RMCG

RECALL: LIMITING AND EXCESS

REAGENT
2A + B → C + D

If 3 moles of A reacts with 2 moles of B, according to the reaction

given above, determine the limiting reagent.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Lowest ratio = LR
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
A: = 1.5 B: =2
2 1

Thus, LR is A.
 RECALL: LIMITING AND EXCESS
REAGENT
BUT WHAT IF!
2A + B → C + D

If 4 moles of A reacts with 2 moles of B, according to the reaction

given above, determine the limiting reagent.
 RECALL: LIMITING AND EXCESS
REAGENT
BUT WHAT IF!
2A + B → C + D

If 4 moles of A reacts with 2 moles of B, according to the reaction

given above, determine the limiting reagent.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Lowest ratio = LR
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
A: =2 B: =2
2 1
 RECALL: LIMITING AND EXCESS
REAGENT
BUT WHAT IF!
2A + B → C + D

If 4 moles of A reacts with 2 moles of B, according to the reaction

given above, determine the limiting reagent.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Lowest ratio = LR
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
A: =2 B: =2
2 1
 RECALL: LIMITING AND EXCESS
REAGENT
BUT WHAT IF!
2A + B → C + D

If 4 moles of A reacts with 2 moles of B, according to the reaction

given above, determine the limiting reagent.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Lowest ratio = LR
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
A: =2 B: =2
2 1

BOTH reactants will react equivalently.

CONCEPT OF TITRATION

BOTH reactants will react equivalently.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
have the same 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ratio
TITRATION SET-UP

Solution with known

concentration

Solution with unknown

concentration

indicator
 TITRATION SET-UP

Solution with known TITRANT

concentration (standard solution)

Solution with unknown

ANALYTE
concentration

indicator
 TITRATION SET-UP
Equivalence point - the point in a titration at which the added
both titrant and reactant reacted completely

Indicator: substance added to solution to indicate that the

titrant and analyte have completely reacted

Endpoint - signaled by a change in the physical property of

the indicator which coincides or nearly coincides with the
equivalence point
 TITRATION SET-UP
Indicators:
 TITRATION SET-UP
Indicators:
 TITRATION

Again: amount of the titrant reacts completely with the same amount of
analyte

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒

=
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒
 TITRATION EXPERIMENT

1. STANDARDIZATION

2. SAMPLE ANALYSIS
 TITRATION EXPERIMENT

1. STANDARDIZATION

2. SAMPLE ANALYSIS
 STEP1:STANDARDIZATION
TITRANT
 STEP1:STANDARDIZATION
TITRANT – solution with known concentration

Standardization: process of determining the

exact concentration of solution by titrating
with a primary standard
 STEP1:STANDARDIZATION
PRIMARY STANDARD:
a solid that has the following characteristics:
• High purity
• High atmospheric stability
• Absence of hydrate water so that the composition of the
solid does not change with variations in humidity
• Modest cost
• Reasonable solubility in the titration medium.
• Reasonably large molar mass so that the relative error
associated with weighing the standard is minimized
 STEP1:STANDARDIZATION
PRIMARY STANDARDS:

Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)

for basic titrants

Sodium carbonate
for acidic titrants
STEP1:STANDARDIZATION
 STEP1:STANDARDIZATION

RECORD THE EXACT MASS

OF PRIMARY STANDARD NaOH
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS

KHP + NaOH →

First step:
Write and balance the chemical equation.
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS

KHP + NaOH → NaKP + H2O

First step:
Write and balance the chemical equation.
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS
KHP + NaOH → NaKP + H2O

Second step:
Make use of the concept of titration.
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS
KHP + NaOH → NaKP + H2O

Second step:
Make use of the concept of titration.
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS
KHP + NaOH → NaKP + H2O

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒

=
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃

=
1 1

Second step:
Make use of the concept of titration.
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS
KHP + NaOH → NaKP + H2O

#mol NaOH = #mol KHP

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Molarity of NaOH = [NaOH] =
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐿)

Volume of titrant added to the analyte

during titration
Third step:
Calculate the concentration of the titrant.
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS
KHP + NaOH → NaKP + H2O

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
#mol NaOH = #mol KHP = 𝑔 x %purity
𝑀𝑀 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Molarity of NaOH = [NaOH] =
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐿)

Third step:
Calculate the concentration of the titrant.
 STANDARDIZATION:
CALCULATIONS
KHP + NaOH → NaKP + H2O

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
#mol NaOH = #mol KHP = 𝑔 x %purity
𝑀𝑀 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Molarity of NaOH = [NaOH] =
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐿)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
𝑔 x %purity
𝑀𝑀 ( )
Molarity of NaOH = [NaOH] = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐿)
 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the
first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the
titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an
Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and
titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until
endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?
 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

STEP 1: Write and balance the chemical equation.

