The final
target is to use such models for modeling and monitoring of existing industrial
systems on the basis of real plant data. In this way a raw measured data can be
enhanced significantly by data reconciliation and by on-line identification of
unmeasured variables and model parameters. Some extraordinary phenomena can
be revealed (gross measurement errors, equipment malfunction, leaks, etc.).
There exists a very vast literature on modeling flow in pipes which is targeted mostly
at design, analysis and simulation of pipeline systems. See for example monographs
[1,2,3]. A good bridge between pipeline modeling and DRV can be monographs [4,5].
There exist also monographs on DRV [6 – 11] and a free literature on the Internet
[12]. Basic information about RECON and its use is also available on the internet
[13,14]. There are also few papers about DRV directly applied to pipeline systems
[15,16].
2
2. Pipeline flow modeling
2.1. General considerations
In physics, the momentum is defined as product of mass and its velocity vector. In
problems of fluid flow in a pipeline, the momentum balance means the mathematical
model of how the kinetic, potential and pressure energies are interrelated and how
they are dissipated due to friction.
The overall rigorous model of flow in pipelines generally consists of three
conservation laws:
 conservation of mass called the continuity equation
 conservation of energy
 conservation of momentum.
Any mathematical model in practice has to be simplified. In cases considered below,
we are admitting the following simplifications.
i) We will not consider transient situations. We thus regard the process as stationary.
ii) We will limit ourselves to situations not far from the so-called single phase flow (we
will allow for example a steam which is a little bit wet (contains small amount of
tiny water droplets) or a crude oil containing small amount of water and solid
particles (say up to 1 %)
iii) Even then, the momentum balance needs at least temperature as variable in
calculating fluid properties. The simplest hypothesis is assessing a priori the
temperature as some average value.
A rigorous detailed balance is quite complicated. It will be given only in simplified
form obtained by integrating the general differential balances for the conservation of
mass and momentum (product of density and flow velocity vector at a given point);
the integration is over the points of a given region in three-dimensional space.
We consider stationary streaming in a segment of circular tube with diameter D (m),
cross section
D 2
S = (m2) and length L (m) . (2-1)
4
Note: in the case of rectangular ducts (typical for air conditioning systems) we can use the so-called
equivalent diameter (diameter of a circular tube with the same cross section as a rectangular duct).
A pipeline need not be horizontal; it generally comprises ascending (or descending)

parts according to the scheme
h2 D
or in a detail x
x
h1 h
Fig. 2-1: A pipeline segment
3
Here, x is the general coordinate on the tube axis and h is the (variable) height
above the chosen zero level.
The pressure P (Pa) changes along the coordinate x. The fluid density  (kg/m3) is
in our case a function of temperature and pressure. Temperature T will be considered
constant (independent of x). In the case of a temperature light variability, the
temperature is supposed to be the average of temperatures at both ends of the
pipeline. A pressure profile along x is not known. In general, the pressure profile can
be calculated by an integration of differential equations describing the system. In
practice, we can suppose that there exists some “mean” value of pressure which can
be used in calculations. The final target is to calculate the pressure drop across the
pipe length.
Under all the simplifying hypotheses introduced we then have independent variable x,
and dependent variable P as itself and implicitly density (given T); the slope dh/dx is
also considered known.
One of primary difficulty in modeling such system is the variability of physical
properties along the pipe length. The density can be variable as pressure changes
along the pipe. There are two influences – pressure drop along the pipe in a flow
direction and a pressure change (positive or negative) due to the hydrostatic
pressure change according a pipe slope. The another influence is the friction in a
pipe depending on the Reynolds number which is also a function of density and
viscosity.
While for liquids at isothermal conditions density and viscosity (at pressures typical
for pipeline systems) does not depend on pressure significantly, the opposite holds
for gases. This is a reason why modeling of pipeline flows of liquids and gases differs
significantly and they are in the literature usually treated separately.
2.2. Flow of liquids

Let’s imagine the following system for transporting an incompressible liquid. There
are two reservoirs (tanks) of different geodetic level h1 and h2, which are connected
by a pipeline equipped with a pump. We will further suppose that:
 the system is at steady state
 the temperature of a liquid (and also its density and viscosity) is constant
throughout the pipeline
 cross-section of the pipeline is constant.
Under such circumstances also velocities of liquid at the inlet and outlet are the
same.
balancing envelope
p2
mechanical h2
work
v
p1
h1
Fig. 2-1: A simple pipeline system
4
The engineering model of such system is described by a well known generalized
Bernoulli equation
2 2
p p
gh1  1  v21  ghw  gh2  2  v22  ghloss (2-2)
which represents the balance of a mechanical energy of a unit mass of a liquid.

Here
ghi stands for the potential energy
pi
pressure energy ( represents density)

2
vi kinetic energy (v being the velocity)
2
ghw work exerted on a unit mass of a liquid in a pump. Here hw represents a work
head – a notion popular in hydraulic calculations
ghloss mechanical energy dissipated due to a friction in flowing liquid, expressed with
the aid of so-called loss head hloss.
In other words, in our simple system a work exerted in a pump is transformed into
higher potential energy of a liquid in the upper reservoir and partially dissipates as a
heat to the environment. If the reservoirs are opened to the atmosphere, there is
almost no change in pressure energy.
Model (2-2) can be modified to the more frequent form
2 2
p1 v 1 p
h1     2  v2   (2-3)
g 2g h2 g 2g hw hloss
which has dimension of length, saying that the sum of elevation, pressure and
velocity heads at the inlet equals their sum at the outlet minus the work head plus the
loss head.
Any detailed calculation of such system requires definition of:
 parameters of 2 nodes located at the input and output of a pipeline (pressures
and elevations)
 operational characteristic of a pump (typical operational characteristic of a pump
is a dependence of a work head on flow through a pump, usually provided by
pump vendors)
 model of a loss head (friction) in a pipeline.
Modeling of a pressure drop due to a friction belongs to very well developed part of
engineering science. A frequently used solution is based on the Darcy – Weisbach
equation [1]:
2
L v (2-4)
hloss  f D 2g
where
5
f means so-called friction factor
L length of a pipeline
D internal diameter of a pipeline
v velocity.
The friction factor is a function of two variables:
Reynolds number Re = vD/ where  is a dynamic viscosity
and
so-called relative sand-grain roughness factor e/D (where e is the pipe roughness).
Values of e are tabulated for different pipeline materials (see Table 2-1) or can be
identified from experimental data.
Table 2-1: Pipe roughnesses [1]

Material e [mm]
Riveted steel 0.9 – 9.0
Concrete 0.3 – 3.0
Cast iron 0.26
Galvanized iron 0.15
Asphalted cast iron 0.12
Commercial or welded steel 0.045
PVC, drawn tubing, glass 0.0015
Note: There exist other equations of the Eq. (2-4) type, see for example [1, 2, 17]. We agree with [1]
that the Darcy-Weisbach form is the most sound and versatile equation for frictional head loss in a
pipe and we will use it further in this report (it is also the only model implemented in RECON).
The further solution is based on a well known Moody’s diagram for the friction
coefficient which can be found elsewhere [1,2]. A numerical calculation of a friction
factor depends on the type of flow characterized by a value of the Reynolds number.
For laminar flow (up to Re = 2300)
f = 64/Re (2-5)
For turbulent flow (Re > 4000) is recommended so-called Colebrook – White
equation which is implicit in f.
1 e 9.35 
 1.14  2 log 10    (2-6)
D 
f  Re f 
In the interval of 2300 < Re < 4000 is an unstable region where the turbulence is not
fully developed (the flow can be laminar or turbulent). From numerical point of view in
this interval models (2-5) and (2-6) are in RECON joined together to form a smooth
transitional curve [22]. In practice, the flow is usually fully turbulent and the model (2-
6) is used.
Until now we have solved a problem of flow in a simple pipe of a constant diameter.
In practice we meet complex systems composed of pipes of changing cross sections
equipped with valves, elbows and other appurtenances. Such items cause disruption
6
of the flow manifested by additional pressure losses. We speak about so-called local
losses.
Sometimes local losses can be neglected, especially in the case of long pipelines,
but generally they should be included in the model. Usually a pressure loss is related
to the square of the flow velocity and the function must be found empirically. There
exist two approaches to solving this problem.
Local losses hL can be computed from the equation
2
v (2-7)
hL  K L 2g
where KL is the loss coefficient. Values of KL can be found in specialized literature,

for example in [1]. Some KL values are presented in Table 2-2. Local loss can be
caused also by an abrupt contraction or enlargement of the pipeline. Special cases of
these situations are a pipe entrance to a reservoir and outflow from a reservoir. See
literature [1] for details.
Table 2-2: Some loss coefficients

Fitting KL
Globe valve, fully open 10
Short radius (standard)elbow, 90 o 0.9
Elbow, 120 o 0.55
Elbow, 150 o 0.2
Bend 90 o r=3D 0.14
Pipe entrance, square edged 0.5
Pipe outflow 1
Local loss can be also solved by the equivalent length concept. Here it is supposed
that a fitting causes the same pressure drop as a certain length of a straight pipe Le.
2
Le v (2-8)
hL  f D 2g
These equivalent lengths of fittings are also tabulated, usually as multiples of a pipe
diameter. Even if this solution is very comfortable (user needs just to add equivalent
lengths of all fittings to a length of a pipeline), this solution has one drawback. While
KL is supposed to be relatively constant for a given fitting type, the equivalent length
depends on a pipe diameter. So, if we prefer this approach, it is better to calculate
the equivalent length from the following equation, which results from comparison of
Equations (2-7) and (2-8):
KLD (2-9)
Le  f
To summarize the problem of local losses: In Equation (2-2) the loss head hloss
represents a loss head of the straight pipeline plus all local losses.
7
A model of momentum balance of a pipeline flow (2-4) consists of one equation
between pressures p1 and p2 and the velocity v. If these variables are all measured,
this is just sufficient for the identification of the roughness e. After that it is possible to
use this roughness as a constant of the model. The question is, whether the
roughness can be considered constant (consider corrosion, fouling of the pipeline
etc.). In the latter case the model of momentum conservation has no longer absolute
validity, but it can be used for the detection of changes that occur in the course of
time in any system. The justification of applying the momentum equation to the data
validation can be disputable and requires always a detailed analysis.
In the Equation (2-3) is also the work head hw. representing the work exerted by a
pump (in a similar way could be treated a turbine exhausting energy from this
system). The behavior of a pump is described by its characteristics, which is an
equation between a pumped volume and a pressure difference p or a pressure
head hw. Such characteristics are provided by pump vendors, usually as a graph,
which can be transformed to a polynomial function:
p = a + bQ + cQ2 + ….. (2-10)

or
hw = a’ + b’Q + c’Q2 + ….. (2-11)
where Q is a flow-rate,
a, b, and c are empirical parameters.
2.3. Flow of gases

In the previous section we have solved a problem of isothermal flow of liquids. Under
such assumption physical properties (density and viscosity) are supposed to be
constant, which significantly simplifies the solution (the integration of model equation
along a pipeline). In the next we will concentrate on a gas flow in pipelines where
significant changes of density, viscosity and velocity along a pipeline can be
observed. Reasons for a gas expansion (pressure drop) can be a friction during a
gas flow. But there can be also a pressure drop/pressure increase due to a pipe
slope.
Practical solution (integration of model equation along a pipeline) requires
acceptance of several simplifying assumptions. Numerous flow equations among
basic variables (input and output pressure and the flow) were developed, based on
different simplifying assumptions. Reader can consult for example monograph [2].
Further on we will limit ourselves to isothermal flow as in the previous case of liquid
systems and we will try to overcome the problem of variable pressure along a
pipeline.
Important is that all model equations (for example (2-2)) hold for very short
(infinitesimal) length of a pipe, where all physical properties of gas are supposed to
be almost constant. In practice, models for incompressible liquids can be applied also
to gases if the overall pressure drop is less than several per cents of the input
pressure (in practice, the relative pressure drop (p1 – p2)/p1 in gas pipelines is usually
less than 30 %). Physical properties of a gas are then calculated for an average
pressure.
As concerns a pressure profile, important is some mean pressure in a pipeline (a
mean pressure is important not only for flow calculations but also for estimating
8
pipeline’s holdup sometimes called a Iinepack). In monographs on a pipeline flow
[2,3] is developed a model based on the integration of the flow equation based on
several simplifying assumptions. It was shown there that the best approximation of
the pressure in a pipeline is so-called integral median value of pressure pmean defined
by the following equation
 2    p1 p2  (2-12)
pmean 3  p1 p2
 p1  p2 
where
p1 and p2 are input and output pressures of a pipeline.
Important is that a problem of variable physical properties due to the pressure
variability along a pipeline can be avoided quite easily. A gas pipeline is a typical
systems with distributed parameters (density, viscosity and other variables are
variable along a pipe). A classical chemical engineering method for solving such
systems is a lumping such systems into smaller parts with acceptably “constant”
parameters.
A pipeline can be separated into several segments with acceptable (small) values of
pressure drops or elevations. Such solution is sometimes denoted as a “lumped
element model”. In the individual segments a medium pressure can be calculated via
Eq. (2-12). Of course, in this solution pressures inside a pipeline are unknown and
must be calculated from the model. But RECON, which is based on solution of
implicit systems of equations, makes such solution easy.
4 5
6
7
3
1 2
Fig. 2-2: Example of splitting a pipeline into 7 segments
Pressures inside a pipeline are treated as unmeasured variables which are obtained
as results of a model solving. The equation for a pressure drop in an individual pipe
part is just sufficient for calculating the unknown pressure at the end of this pipe
segment. This method thus does not change redundancy of the whole system. In this
way the calculation is approaching to specialized advanced programs which
numerically integrate differential model equations along a pipeline.It is also possible
to incorporate in the model a variable temperature along the pipeline, if such
information is available. This solution will be demonstrated by an example in the
Section 4.6.
The equation for a pressure drop in a gas pipeline (compare with Eq. (4-2)) for a low
pressure gas is
𝑓𝜌𝑣 2 𝐿
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = + 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ (2-13)
2𝐷
9
For a medium and high pressure the following equation is used [3]:
𝑓𝑧R𝑇𝑀2 𝐿
𝑃12 − 𝑃22 = (2-14)
𝐷𝑆 2
where
z compressibility factor [1]
R gas constant [m2s-2K-1]
T temperature [K]
M mass flowrate [kg s-1]
S cross section [m2]
Equation (2-14) holds for horizontal pipelines. For an inclined section there is the
assumption of constant slope, see the next figure
L
h
∆h
h x
D
Fig. 2-3: Schematics of an inclined pipeline section
The Eq. (2-14) has then a form
𝑓𝑧R𝑇𝑀2 𝐿 𝑒 ∝ −1
𝑃12 − 𝑒 ∝ 𝑃22 = . (2-15)
𝐷𝑆 2 ∝
where
2𝑔 ℎ
α = (2-16)
𝑧𝑅𝑇
To close this section it should be noted that monographs about pipeline hydraulics
are targeted at design of new systems or to revamps of existing systems. Here the
absolute accuracy of results is crucial. In the case of monitoring existing systems the
situation is a little bit different. In the beginning, a pipe roughness (a major
“unknown”) can be identified from measured data under standard (nominal)
conditions. This approach “absorbs” also minor model uncertainties as a pipeline
inner diameter, length or a fluid’s physical properties (a pipe roughness is classified
as unknown variable). After a model is tuned in this way it can be used with
confidence in some reasonable neighborhood of these standard conditions (a pipe
roughness is then reclassified as measured variable with some reasonable
uncertainty).
10
2.4. Complex pipeline systems with loops
In practice we frequently meet complex pipeline systems where pipelines are
connected in junctions called nodes. Such networks can be classified as branched
and looped
a) b)
Fig. 2-3: Branched (a) and looped (b) network
Here the circles represent nodes and the arrows represent pipelines. Let’s note that
the simplest looped network are two parallel pipes connected at their ends.
Flows in such networks are driven by difference of pressures and elevations between
the couples of nodes belonging to the individual pipelines. Let’s suppose that we
already have models of flow for all pipelines (systems of equation among pressures,
flow and other variables) which we call flow equations.
The model is formed by two sets of so-called Kirkhoff’s equations (developed
originally for electric circuits), see also the monograph [4]:
1. The 1st Kirchhoff’s law which is nothing more than the mass balance around the
individual nodes (the continuity equation)
2. The 2nd Kirchhoff’s law saying that the algebraic sum of pressure drops in every
loop is zero.
For details see the specialized literature [4]. In special books about pipeline networks
a lot of attention is paid to methods of solution of Kirkhoff’s equations (solvability,
system sparsity, convergence, etc.). All these problems are already treated inside
RECON’s solver. Also the 1st Kirchhoff’s law is already included in RECON. What
remains to be done is modeling pressure drops/gains between individual nodes. This
will be a subject of the next chapter.
It should be noted here that in practice it is frequently not needed to create a
complete hydraulic model of a system. Let’s imagine a steam system in a power
plant. There can be only several places where modeling of pressure drops is
interesting while the rest of a model will cover a mass and energy balance only. In
this way it can be reasonable to create “hybrid” mass, energy and momentum
balance models.
2.5. Physical properties

