Structural Loads

Structural Loads
JOHN REY M. PACTURANAN

Faculty Member, College of Engineering
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
johnreypacturanan@cspc.com.ph
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Topic Outline
01 Structural System for

Transmitting Loads
04 Wind Loads
02 Dead Loads 05 Earthquake Loads
03 Live Loads 06 Other Loads

2
Reference:
Kassimali, Aslam (2011).
Structural Analysis, SI Edition
(4th Ed.). Stamford, CT., USA.
Cengage Learning. pp 17 – 40.

Other References:
Leet, K.M., et al (2011). Fundamentals of Hibbeler, R.C. (2015). Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis (5th Ed.). New York, NY., (9th Ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ., Pearson
USA. McGraw Hill Education. Prentice Hall.

Let’s Start!!!

STRUCTURALSYSTEM
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMFOR
FOR
TRANSMITTINGLOADS
TRANSMITTING LOADS
Source: https://www.theb1m.com/article/our-top-skyscraper-videos-of-2019
Floor Framing System (Option 1)
Slabs Footings
Beams Columns Soil (Ground)
(Floors) (Foundations)

Floor Framing System (Option 2)
Beams Footings
Slabs Girders Columns Soil (Ground)
(or Joist) (Foundation)

Roof Framing System
Footings Soil
Roof Purlins Trusses Roof Beams Columns
(Foundation) (Ground)

One-Way vs Two-Way Slabs
One-Way Slab: Two-Way Slab:
L/W > 2 or W/L < 0.5 L/W ≤ 2 or W/L ≥ 0.5

Source: https://structville.com/2018/05/simple-proofs-why-shorter-spans-are-more-critical-in-slab-design.html
One-Way and Two-Way Distribution of Loads

Source: https://www.quora.com/How-are-loads-transferred-from-beams-to-columns
Tributary Area for Beams
Example:
Sketch the tributary area for

beam AB, BE, EH, HI, CF and
JK of the typical floor plan
shown.

Tributary Area for Columns
Example:
Sketch the tributary area for

column A, E, G, H and K of
the typical floor plan of the
building shown.

Distribution of Loads
The slab carries a service load of 5 kPa. Determine the
load acting at all members of the system.

Distribution of Loads
The slab carries a service

load of 6.5 kPa. Determine
the load acting at all
members of the system.

Any Questions?

DEAD LOADS
Source: https://wallpaperaccess.com/hd-construction
What are dead loads?
• Weight of the structure itself (beams, columns, slabs)

and all fixed elements (door, window, ceiling, flooring,
etc.)
• It is a gravity load of constant magnitudes and fixed
positions that act permanently on the structure.

What are dead loads?
• A more detailed table for dead loads can be found in

Section 204 of National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP) Volume 1, 7th Edition.

Example
Determine the linear

weight of a
reinforced concrete
rectangular beam
with dimension of
300 mm by 500 mm

Example
Calculate the linear

weight of the
reinforced concrete
barrier shown
below.

Example
Determine the total weight of the column (in kN) with

a square cross section of 500 mm and a height of 3.5
m. The material for the column is reinforced stoned
concrete

Example
Determine the corresponding line loads of the

following walls:
a. Window Glass Frame and Sash, 3.5 m high
b. Exterior Stud Wall 50 x 100 @ 400 mm, 15 mm
gypsum, insulated 10 mm sliding, 5.0 m high
c. Movable Steel Partition, 4.5 m high

Example (Cont.)
d. 4’’ clay brick, 2.7 m high

e. 6’’ CHB, Plastered on both faces, full grout using 19.6
kN/m3 density of grouting material, 4 m high

Example:
A 5’’ floor slab (125 mm) is made of stone concrete.

The floor is finished using ceramic tile on 13 mm
mortar bed. A 13 mm acoustic fiber board is installed
in the ceiling below the slab. What is the total dead
load carried by the slab (in kPa)?

Example
The floor and framing plan of a structure is given below. The

CHB walls are all plastered in both faces and fully grouted
using 21.2 kN/m3 density of grout. The second floor slab is
5’’ (125 mm) thick and the slab is 4’’ (100 mm) thick, and
they are both made of stone concrete. The second floor is
finished with ceramic tile on 13 mm mortar bed. Both slabs
are carrying a ceiling made of 13 mm gypsum board. The
beams and columns are made of reinforced stone concrete
and the typical dimension of all beam is 300 mm x 400 mm
and that of column is 450 mm square. Each floor is 3.2 m
high. Perform a basic structural analysis of the structure
based on dead loads only.
Example (Cont.)

