Calorific Test of Gaseous Fuel

Boy’s Calorimeter

REPORTED BY: KAL-EL JAMIAS

OBJECTIVES

• Definition of gaseous fuel

• Advantage of gaseous fuel
• Example of gaseous fuel
• What is Calorific Value
• Instrument used for analyzing gaseous fuel
• Parts of instrument
• Use of Boy’s Calorimeter
• Determination of calorific value of gaseous fuel by gas calorimeter
DEFINITION OF GASEOUS FUEL

• Gaseous fuels are hydrocarbons, hydrogen and carbon monoxide

mixtures present in gaseous state which forms the basis of
potential heat energy or light energy that can be readily
disseminated by means of pipes from the origin to the place of
consumption.
ADVANTAGES OF GASEOUS FUEL

• Gaseous fuels are often less expensive than solid and liquid fuels.
• Gaseous fuels are often delivered in a pipeline. There is no need
to store fuel on site so it is cheaper.
• It is less costly to meet emission requirements while burning
gaseous fuels.
• Spilled gaseous fuels do not make a mess. No costly containment
structures.
EXAMPLE OF GASEOUS FUELS

• Coke oven gas is formed by heating coal to 1100 °C without access of air. The classic
composition of coke gas: hydrogen (H2 - 51%), methane (CH4 - 34%), carbon monoxide (CO -
10%), ethylene (C2H4 - 5%). The composition may also include benzene (C6H6), ammonia
(NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other components.
• Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C₃H₈. It is a gas at standard
temperature and pressure, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural
gas processing and petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a fuel. Propane is one of a
group of liquefied petroleum gases.
• butane fuel is comprised primarily of n-butane (68.59 percent), isobutene (29.39 percent)
propane (1.48 percent) and nitrogen (0.55 percent).
• North Sea oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, comprising liquid petroleum and natural gas,
produced from petroleum reservoirs beneath the North Sea.
• Water gas is when super heated is passed over red hot coke, a mixture of carbon monoxide
and hydrogen is obtained

• Producer gas is a gas mixture containing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon
dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2).
What is Calorific Value?
the measure of heating power and is dependent upon the composition of the gas. The CV refers
to the amount of energy released when a known volume of gas is completely combusted under
specified conditions.
Specifically,
Quantity of heat released during the complete combustion of one cubic meter of gas under
“normal” temperature and pressure conditions (1.01325 bar or 101 325 Pascal at 0°C) when
the water formed during combustion remains as steam and the combustion products are
evacuated under normalised test conditions.
the air in the presence of a heat source. The result of complete combustion is essentially
carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and heat.
There are two calorific values are defined according to the state of the water at the
combustion products.
1. Higher calorific value, higher heating value – when H2O in the product is in the liquid form
2. Lower calorific value, lower heating value – when H2O in the product is in the gaseous from
Boy’s Calorimeter
The calorific value of a gaseous fuel can be found by burning the gas in a
water cooled
vessel under standard test conditions. The equipment used is the Boy's
Calorimeter
Apparatus
The calorimeter consists of a water-cooled copper chimney set over a wooden
base
containing a central burner.
This equipment may be used for the determination of the calorific value (CV)
of any
gaseous fuel provided that the correct burner nozzle is fitted. A known volume
of gas
sample is metered and burned inside the chamber surrounded by a cooling
coil, fed
from a constant head apparatus with a known volume of water. The CV is
calculated
from the rise in temperature of the water after making suitable corrections.
PROCEDURE

• 1. The upper part of the calorimeter is removed, opened the gas flow and lit up
the burner.
• 2. Constant pressure head is set to the apparatus and opened the water flow.
• 3. The stop watch was set and at that moment water direction is changed to
collect the water that circulating through the apparatus
• 4. Water is collected that circulate through the calorimeter for 5 minutes.
• 5. Temperature readings were taken after 5 minutes collecting the water.
• 6. Volume flow rate was taken by the flow meter and readings were calculated
with the help of given chart.
• 7. All the values are noted down and calculated the HCV.
Getting the CV of sample

• CALCULATIONS
-Volume of Gas Burnt = V(𝑚3 )
-Mass of water = m(kg)
-Temperature of Incoming water = 𝑇1
-Temperature of Outgoing water= 𝑇2
-Rise in Temperature = (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
-Calorific Value = CV
-Specific heat capacity = c = 4.178 𝑘𝐽/𝐾.

𝑚𝑐(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
• CV=
𝑉
GAS SAMPLE

• Elapsed time = 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛

• Corrected volume (27℃ 101.325 kPa) = 588.66𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
• Cooling water parameters
• Mass collected = 1.895𝑘𝑔
• Inlet temperature = 29℃ = 302.15𝐾
• Outlet temperature = 35℃ = 308.15𝐾
• Specific heat capacity = 4.178 𝑘𝐽/𝐾. 𝑘𝑔
• hfg = 2564.6 kJ/kg
1.895×4.178×(35−29)
• HCV = = 110013.96 𝑘𝐽/𝑚3
588.66×10−6
 Calorific Values of Gaseous Fuels

Gaseous fuels at 15 °C, 101.325 kPa, dry Gross calorific value/MJ m− 3

Coal gas coke oven (debenzolized) 20

Coal gas continuous vertical retort (steaming) 18
Coal gas low temperature 34
Commercial butane 118
Commercial propane 94
North Sea gas natural 39
Producer gas coal 6
Producer gas coke 5
Water gas carburetted 19
Water gas blue 11
CONCLUSION

• IN THIS REPORT WE TACKLE THE WHAT IS GASEOUS FUEL AND WHAT IS THE
ADVANTAGE OF IT. WE DISCUSS THE EXAMPLES OF GASEOUS FUEL ALSO THE
INSTRUMENT, PARTS AND IN TESTING FOR THE CALORIFIC VALUE OR THE
HEATING VALUE OF A GASEOUS FUEL.
THANK YOU!!!!