There are two physical variables playing role in hydraulic calculation: density and
viscosity. In RECON there are in general two possibilities:
1. To model these variables by simple user- defined empirical functions
(polynomials)
2. To use general models of physical properties available in RECON
11
As media in industrial environment are frequently complex mixtures under a broad
range of temperatures and pressures, the second option is recommended and will be
demonstrated further in this report.
The panel for a physical model selection is
Details of methods:
Properties of water and steam according to IAPWS IF-97
1. H2O(P,X) – for equilibrium (saturated) steam-water mixture at pressure P and
wetness X
2. H2O(T,X) – for equilibrium (saturated) steam-water mixture at temperature T and
wetness X
3. H2O(T,P) – for water or steam defined by temperature and pressure. The
program itself finds if one deals with liquid or steam
4. H2OL(T,P) – for liquid water defined by temperature and pressure. If temperature
and pressure don't correspond to the liquid phase, the nearest values of the
variables corresponding to liquid phase are chosen
5. H2OV(T,P) – for water vapor defined by temperature and pressure. If temperature
and pressure don't correspond to the vapor phase, the nearest values of the
variables corresponding to vapor phase are chosen.
PF-C(T,P) – Petroleum fraction, compressed liquid

The density of compressed liquid is predicted by API Procedure 6A3.5 (atmospheric
pressure) and API Procedure 6A3.10 (effect of high pressure).
The viscosity of liquid is predicted the same way as in the method for saturated liquid.
The pressure effect on high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and mixtures of
hydrocarbons of undefined composition is then estimated by API Procedure 11A5.5.
This method should not be applied for pressures greater than about 138 MPa (20 000
psia).
SRK/API(T,P) – Common gas
The density of common gas mixture is calculated by the Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS.
This cubic EOS requires only the knowledge of critical properties of the gas
components.
The viscosity of mixture is calculated by API Procedure 6B2.2.
12
NG(T,P) – Natural gas
This method can be used if the stream has a composition similar to natural gas.
The gas density is calculated by means of modified Hall-Yarborough equation of
state, which represents the z-factor of the Standing-Katz chart. Although the method
is not intended to predict the z-factor along the critical isotherm, it compares well to
equations that attempts to predict the critical behavior.
The gas viscosity is determined by Lee-Gonzales-Eakin correlation, which can be
used in range of pressure between 0.7 MPa to 55 MPa (100 psia and 8 000 psia) and
temperature of 38 C to 171 C (100 F to 340 F).
In the following examples we will use the following models:

H2OL(T,P) for liquid water (model IAPWS IF-97)
PF-C(T,P) for crude oil
SRK/API(T,P) for natural gas the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state for
density and the API method for viscosity.
13
3. Configuration of pipeline hydraulics in RECON
A basic question in this chapter can be stated as: How can be a hydraulic model
defined /configured in RECON, which was originally designed as a mass and energy
balancing program?
Let’s start with the already presented scheme:
balancing envelope
p2
mechanical h2
work
v
p1
h1
Fig. 3.1: A pipeline system

This is a system pumping water between two reservoirs which are opened to the
atmosphere. The level of water in reservoirs is constant and the effect of atmospheric
pressure is negligible. The system parameters are as follows:
Medium: water, t = 15 oC
Lower reservoir outlet level: 410 m
Lower reservoir water outlet pressure: 20 kPag
Upper reservoir level: 434 m
Upper reservoir water inlet pressure 0 kPag
Pipeline length (pump inlet): 20 m
Pipeline length (pump outlet): 1808 m
Pipeline inner diameter 0.46 m
Roughness of the pipe 0.38 mm  10 %
This means that the lower reservoir outlet is placed about 2 m below the reservoir
surface (20 kPag of static pressure) and the upper reservoir inlet is at the
atmospheric pressure.
The operational characteristics of the pump is described by Eq. (3-1)
P = 0.389 + 18.697 Q - 0.04639 Q2 [kPa; kg s-1] (3-1)
After definition of pressures
and a temperature,
14
also a roughness must be configured in a special panel:
Then we can go on with configuration of nodes. The final flowsheet should look like
this one:
Fig. 3.2: A pipeline flowsheet in RECON
In this flowsheet
 green color means that streams are hydraulic. Streams’ parameters contain
information about pipes’ length, diameter, etc. The stream OUTLET contains
also information about pumps’ operational characteristics.
 streams are dash-dotted which means that their flows are unmeasured
 nodes RESERVOIR1 and RESERVOIR2 are colorless which means that no
mass balance is set up around them. These nodes serves for definition of
pressures and levels at the system’s balancing envelope.
 stream INLET represents piping between RESERVOIR1 and the pump
 pressure of the PUMP node is not known and should be calculated. It is a
pressure at the Pump inlet (pressure of the RESERVOIR1 minus the pressure
drop between the RESERVOIR1 and the pump inlet).
Next are the configuration panels of nodes:
15
Note that all nodes are set as “Hydraulic node”, ”Balancing” is active only at the
PUMP node as the mass balance is not set up around the RESERVOIR1 node. The
pressure P1 at the RESERVOIR1 is a water outlet pressure and PPUMP pressure is
the inlet pressure of the pump.
In the next Fig. 3.3 is the stream OUTLET configuration panel:
Fig. 3.3: Stream OUTLET configuration panel
Note the definition of the stream’s sort as of a hydraulic type, Pipe and Pump
characteristics and the configuration of the physical properties modeling. Also note
that it is possible to place more than one pump in a parallel position.
The right bottom part of the panel concerns configuration of physical properties’
models. In this case we will use the model H2OL(T,P) described in the Section 2.5.
The other possibility was to use separate user defined models for density and
viscosity. Note that the component water must be linked to the database of physical
properties (in the column Chemical name – this will guarantee proper modeling of
density and viscosity):
16
The panel of the INLET streams differs from Fig. 3.3 only in the Length of the pipe
and all cells in the Pump characteristics contain zeros.
Here is the INPUT DATA file of this example created in menu Flowshet – Data review
- Brief:
Input data
Task: H-2 (Pumping water, 1 pump)
Number of nodes 3
Number of hydraulic nodes 3
Number of streams 2
Number of hydraulic streams 2
Number of components 1
Number of temperatures 1
Number of pressures 3
Number of roughnesses 1
C O M P O N E N T S
ID Description Chemical name

-------------------------------------------------------
WATER liquid water Water
N O D E S
ID Description Remark
------------------------------------------------
ENVIRON Environment unbalanced
PUMP pump hydraulic
RESERVOIR1 reservoir 2 unbalanced,hydraulic
RESERVOIR2 reservoir 2 unbalanced,hydraulic
H Y D R A U L I C N O D E S [M]
ID Geodesic height Node pres.

---------------------------------------
PUMP 410.00 PUMP
RESERVOIR1 410.00 P1
RESERVOIR2 434.00 ATM
S T R E A M S
ID From node To node Description

--------------------------------------------
INLET RESERVOIR1 PUMP pump inlet
OUTLET PUMP RESERVOIR2 pump outlet
M A T E R I A L S T R E A M S
ID Type Value Max.error

-------------------------------------------
INLET N 350.0000 KG/S
OUTLET N 350.0000 KG/S
P I P E L I N E S [M] [C]
Stream Length Diameter Roughness Inlet temp.Outlet temp

--------------------------------------------------------------------
INLET 20.0 0.460 EPS1 T1 T1
OUTLET 1808.0 0.460 EPS1 T1 T1
P U M P S [KPAG, KG/S] P=a+b.m+c.m^2+d.m^3
STREAM Pumps a b c d
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
OUTLET 1 0.389 18.697 -4.63900E-2 0.00000E+0
17
T E M P E R A T U R E S [C]

-------------------------------------------
T1 M 15.0000 2.0000
P R E S S U R E S [KPAG]

-------------------------------------------
ATM F 0.000E+0
P1 M 20.0000 5.0000
PUMP N 20.0000
R O U G H N E S S E S [M]

-------------------------------------------
EPS1 M 3.800E-4 20.0000%
In this example the flow is not measured and should be calculated. The model proper
contains 3 equations – a mass balance around the PUMP node and two equations
for streams’ S1 and S2 pressure drops. There are also three unknowns – two
flowrates of streams S1 and S2 and the pressure PUMP. There is thus zero
redundancy and it is possible just to calculate unmeasured variables. Detailed results
of this example will be presented in the Section 4.2 of this report.
In the next chapter we'll describe several typical configurations of a flow in pipelines
with liquid and gas media and recommended approaches and solutions. The
structure of all sections of the next Chapter is as follows:
1. A simple sketch of the flowsheet solved.
2. Balancing scheme. It is a copy of the scheme created in the graphical editor of the
RECON program.
3. Input data. This is a somewhat abridged extract of data for the problem created in
program RECON – menu Flowsheet – Data review. It comprises all information
needed for the problem configuration.
4. Panel of the node model parameters definition. It is the panel, where the node
parameters are defined. In case of more complex schemes, there can be more
such panels.
5. RESULTS. It is an abridged extract from the results for the user's inspection,
created in program RECON – menu Calculate – Results.
Although this manual is not conceived as a substitute for instructions to the RECON
program, it lets us still indicate a procedure to be maintained by the reader when
creating the problems (tasks). It is supposed now that a reader is a little bit familiar
with creation of mass balance flowsheets.
1. Enter a name of new task, which will be used later as a name of a definition file
for the model to be created.
2. Enter the text of the file title (header).
3. In the further panel, change physical units (when necessary). The units chosen in
individual cases are given in part INPUT DATA.
4. Enter the component name (ID). Since hydraulic calculations require density and
viscosity of streams, any component must be connected to the database of
component properties. For example, it is possible to use “H2O” name for water,
but this component must be linked to “water” which is defined in the database of
properties.
18
5. The graphical editor surface turns up. Before one starts drawing, it is
recommended to enter the state variables values (temperatures, pressures and
roughnesses) in the menu Accessories. Names, types and values can be found in
part INPUT DATA.
6. The set up of hydraulic models is a little bit more difficult than for models with a
mass balance only. It is recommended to start with the mass balance part of the
model, which is usually a basis of momentum balancing. But in simple cases of
there is no mass balance at all (flow in one pipe). After checking the mass
balance part of the model, the momentum balance functions can be added
gradually.
7. The scheme drawing proper is recommended to be started by drawing all nodes.
At the nodes, one fills in its ID (it is in the scheme) and Description (invent some).
Then check the “Hydraulic node” check-box. This will enable to enter the
parameters of any hydraulic node – its elevation and pressure. Note that any
node can be “balanced” (a mass balance is generated around it) or “unbalanced”.
Unbalanced are usually nodes lying on the border of a system.
8. Then draw the streams. Their short names are given in the scheme. The types of
streams, values and possible errors (for measured variables) can be found in part
INPUT DATA. It is essential to select the Sort of Stream “hydraulic”. This enables
one to enter the stream parameters needed for hydraulic calculations, which are a
pipeline length, inside diameter and the pipeline roughness. Usually is also
selected a model for calculating density and viscosity of the fluid (unless user
prefers to use his own models). Here it is also possible to enter parameters of a
pump.
9. Having finished the configuration of all hydraulic nodes, one can carry out the
computation.
Let us still explain certain abbreviations used in the RECON program.
F type of variable - Fixed variable (known as errorless) which are intact by DR
M type of variable - Measured variable
MC type of variable – Measured variable, adjustable (Corrected by data
reconciliation)
MN type of variable – Measured variable, Nonadjustable
N type of variable – Nonmeasured variable
NO type of variable – Nonmeasured variable, Observable
NN type of variable – Nonmeasured variable, Nonobservable (non-observable)
For the majority of examples given in this chapter, the reader will have at hand also
their model solutions, i.e. files with respective models. Names of the files correspond
to numbers of sections in this chapter. E.g. the Section 4.1 corresponds with the task
H-1, Section 4.2 corresponds with the task H-2, etc.
19
4. Examples of pipeline models
Next examples illustrate typical models of liquid and gas pipeline systems.
4.1. A gravitational flow
There are two reservoirs connected by a pipeline.
h1 = 6 m
P = 0 kPag
h2 = 0 m
P = 0 kPag
Fig. 4.1.1: A gravitational flow