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

Ba(OH)2 + KHP → Ba(KP)2 + H2O

STEP 1: Write and balance the chemical equation.

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O

STEP 1: Write and balance the chemical equation.

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O

STEP 2: Use the concept of titration 

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃

=
1 2

STEP 2: Use the concept of titration 

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
𝑔 x %purity
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃 𝑀𝑀 ( )
= = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 2 2

STEP 2: Use the concept of titration 

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O

0.3 𝑔
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃 204.22 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 = = 𝑥99.9%
2 2

STEP 2: Use the concept of titration 

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?

Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O

0.3 𝑔
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃 204.22 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 = = 𝑥99.9% = 0.0007338 mol
2 2

STEP 2: Use the concept of titration 

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?
Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 =
2
= 0.0007338 mol

STEP 3: Calculate the molarity of titrant.

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?
Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 =
2
= 0.0007338 mol
Ba(OH)2
[Ba(OH)2] = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐿)

STEP 3: Calculate the molarity of titrant.

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Snowie, the white cat, performed the first part of the experiment which
involved the standardization of the titrant, Ba(OH)2. She measured 0.3 g of
99.9% KHP (MW=204.22g/mol) in an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed it with 25mL
of water, added phenolphthalein, and titrated the resulting solution. The
recorded volume of titrant added until endpoint was 7.3mL. What is the
molarity of the titrant?
Ba(OH)2 + 2 KHP → Ba(KP)2 + 2 H2O
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 =
2
= 0.0007338 mol
Ba(OH)2 0.0007338 𝑚𝑜𝑙
[Ba(OH)2] = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = = 0.10052 M
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐿) 0.0073𝐿

STEP 3: Calculate the molarity of titrant.

 TITRATION EXPERIMENT

1. STANDARDIZATION

2. SAMPLE ANALYSIS
STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
 STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
GOAL
For liquid samples: concentration
For solid samples: molar mass
 STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
SAMPLE 1: Vinegar
 STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
SAMPLE 1: Vinegar

Acetic Acid
 STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
SAMPLE 1: Vinegar

Acetic Acid / CH3COOH

 STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
SAMPLE 1: Vinegar

Acetic Acid / CH3COOH

Determine the concentration (M) of acetic acid

present in the vinegar sample.
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
Step 1:
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
Step 1: Write and balance the chemical equation.
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
Step 1: Write and balance the chemical equation.

CH3COOH + NaOH →
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
Step 1: Write and balance the chemical equation.

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Step 2: Use the concept of titration 

 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Step 2: Use the concept of titration 

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒
=
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Step 2: Use the concept of titration 

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒
=
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NaOH # 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CH3COOH

=
1 1
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Step 2: Use the concept of titration 

mol CH3COOH = mol NaOH = Molarity NaOH x Vol. NaOH

 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
mol CH3COOH = mol NaOH = Molarity NaOH x Vol. NaOH

Step 3: Calculate the concentration of acetic acid.

 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
mol CH3COOH = mol NaOH = Molarity NaOH x Vol. NaOH

Step 3: Calculate the concentration of acetic acid.

𝑚𝑜𝑙CH3COOH
[CH3COOH] =
𝑉 𝑜𝑓 CH3COOH(𝐿)
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
mol CH3COOH = mol NaOH = Molarity NaOH x Vol. NaOH

Step 3: Calculate the concentration of acetic acid.

