RMCG

CHEMICAL CHANGES
Involve change in the chemical composition or properties
of substances

Observable physical evidences:

 formation of precipitate
 evolution of gas
 change in color or odor
 absorption or emission of light
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

2Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

2Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3

Synthesis or Combination
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Decomposition
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Fe(NO3)2 + Zn → Fe + Zn(NO3)2
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Fe(NO3)2 + Zn → Fe + Zn(NO3)2

Single displacement
Single replacement
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaNO3

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaNO3

Double displacement
Double replacement

PRECIPITATION
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O

Double displacement
Double replacement

NEUTRALIZATION
EXPERIMENT
 A. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + NaOH(aq) →
 A. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2 + NaNO3
 A. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + NaNO3(aq)
 A. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2 NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)
blue solution clear solution blue precipitate clear solution

PRECIPITATION
 A. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2 NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)
5mL of 0.1M 1mL of 1M

Determine the limiting reagent:

0.005𝐿 (0.1𝑀)
Cu(NO3)2 = = 0.0005
1
0.001𝐿 (1𝑀)
NaOH = = 0.001
1

Hence, LR is Cu(NO3)2
ER is NaOH
 A. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2 NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)
5mL of 0.1M 1mL of 1M

Determine the limiting reagent:

0.005𝐿 (0.1𝑀)
Cu(NO3)2 = = 0.0005
1
0.001𝐿 (1𝑀)
Why is there a need to check the pH
NaOH = = 0.001 of the solution?
1

Hence, LR is Cu(NO3)2 To make sure that NaOH is really the

ER is NaOH excess reagent.

Observation: red to blue litmus paper

 A. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ 2 NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)
5mL of 0.1M 1mL of 1M LR is Cu(NO3)2
ER is NaOH

Determine the moles of synthesized Cu(OH)2(s):

mol Cu(NO3)2 = (0.005L)(0.1M)

= 0.0005mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙Cu(OH)2(
mol Cu(OH)2(s) =0.0005mol Cu(NO3)2 ( 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Cu(NO ) s)) = 0.0005 mol
3 2

mass of Cu(OH)2(s) = 0.0005 mol x 97.561 g/mol = 0.0488 g

 B. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) OXIDE
Cu(OH)2 (s) CuO(s) + H2O(l)
blue precipitate

DECOMPOSITION
 B. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) OXIDE
Cu(OH)2 (s) CuO(s) + H2O(l)
blue precipitate black precipitate

DECOMPOSITION
 B. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) OXIDE
Cu(OH)2 (s) CuO(s) + H2O(l)
blue precipitate black precipitate

Why is there a need to stir the solution?

To avoid bumping which may lead to loss

of solid.
 B. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) OXIDE
Cu(OH)2 (s) CuO(s) + H2O(l)
blue precipitate black precipitate

Recall:
mol of Cu(OH)2 (s) = 0.0005 mol

Determine the moles of synthesized CuO.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑢𝑂
mol of CuO = 0.0005 mol Cu(OH)2 (s) (1mol Cu(OH)2 ) = 0.0005 mol

mass of CuO = 0.0005 mol x 79.545 g/mol = 0.03977 g CuO

C. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) SULFATE
CuO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O(l)
 C. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) SULFATE
CuO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O(l)
black precipitate colorless solution blue solution

NEUTRALIZATION
 C. FORMATION OF
COPPER (II) SULFATE
CuO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O(l)
black precipitate colorless solution blue solution
1mL of 3M Recall:
mol of CuO(s) = 0.0005 mol

Determine the LR:

0.0005 (0.001𝐿)(3𝑀)
CuO = 1 = 0.0005 H2SO4 = = 0.003
1
LR: CuO ER: H2SO4

Determine moles of CuSO4:

1molCuSO4
mol CuSO4 = 0.0005 mol CuO ( ) = 0.0005 mol
1mol CuO
 D. FORMATION OF
COPPER (SOLID)
H2SO4 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) →
 D. FORMATION OF
COPPER (SOLID)
H2SO4 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) →

CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

blue solution bluish powder colorless solution brick red ppt

H2SO4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

colorless solution bluish powder colorless solution bubbles

SINGLE REPLACEMENT - REDOX

 D. FORMATION OF
COPPER (SOLID)
H2SO4 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) →

CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

blue solution bluish powder colorless solution brick red ppt

H2SO4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

colorless solution bluish powder colorless solution bubbles

H2SO4 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) + 2 Zn (s) → 2 ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g) + Cu(s)

 D. FORMATION OF
COPPER (SOLID)
H2SO4 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) + 2 Zn (s) → 2 ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g) + Cu(s)

net ionic equation:

2H+ (aq) + Cu2+ aq) + 2 Zn (s) → 2 Zn2+ (aq) + H2(g) + Cu(s)

How to know when the reaction is complete?

 D. FORMATION OF
COPPER (SOLID)
H2SO4 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) + 2 Zn (s) → 2 ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g) + Cu(s)

net ionic equation:

2H+ (aq) + Cu2+ aq) + 2 Zn (s) → 2 Zn2+ (aq) + H2(g) + Cu(s)
colorless soln blue soln bluish powder colorless soln bubbles brick red ppt

How to know when the reaction is complete?

TEST FOR COMPLETENESS OF
REACTION
5 drops of solution

5 drops of NH3

Compare the color of the test solution

to that of the control solutions.
 TEST FOR COMPLETENESS OF
REACTION
CONTROL SOLUTIONS
 TEST FOR COMPLETENESS OF
REACTION
CONTROL SOLUTIONS

Reaction is complete if Zn2+ is the only

cation present in the solution.
 D. FORMATION OF
COPPER (SOLID)
2H+ (aq) + Cu2+ aq) + 2 Zn (s) → 2 Zn2+ (aq) + H2(g) + Cu(s)
colorless soln blue soln bluish powder colorless soln bubbles brick red ppt

Solids present in the solution: Zn and Cu

REMOVE ZINC!

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

 D. FORMATION OF
COPPER (SOLID)
H2SO4 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) + 2 Zn (s) → 2 ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g) + Cu(s)

Recall:
mol of CuSO4 = 0.0005 mol

LR: CuSO4

Determine moles of Cu:

1molCu
mol Cu = 0.0005 mol CuSO4 ( ) = 0.0005 mol
1molCuSO4

mass Cu = 0.0005 mol x 63.546 g/mol = 0.031773 g

 E. OXIDATION OF COPPER(S) TO
COPPER (II) OXIDE
2Cu(s) + O2 (g) → 2 CuO(s)
brick-red precipitate black precipitate

Heating hastens oxidation……

E. OXIDATION OF COPPER(S) TO
COPPER (II) OXIDE
2Cu(s) + O2 (g) → 2 CuO(s)

Recall:
mol of Cu = 0.0005 mol

LR: Cu

Determine moles of CuO:

1molCuO
mol CuO = 0.0005 mol Cu ( ) = 0.0005 mol
1molCu

mass CuO = 0.0005 mol x 79.546 g/mol = 0.039773 g

CALCULATE % YIELD
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS
Cu(NO3)2 + NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + NaNO3
Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O
CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu
H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
Cu2+ + 4 NH3 → Cu(NH3)42+
Zn2+ + 4 NH3 → Zn(NH3)42+
Zn2+ + 2 -OH → Zn(OH)2
2Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2 + NaNO3
Cu(OH)2 (s) CuO(s) + H2O(l)
CuO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O(l)
CuSO4 (aq)+ Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
H2SO4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)
Cu2+ (aq) + 4 NH3(aq) → Cu(NH3)42+(aq)
Zn2+ (aq) + 4 NH3(aq) → Zn(NH3)42+(aq)
Zn2+ (aq) + 2 -OH(aq) → Zn(OH)2 (s)
2Cu(s) + O2 (g) → 2 CuO(s)