These reservoirs are opened to the atmosphere and have a difference in water
surface levels of 6 m. The liquid is water with temperature 15 oC. The length of the
pipe is 4000 m. The flow between two reservoirs is driven by the difference of the
surface levels. The material of the pipes is a cast iron. The flow between reservoirs is
measured. The pressure in both reservoirs is atmospheric. We will neglect local
losses.
This is an example of a flow in a single pipe, which generates one equation among
the flowrate and the elevation of reservoirs. Note there is no mass balance equation
in this task. There is a parameter of the model – the pipeline roughness - which can
be found in Tab. 2.5-1.
Input data
Task: H-1 (example 6.1, a gravitational flow)
Number of nodes 2
Number of streams 1
C O M P O N E N T S

-------------------------------------------------------
H2O liquid water Water
N O D E S
------------------------------------------------
RESERVDWN lower reservoir unbalanced,hydraulic
RESERVUP upper reservoir unbalanced,hydraulic
20

---------------------------------------
RESERVDWN 0.0E+0 P1
RESERVUP 6.00 P1
S T R E A M S

--------------------------------------------
S1 RESERVUP RESERVDWN

-------------------------------------------
S1 M 2.6100 3.0000% KG/S

--------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 4000.0 0.100 EPS1 T1 T1

-------------------------------------------
T1 F 15.0000

-------------------------------------------
P1 F 0.000E+0

-------------------------------------------
EPS1 F 2.600E-4
In this single-component balance the component – water – must be linked to the

Component ID in the table of components.
Start drawing the flowsheet with two nodes, which does not create a mass balance
equation (uncheck the Balancing check-box and check the Hydraulic node check-
box).
Fig. 4.1.2: Configuration of the upper reservoir

This will create white color node denoting that a mass balance is not set up around
this node. Create the lower reservoir in a similar way with zero elevation.
21
Fig. 4.1.3: Balance scheme (Task H-1)
Abridged results follows:
Task: H-1 (example 6.1, a gravitational flow)
G L O B A L D A T A
Number of nodes 2
Number of streams 1
Number of measured variables 1
Number of adjusted variables 1
Number of non-measured variables 0
Number of observed variables 0
Number of non-observed variables 0
Number of free variables 0
Number of equations 1
Number of independent equations 1
Number of user equations 0
Degree of redundancy 1
Mean residue of equations 7,7918E-04

Qmin 1,7669E+01
Qcrit 3,8411E+00
Status (Qmin/Qcrit) 4,601252
W A R N I N G S
1. GROSS ERROR !!
Please use menu command 'Calculate>Gross errors'
S T R E A M S [KG/S]
Name Type Inp.value Rec.value Abs.error
------------------------------------------------------------
S1 MC 2,610 2,442 9,31E-10
P I P E L I N E S [KG/M^3] [PAS] [KPAG]

Stream Density Dyn.viscosity Pressure drop f Re
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 999,101 0,00114 58,788 0,0304 27320
------------------------------------------------------------
T1 F 15,000 15,000
------------------------------------------------------------
P F -2,84E-15 -2,84E-15
------------------------------------------------------------
EPS1 F 2,60E-4 2,60E-4
22
In this example the model generated just one equation and there is also just one
measured variable (a flow through the pipeline). The other variables are supposed to
be errorless and are classified as fixed (atmospheric pressure, water temperature, a
pipeline roughness and the elevations of both reservoirs). There are also “by
products” of our calculations, namely density, viscosity, pressure drop, friction factor f
and the Reynolds number. We can see a warning message about the presence of a
gross error. In other words, our model of the flow does not agree with reality.
The most probable reason of this discrepancy is the roughness value. Roughness
values tabulated in the Table 2.5-1 should be viewed as rough estimates, which can
also evolve in time (imagine abrasion, corrosion, deposition and other similar
phenomena taking frequently place in industrial and other installations). It is therefore
natural to suspect the pipeline roughness as the reason of our problem. It is talso
natural to use our model for estimating the roughness value from other data. We can
simply identify the roughness by classifying it as unmeasured.
Results are now as follows (very briefly):

Task: H-1IDENT (H-1, a gravitational flow, identification of EPS1)
G L O B A L D A T A

Number of user equations 0
S T R E A M S [KG/S]
------------------------------------------------------------
S1 MN 2,610 2,610 0,078
------------------------------------------------------------
EPS1 NO 2,60E-4 0,91E-4 6,40E-5
We can see that there is now no data redundancy. The flow was not adjusted and the
roughness was identified as 0.09 mm, in comparison with the value 0.26 mm found in
the Table 2.5-1. We can see also that the 95 % confidence interval of the identified
roughness is quite broad - <0.03 ; 0.15> mm. This is an example of a fine tuning of
the model to match real data. After parameters of a model are identified they can be
used as fixed or “measured” variables in regular monitoring of existing facilities. We
23
can suppose that gradual changes of roughnesses in time are much slower
processes than deterioration of flowmeters, wear off of pumps, etc.
24
4.2. Pumping water
This example (Task H-2) was already configured in details in Chapter 3. Recall the
RECON flowsheet below. Here will be presented and discussed results only.
Results (abridged)
Task: H-2 (Pumping water, 1 pump)
G L O B A L D A T A
Number of nodes 3
Number of streams 2

Number of user-defined equations 0
Mean residue of equations 2.2199E-03

Qmin 0
Qcrit 0
Status (Qmin/Qcrit) 0
S T R E A M S

------------------------------------------------------------------
INLET NO 350.000 379.544 0.505 KG/S
OUTLET NO 350.000 379.544 0.505 KG/S
S T R E A M S - AUXILIARY PROPERTIES
Stream Properties
---------------------------
INLET M = 18.015 KG/KMOL; D = 999.11 KG/M^3
OUTLET M = 18.015 KG/KMOL; D = 999.105 KG/M^3
P I P E L I N E S

[KG/M^3] [PAS] [KPAG]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INLET 999.110 0.00114 2.176 0.0192 9.230E+05
OUTLET 999.105 0.00114 196.748 0.0192 9.230E+05
25
H Y D R A U L I C N O D E S
Node Pressure Geodesic height

[KPAG] [M]
-----------------------------------------------------
PUMP 17.824 410.00
RESERVOIR1 20.000 410.00
RESERVOIR2 -2.84E-15 434.00
T E M P E R A T U R E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
T1 MN 15.000 15.000 2.000 C
P R E S S U R E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
ATM F -2.84E-15 -2.84E-15 KPAG
P1 MN 20.000 20.000 5.000 KPAG
PUMP NO 20.000 17.824 4.998 KPAG
R O U G H N E S S E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
EPS1 MN 3.80E-4 3.80E-4 7.60E-5 M
We can see here the pressure at the inlet of the pump (17.824 kPag). Let’s note the
P I P E L I N E S part of the result’s table above. Here are summarized mean physical
properties, dynamic pressure drops, friction factors and Reynolds numbers in pipes.
26
4.3. Local losses
Let’s return to the Section 4.1 with a gravitational flow. In this simple example we
have neglected so-called local losses. There are 2 types of local losses in this case,
especially
 the out-flow from the upper reservoir and the in-flow to the lower reservoir.
 fittings, which are 2 elbows 120 o
1 globe valve (fully open)
We can set up the following table for calculating the equivalent lengths for these local
elements according to Table 2.5-2 and Equation (2.5-8).
KLD (6.3-1)
Le  f
From Example 4-1 we know, that

D = 0.1 m
f = 0.0304
Table 6.3-1: Calculation of equivalent lengths of local losses

Fitting KL Le Number Total Le
pipe inflow 0.5 1.64 1 1.64
pipe outflow 1.0 3.29 1 3.29
elbow 120 o 0.55 1.81 2 3.62
globe valve 10 32.89 1 32.89
Total 41.44
As the overall length of the pipeline is 4 000 m, the overall equivalent length
represents only about 1 % of the pipeline. This is why local losses are sometimes
called “minor” losses.
We can quantify their low importance by calculating the pipeline roughness (as in
Subsection 4.1) with the new “length” of the pipeline, i.e. 4047.5 m. Here are brief
results:
Task: H-3 (example 6.3, a gravitational flow with local losses)
STREAM Length Diameter Roughness Inlet temp. Outlet temp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 4047,5 0,100 EPS1 T1 T1
------------------------------------------------------------
EPS1 NO 2,60E-4 1,09E-4 6,83E-5
The identified roughness is now 0.109 mm which is very closed to the original value
0.123 mm (identified without local losses). The difference is insignificant, compared
with high uncertainty of the roughness. Anyway, local losses should not be neglected
in systems with short pipelines or in cases where the flow is intentionally throttled.
27
4.4. Hydraulic network
The next example analyzes a little bit more complex hydraulic problem. Let’s imagine
two reservoirs located on different levels, which provide water for irrigation of four
farms located on a plateau (zero level). Water is withdrawn from four nodes (streams
11, 21, 31 and 41). There is a redundancy of pipelines in order to guarantee a proper
functioning of the system during pipeline repairs or similar situations. The necessary
number of pipelines to provide service to all four farms from both reservoirs is 5 (for
example pipelines 1, 2,3,4, and 6). Due to two redundant pipelines there are two
independent loops in the system created for example by pipelines (5, 6,7) and
(2,3,7). It should be noted that a priori it is not known direction of flow in some parts
of the flowsheet.
h0 = 36,5
P0 m
=0
kPag
h5 = 30,5
s1 P5 m
=0
kPag
s11
s2 s21
N1 N2
s4
s7 s3
s6
s5
N4 N3
s41 s31
hi = 0 m (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
P = ? (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
i
Fig. 4.4-1: A hydraulic network

This pipeline system with redundant pipelines and pipeline loops is the opposite of a
branched system with just sufficient number of pipelines to guarantee a required
service of a system. The input data are as follows:
Task: H-4 (Task H-4 - A hydraulic network)
G L O B A L D A T A
Quadratic programming Yes
Number of nodes 6
Number of streams 11
C O M P O N E N T S

-------------------------------------------------------
H2O liqud water Water
28
N O D E S
------------------------------------------------
N0 unbalanced,hydraulic
N1 hydraulic
N2 hydraulic
N3 hydraulic
N4 hydraulic

---------------------------------------
N0 36.50 ATM
N1 0.0E+0 P1
N2 0.0E+0 P2
N3 0.0E+0 P3
N4 0.0E+0 P4
N5 30.50 ATM
S T R E A M S

--------------------------------------------
S1 N0 N1
S11 N1 ENVIRON
S2 N1 N2
S21 N2 ENVIRON
S3 N3 N2
S31 N3 ENVIRON
S4 N5 N3
S41 N4 ENVIRON
S5 N3 N4
S6 N1 N4
S7 N1 N3

-------------------------------------------
S1 M 84.8000 2.0000% KG/S
S11 M 41.9000 5.0000% KG/S
S2 N 30.0000 KG/S
S21 M 39.1000 5.0000% KG/S
S3 N 30.0000 KG/S
S31 M 49.1000 5.0000% KG/S
S4 M 77.0000 3.0000% KG/S
S41 M 31.9000 5.0000% KG/S
S5 N 30.0000 KG/S
S6 N 30.0000 KG/S
S7 N 20.0000 KG/S

--------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 2300.0 0.250 EPS1 T1 T1
S2 2500.0 0.200 EPS1 T1 T1
S3 3000.0 0.200 EPS1 T1 T1
S4 2000.0 0.250 EPS1 T1 T1
S5 2200.0 0.206 EPS1 T1 T1
S6 4000.0 0.200 EPS1 T1 T1
S7 4100.0 0.200 EPS1 T1 T1

-------------------------------------------
T1 F 20.0000
29
-------------------------------------------
ATM F 0.000E+0
P1 M 146.0000 2.0000%
P2 M 96.0000 2.0000%
P3 M 135.0000 2.0000%
P4 M 107.0000 2.0000%

-------------------------------------------
EPS1 M 4.500E-5 30.0000%
The configuration of this task results in this flowsheet:
Fig. 4.4-2: Configuration of the hydraulic network 4.4-1.

In this schema the source nodes (reservoirs N0 and N5) are unbalanced (there is no
mass balance around them). Streams S1 to S7 are classic pipelines with a pressure
drop calculation. Streams S11, S21, S31 and S41 are just withdrawals of water from
the system. These streams are used in setting up a water flow balance around nodes
N1, N2, N3 and N4.
Abridged results
Task: H-4 (Task H-4 - A hydraulic network)
Number of nodes 6


Qmin 7.6099E+00
Qcrit 1.2600E+01
30
Status (Qmin/Qcrit) 0.603957
S T R E A M S

------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 MC 84.800 83.900 0.865 KG/S
S11 MC 41.900 42.470 1.588 KG/S
S2 NO 20.000 20.932 0.528 KG/S
S21 MC 39.100 37.834 0.935 KG/S
S3 NO 20.000 16.902 0.499 KG/S
S31 MC 49.100 49.997 1.789 KG/S
S4 MC 77.000 78.583 0.841 KG/S
S41 MC 31.900 32.181 0.991 KG/S
S5 NO 20.000 18.081 0.666 KG/S
S6 NO 20.000 14.101 0.435 KG/S
S7 NO 10.000 6.397 0.701 KG/S
P I P E L I N E S

[KG/M^3] [PAS] [KPAG]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 998.244 0.00100 210.822 0.0157 4.264E+05
S2 998.262 0.00100 51.227 0.0184 1.330E+05
S3 998.259 0.00100 41.409 0.0190 1.074E+05
S4 998.242 0.00100 161.903 0.0158 3.994E+05
S5 998.262 0.00100 29.746 0.0189 1.115E+05
S6 998.264 0.00100 39.564 0.0196 8.959E+04
S7 998.271 0.00100 9.818 0.0231 4.064E+04
P R E S S U R E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
ATM F -2.84E-15 -2.84E-15 KPAG
P1 MC 146.000 146.492 1.822 KPAG
P2 MC 96.000 95.265 1.774 KPAG
P3 MC 135.000 136.674 1.708 KPAG
P4 MC 107.000 106.928 1.841 KPAG

------------------------------------------------------------------
EPS1 MC 4.50E-5 4.64E-5 9.57E-6 M
Calculations lasted 00:00:0.071
Altogether the model generates 11 independent equations: four balances around

nodes N1, N2, N3 and N4 and seven pressure drops in pipelines S1 to S7. There are
5 unknown variables – flows in pipelines S2, S3, S5, S6 and S7. The number of
degrees of freedom is 11 – 5 = 6.
31
4.5. Crude oil pipelines in series
The following example solves a problem of three crude oil pipelines in series with
segments of different diameters.
IN1 IN2
S1
D = D1 D = D2 D = D3
L = L1 L = L2 L = L3
Fig. 4.5-1: Crude oil pipelines in series

We can imagine a crude oil, which is collected from fields in three tank farms. A
crude oil is pumped from the first tank farm (stream S1). Later are injected into the
pipeline system two other streams IN1 and IN2. Temperatures and pressures are
measured at borders of the individual pipelines. Physical properties of a crude oil in
all pipelines are the same. Local losses will be neglected.
Such system can be modeled in RECON in the following way:
Fig.4.5-2: Configuration of a crude oil pipeline system

There are three pipelines S1, S2 and S3 for which pressure drops are calculated.
The pressure drop of the overall pipeline systems between nodes N1 and N4 is the
sum of pressure drops of three pipelines.
The input data are:
Task: H-5 (Collection of crude oil from a field)
Number of nodes 4
Number of streams 5
C O M P O N E N T S

-------------------------------------------------------
CRUDE1 crude oil 1 Crude1
32
N O D E S
------------------------------------------------
N2 hydraulic
N3 hydraulic

---------------------------------------
N1 0.0E+0 P1
N2 0.0E+0 P2
N3 0.0E+0 P3
N4 0.0E+0 P4
S T R E A M S

--------------------------------------------
IN1 ENVIRON N2
IN2 ENVIRON N3
S1 N1 N2
S2 N2 N3
S3 N3 N4

-------------------------------------------
IN1 M 36.3000 2.0000% KG/S
IN2 M 29.8000 2.0000% KG/S
S1 M 20.0000 2.0000% KG/S
S2 N 50.0000 KG/S
S3 M 86.9000 2.0000% KG/S

--------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 8500.0 0.200 EPS1 T1 T2
S2 12580.0 0.300 EPS1 T2 T3
S3 7600.0 0.400 EPS1 T3 T4

-------------------------------------------
T1 M 26.0000 2.0000
T2 M 24.0000 2.0000
T3 M 23.0000 2.0000
T4 M 23.0000 2.0000

-------------------------------------------
P1 M 802.0000 3.0000
P2 M 552.0000 3.0000
P3 M 216.0000 2.0000
P4 M 106.0000 2.0000

-------------------------------------------
EPS1 M 5.000E-5 1.000E-5
Hydraulic calculations require enumeration of densities and viscosities as functions of

temperature and pressure. In our case we can use a model PF-C(T,P) – Petroleum
33
fraction, compressed liquid described in Section 2.5. This model is selected in panels
of streams:
This model requires three parameters of the crude oil:

Specific gravity 0.86 1
Mean Average Boiling Point 540 K
o
Kinematic Viscosity @ 100 F 4.26 cSt.
These parameters should be set in the panel Administration of physical properties

data.
Fig. 4.5-3: Configuration of the material CRUDE1 physical properties
This definition of crude oil properties should be done in the beginning of the task
configuration as it is needed in configuration of individual hydraulic streams.
This model generates 5 equations (two mass balances and three pressure drop
equations). As there is one unmeasured variable only (flow S2), the degree of
redundancy (DOR) equals 4.
The abridged results of calculation are as follows:
Task: H-5 (Collection of crude oil from a field)
Number of nodes 4
Number of streams 5


Qmin 8.0853E+00
Qcrit 9.4900E+00
34
S T R E A M S

------------------------------------------------------------------
IN1 MC 36.300 35.907 0.397 KG/S
IN2 MC 29.800 29.912 0.529 KG/S
S1 MC 20.000 19.634 0.178 KG/S
S2 NO 50.000 55.540 0.343 KG/S
S3 MC 86.900 85.452 0.561 KG/S

[KPAG] [M]
-----------------------------------------------------
N1 802.583 0.0E+0
N2 552.343 0.0E+0
N3 215.861 0.0E+0
N4 105.727 0.0E+0

------------------------------------------------------------------
T1 MC 26.000 26.311 1.945 C
T2 MC 24.000 24.539 1.882 C
T3 MC 23.000 23.141 1.914 C
T4 MN 23.000 23.000 2.000 C
P R E S S U R E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
P1 MC 802.000 802.583 2.861 KPAG
P2 MC 552.000 552.343 2.610 KPAG
P3 MC 216.000 215.861 1.506 KPAG
P4 MC 106.000 105.727 1.644 KPAG

------------------------------------------------------------------
EPS1 MC 5.00E-5 4.74E-5 9.78E-6 M
End of results

Report created 21.04.2016 12:08:41
35
4.6. Simple gas pipeline
This example shows how to configure a simple gas pipe connecting 2 points of a
pipeline. The example is very simple but shows the individual steps in problem
configuration in Recon. Also will be shown how to tackle a problem of a variable
density of a gas due to a pressure drop caused by friction. The flowsheet is very
simple:
Fig. 4.6-1: Flow of a natural gas between two points of a pipeline

Task: H-6 Flow of Natural Gas (Menon, GPH str.87, model HC-GAS)
G L O B A L D A T A
Number of nodes 2
Number of streams 1
C O M P O N E N T S
ID Description Database of properties

----------------------------------------------------------------
C1 Methane
C2 Ethane
N O D E S
------------------------------------------------
IN unbalanced,hydraulic
OUT unbalanced,hydraulic

---------------------------------------
IN 0,0E+0 PIN
OUT 0,0E+0 POUT
S T R E A M S
ID From node To node Master stream Description

-----------------------------------------------------------
S1 IN OUT
ID Component Type Value Max.error

------------------------------------------------------
S1 Flowrate F 150000,0000 KG/H

C1 F 90,000000 %wt
C2 F 10,000000 %wt
36

--------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 80000,0 0,400 EPS1 T1 T1

-------------------------------------------
T1 F 15.5556
P R E S S U R E S [KPA]

-------------------------------------------
PIN N 8000,0000
POUT F 6100,0000

-------------------------------------------
EPS1 F 2,000E-5
It is recommended to start with definition of components which are for simplicity only
two: C1 (Methane) and C2 (Ethane).
Fig. 6.7-2: Flow of a natural gas between two points of a pipeline

The component must be connected to the database of physical properties (column
Database of). After that define the temperature (constant) and pressures. Note that
the input pressure is unmeasured.
The nodes are configured on the following panel:
Fig. 6.7-3: Configuration of node’s parameters
Note that the node IN is Not balanced and that it is a Hydraulic node. This means that
we must specify Geodesic height and the Pressure at the inlet to the pipe. Similarly
configure the OUT node.
The configuration of the stream S1 is as follows:
37
Fig. 6.7-4: Configuration of stream’s parameters
Realize that the S1 stream must be at the beginning selected as “Hydraulic”. After
that you can enter
 concentrations of components
 pipe length and diameter
 roughness
 temperature at both ends of the pipe.
Important is the selection of the model SRK/API for calculation of density and
viscosity for hydraulic calculation (Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of the state for
density and API method for viscosity).
After that the model is complete and results of calculation are as follows (abridged):
Task: H-7 (Menon, GPH p.87, model SRK/API)
GLOBAL DATA
Number of nodes 2
Number of streams 1
STREAMS
Stream: S1 (From node IN -> To node OUT)

M = 16.828 KG/KMOL; D = 58.854 KG/M^3
No. Name Type Inp.value Rec.value Abs.error

----------------------------------------------------------------
Flowrate F 150000,000 150000,000 KG/H
1 C1 F 90,000 90,000 %wt
2 C2 F 10,000 10,000 %wt
38
PIPELINES

[KG/M^3] [PAS] [KPA]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 58,854 1,5841E-5 2051,312 0,0110 8,373E+06
PRESSURES
Name Type Inp.value Rec.value KPA

--------------------------------------------------------------
PIN NO 8000,000 8151,312
POUT F 6100,000 6100,000 KPA
In this introductory task there is no redundancy The only one equation of hydraulics is
capable to calculate the only unknown – the input pressure, there is no redundancy.
The reader is now encouraged to modify data to create a redundant system. It is
sufficient to modify input data as follows:
ID Component Type Value Max.error

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
S1 Flowrate M 150000,0000 2,0000% KG/H
-------------------------------------------
PIN M 8288,0000 20,0000 KPA
POUT M 6100,0000 20,0000 KPA
In this case a gross error is detected and a reader can tune the model by
identification of the roughness as described in Section 6.1.
Now we will return to the original case without redundancy. It is suitable for studying
the following problem:
What is the error caused by using the average pressure in the pipeline in comparison
with the rigorous method based on integration of the hydraulic equation along the
pipeline?
The solution is based on dividing the pipeline into several sections. The pressure on
section borders can be set as unmeasured and calculated from the model. It can be
shown that in the case of infinite number of pipeline segments results converge to the
method of integration of the differential equation along the pipeline. Example of such
solution follows:
Fig. 6.7-5: Splitting a pipeline to parts
Pressures and flows in the flowsheet are unmeasured and calculated from the mass
and momentum balance. Results of such models are in the next table:
39
Table 6.7.1: Calculated input pressure as a function of the number of pipeline
segments
Number of pipeline segments Calculated input pressure (kPa)
1 8151.3
2 8160.6
3 8162.4
4 8163.0
5 8163.3
6 8163.5
It is clear that in this case the 80 km long pipeline with about 25 % pressure drop
(more than 2000 kPa) can be well modeled by 2 or 3 segments. The extra computing
time for the more complex flowsheet is not substantial (the increase is really
negligible as in all cases the computing time, less than 1 second, was mostly spent
by a program organization, reading from databases, etc.).
40
4.7. Natural gas gathering system
Let us consider a schematic view shown in Fig. 4.7.1 (adapted from [15], the original
source is Galliano, G. R.; Digiorgis, G. L, Lopez, M. L.; Fornes, A. Modeling and
Optimization Oil and Gas Production and GatheringSystems: Cerro Fortunoso Field
Case. SPE Prod. Facil. 2000, 15,3.). This figure represents a gas gathering and
transportation system of natural gas from 25 wells. Wells are connected to a main
pipeline, which transports gas to further processing.
12
G12
G11
11
13
14
S10 G13 G14
5 6 G15 15
G5 G6
4
G4 S4 8 S11
S5
S3 G8 16
G16
S2 S6
2
S7 G17 17
S1
G1 G3 G7
S8
7 S12
3 S9
G2 G9
9 G10
1
Compressor
10
Production Well S13

GOUT
NG streams
19 G18
G19 S14
18
20
G20 S15
24 23
G24 G23
S17 S16
S19
S18 G21
G22 21
G25
22
25
Fig. 4.7.1: Gas gathering and transportation system.
Gi are pipes from the individual wells to the main pipeline, Si are internal pipes of the
system. Flows of all streams Gi are measured as well as the overall output GOUT.
The other streams are unmeasured. Gas pressure is measured at all well nodes,
pressure at all remaining nodes is unmeasured.
41
Balance scheme
To perform balance calculations by Recon, the schematic view must be transformed
to a balance schema, which may look like this:
Fig. 4.8.2: Schema of gas gathering and transportation system in RECON
Node Wi represents i-th well. Stream Gi represents natural gas going

from the i-th well. Streams starting by S are intermediate streams. Each
pipeline has both its diameter and length known. There is no elevation
change on the pipes. Stream GOUT is a natural gas going to a
processing plant.
The gas is considered to be a mixture at 25°C of the following
composition:
Component Mass %
CH4 91.6
C2H6 5.7
C3H8 1.6
i-C4H10 + 0.8
N2 0.3
42
The physical properties of i-C4H10 and heavier hydrocarbons are
approximated by properties of n-C4H10.
The flow-rates of all inlet streams and of the outlet stream are measured.
Also measured are pressures of the gas when entering and/or leaving
the pipeline system.
Input data and complete results are presented in Appendix 1. Next are
main results:
All pipes are supposed to have the same roughness 0.12 mm.
Calculation of pressure drop in pipeline also requires values of fluid
density and viscosity. From this reason, each stream should have
defined a physical model which provides such values. From available
models, a combination of equation of state (gas density) and API method
(viscosity) is recommended.
Creating task
Before drawing the scheme, it is recommended to define all task
variables first (1 chemical component, 1 temperature, 9 pressures, and 1
roughness). To achieve that, use respective items of menu Accessories.
The item clicked provides you with a special form, which may look like
this:
Fig. 6.8.3: Definition of a set of temperatures
Click the “Plus” and/or “Minus” button to add a new line (i.e. temperature)
and/or remove the one already existing. Each line in the resulting table
must be properly filled with data. When finished, click the OK button on a
form toolbar.
In this way, you provide your task with all necessary accessories. After
that you can start drawing a balance scheme.
A good practice is to draw balance nodes first. Once all nodes are
created and properly placed, you can provide them with incident
streams. In our example, each node will have got at least one incident
stream requiring hydraulic calculations (hydraulic stream - pipeline). So
each node of our task must be classified as hydraulic node. Each
hydraulic node must have defined its geodesic height (value) and a
pressure (a link to respective variable). The property form may look like
this:
43
Fig. 6.8.4: Definition of properties of hydraulic node
Each node in the scheme must have at least one incident stream
defined. If the stream represents a pipeline and pressure drop calculation
is required, we must classify it as hydraulic stream and provide it with a
special set of properties. This is illustrates on the next figure:
Fig. 6.8.5: Definition of properties of hydraulic stream
Necessary density and viscosity values can be received in several ways. In our
example we will use a model selected from a set of available models. After that,
values of pipeline length and diameter must be entered. Further, roughness of
pipeline inner surface as well as fluid temperatures on both ends of the pipeline must
be selected from lists of available variables.
44
Model calculations
When the balance scheme is drawn, the task can be solved. To do that, click the Run
command on the Calculate menu. This provides you with a panel, which enables to
set some instructions for the application solver and then run it.
Main results:
S T R E A M S

