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Losses in Pipes
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Where :
f : is the friction factor =f (Re, /D)
Re : Reynolds number
: pipe roughness
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The relation between friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness is
experimentally determined and presented in Moody chart
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Minor Losses
As discussed in the previous section, the head loss in long, straight
sections of pipe can be calculated by use of the friction factor
obtained from either the Moody chart or the Colebrook equation.
Most pipe systems, however, consist of considerably more than
straight pipes. These additional components (valves, bends, tees,
and the like) add to the overall head loss of the system. Such losses
are generally termed minor losses, with the apparent implication
being that the majority of the system loss is associated with the
friction in the straight portions of the pipes, the major losses. In
many cases this is true. In other cases the minor losses are greater
than the major losses. In this section we indicate how to determine
the various minor losses that commonly occur in pipe systems.
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Entrance flow conditions and loss coefficient Exit flow conditions and loss coefficient
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An alternate method to determine the friction factor for the turbulent flow
would be to use the Colebrook formula:
where A is the cross sectional area and P is the wetted perimeter of the
cross-section.
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Problem Types
1-Simple pipe
• Determine friction loss (given Q, D & required
H loss)
• Determine flow rate (given H loss, D &
required Q) by trial &error
• Determine pipe size (given H loss, Q &
required D) by trial &error
• Some problems require iteration (guess f, solve
for v or D, check for correct f)
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2-Multiple pipes
• Series pipe connection
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Write the continuity equation for the system and energy equation
between any two Tanks, depending on flow direction
(no. of equations is equal to no. of tanks)
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Example (1)
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Example (2)
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Try this
Water flows downward through a vertical smooth pipe. When the flow rate is
0.8 m3/min. there is no change in pressure along the pipe. Determine the
diameter of the pipe.
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