MATTER:

PROPERTIES,
COMPOSITION, AND THE
CHANGES IT UNDERGOES
CHEM 16
OVERVIEW
• FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS
• MEASUREMENT OF MATTER
• DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
• ATOMIC SYMBOL AND ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS
FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS
• Chemistry is the study of matter (composition and properties), the changes it
undergoes, and the energy involved in these changes.

• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space (has volume).

• Mass is the measure of the quantity of matter in a sample of any material.

• Composition refers to the parts or components of a sample of matter and

their relative proportions.

• Properties are qualities or attributes that can be used to distinguish one

sample of matter from others.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSICAL CHANGES
Physical properties – properties displayed by matter without changing its composition

Qualitative:
• Physical state, color, odor, crystal shape
• Malleability, ductility, hardness, brittleness

Quantitative
• Melting point, boiling point, solubility, density
• Thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity

Physical Properties of copper (Petrucci R., et. al.

2011. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern
Application. Ontario.)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSICAL CHANGES
Physical change – change that affects the physical properties of matter but
not its chemical composition

e.g. Change in physical state

• When water freezes into ice, the
physical state changes from liquid
to solid but the composition
remains the same (H2O: 11.19%
H and 88.81% O).
STATES/PHASES OF MATTER

§ Solid
§ Liquid
§ Gas
STATES/PHASES OF MATTER

Solid Liquid Gas

No regular Always in motion,

Arranged in a regular
arrangement as therefore impossible
Particle arrangement pattern in a rigid
particles move past to have a regular
and rigidity framework
each other arrangement

Indefinite – occupies
Definite - has its own Definite - follows
and fills entire
Volume volume container
container
High (easily
Compressibility Very low Very low
compressed)
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Chemical properties – properties of matter that are observed when it
undergoes a change in composition

Chemical change – change that alters the chemical composition of matter

– also known as chemical reaction
– a process that cannot be reversed (except by further
chemical reactions)
– one or more substances are used up (or at least
partially); one or more new substances are produced

• e.g. Rusting of iron, burning of paper, dissolving metals in strong acids

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Pure substance is a form of matter with constant composition and
distinct properties.

Element – fundamental substance and cannot be separated into simpler

substances by chemical means.
e.g. H, O

Compound – substance composed of two or more elements in fixed

proportions and can be separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
e.g. H2O
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances with variable
composition. The substances that make up the mixture retain their identities
and can be separated by physical means.

Homogeneous mixture – also known as solution, has uniform composition

and properties (e.g. brass – an alloy of Cu and Zn; air)

Heterogeneous mixture – composition and properties are not uniform

throughout
• Suspension – some of the particles settle out of the mixture upon standing
• Colloid – particles spread evenly throughout the medium
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Approximate Sizes of Dispersed Particles
Mixture Example Approximate Particle Size

SUSPENSION
Sand in water Larger than 10,000 Å
(Heterogeneous)
COLLOID
Starch in water 10 – 10,000 Å
(Heterogeneous)
SOLUTION Sugar in water
1 – 10 Å
(Homogeneous) (sugar dissolves in water)

ß Colloids exhibit
Tyndall Effect (light
scattering)

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-tyndall-effect-
605756
EXTENSIVE PROPERTY VS. INTENSIVE PROPERTY
Extensive property – property that is dependent on the quantity of matter
observed (e.g. mass, volume)

Intensive property – property that is independent of the amount of matter

observed (e.g. boiling point, molecular weight, density)

Mass is the measure of the quantity of matter.

Volume measures the space occupied by matter.
Density (symbol: ρ) is the amount of matter per unit volume of a sample.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒
MEASUREMENT OF MATTER
Measurement – product of a number and a unit
International System of Units (SI units)

Review the prefixes and conversion!

MEASUREMENT OF MATTER
Mass describes the quantity of matter (SI unit: kg).

Weight is the force of gravity on an object (W = m x g; where g = acceleration

due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2 on Earth)

Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness of an object; a measure of

intensity of heat.

Heat is the amount of energy that is transferred from one object to another
because of temperature difference. It always flows spontaneously from the
hotter object to the colder object.
MEASUREMENT OF MATTER
Three common temperature scales:
UNCERTAINTIES IN SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS
“All measurements are subject to error.”