------------------------------------------------------------------
G1 NO 19.660 19.660 1.147 KG/S
G2 NO 24.780 24.814 1.433 KG/S
G3 NO 45.000 44.474 1.820 KG/S
G4 NO 20.000 21.852 2.054 KG/S
G5 NO 10.000 21.852 2.054 KG/S
G6 NO 20.000 22.622 0.974 KG/S
G7 NO 15.070 15.141 0.876 KG/S
G8 NO 7.460 7.481 0.430 KG/S
P1 NO 10.000 21.852 2.054 KG/S
P2 MC 15.070 15.141 0.876 KG/S
P3 MC 7.460 7.481 0.430 KG/S
W1 MC 19.660 19.660 1.147 KG/S
W2 MC 24.780 24.814 1.433 KG/S
P I P E L I N E S
Stream Density Dyn.viscosity Pressure drop f

--------------------------------------------------------------------
G1 16.358 1.1193E-5 71.428 0.0093
G2 16.396 1.1193E-5 82.250 0.0090
G3 15.867 1.1193E-5 68.275 0.0085
G4 15.408 1.1193E-5 62.874 0.0086
G5 13.853 1.1193E-5 395.649 0.0081
G6 15.370 1.1193E-5 73.953 0.0088
G7 14.931 1.1193E-5 51.260 0.0088
G8 14.935 1.1193E-5 50.259 0.0094
(f = friction factor)
P R E S S U R E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
P-N1 NO 2400.000 2387.726 64.755 KPA
P-N2 NO 2400.000 2319.451 66.630 KPA
P-N3 NO 2400.000 2256.577 70.218 KPA
P-N4 NO 2400.000 2245.498 68.646 KPA
P-PN1 MC 2100.000 1860.928 128.852 KPA
P-PN2 MC 2139.060 2194.238 70.602 KPA
P-PN3 MC 2141.840 2195.240 70.430 KPA
P-SN1 MC 2498.380 2459.154 63.578 KPA
P-SN2 MC 2576.550 2469.976 63.582 KPA
Qmin = 0.476192
45
4.8. Natural gas transportation and distribution system
This task solves a system of transportation and distribution of the natural gas. In the
next figure is a system of transportation and distribution of natural gas (NG) already
drawn in RECON (adapted from [20]):
Fig. 4.8.1: System of transportation and distribution of NG
NG is transported by a long pipeline (stream S1-2) in the left bottom corner of the
flowsheet. The gas is then compressed (stream CS – Compressor Station). The
compressor is modelled by a pipe segment with zero length and a polynomial model
of a pressure rise.
NG expands in two Reduction Stations RS1 and RS2. A pressure reduction is

modeled by a pipe segment of zero length. For RS1 the stream’s configuration panel
looks like this:
46
Note the check box Pressure reduction informing the program that the pressure drop
is given by pressures in nodes 14 and 15. To make this task tractable in this report, it
is supposed that NG consists of pure methane.
The other parts of this flowsheet are configured by a standard way. The input data
and complete results are quite voluminous and they are presented in Appendix 2.
Below are some selected results:
Task: H-8 (Natural gas transport and distribution)
I T E R A T I O N S
Iter Qeq Qx Qy Qmin

-----------------------------------------------------------------
START 3.0069E+00
1 4.7006E-02 6.3885E+03 2.8180E+03 7.0522E+00
2 2.0553E-03 2.4420E+01 7.9862E+00 7.1217E+00
3 9.0401E-05 3.0297E-01 1.1457E-01 7.1227E+00
4 3.9837E-06 1.3169E-02 4.3831E-03 7.1227E+00
5 1.7555E-07 5.8019E-04 1.9299E-04 7.1227E+00
Legend:
Qeq mean residual of equations

Qx mean increment of measured variables in iteration
Qy mean increment of non-measured variables in iteration
Qmin least-square function
G L O B A L D A T A
Number of nodes 26


Qmin 7.1227E+00
Qcrit 1.2600E+01
47
WARNINGS
1. Negative flows detected (3):
S23-24 (Node 23 -> Node 24) -357.521 KG/H

S31-33 (Node 31 -> Node 33) -15.929 KG/H
S35-36 (Node 35 -> Node 36) -20.705 KG/H
The overall system (52 equations, 26 measured and 45 unmeasured variables) has
DOR = 7.
Note 3 negative flows. They are internal unmeasured flows where a real stream
direction differs from a supposed direction on the flowsheet.
48
5. Discussion and conclusions
Models of pipeline hydraulics (pressure drop due to a friction) are not based on exact
models like pure balancing. They are semi-empirical and depend also strongly on
other uncertain models of physical properties (density, viscosity) and there is a
natural question: Is a DR applied to pipeline hydraulics modeling justified?
Frankly speaking, DR application is rigorous only in a case of simple linear mass
balancing where mass is measured directly by mass flowmeters. In practice we
frequently meet volume by inferential flowmeters. Even a common “measurement” of
flow by orifices requires (aside of an orifice hydrodynamic model proper) also the
knowledge of measured fluid density. This uncertainty can be incorporated in the
overall uncertainty of this flowmeter. In the case of enthalpy balancing, the problem of
stream’s enthalpy uncertainty is even more pronounced. In comparison with the
previous case of a mass balance, there exists no simple method how to reflect the
enthalpy uncertainty in a general Least Squares model applied in DR.
DR applied to pipeline flows is just further step into non-rigorous models. In this
report is used the Darcy – Weisbach model with the friction factor based on
numerical approximation of Moody’s diagram. There exist many other models used in
practice. Some of them have similar model parameter like the pipe’s roughness
factor, the others use for example a “pipeline efficiency” which is difficult to imagine.
As they are of about the same complexity as the Darcy – Weisbach model, they
could be included as other options in RECON without problems. In this way it could
be possible to evaluate suitability of individual models for solving practical tasks.
Such study would require connecting Recon on-line to some pipeline systems
working with different media under a broad range of operational conditions.
From a point of view of data redundancy, models presented in this report generate
one equation per one pipe for a pressure drop due to a friction and one parameter –
a pipe roughness. So, if the roughness is unmeasured, the Degree Of Redundancy
(DOR) remains constant. The situation is changed when a roughness of a pipe is
supposed to be known (for example from previous measurements) or if in a more
complex networks roughnesses of some pipes are supposed to be equal. For
example, if in a system of N pipes all roughnesses are supposed to be the same,
there is N equations and just one new unknown parameter and the DOR is increased
by N – 1.
Another question can be about a general problem of including hydraulics equations
into the mass and energy balance model (convergence, speed, etc.). In special
books about pipeline networks a lot of attention is paid to methods of solution of
Kirkhoff’s equations (solvability, system sparsity, convergence, etc.). All these
problems are already treated automatically inside RECON’s solver as a general
problem of a model’s set of implicit nonlinear equations. During dozens of tasks we
have observed no problems in this direction. The stability of solution was comparable
with classic nonlinear balancing tasks. Also the overall speed is comparable. There
can be seen very fast solution in cases of single component systems. For example
systems with pure methane (gas nonideality solved by the SRK equation of state)
even a system of industrial size (Example 4.8) was solved in less than a second on a
standard PC (i5-2520M CPU@2.50 GHz). Cases with multicomponent media require
49
time of solution in units of seconds, probably due to calculation of mixtures’ physical
properties.
In Section 2.3 was discussed a problem of modeling a gas pipeline, which is a
system with distributed parameters, by a single algebraic equation (see also Section
4.6). It was shown that long pipelines with significant gas pressure profile can be
modeled by lumping a pipeline into smaller parts with unmeasured (but observable)
pressures. This technique is applicable also to long gas pipelines with variable
vertical profile where other methods require significant approximations.
This discussion can be concluded by a finding that the mass, component and energy
balancing package RECON can be used successfully also in area of modeling
hydraulics of liquid and gas pipelines. However, the statistical perfectness of results
is disputable in some cases due to empirical character of hydraulic models. Note also
that some important variables of models (for example pipe length, diameter,
elevation) were supposed to be errorless (fixed), not intact by DR.
50
Literature cited
[1] Larock, E.L., R.W. Jeppson and G.Z. Waters: Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems.
CRC Press, Boca Raton 2000
[2] Menon, E.S.: Gas Pipeline Hydraulics. CRC Press, Boca Raton 2005
[3] Kralik, J. et al: Dynamic Modeling of Large Scale Networks with Applications to
Gas Distribution. Academia with Elsevier Science Publishers, Prague and
Amsterdam 1988
[4] Mah, R.S H and M. Shacham: Pipeline Network Design and Synthesis. Advan.
in Chem.Eng. Vol. 10. Academic Press, N.Y.1978
[5] Mah, R.S.H.: Chemical Process Structures and Information Flows.
Butterworths, Boston 1990
[6] Veverka, V.V. and F. Madron: Material and Energy Balancing in the Process
industries. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1997
[7] Madron, F.: Process Plant Performance. Measurement and data processing
for optimization and retrofits. Ellis Horwood, New York, 1992
[8] Romagnoli, J. A., M. C. Sanchez: Data Processing and Reconciliation for
Chemical Process Operations, Academic Press, London, 2000
[9] Narasimhan, S. and C. Jordache: Data Reconciliation & Gross Error Detection.
An Intelligent Use of Process Data. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, 2000
[10] Bagajewicz, M.J.: Process Plant Instrumentation: Design and Upgrade.
Technomic, Lancaster 2001
[11] Bagajewicz, M.J.: Smart Process Plants. McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 2010
[12] V.V. Veverka, Balancing and Data Reconciliation Minibook, [Online]
http://www.chemplant.cz/download.asp
[13] RECON: Mass, heat and momentum balancing software with data
reconciliation. http://www.chemplant.cz/recon.asp
[14] Madron, F., Veverka, V., Hošťálek, M.: Process data validation in practice.
Applications from chemical, oil, mineral and power industries. Report CPT
229-07. Usti nad Labem 2007 [Online] http://www.chemplant.cz/download.asp
[15] Bagajewicz, M.J. and E. Cabrera: Data Reconciliation in Gas Pipeline
Systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 5596-5606
[16] Bagajewicz, M.J. and G. Valtinson: Leak Detection in Gas Pipelines Using
Accurate Hydraulic Models. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2014, 53, 16964–16972
[17] Bagajewicz, M.J. and G. Valtinson: Computation of Natural Gas Pipeline
Hydraulics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2014, 53, 10707–10720
[18] IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of
Water and Steam. International Association for the Properties of Water and
Steam. ASME PRESS, NY 1998
51
[19] API Technical Data Book. 7th edition, The API and EPCON International, NY
2005
[20] Dedek, J.: Stationary nonisothermal simulation of the state of a gas pipeline
network (in Czech). Study 21-83. Academia, Prague 1983
[21] Cordero, G. O.: An improved experimental correlation for Darcy friction factor.
Hydrocarbon Processing, July 2008, 97-99
52
Appendix 1: Data and results for Example H-7 (Section 4.7)
Input data:
Task: H-7SIMPLEMIXTURE (Cerro Fortuso gas production field - example H-7)
Number of nodes 45
C O M P O N E N T S

-------------------------------------------------------
NG1 natural gas mixture 1 NG1
N O D E S
------------------------------------------------
COMP Compressor hydraulic
M1 Mixer hydraulic
M10 Mixer hydraulic
M11 Mixer hydraulic
M12 Mixer hydraulic
M13 Mixer hydraulic
M14 Mixer hydraulic
M15 Mixer hydraulic
M16 Mixer hydraulic
M17 Mixer hydraulic
M18 Mixer hydraulic
M19 Mixer hydraulic
M2 Mixer hydraulic
M3 Mixer hydraulic
M4 Mixer hydraulic
M5 Mixer hydraulic
M6 Mixer hydraulic
M7 Mixer hydraulic
M8 Mixer hydraulic
M9 Mixer hydraulic
W1 MFC 50 unbalanced,hydraulic
W11 MFC74 unbalanced,hydraulic
W7 MFC32 unbalanced,hydraulic
53

---------------------------------------
COMP 0.0E+0 PPCOMP
M1 0.0E+0 PP1
M10 0.0E+0 PP10
M11 0.0E+0 PP11
M12 0.0E+0 PP12
M13 0.0E+0 PP13
M14 0.0E+0 PP14
M15 0.0E+0 PP15
M16 0.0E+0 PP16
M17 0.0E+0 PP17
M18 0.0E+0 PP18
M19 0.0E+0 PP19
M2 0.0E+0 PP2
M3 0.0E+0 PP3
M4 0.0E+0 PP4
M5 0.0E+0 PP5
M6 0.0E+0 PP6
M7 0.0E+0 PP7
M8 0.0E+0 PP8
M9 0.0E+0 PP9
W1 0.0E+0 P1
W10 0.0E+0 P10
W11 0.0E+0 P11
W12 0.0E+0 P12
W13 0.0E+0 P13
W14 0.0E+0 P14
W15 0.0E+0 P15
W16 0.0E+0 P16
W17 0.0E+0 P17
W18 0.0E+0 P18
W19 0.0E+0 P19
W2 0.0E+0 P2
W20 0.0E+0 P20
W21 0.0E+0 P21
W22 0.0E+0 P22
W23 0.0E+0 P23
W24 0.0E+0 P24
W25 0.0E+0 P25
W3 0.0E+0 P3
W4 0.0E+0 P4
W5 0.0E+0 P5
W6 0.0E+0 P6
W7 0.0E+0 P6
W8 0.0E+0 P8
W9 0.0E+0 P9
S T R E A M S

--------------------------------------------
G1 W2 M1
G10 W10 M9
G11 W11 M10
G12 W12 M10
G13 W13 M11
G14 W14 M11
G15 W15 M11
G16 W16 M12
G17 W17 M12
G18 W18 M13
G19 W19 M14
G2 W1 M1
G20 W20 M15
G21 W21 M16
G22 W22 M17
G23 W23 M18
G24 W24 M19
G25 W25 M19
G3 W3 M2
G4 W4 M3
G5 W5 M4
G6 W6 M5
G7 W7 M6
54
G8 W8 M7
G9 W9 M8
GOUT COMP ENVIRON
S1 M1 M2
S10 M10 M11
S11 M11 M12
S12 M12 COMP
S13 M13 COMP
S14 M14 M13
S15 M15 M14
S16 M16 M15
S17 M17 M16
S18 M18 M17
S19 M19 M18
S2 M2 M3
S3 M3 M4
S4 M4 M5
S5 M5 M6
S6 M6 M7
S7 M7 M8
S8 M8 M9
S9 M9 COMP