Any Questions?

LIVE LOADS
Source: https://www.citymetric.com/horizons/here-are-four-futuristic-new-designs-pedestrian-crossings-4309
What are live loads?
• loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use of
the structure
• Generally, its previous definition is “Any load that is not dead load”.
However, some non-dead loads, like wind and earthquake loads, have
their probability of occurrence is different than those loads due to the
use of structure, thus, current codes describe live loads as the loads
due to its use.
• The codes treat other environmental loads, like wind and earthquake
loads, separately from the live loads.

A more detailed table for live loads can be found in Section
205 of National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)
Volume 1, 7th Edition.
Example
Perform a structural analysis for live loads of a

residential structure whose floor and framing plans are
shown below. The slab B1-C1-C2-B2 in the second is
used as an exterior balcony and the rest is basic floor
area. The height of every floor is 3.2 m. Refer to NSCP
2015, Vol 1, Section 205.

Example (Cont.)

Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction (Sec 205.6,
NSCP 2015, Vol 1)
As an alternate to eq. (205 – 1), the unit live loads set forth in
Table 205 -1 may be reduced in accordance with equation
(205 – 3) on any member, including flat slabs, having an
influence area of 40 m2 or more.
4.57
L = Lo(0.25 + ) (205 – 3)
Ai

NSCP 2015, Vol 1)
Where:
Ai = influence area, m2
L = reduced design live load per square meter of area supported
by the member.
Lo = unreduced design live load per square meter of area
supported by the member.

NSCP 2015, Vol 1)
The influence area Ai is four times the tributary area for

a column, two times the tributary area for a beam, equal to
the panel area for a two – way slab, and equal to the product
of the span and full flange width for a precast T beam.
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of
the unit live load Lo for members receiving load from one level
only, or less than 40 percent of the unit live load for the other
members.
Example
A four-storey office building has interior columns that

are spaced 5 m ft apart in two perpendicular directions.
If the roof live load is 3 kPa and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
floor live load is equal at 5 kPa, determine the live load
carried by the 4th floor, 3rd floor, 2nd floor and ground
floor columns. Use reduction of floor live load if
necessary.

Example
A typical floor plan of a 5-storey commercial building is

shown below. The first two floors serve as printing plants
while the remaining upper floors serve as business
processing offices. The roof live load of the same floor area
is considered as the same with the occupancy load
equivalent to business processing offices. Determine the live
load that the ground floor columns B, E and H are carrying.
Use reduction of live load if necessary. Use table 205.1 of
NSCP 7th Edition, Vol. 1 for the occupancy loads.

Example (Cont.)

WIND LOADS
Source: https://now.tufts.edu/articles/how-do-windmills-create-electricity
What are wind loads?
Wind loads result from the forces exerted by the kinetic energy of the
moving mass of air, which can produce a combination of direct
pressure, negative pressure or suction , and drag forces on buildings
and other obstacles in its path.
Wind forces are typically assumed to be applied normal , or
perpendicular to the affected surfaces of the building.
Wind pressure increases as a function of wind velocity. The average
mean wind velocity for any particular area , measured over a long
period of time, generally increases with height . The rate of increase of
the mean velocity is also a function of the ground roughness and the
interference offered by surrounding objects that include other
buildings , vegetation , and land forms.
Variation of Wind Velocity with Height
Variation of Wind Velocity with Height-Near the earth’s
surface, the motion is opposed, and the wind speed reduced ,
by the surface friction.
At the surface, the wind speed reduces to zero and then
begins to increase with height, and at some height, known as
the gradient height, the motion may be considered to be free
of the earth’s frictional influence and will attain its ‘gradient
velocity’. Gradient Height 300 m for flat ground& 550 m for
very rough terrain

Variation of Wind Velocity with Height

Wind Effects on Structures
Wind effects on structures can be classified as ‘Static’
and ‘Dynamic’.
Static wind effect primarily causes elastic bending and
twisting of structure.
Dynamic for tall, long span and slender structures a
‘dynamic analysis’ of the structure is essential . Wind
gusts cause fluctuating forces on the structure which
induce large dynamic motions , including oscillations.
The design tricks that keep skyscrapers from swaying
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebx5Y5qOmTM

EARTHQUAKE LOADS
Source: https://9to5mac.com/guides/earthquake/
What is an Earthquake Load?
An earthquake is a sudden undulation of a portion of the
earth’s surface. Although the ground surface moves in both
horizontal and vertical directions during an earthquake, the
magnitude of the vertical component of ground motion is
usually small and does not have a significant effect on most
structures. It is the horizontal component of ground motion
that causes structural damage and that must be considered in
designs of structures located in earthquake-prone areas.