𝑚𝑜𝑙CH3COOH
[CH3COOH] = 𝑉 𝑜𝑓CH3COOH(𝐿)
= Molarity NaOH x Vol. NaOH
𝑉 𝑜𝑓CH COOH(𝐿)
3
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations:
[Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

After doing the standardization, Snowie then

performed the sample analysis. She obtained
25 mL of vinegar and titrated it using the
standardized Ba(OH)2. Before titration, the
initial burette reading was 9.3 and upon
endpoint of the titration, the final burette
reading was down to 42.7. Calculate the
concentration of acid present in the sample.
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations: [Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

After doing the standardization, Snowie then performed the sample analysis. She
obtained 25 mL of vinegar, diluted it to 50mL using water, and titrated it using the
standardized Ba(OH)2. Before titration, the initial burette reading was 9.3mL and
upon endpoint of the titration, the final burette reading was down to 42.7mL.
Calculate the concentration of acid present in the sample.
 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations: [Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

After doing the standardization, Snowie then performed the sample analysis. She
obtained 25 mL of vinegar, diluted it to 50mL using water, and titrated it using the
standardized Ba(OH)2. Before titration, the initial burette reading was 9.3mL and
upon endpoint of the titration, the final burette reading was down to 42.7mL.
Calculate the concentration of acid present in the sample.

Ba(OH)2 + 2 CH3COOH → Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2 H2O

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations: [Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

After doing the standardization, Snowie then performed the sample analysis. She
obtained 25 mL of vinegar, diluted it to 50mL using water, and titrated it using the
standardized Ba(OH)2. Before titration, the initial burette reading was 9.3mL and
upon endpoint of the titration, the final burette reading was down to 42.7mL.
Calculate the concentration of acid present in the sample.

Ba(OH)2 + 2 CH3COOH → Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2 H2O

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CH3COOH
#mol Ba(OH)2 =
2
 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations: [Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

After doing the standardization, Snowie then performed the sample analysis. She
obtained 25 mL of vinegar, diluted it to 50mL using water, and titrated it using the
standardized Ba(OH)2. Before titration, the initial burette reading was 9.3mL and
upon endpoint of the titration, the final burette reading was down to 42.7mL.
Calculate the concentration of acid present in the sample.

Ba(OH)2 + 2 CH3COOH → Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2 H2O

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CH3COOH
#mol Ba(OH)2 =
2

#mol CH3COOH = 2 (#mol Ba(OH)2)

 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations: [Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

After doing the standardization, Snowie then performed the sample analysis. She
obtained 25 mL of vinegar, diluted it to 50mL using water, and titrated it using the
standardized Ba(OH)2. Before titration, the initial burette reading was 9.3mL and
upon endpoint of the titration, the final burette reading was down to 42.7mL.
Calculate the concentration of acid present in the sample.

Ba(OH)2 + 2 CH3COOH → Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2 H2O

#mol CH3COOH = 2 (#mol Ba(OH)2) = (2)(Molarity)(Volume)

1𝐿
= 2(0.10052M)(42.7-9.3mL)( ) = 0.00671 mol
1000𝑚𝐿
 STANDARDIZATION:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations: [Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

After doing the standardization, Snowie then performed the sample analysis. She
obtained 25 mL of vinegar, diluted it to 50mL using water, and titrated it using the
standardized Ba(OH)2. Before titration, the initial burette reading was 9.3mL and
upon endpoint of the titration, the final burette reading was down to 42.7mL.
Calculate the concentration of acid present in the sample.

Ba(OH)2 + 2 CH3COOH → Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2 H2O

#mol CH3COOH = 2 (#mol Ba(OH)2) = 0.00671 mol

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 0.00671 𝑚𝑜𝑙

[CH3COOH] = = = 0.2684 M
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿 0.025𝐿
 STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
SAMPLE 2: Soda

Carbonic Acid / H2CO3

Determine the concentration (M) of carbonic acid

present in the soda sample.
 STEP2:SAMPLE ANALYSIS
SAMPLE 2: Soda

Carbonic Acid / H2CO3

H2CO3 + 2 NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2 H2O

# 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
# mol H2CO3 =
2

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

Molarity of H2CO3 =
2 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 H2CO3
 SAMPLE ANALYSIS:
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From previous calculations:
[Ba(OH)2] = 0.10052 M

Snowie then performed another sample

analysis. She obtained 25 mL of Sprite and
titrated it using the standardized Ba(OH)2.
Before titration, the initial burette reading was
0.1mL and upon endpoint of the titration, the
final burette reading was down to 35.6mL.
Calculate the concentration of acid present in
the sample.
 OTHER TYPES OF TITRATION
1. Acid-base titrations
2. Complexometric titrations
3. Redox titrations
4. Precipitation titrations

ETC. ETC. ETC.

NOT ALL TYPES OF TITRATION REQUIRE THE USE OF A

CHEMICAL INDICATOR