-------------------------------------------
G1 M 1.1860 5.821E-2 KG/S
G10 M 0.7500 3.685E-2 KG/S
G11 M 1.7089 8.369E-2 KG/S
G12 M 1.7767 8.702E-2 KG/S
G13 M 1.7545 8.604E-2 KG/S
G14 M 1.8525 9.075E-2 KG/S
G15 M 1.6707 8.193E-2 KG/S
G16 M 1.0817 5.292E-2 KG/S
G17 M 1.0364 5.076E-2 KG/S
G18 M 1.2048 5.900E-2 KG/S
G19 M 0.3828 1.882E-2 KG/S
G2 M 0.1840 5.760E-2 KG/S
G20 M 0.6353 3.116E-2 KG/S
G21 M 0.2566 1.254E-2 KG/S
G22 M 1.3777 6.742E-2 KG/S
G23 M 7.270E-2 3.528E-3 KG/S
G24 M 0.4614 2.254E-2 KG/S
G25 M 0.4549 0.2234 KG/S
G3 M 0.8680 4.253E-2 KG/S
G4 M 2.2270 0.1092 KG/S
G5 M 1.4250 6.978E-2 KG/S
G6 M 0.5720 2.803E-2 KG/S
G7 M 0.7610 3.724E-2 KG/S
G8 M 0.3700 1.823E-2 KG/S
G9 M 0.1930 9.408E-3 KG/S
GOUT M 26.1910 1.2875 KG/S
S1 N 3.2877 KG/S
S10 N 3.5028 KG/S
S11 N 8.7969 KG/S
S12 N 10.9163 KG/S
S13 N 4.7227 KG/S
S14 N 3.5184 KG/S
S15 N 3.1348 KG/S
S16 N 2.4961 KG/S
S17 N 2.2387 KG/S
S18 N 0.8452 KG/S
S19 N 0.7724 KG/S
S2 N 4.1461 KG/S
S3 N 6.3215 KG/S
S4 N 7.7266 KG/S
S5 N 8.2693 KG/S
S6 N 9.0886 KG/S
S7 N 9.4585 KG/S
S8 N 9.6514 KG/S
S9 N 10.4015 KG/S
55

--------------------------------------------------------------------
G1 515.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G10 732.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G11 778.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G12 606.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G13 706.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G14 924.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G15 839.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G16 695.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G17 616.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G18 848.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G19 980.0 6.30E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G2 615.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G20 654.0 7.80E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G21 755.0 5.30E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G22 874.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G23 798.0 3.50E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G24 657.0 6.30E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G25 606.0 6.30E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G3 781.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G4 821.0 0.128 EPS1 T25 T25
G5 884.0 0.102 EPS1 T25 T25
G6 989.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G7 982.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G8 569.0 6.30E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
G9 723.0 5.30E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
S1 1132.0 0.154 EPS1 T25 T25
S10 1154.0 0.154 EPS1 T25 T25
S11 1186.0 0.255 EPS1 T25 T25
S12 1193.0 0.255 EPS1 T25 T25
S13 1234.0 0.203 EPS1 T25 T25
S14 1139.0 0.154 EPS1 T25 T25
S15 1299.0 0.154 EPS1 T25 T25
S16 1289.0 0.154 EPS1 T25 T25
S17 1124.0 0.128 EPS1 T25 T25
S18 1016.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
S19 1029.0 9.00E-2 EPS1 T25 T25
S2 1262.0 0.203 EPS1 T25 T25
S3 1239.0 0.203 EPS1 T25 T25
S4 1412.0 0.255 EPS1 T25 T25
S5 1134.0 0.255 EPS1 T25 T25
S6 1100.0 0.255 EPS1 T25 T25
S7 1170.0 0.303 EPS1 T25 T25
S8 1442.0 0.333 EPS1 T25 T25
S9 1217.0 0.303 EPS1 T25 T25

-------------------------------------------
T25 F 25.0000

-------------------------------------------
P1 M 3028.0000 148.9600
P10 M 3010.0000 147.0000
P11 M 3124.0000 152.8800
P12 M 3169.0000 174.4400
P13 M 3224.0000 158.7600
P14 M 3209.0000 156.8000
P15 M 3164.0000 154.8400
P16 M 3089.0000 150.9200
P17 M 2981.0000 147.0000
P18 M 2985.0000 147.0000
P19 M 3184.0000 156.8000
P2 M 3039.0000 148.9600
P20 M 3167.0000 168.5600
P21 M 3377.0000 164.6400
P22 M 3534.0000 172.4800
P23 M 3487.0000 170.5200
P24 M 3410.0000 166.6000
P25 M 3529.0000 148.9600
56
P3 M 3021.0000 148.9600
P4 M 3060.0000 148.9600
P5 M 3018.0000 147.0000
P6 M 3005.0000 147.0000
P7 M 3019.0000 147.0000
P8 M 3005.0000 147.0000
P9 M 2992.0000 147.0000
PP1 N 3208.1399
PP10 N 3084.1372
PP11 N 3018.9513
PP12 N 2986.5765
PP13 N 2970.1583
PP14 N 3036.1167
PP15 N 3095.6271
PP16 N 3133.8158
PP17 N 3199.3819
PP18 N 3252.7400
PP19 N 3297.8382
PP2 N 3153.6582
PP3 N 3128.8946
PP4 N 3075.2633
PP5 N 3045.5292
PP6 N 3018.1933
PP7 N 2986.2942
PP8 N 2970.3321
PP9 N 2957.3439
PPCOMP N 3000.0000

-------------------------------------------
EPS1 F 1.200E-4
Results:
Task: H-7SIMPLEMIXTURE (Cerro Fortuso gas production field - example H-7)
I T E R A T I O N S
Iter Qeq Qx Qy Qmin

-----------------------------------------------------------------
START 1.0077E+01
1 5.1860E-01 6.9949E+03 1.2011E+04 3.0675E+01
2 2.8625E-03 1.4884E+03 1.5035E+03 3.1902E+01
3 1.1003E-04 2.2163E+00 2.1363E+00 3.1851E+01
4 4.2945E-06 7.4139E-02 6.5721E-02 3.1849E+01
5 1.7164E-07 2.6739E-03 2.3612E-03 3.1848E+01
Legend:

G L O B A L D A T A
Number of nodes 45

57

Qmin 3.1848E+01
Qcrit 3.7700E+01
S T R E A M S

------------------------------------------------------------------
G1 MC 1.186 1.186 0.058 KG/S
G10 MC 0.750 0.752 0.037 KG/S
G11 MC 1.709 1.710 0.083 KG/S
G12 MC 1.777 1.782 0.086 KG/S
G13 MC 1.755 1.768 0.085 KG/S
G14 MC 1.853 1.865 0.090 KG/S
G15 MC 1.671 1.681 0.081 KG/S
G16 MC 1.082 1.086 0.053 KG/S
G17 MC 1.036 1.039 0.051 KG/S
G18 MC 1.205 1.206 0.059 KG/S
G19 MC 0.383 0.384 0.019 KG/S
G2 MC 0.184 0.187 0.057 KG/S
G20 MC 0.635 0.637 0.031 KG/S
G21 MC 0.257 0.257 0.013 KG/S
G22 MC 1.378 1.389 0.066 KG/S
G23 MC 0.073 0.073 3.52E-3 KG/S
G24 MC 0.461 0.460 0.022 KG/S
G25 MC 0.455 0.407 0.109 KG/S
G3 MC 0.868 0.869 0.042 KG/S
G4 MC 2.227 2.239 0.108 KG/S
G5 MC 1.425 1.429 0.069 KG/S
G6 MC 0.572 0.582 0.024 KG/S
G7 MC 0.761 0.742 0.020 KG/S
G8 MC 0.370 0.371 0.018 KG/S
G9 MC 0.193 0.193 9.40E-3 KG/S
GOUT MC 26.191 24.293 0.295 KG/S
S1 NO 3.288 1.373 0.081 KG/S
S10 NO 3.503 3.492 0.119 KG/S
S11 NO 8.797 8.806 0.187 KG/S
S12 NO 10.916 10.931 0.201 KG/S
S13 NO 4.723 4.812 0.134 KG/S
S14 NO 3.518 3.606 0.121 KG/S
S15 NO 3.135 3.223 0.120 KG/S
S16 NO 2.496 2.586 0.117 KG/S
S17 NO 2.239 2.328 0.117 KG/S
S18 NO 0.845 0.939 0.108 KG/S
S19 NO 0.772 0.867 0.108 KG/S
S2 NO 4.146 2.242 0.091 KG/S
S3 NO 6.321 4.480 0.139 KG/S
S4 NO 7.727 5.909 0.154 KG/S
S5 NO 8.269 6.491 0.154 KG/S
S6 NO 9.089 7.233 0.162 KG/S
S7 NO 9.458 7.604 0.163 KG/S
S8 NO 9.651 7.797 0.164 KG/S
S9 NO 10.401 8.549 0.168 KG/S
Stream Properties
---------------------------
G1 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.629 KG/M^3
G10 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 21.96 KG/M^3
G11 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 24.094 KG/M^3
G12 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 24.005 KG/M^3
G13 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.228 KG/M^3
G14 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.49 KG/M^3
G15 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.271 KG/M^3
G16 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.655 KG/M^3
G17 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.574 KG/M^3
G18 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.653 KG/M^3
G19 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.421 KG/M^3
G2 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.268 KG/M^3
58
G20 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 24.042 KG/M^3
G21 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 24.672 KG/M^3
G22 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 25.618 KG/M^3
G23 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 26.335 KG/M^3
G24 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 27.168 KG/M^3
G25 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 27.056 KG/M^3
G3 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.43 KG/M^3
G4 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.367 KG/M^3
G5 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.154 KG/M^3
G6 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.625 KG/M^3
G7 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.516 KG/M^3
G8 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.239 KG/M^3
G9 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.075 KG/M^3
GOUT M = 17.664 KG/KMOL
S1 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.195 KG/M^3
S10 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.075 KG/M^3
S11 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.432 KG/M^3
S12 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 21.896 KG/M^3
S13 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 21.785 KG/M^3
S14 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.473 KG/M^3
S15 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.351 KG/M^3
S16 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 24.018 KG/M^3
S17 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 24.742 KG/M^3
S18 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 25.63 KG/M^3
S19 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 26.407 KG/M^3
S2 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 23.082 KG/M^3
S3 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.853 KG/M^3
S4 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.559 KG/M^3
S5 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.338 KG/M^3
S6 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 22.097 KG/M^3
S7 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 21.901 KG/M^3
S8 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 21.786 KG/M^3
S9 M = 17.664 KG/KMOL; D = 21.651 KG/M^3
P I P E L I N E S

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G1 23.629 1.2235E-5 89.668 0.0213 1.372E+06
G10 21.960 1.2028E-5 55.429 0.0214 8.849E+05
G11 24.094 1.2265E-5 142.910 0.0206 1.740E+06
G12 24.005 1.2260E-5 121.341 0.0206 1.815E+06
G13 23.228 1.2209E-5 143.834 0.0206 1.808E+06
G14 23.490 1.2226E-5 206.844 0.0206 1.904E+06
G15 23.271 1.2212E-5 154.159 0.0206 1.718E+06
G16 22.655 1.2173E-5 105.934 0.0213 1.263E+06
G17 22.574 1.2167E-5 86.196 0.0213 1.208E+06
G18 22.653 1.2172E-5 159.087 0.0213 1.402E+06
G19 23.421 1.2222E-5 118.077 0.0235 6.347E+05
G2 23.268 1.2212E-5 1.475 0.0218 1.908E+05
G20 24.042 1.2262E-5 68.642 0.0222 8.477E+05
G21 24.672 1.2303E-5 96.560 0.0246 5.025E+05
G22 25.618 1.2366E-5 99.826 0.0207 1.402E+06
G23 26.335 1.2413E-5 68.755 0.0278 2.131E+05
G24 27.168 1.2469E-5 97.693 0.0234 7.451E+05
G25 27.056 1.2462E-5 71.031 0.0234 6.601E+05
G3 23.430 1.2222E-5 73.749 0.0214 1.005E+06
G4 23.367 1.2218E-5 81.158 0.0195 1.823E+06
G5 23.154 1.2205E-5 118.183 0.0206 1.462E+06
G6 22.625 1.2171E-5 43.661 0.0215 6.764E+05
G7 22.516 1.2164E-5 70.535 0.0214 8.628E+05
G8 22.239 1.2146E-5 67.342 0.0235 6.167E+05
G9 22.075 1.2034E-5 58.516 0.0247 3.858E+05
S1 23.195 1.2207E-5 16.303 0.0189 9.299E+05
S10 23.075 1.2199E-5 106.613 0.0187 2.367E+06
S11 22.432 1.2158E-5 51.327 0.0167 3.616E+06
S12 21.896 1.2024E-5 81.338 0.0166 4.539E+06
S13 21.785 1.2018E-5 54.154 0.0176 2.512E+06
S14 22.473 1.2161E-5 115.187 0.0187 2.452E+06
S15 23.351 1.2217E-5 101.062 0.0187 2.181E+06
S16 24.018 1.2260E-5 62.928 0.0187 1.744E+06
S17 24.742 1.2308E-5 113.468 0.0195 1.882E+06
S18 25.630 1.2366E-5 102.518 0.0213 1.075E+06
S19 26.407 1.2418E-5 85.862 0.0214 9.874E+05
S2 23.082 1.2200E-5 11.488 0.0178 1.152E+06
S3 22.853 1.2185E-5 44.975 0.0176 2.306E+06
59
S4 22.559 1.2166E-5 27.497 0.0167 2.425E+06
S5 22.338 1.2152E-5 26.874 0.0167 2.667E+06
S6 22.097 1.2036E-5 32.671 0.0167 3.001E+06
S7 21.901 1.2024E-5 15.811 0.0161 2.657E+06
S8 21.786 1.2018E-5 12.622 0.0158 2.481E+06
S9 21.651 1.2010E-5 20.995 0.0161 2.991E+06

[KPA] [M]
-----------------------------------------------------
COMP 2841.199 0.0E+0
M1 3050.435 0.0E+0
M10 3080.477 0.0E+0
M11 2973.864 0.0E+0
M12 2922.538 0.0E+0
M13 2895.353 0.0E+0
M14 3010.540 0.0E+0
M15 3111.602 0.0E+0
M16 3174.530 0.0E+0
M17 3287.998 0.0E+0
M18 3390.515 0.0E+0
M19 3476.377 0.0E+0
M2 3034.132 0.0E+0
M3 3022.644 0.0E+0
M4 2977.669 0.0E+0
M5 2950.172 0.0E+0
M6 2923.298 0.0E+0
M7 2890.627 0.0E+0
M8 2874.816 0.0E+0
M9 2862.194 0.0E+0
W1 3051.911 0.0E+0
W10 2917.624 0.0E+0
W11 3223.387 0.0E+0
W12 3201.818 0.0E+0
W13 3117.699 0.0E+0
W14 3180.708 0.0E+0
W15 3128.024 0.0E+0
W16 3028.472 0.0E+0
W17 3008.733 0.0E+0
W18 3054.441 0.0E+0
W19 3128.617 0.0E+0
W2 3140.103 0.0E+0
W20 3180.244 0.0E+0
W21 3271.090 0.0E+0
W22 3387.824 0.0E+0
W23 3459.270 0.0E+0
W24 3574.069 0.0E+0
W25 3547.408 0.0E+0
W3 3107.882 0.0E+0
W4 3103.803 0.0E+0
W5 3095.853 0.0E+0
W6 2993.833 0.0E+0
W7 2993.833 0.0E+0
W8 2957.969 0.0E+0
W9 2933.332 0.0E+0

------------------------------------------------------------------
T25 F 25.000 25.000 C
P R E S S U R E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
P1 MC 3028.000 3051.911 35.353 KPA
P10 MC 3010.000 2917.624 36.619 KPA
P11 MC 3124.000 3223.387 38.488 KPA
P12 MC 3169.000 3201.818 37.853 KPA
P13 MC 3224.000 3117.699 37.050 KPA
P14 MC 3209.000 3180.708 39.155 KPA
P15 MC 3164.000 3128.024 37.305 KPA
P16 MC 3089.000 3028.472 36.349 KPA
P17 MC 2981.000 3008.733 36.081 KPA
60
P18 MC 2985.000 3054.441 37.435 KPA
P19 MC 3184.000 3128.617 34.381 KPA
P2 MC 3039.000 3140.103 36.274 KPA
P20 MC 3167.000 3180.244 33.611 KPA
P21 MC 3377.000 3271.090 34.647 KPA
P22 MC 3534.000 3387.824 41.410 KPA
P23 MC 3487.000 3459.270 52.397 KPA
P24 MC 3410.000 3574.069 69.501 KPA
P25 MC 3529.000 3547.408 104.744 KPA
P3 MC 3021.000 3107.882 35.476 KPA
P4 MC 3060.000 3103.803 36.125 KPA
P5 MC 3018.000 3095.853 36.406 KPA
P6 MC 3005.000 2993.833 35.425 KPA
P7 MN 3019.000 3019.000 147.000 KPA
P8 MC 3005.000 2957.969 36.235 KPA
P9 MC 2992.000 2933.332 36.408 KPA
PP1 NO 3208.140 3050.435 35.252 KPA
PP10 NO 3084.137 3080.477 35.225 KPA
PP11 NO 3018.951 2973.864 35.486 KPA
PP12 NO 2986.577 2922.538 36.074 KPA
PP13 NO 2970.158 2895.353 35.771 KPA
PP14 NO 3036.117 3010.540 33.319 KPA
PP15 NO 3095.627 3111.602 32.973 KPA
PP16 NO 3133.816 3174.530 33.941 KPA
PP17 NO 3199.382 3287.998 38.460 KPA
PP18 NO 3252.740 3390.515 53.011 KPA
PP19 NO 3297.838 3476.377 70.252 KPA
PP2 NO 3153.658 3034.132 35.188 KPA
PP3 NO 3128.895 3022.644 35.230 KPA
PP4 NO 3075.263 2977.669 35.463 KPA
PP5 NO 3045.529 2950.172 35.722 KPA
PP6 NO 3018.193 2923.298 36.037 KPA
PP7 NO 2986.294 2890.627 36.489 KPA
PP8 NO 2970.332 2874.816 36.732 KPA
PP9 NO 2957.344 2862.194 36.936 KPA
PPCOMP NO 3000.000 2841.199 37.292 KPA

------------------------------------------------------------------
EPS1 F 1.20E-4 1.20E-4 M
End of results
61
Appendix 2: Data and results for Example H-8 (Section 4.8)
Input data:
Task: H-8 (NG transport and distribution)
Number of nodes 26
C O M P O N E N T S

-------------------------------------------------------
C1 METHANE
N O D E S
------------------------------------------------
1 hydraulic
14 RS1 hydraulic
15 hydraulic
18 RS2 hydraulic
19 hydraulic
2 Compressor station hydraulic
20 hydraulic
21 hydraulic
22 hydraulic
23 hydraulic
24 hydraulic
25 hydraulic
26 hydraulic
27 hydraulic
28 hydraulic
29 hydraulic
30 hydraulic
31 hydraulic
32 hydraulic
33 hydraulic
34 hydraulic
35 hydraulic
36 hydraulic
6 hydraulic
7 hydraulic
8 hydraulic

---------------------------------------
1 261.00 P01
14 408.00 P14
15 408.00 P15
18 326.00 P18
19 326.00 P19
2 246.00 P02
20 392.00 P20
21 344.00 P21
22 373.00 P22
23 321.00 P23
24 387.00 P24
25 390.00 P25
26 329.00 P26
27 334.00 P27
28 338.00 P28
62
29 343.00 P29
30 356.00 P30
31 346.00 P31
32 361.00 P32
33 354.00 P33
34 351.00 P34
35 346.00 P35
36 342.00 P36
6 246.00 P06
7 307.00 P07
8 356.00 P08

--------------------------------------------
CS 2 6
RS1 15 14
RS2 19 18
S0-1 ENVIRON 1
S1-2 1 2
S14-20 14 20
S18-26 18 26
S20-0 20 ENVIRON
S20-21 20 21
S20-24 20 24
S21-0 21 ENVIRON
S21-22 21 22
S21-23 21 23
S22-0 22 ENVIRON
S23-0 23 ENVIRON
S23-19 23 19
S23-24 23 24
S24-0 24 ENVIRON
S24-25 24 25
S25-0 25 ENVIRON
S26-0 26 ENVIRON
S26-27 26 27
S27-28 27 28
S27-33 27 33
S27-36 27 36
S28-0 28 ENVIRON
S28-29 28 29
S29-0 29 ENVIRON
S29-30 29 30
S29-31 29 31
S30-0 30 ENVIRON
S31-0 31 ENVIRON
S31-32 31 32
S31-33 31 33
S32-0 32 ENVIRON
S33-0 33 ENVIRON
S33-34 33 34
S34-0 34 ENVIRON
S34-35 34 35
S35-0 35 ENVIRON
S35-36 35 36
S36-0 36 ENVIRON
S6-7 6 7
S7-15 7 15
S7-8 7 8
S8-0 8 ENVIRON

-------------------------------------------
CS N 1369557.8797 KG/H
RS1 N 3708.3146 KG/H
RS2 N 139.3000 KG/H
S0-1 M 1369000.0000 2.0000% KG/H
S1-2 N 1369557.8797 KG/H
S14-20 N 3708.3146 KG/H
S18-26 N 139.3000 KG/H
S20-0 M 830.0000 10.0000% KG/H
S20-21 N 1241.5198 KG/H
S20-24 N 1636.7907 KG/H
S21-0 M 180.0000 10.0000% KG/H
63
S21-22 N 600.0021 KG/H
S21-23 N 461.5174 KG/H
S22-0 M 605.0000 10.0000% KG/H
S23-0 M 680.0000 10.0000% KG/H
S23-19 N 139.3000 KG/H
S23-24 N -357.7853 KG/H
S24-0 M 843.0000 10.0000% KG/H
S24-25 N 436.0011 KG/H
S25-0 M 436.0000 10.0000% KG/H
S26-0 M 40.0000 10.0000% KG/H
S26-27 N 99.3000 KG/H
S27-28 N 32.6714 KG/H
S27-33 N 32.3251 KG/H
S27-36 N 34.3035 KG/H
S28-0 M 6.4000 3.0000% KG/H
S28-29 N 26.2714 KG/H
S29-0 M 11.4000 3.0000% KG/H
S29-30 N 3.6000 KG/H
S29-31 N 11.2714 KG/H
S30-0 M 3.6000 3.0000% KG/H
S31-0 M 22.9000 3.0000% KG/H
S31-32 N 4.3000 KG/H
S31-33 N -15.9286 KG/H
S32-0 M 4.3000 3.0000% KG/H
S33-0 F 0.000E+0 KG/H
S33-34 N 16.3965 KG/H
S34-0 M 15.7000 3.0000% KG/H
S34-35 N 0.6965 KG/H
S35-0 M 21.4000 3.0000% KG/H
S35-36 N -20.7035 KG/H
S36-0 M 13.6000 3.0000% KG/H
S6-7 N 1369557.8797 KG/H
S7-15 N 3708.3146 KG/H
S7-8 N 1365849.5652 KG/H
S8-0 M 1358000.0000 2.0000% KG/H

--------------------------------------------------------------------
CS 0E+0 1.200 EPS02 T02 T06
RS1 0E+0 0.200 EPS14 T15 T14
RS2 0E+0 1.200 EPS19 T19 T18
S1-2 105000.0 1.200 EPS01 T01 T02
S14-20 900.0 0.200 EPS14 T14 T20
S18-26 150.0 0.200 EPS18 T18 T26
S20-21 7000.0 0.200 EPS20 T20 T21
S20-24 4100.0 0.200 EPS20 T20 T24
S21-22 620.0 0.150 EPS21 T21 T22
S21-23 3800.0 0.200 EPS21 T21 T23
S23-19 2200.0 0.200 EPS23 T23 T19
S23-24 5600.0 0.200 EPS24 T24 T23
S24-25 430.0 0.200 EPS24 T24 T25
S26-27 300.0 0.200 EPS26 T26 T27
S27-28 600.0 0.100 EPS27 T27 T28
S27-33 800.0 0.100 EPS27 T27 T33
S27-36 800.0 0.100 EPS27 T27 T36
S28-29 550.0 0.100 EPS28 T28 T29
S29-30 310.0 8.00E-2 EPS29 T29 T30
S29-31 220.0 0.100 EPS29 T29 T31
S31-32 110.0 8.00E-2 EPS31 T31 T32
S31-33 800.0 0.100 EPS31 T31 T33
S33-34 700.0 0.100 EPS33 T33 T34
S34-35 450.0 0.100 EPS35 T35 T34
S35-36 250.0 0.100 EPS36 T36 T35
S6-7 96000.0 1.200 EPS06 T06 T07
S7-15 72000.0 0.200 EPS07 T07 T15
S7-8 5000.0 1.200 EPS07 T07 T08
P U M P S [KPA, KG/H] P=a+b.m+c.m^2+d.m^3
STREAM Pumps a b c d
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CS 1 2000.000 -1.00E-4 -1.00000E-10 0.00000E+0
64

-------------------------------------------
T01 F 26.0000
T02 F 24.0000
T06 F 25.0000
T07 F 20.0000
T08 F 18.0000
T09 F 23.0000
T10 F 19.0000
T11 F 39.0000
T12 F 29.0000
T13 F 26.0000
T14 F 18.0000
T15 F 19.0000
T16 F 18.0000
T17 F 19.0000
T18 F 18.0000
T19 F 18.0000
T20 F 18.0000
T21 F 18.0000
T22 F 18.0000
T23 F 18.0000
T24 F 18.0000
T25 F 18.0000
T26 F 18.0000
T27 F 18.0000
T28 F 18.0000
T29 F 18.0000
T30 F 18.0000
T31 F 18.0000
T32 F 18.0000
T33 F 18.0000
T34 F 18.0000
T35 F 18.0000
T36 F 18.0000

-------------------------------------------
P01 M 6400.0000 1.0000%
P02 M 5000.0000 1.0000%
P06 N 6722.5627
P07 N 5660.5327
P08 N 5581.9234
P14 M 292.0000 1.0000%
P15 M 5540.0000 2.0000%
P18 M 199.0000 1.0000%
P19 N 238.4008
P20 N 266.0589
P21 N 240.5327
P22 N 237.4417
P23 N 238.6257
P24 N 239.6934
P25 N 239.4161
P26 N 199.4255
P27 N 199.3463
P28 N 199.1784
P29 N 199.0424
P30 M 199.0000 0.5000%
P31 N 198.9974
P32 N 198.8017
P33 N 198.9349
P34 M 199.0000 0.5000%
P35 M 199.0000 0.5000%
P36 M 199.0000 5.0000%

-------------------------------------------
EPS01 F 5.000E-5
EPS02 F 5.000E-5
EPS06 F 5.000E-5
EPS07 F 5.000E-5
65
EPS08 F 5.000E-5
EPS09 F 8.000E-5
EPS11 F 8.000E-5
EPS12 F 8.000E-5
EPS14 F 2.000E-4
EPS16 F 2.000E-4
EPS18 F 5.000E-4
EPS19 F 2.000E-4
EPS20 F 2.000E-4
EPS21 F 2.000E-4
EPS23 F 2.000E-4
EPS24 F 2.000E-4
EPS26 F 5.000E-4
EPS27 F 5.000E-4
EPS28 F 5.000E-4
EPS29 F 5.000E-4
EPS31 F 5.000E-4
EPS33 F 5.000E-4
EPS34 F 5.000E-4
EPS35 F 5.000E-4
EPS36 F 5.000E-4
Results:
Task: H-8 (Natural gas transport and distribution)
I T E R A T I O N S
Iter Qeq Qx Qy Qmin

-----------------------------------------------------------------
START 3.0069E+00
1 4.7006E-02 6.3885E+03 2.8180E+03 7.0522E+00
2 2.0553E-03 2.4420E+01 7.9862E+00 7.1217E+00
3 9.0401E-05 3.0297E-01 1.1457E-01 7.1227E+00
4 3.9837E-06 1.3169E-02 4.3831E-03 7.1227E+00
5 1.7555E-07 5.8019E-04 1.9299E-04 7.1227E+00
Legend:

G L O B A L D A T A
Number of nodes 26


Qmin 7.1227E+00
Qcrit 1.2600E+01
66
WARNINGS
1. Negative flows detected (3):
S23-24 (Node 23 -> Node 24) -357.521 KG/H

S31-33 (Node 31 -> Node 33) -15.929 KG/H
S35-36 (Node 35 -> Node 36) -20.705 KG/H
S T R E A M S

------------------------------------------------------------------
CS NO 1369557.880 1404877.587 28868.896 KG/H
RS1 NO 3708.315 3701.470 156.288 KG/H
RS2 NO 139.300 139.295 4.000 KG/H
S0-1 NO 1369557.880 1404877.587 28868.896 KG/H
S1-2 NO 1369557.880 1404877.587 28868.896 KG/H
S14-20 NO 3708.315 3701.470 156.288 KG/H
S18-26 NO 139.300 139.295 4.000 KG/H
S20-0 MC 830.000 828.077 82.983 KG/H
S20-21 NO 1241.520 1239.387 56.765 KG/H
S20-24 NO 1636.791 1634.006 77.660 KG/H
S21-0 MC 180.000 179.910 18.000 KG/H
S21-22 NO 600.002 598.995 59.994 KG/H
S21-23 NO 461.517 460.483 53.103 KG/H
S22-0 MC 600.000 598.995 59.994 KG/H
S23-0 MC 680.000 678.709 67.991 KG/H
S23-19 NO 139.300 139.295 4.000 KG/H
S23-24 NO -357.785 -357.521 56.815 KG/H
S24-0 MC 843.000 841.016 84.283 KG/H
S24-25 NO 436.001 435.469 43.598 KG/H
S25-0 MC 436.000 435.469 43.598 KG/H
S26-0 MC 40.000 39.995 4.000 KG/H
S26-27 NO 99.300 99.300 0.00E+0 KG/H
S27-28 NO 32.671 32.671 0.00E+0 KG/H
S27-33 NO 32.325 32.323 0.00E+0 KG/H
S27-36 NO 34.304 34.305 0.00E+0 KG/H
S28-0 F 6.400 6.400 KG/H
S28-29 NO 26.271 26.271 0.00E+0 KG/H
S29-0 F 11.400 11.400 KG/H
S29-30 NO 3.600 3.600 0.00E+0 KG/H
S29-31 NO 11.271 11.271 0.00E+0 KG/H
S30-0 F 3.600 3.600 KG/H
S31-0 F 22.900 22.900 KG/H
S31-32 NO 4.300 4.300 0.00E+0 KG/H
S31-33 NO -15.929 -15.929 0.00E+0 KG/H
S32-0 F 4.300 4.300 KG/H
S33-0 F 0.00E+0 0.00E+0 KG/H
S33-34 NO 16.396 16.395 0.00E+0 KG/H
S34-0 F 15.700 15.700 KG/H
S34-35 NO 0.696 0.695 0.00E+0 KG/H
S35-0 F 21.400 21.400 KG/H
S35-36 NO -20.704 -20.705 0.00E+0 KG/H
S36-0 F 13.600 13.600 KG/H
S6-7 NO 1369557.880 1404877.587 28868.896 KG/H
S7-15 NO 3708.315 3701.470 156.288 KG/H
S7-8 NO 1365849.565 1401176.117 28875.208 KG/H
S8-0 MC 1358000.000 1401176.117 28875.208 KG/H
Stream Properties
---------------------------
CS M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 42.295 KG/M^3
RS1 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 25.842 KG/M^3
RS2 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.462 KG/M^3
S0-1 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S1-2 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 40.75 KG/M^3
S14-20 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.861 KG/M^3
S18-26 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.327 KG/M^3
S20-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S20-21 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.689 KG/M^3
S20-24 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.686 KG/M^3
S21-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S21-22 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.592 KG/M^3
S21-23 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.596 KG/M^3
67
S22-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S23-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S23-19 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.589 KG/M^3
S23-24 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.593 KG/M^3
S24-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S24-25 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.596 KG/M^3
S25-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S26-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S26-27 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.327 KG/M^3
S27-28 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.326 KG/M^3
S27-33 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.325 KG/M^3
S27-36 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.325 KG/M^3
S28-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S28-29 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.325 KG/M^3
S29-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S29-30 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.324 KG/M^3
S29-31 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.324 KG/M^3
S30-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S31-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S31-32 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.323 KG/M^3
S31-33 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.324 KG/M^3
S32-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S33-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S33-34 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.324 KG/M^3
S34-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S34-35 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.324 KG/M^3
S35-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S35-36 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 1.324 KG/M^3
S36-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
S6-7 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 44.639 KG/M^3
S7-15 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 40.181 KG/M^3
S7-8 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL; D = 40.413 KG/M^3
S8-0 M = 16.043 KG/KMOL
P I P E L I N E S

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CS 42.295 1.2418E-5 0.00E+0 0.0104 3.334E+07
RS1 25.842 1.1656E-5 0.00E+0 0.0202 5.616E+05
RS2 1.462 1.0968E-5 0.00E+0 0.0406 3.743E+03
S1-2 40.750 1.2375E-5 1323.282 0.0104 3.346E+07
S14-20 1.861 1.0968E-5 26.149 0.0202 5.968E+05
S18-26 1.327 1.0968E-5 0.013 0.0310 2.246E+04
S20-21 1.689 1.0968E-5 26.263 0.0211 1.998E+05
S20-24 1.686 1.0968E-5 26.382 0.0208 2.634E+05
S21-22 1.592 1.0968E-5 2.633 0.0229 1.288E+05
S21-23 1.596 1.0968E-5 2.263 0.0229 7.424E+04
S23-19 1.589 1.0968E-5 0.148 0.0281 2.246E+04
S23-24 1.593 1.0968E-5 -2.102 0.0239 5.764E+04
S24-25 1.596 1.0968E-5 0.230 0.0231 7.021E+04
S26-27 1.327 1.0968E-5 0.014 0.0327 1.601E+04
S27-28 1.326 1.0968E-5 0.116 0.0385 1.054E+04
S27-33 1.325 1.0968E-5 0.152 0.0386 1.042E+04
S27-36 1.325 1.0968E-5 0.170 0.0382 1.106E+04
S28-29 1.325 1.0968E-5 0.071 0.0398 8.471E+03
S29-30 1.324 1.0968E-5 2.55E-3 0.0441 1.451E+03
S29-31 1.324 1.0968E-5 6.08E-3 0.0461 3.634E+03
S31-32 1.323 1.0968E-5 1.08E-3 0.0369 1.733E+03
S31-33 1.324 1.0968E-5 -0.041 0.0433 5.136E+03
S33-34 1.324 1.0968E-5 0.038 0.0430 5.287E+03
S34-35 1.324 1.0968E-5 2.93E-4 0.2857 2.240E+02
S35-36 1.324 1.0968E-5 -0.021 0.0414 6.677E+03
S6-7 44.639 1.2443E-5 1104.523 0.0104 3.328E+07
S7-15 40.181 1.2178E-5 76.243 0.0159 5.375E+05
S7-8 40.413 1.2170E-5 63.193 0.0104 3.393E+07

[KPA] [M]
-----------------------------------------------------
1 6358.117 261.00
14 292.000 408.00
15 5455.706 408.00
18 199.501 326.00
68
19 238.547 326.00
2 5040.829 246.00
20 266.143 392.00
21 240.675 344.00
22 237.589 373.00
23 238.772 321.00
24 239.843 387.00
25 239.566 390.00
26 199.449 329.00
27 199.369 334.00
28 199.201 338.00
29 199.065 343.00
30 198.893 356.00
31 199.020 346.00
32 198.824 361.00
33 198.957 354.00
34 198.958 351.00
35 199.023 346.00
36 199.095 342.00
6 6702.973 246.00
7 5571.747 307.00
8 5489.134 356.00

------------------------------------------------------------------
T01 F 26.000 26.000 C
T02 F 24.000 24.000 C
T06 F 25.000 25.000 C
T07 F 20.000 20.000 C
T08 F 18.000 18.000 C
T09 F 23.000 23.000 C
T10 F 19.000 19.000 C
T11 F 39.000 39.000 C
T12 F 29.000 29.000 C
T13 F 26.000 26.000 C
T14 F 18.000 18.000 C
T15 F 19.000 19.000 C
T16 F 18.000 18.000 C
T17 F 19.000 19.000 C
T18 F 18.000 18.000 C
T19 F 18.000 18.000 C
T20 F 18.000 18.000 C
T21 F 18.000 18.000 C
T22 F 18.000 18.000 C
T23 F 18.000 18.000 C
T24 F 18.000 18.000 C
T25 F 18.000 18.000 C
T26 F 18.000 18.000 C
T27 F 18.000 18.000 C
T28 F 18.000 18.000 C
T29 F 18.000 18.000 C
T30 F 18.000 18.000 C
T31 F 18.000 18.000 C
T32 F 18.000 18.000 C
T33 F 18.000 18.000 C
T34 F 18.000 18.000 C
T35 F 18.000 18.000 C
T36 F 18.000 18.000 C
P R E S S U R E S

------------------------------------------------------------------
P01 MC 6400.000 6358.117 55.566 KPA
P02 MC 5000.000 5040.829 38.939 KPA
P06 NO 6722.563 6702.973 41.882 KPA
P07 NO 5660.533 5571.747 85.031 KPA
P08 NO 5581.923 5489.134 88.023 KPA
P14 MN 292.000 292.000 2.920 KPA
P15 MC 5540.000 5455.706 85.532 KPA
P18 MC 199.000 199.501 0.551 KPA
P19 NO 238.401 238.547 6.394 KPA
P20 NO 266.059 266.143 3.998 KPA
P21 NO 240.533 240.675 6.137 KPA
69
P22 NO 237.442 237.589 6.430 KPA
P23 NO 238.626 238.772 6.392 KPA
P24 NO 239.693 239.843 6.233 KPA
P25 NO 239.416 239.566 6.250 KPA
P26 NO 199.426 199.449 0.551 KPA
P27 NO 199.346 199.369 0.551 KPA
P28 NO 199.178 199.201 0.551 KPA
P29 NO 199.042 199.065 0.551 KPA
P30 MC 199.000 198.893 0.551 KPA
P31 NO 198.997 199.020 0.551 KPA
P32 NO 198.802 198.824 0.551 KPA
P33 NO 198.935 198.957 0.551 KPA
P34 MC 199.000 198.958 0.551 KPA
P35 MC 199.000 199.023 0.551 KPA
P36 MC 199.000 199.095 0.551 KPA

------------------------------------------------------------------
EPS01 F 5.00E-5 5.00E-5 M
EPS02 F 5.00E-5 5.00E-5 M
EPS06 F 5.00E-5 5.00E-5 M
EPS07 F 5.00E-5 5.00E-5 M
EPS08 F 5.00E-5 5.00E-5 M
EPS09 F 8.00E-5 8.00E-5 M
EPS11 F 8.00E-5 8.00E-5 M
EPS12 F 8.00E-5 8.00E-5 M
EPS14 F 2.00E-4 2.00E-4 M
EPS16 F 2.00E-4 2.00E-4 M
EPS18 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS19 F 2.00E-4 2.00E-4 M
EPS20 F 2.00E-4 2.00E-4 M
EPS21 F 2.00E-4 2.00E-4 M
EPS23 F 2.00E-4 2.00E-4 M
EPS24 F 2.00E-4 2.00E-4 M
EPS26 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS27 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS28 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS29 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS31 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS33 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS34 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS35 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
EPS36 F 5.00E-4 5.00E-4 M
End of results

Report created 27.04.2016 13:13:43
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Pipeline systems modeling and data reconciliation by RECON

Technical Report · December 2015

Process Data Rconciliation and Validation View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Pipeline systems modeling and data

Authors: Miloslav Hošťálek

Ústí nad Labem July 2015

2. PIPELINE FLOW MODELING 3

2.1. General considerations 3

2.2. Flow of liquids 4

2.3. Flow of gases 8

2.4. Complex pipeline systems with loops 11

2.5. Physical properties 11

3. CONFIGURATION OF PIPELINE HYDRAULICS IN RECON 14

4. EXAMPLES OF PIPELINE MODELS 20

4.1. A gravitational flow 20

4.2. Pumping water 25

4.3. Local losses 27

4.4. Hydraulic network 28

4.5. Crude oil pipelines in series 32

4.6. Simple gas pipeline 36

4.7. Natural gas gathering system 41

4.8. Natural gas transportation and distribution system 46

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 49

APPENDIX 1: DATA AND RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE H-7 (SECTION 4.7) 53

APPENDIX 2: DATA AND RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE H-8 (SECTION 4.8) 62

A pipeline need not be horizontal; it generally comprises ascending (or descending)

Fig. 2-1: A pipeline segment

2.2. Flow of liquids

Fig. 2-1: A simple pipeline system

which represents the balance of a mechanical energy of a unit mass of a liquid.

Table 2-1: Pipe roughnesses [1]

where KL is the loss coefficient. Values of KL can be found in specialized literature,

Table 2-2: Some loss coefficients

p = a + bQ + cQ2 + ….. (2-10)

2.3. Flow of gases

Fig. 2-2: Example of splitting a pipeline into 7 segments

Fig. 2-3: Schematics of an inclined pipeline section

The Eq. (2-14) has then a form

2.5. Physical properties

PF-C(T,P) – Petroleum fraction, compressed liquid

In the following examples we will use the following models:

Fig. 3.1: A pipeline system

P = 0.389 + 18.697 Q - 0.04639 Q2 [kPa; kg s-1] (3-1)

After definition of pressures

Fig. 3.2: A pipeline flowsheet in RECON

Next are the configuration panels of nodes:

In the next Fig. 3.3 is the stream OUTLET configuration panel:

Fig. 3.3: Stream OUTLET configuration panel

ID Description Chemical name

ID Geodesic height Node pres.

ID From node To node Description

ID Type Value Max.error

Stream Length Diameter Roughness Inlet temp.Outlet temp

P U M P S [KPAG, KG/S] P=a+b.m+c.m^2+d.m^3

ID Type Value Max.error

ID Type Value Max.error

ID Type Value Max.error

4.1. A gravitational flow

There are two reservoirs connected by a pipeline.

Fig. 4.1.1: A gravitational flow

ID Description Chemical name