Types of errors
• Systematic error – from measuring instruments
• Random error – limitations in an experimenter’s skill or ability to read
scientific device

Figures of Merit
• Precision – degree of reproducibility of a measured quantity (the closeness of
agreement when the same quantity is measured several times)
• Accuracy – how close a measured value is to the actual value
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
Express 9.43 yards in millimeters

Steps:
1. Identify the starting unit and final unit
Start with yards
End with millimeters
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
Express 9.43 yards in millimeters

Steps:
2. Determine units to relate starting unit and final unit

1 yard = 3 feet; 1 foot = 12 inches; 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters;

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
Express 9.43 yards in millimeters

Steps:
3. Write an equation wherein when you multiply the conversion factors the
starting unit will cancel out and the final unit remains

3 𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛 2.54 𝑐𝑚 10 𝑚𝑚
9.43 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑦𝑑 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑐𝑚
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
Express 9.43 yards in millimeters

Steps:
4. Solve
8622.792 mm ≈ 8.62 x103 mm
PERCENT COMPOSITION
Percent composition – percentage of a component in relation to the total mass

@ABB CD E
% 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = x 100%
FCFAG @ABB CD BA@HGI

Example: Sterling silver is an alloy that consists of 92.5% Ag and 7.5% Cu. What is
the mass of Ag that is contained in a sterling silver ring with a mass of 8.0 g.

JKLL MN OP
92.5% = x 100% mass of Ag = 7.4 g
Q.R P

mass of Cu = ? mass of Cu = 8.0 g ⎯ 7.4 g = 0.6 g

DENSITY
Density (symbol: ρ) is mass per unit volume.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
ρ =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Example: A 30.4 gram piece of chromium is dropped into a graduated cylinder that
contains 5.00 mL of water. The water level rises to 9.23 mL. What is the density of
chromium?

Given: mass of Cr = 30.4 g

volume of Cr = 9.23 mL ⎯ 5.00 mL = 4.23 mL
bR.c P
ρ of Cr = = 7.19 g/mL
c.db Je
-end
PERCENT COMPOSITION AND DENSITY
A typical cheese contains 30.17 % water, 31.23% protein, 34.39% fat and the
rest made up of mineral matter. How much mineral matter is present in a 45.0-
gram block of cheese? If the volume occupied by that cheese is 20.0 cm3, what
is the density of the cheese sample?
mass of mineral matter = ? g
% mineral matter = 100 ⎯ (30.17 + 31.23 + 34.39) = 4.21%
JKLL MN JhijkKl JKmmjk
4.21% = x 100% mass of mineral matter = 1.89 g
cf.R P

ρ of cheese = ? cf.R P
mass of cheese = 45.0 g ρ of cheese = b = 2.25 g/cm
3
dR.R gJ
volume of cheese = 20.0 cm3
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
The next brightest star next to Sun is Sirius. Its distance from Earth is 8.6 light
years. How far is Sirius form Earth in kilometers. (Hint: light travels at the speed
of 300 000 km/s)

Steps:
1. Identify the starting unit and final unit
Start with light years
End with kilometers
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
The next brightest star next to Sun is Sirius. Its distance from Earth is 8.6 light
years. How far is Sirius form Earth in kilometers. (Hint: light travels at the speed
of 300 000 km/s)

Steps:
2. Determine units to relate starting unit and final unit

1 year = 365 days; 1 day = 24 hours; 1 hour = 60 minutes; 1 minute = 60

seconds
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
The next brightest star next to Sun is Sirius. Its distance from Earth is 8.6 light
years. How far is Sirius form Earth in kilometers. (Hint: light travels at the speed
of 300 000 km/s)

Steps:
3. Write an equation wherein when you multiply the conversion factors the
starting unit will cancel out and the final unit remains

365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 300000 𝑘𝑚

8.6 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
UNIT FACTOR METHOD (DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)
Example
The next brightest star next to Sun is Sirius. Its distance from Earth is 8.6 light
years. How far is Sirius form Earth in kilometers. (Hint: light travels at the speed
of 300 000 km/s)

Steps:
4. Solve
8.136288x1013 km ≈ 8.1 x1013 km