During an earthquake, as the foundation of the structure moves with
the ground, the above-ground portion of the structure, because of the
inertia of its mass, resists the motion, thereby causing the structure to
vibrate in the horizontal direction. These vibrations produce horizontal
shear forces in the structure. For an accurate prediction of the stresses
that may develop in a structure in the case of an earthquake, a dynamic
analysis, considering the mass and stiffness characteristics of the
structure, must be performed. However, for low- to medium-height
rectangular buildings, most codes employ equivalent static forces to
design for earthquake resistance. In this empirical approach, the
dynamic effect of the earthquake is approximated by a set of lateral
(horizontal) forces applied to the structure, and static analysis is
performed to evaluate stresses in the structure.

Resonance of a Building
Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater
amplitude at some frequencies than at others. All buildings have a
natural period, or resonance, which is the number of seconds it takes
for the building to naturally vibrate back and forth. The ground also has
a specific resonant frequency. Hard bedrock has higher frequencies
softer sediments. If the period of ground motion matches the natural
resonance of a building, it will undergo the largest oscillations possible
and suffer the greatest damage.
Usually, high-rise structures have low resonance frequency while low-
rise structures have high resonance frequency.

Resonance of a Building
Please watch the following related videos:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV_UuzEznHs
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFlIbujTuIY
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IJ99phNArM
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4VQul_SmCg

Design and Technologies to Resist or Reduce
Lateral Loads (Wind and Earthquake Loads)
1. Diagonal Bracing
Sometimes, placing a diagonal bracing in the structure helps to
resist the lateral loads acting on the structure.
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-J_96ODAiE

2. Damper
Seismic dampers permit the structure to resist severe input
energy and reduce harmful deflections, forces and accelerations
to structures and occupants. There are several types of seismic
dampers namely viscous damper, friction damper,
yielding damper, magnetic damper, and tuned mass damper.
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xp2pGxFzrzI

3. Base Isolation
Base isolation is a state-of-the-art method in which
the structure (superstructure) is separated from the base (foundation
or substructure) by introducing a suspension system between the base
and the main structure.
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1NWtVaTg7I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7jsg60SI-Y

4. Tuned Mass Damper

A tuned mass damper, also known as a harmonic absorber or
seismic damper, is a device mounted in structures to reduce the
amplitude of mechanical vibrations. Their application can prevent
discomfort, damage, or outright structural failure. They are
frequently used in power transmission, automobiles, and
buildings
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N8iQ9Ch8nw&t=16s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3c5U4CwVz5c

OTHER LOADS
Source: https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/major-dams-role/4419/
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure

Thermal Loads
Statically indeterminate structures may be subjected to
stresses due to temperature changes, shrinkage of material,
fabrication errors, and differential settlements of supports.
Although these effects are usually not addressed in building
codes, they may cause significant stresses in structures and
should be considered in their designs.

Any Questions?

THANK YOU!!!

Structural Loads

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Structural Loads

JOHN REY M. PACTURANAN

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

01 Structural System for

02 Dead Loads 05 Earthquake Loads

03 Live Loads 06 Other Loads

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Sketch the tributary area for

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Sketch the tributary area for

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

The slab carries a service

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

• Weight of the structure itself (beams, columns, slabs)

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

• A more detailed table for dead loads can be found in

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Determine the linear

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Calculate the linear

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Determine the total weight of the column (in kN) with

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Determine the corresponding line loads of the

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

d. 4’’ clay brick, 2.7 m high

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

A 5’’ floor slab (125 mm) is made of stone concrete.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

The floor and framing plan of a structure is given below. The

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Perform a structural analysis for live loads of a

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

The influence area Ai is four times the tributary area for

A four-storey office building has interior columns that

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

A typical floor plan of a 5-storey commercial building is

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan