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    Theoretical, Experimental and Numerical Study of Aluminium-Timber Composite Beams With Screwed Connections - Elsevier Enhanced Reader PDF

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    Eduardo Bernardino

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    Construction an Building Materials 226 (2019) 317-330, Contents lists available at ScienceDirect ELSEVIER Construction and Building Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat = Theoretical, experimental and numerical study of aluminium-timber composite beams with screwed connections Marcin Chybifiski ', Lukasz Polus* alt fC and Enviromental Engincerig, Pacman Univers of Tecoly, Pore, Poland + The structural behaviour of ATC beams with screwed connections was investigate. ‘ihe behaviour of the connections was characterised and used in 2 FE analysis ‘the adopted model adequately captured the response ofthe ATC Joints and beams {The behaviour ofthe connection may be modelled using zero-length springs. 4 The results calculated corresponded tothe measured values. ARTICLE INFO AuSTRACT “The present study investigated the structural behaviour ofaluminiumm-timber composite (ATC) beams. In the proposed ATC systema timber slab was connected fo aluminium girders by hexagon head wood screws. ATC beams are a relatively new civil engineering solution and heir behaviour should be investi- gated to develop relevant methods for calculating their resistance. The authors examined the stfinss and the strength ofthe screwed connection used f join an aluminium girder witha timber slab. The slip ‘odil and ka and the peak Toad capacity per one connector were detetmined experimentally in two ‘Noy feceved 23 March 2018 Received in ots form 2 uly 2019 ‘Accepted 14 July 2019 Kore rs Dustvout tests. Thee parameters are neesay for designing ATC beams case the behav of 1 eee [Rc systems depended on the stfiness andthe strength os connections Moreover, two bending tests "were conducted on ATC beams to investigate their short-term behaviour, determine their bending resis- tance and capture the mode of failure, lad-deflection and load-slip response. Based onthe guidelines or Screwed eegnetion timer and composite (stet-timber and stee-concrete) elements, the authors ofthis paper proposed the Pasirout tet ‘methods for calculating the bending resistance ofthe ATC beams, and the stifness and strength oftheir sip Screwed connections. The rests obtained inthe experimental tests were compared with the results fom Fite element method (FEM) the analytical estimations. In addition, non-linear 30 finite element (FE) models ofthe tested composite ‘beams and connections were developed andl verified against the experimental results. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results demonstrated thatthe adopred 3D models were able to adequately capture the response ofthe ATC composite beams and their connections. These models ray be used in Further numerical analysis of ATC structures, eg, to evaluate the impact ofthe number ‘ofthe shear connectors onthe load-bearing capacity ofan ATC bear © 2019 Elsevier Le. All rights reserved ‘Aluminiu-timber composite (ATC beam {Binated venertumber (Lt) ‘or bolts are used. The combination of a metal beam and a timber slab is not new, since steel-timber composite structures have 1. Introduction {An aluminium-timber composite (ATC) beam consists of an alu ‘minium girder and a timber slab. The connection between these clement is unproblematic when hexagon head wood screws, glue * Goresponing ator a: Pornan University of Techoony Insitute of Sue ‘url Engineering tome 5 Stet 60-965 Passa Pan. ‘Ema adresses: marcinchybinsspt.poeanpl (Mt. yb I sour posnan l(t Poas) " padres: Peznan University of Technolgy, Institute of Sucturl Engineering Ptrowo 5 sro 60.955 Porn, Poland naps: /do.org/10.101conbuitaat.201907.101 (950-0518/0 2019 Elsevier Ud Al rghts reserve already been investigated [1-5]. However, aluminium-timber ‘composite (ATC) structures are a relatively new solution in civil engineering. Saleh and asim analysed the structural behaviour of AATC beams under static and impact loads [6,7|. They used an adhe- sive epoxy material and self-tapping, self-drilling screws to attach plywood slabs to hollow aluminium box beams. Szumigata etal suggested using ATC beams made of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) slabs and aluminium I-beams (8.9). Yet another combination ‘of aluminium and timber was presented in |10,11), An innovative as MCh Poa /Conruction and Buin Mater 226 (2019) 317-330 aluminium beam was used for anchoring cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls and to increase their durability and installation speed. ‘Aluminium-timber composite structures may be used in com- posite footbridges and in structures located in corrosive environ- ‘ments, In these structures, the timber slab is designed to resist ‘compression and tension, the aluminium beam is designed to resist tension, and the shear is transferred through connectors. 1.1. Aluminium in composite structures Aluminium alloys are lighter than steel and are corrosion- resistant [12,13], For these reasons, they are used in structural engineering [14-17]. Aluminium may be used in aluminium- ‘concrete structures [18-21 |. The combination of aluminium and ‘concrete is not the only possible option - an aluminium beam ‘may also be joined with a timber slab. ATC structures have several important performance character- ists that make them very attractive for civil engineering, namely: small self-weight, fast assembly and high corrosion resistance. This idea is also connected with the trend to design light-weight truc- tures [22], However, there are some problems which may have an adverse impact on the popularity of these structures. The first one is the high price of aluminium alloys. The second one isthe low fire resistance of aluminium beams ~ most aluminium alloys start to lose strength when exposed to temperatures exceeding 100°C [23,24], Furthermore, significant stresses caused by temperature change may appear in both layers of the composite beam, because timber and aluminium have different thermal expansion coeffi- cients [25]. This may lead to structure failure [26]. There are no standards for designing aluminium and timber composite struc- tures similar to the ones for steel and concrete composite struc- tutes [27]. Furthermore, the deflection of an aluminium-timber bbeam may be high, because of the low values ofthe Young's mod- lulus for aluminium and timber. The modulus of elasticity of alu- ‘minium is three times lower than that of steel. What is more, the use of stainless steel can provide for durability similar to that of aluminium, Stainless steel has a higher fire resistance than alu ‘minjum [24], The production of stainless steel requires less energy than the production of aluminium. However, aluminium is three times lighter than stainless steel. Due to this fact, ATC structures may be erected from prefabricated portions, which are easy to transport. On the top of that, aluminium may be reused or reeycled and the embodied energy savings may be as high as 95% [26]. The strength of selected aluminium alloys is similar to that of stainless steel. AW-6061 TG has a yield strength equal to 240 MPa [29 ‘What is more, the AW-6060 aluminium alloy has a lower lightness ratio (the ratio between a material's density and its yield strength) (2.9 1/1000 m) than the commonly used austenitic steele, 304 L (1.4307) stainless steel (3.6 1/1000 m), Moreover, the price of stainless steel is comparable to or higher than the price of alu- ‘minjum alloy. The choice between aluminium and stainless steet is not an easy one. The corrosive environment should be taken into account before making the final decision about which materials to Use. Stainless steels and aluminium alloys are considered as corro- sion resistant, but they may corrode in some conditions [30]. Nei- ther the use of aluminium nor the use of stainless steel generates high maintenance costs, which may lead to a drastic reduction of the total cost of a structure during its lifetime. For this reason, the use of more expensive materials, such as aluminium alloys and stainless steel, may be more cost-effective than the use of ‘cheaper carbon steel 1.2. Timber in composite structures Timber has been used for the construction of buildings and bridges for many years, because of its many advantageous attri- butes. It can be produced in a wide range of shapes, it has a high strength-to-weight ratio and it is a Tully renewable and largely recyclable material [31], For these reasons, new construction solt- tions using timber are becoming widespread, eg, massive wooden shear-walls are used in pre-cast buildings [22). Solid timber usu- ally has some defects (such as knots). Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) ~ 3-mm-thick bonded veneers [33], cross laminated timber (CLT) or glued laminated (GL) timber have fewer defects than solid ‘wood. Laminated Veneer Lumber may be used both for beams (LVL R) and slabs (LVL X) [34]. In LVL R all veneers are glued together longitudinally (LVL R). In LVLX80% of the veneers are glued together longitudinally and 20% are glued together crosswise (LVR X) to improve the lateral bending strength and the stiffness ‘of the slab, LVL has alot of advantages: a practically homogeneous ‘cross-section, availability in a wide range of dimensions, high strength-to-weight ratio. On top of that, it is easily cut and ‘machined using traditional tools, and it has a high shock resistance (Gt can resist the fatigue rupture arising from eyclic stress), a fre resistance superior to that of steel, and a weather resistance higher than that of other wood materials. LVL is a sustainable and eco- friendly building material, which may be produced from many tree species, e., Paraserianthes falcacara (a fast-growing tree in Indone- sia [25)), brutia pine, elm, beech, white oak, chestnut [36]. To join two LVL elements different butt joints may be used, such as scarf Joint, finger joint, lap joint tongue and groove joint [37]. A numer- ‘ical mode! for predicting the strength of LVL beams on both flat and edge bending was presented in |38|. There are afew techniques for ‘modelling the behaviour of LVL. First of al, LVL may be treated as a ‘composite material comprising a matrix with fictitious reinforcing fibres smeared in the principal directions (39). Secondly, LVL may be sub-dived into layers representing grains, and the behaviour ‘of LVL perpendicular to the grains may be captured by introducing contact elements between the grain layers | 40) Finally, the authors ‘of this article are trying to model the behaviour of LVL using a sim- ple, uniaxial elastic-plastic model. In this article the combination of timber and aluminium is anal- _ysed, However, timber may be combined with different materials. First of all it may be coupled with concrete. Timber-concrete ‘composite (TCC) structures are a well-known construction solu- tion. However, relatively new solutions in which a timber beam is combined with a concrete slab are still being investigated, start- ing with the TCC beam with girders made of LVL timber [41,42]. In the laboratory tests presented in [43] shear key connections with ‘dowels were used in timber-concrete beams and medium to high degrees of composite action were achieved. In the system pre- sented in 44] timber beams were connected with a prefabricated ‘concrete slab using shear connectors, which had already been inserted on the construction site, The results of the experimental program carried out to evaluate the connections used between a ‘concrete slab and LVL beams are presented in [45]. Cecotti et al. investigated two glulam timber beams connected to a concrete slab with corrugated stee! sheathing using glued re-bar connection 6}. Secondly, timber may be combined with glass, eg. glass panes ‘may be attached to timber frames. The relatively new solution assumes that glass not only fills the timber frame, but it also works, together with timber and carries external loads [17 Timber-alass ‘composite I-beams use the advantages of both materials: the rigid- ity and the high compressive strength of glass and the high ductil- ity of timber (48. The load-bearing capacity of composite timber- glass I-beams was investigated in [49,50]. These beams may be used for the construction of floors and roofs ‘What is more, timber may be used with steel, eg, in hybrid structural systems consisting of infill wood shear walls and ‘moment-resisting steel frames. Bezabeh et a presented an itera- tive direct displacement-based design method for steel moment MCh Polus/Contrcton and Biting Materials 226 (2019) 217-200 a9 ‘resisting frames with CLT-infll walls [51], The steel-wood hybrid system works well in seismic applications due to its fight weight and high resistance [52]. He et al (52) presented the results of the shaking table tests of a hybrid structural system subjected to earthquake ground motions. Timber is also used for preparing timber-steel-hybrid beams which may be applied for mul storey buildings. One hybrid beam is made of two cold-formed U steel profiles, GL or CLT timber, thin steel plates and driven nails [54], Timber slabs may be combined with steel beams to create steel-timber composite beams. Hassanieh etal. presented exper ‘mental and numerical studies of steel-timber composite (STC) connections and beams with LVL or CLT slabs [1-.55-59), Loss et al. presented the results of the tests of the connections for the steel-timber system composed of CLT panels and steel beams (hot-rolled I-beams, cold formed Q-beams and welded asymmetric beams) |60,61}, They tested both beam-to-panel and panel-to- ppanel edge connections. The proposed connections were easy 10 prefabricate and simple and quick to assemble on the construction site. Finally, a timber girder may be combined with a timber slab using inclined screws [62]. A method for calculating the load- bearing capacity and the stifness of these screws was proposed by R. Tomasi etal. [63]. G. Schito etal. [64] carried out an exper ‘mental study of the mechanical performance of timber screw con- nections used in solid sawn timber, LVL timber, CLT and GL timber. Lightweight I-joists with LVL flanges and a fibreboard web are used for the construction of floors and roofs, because they have a high load-bearing capacity [24]. The web ofthe I-joist may be insulated to reduce cold bridging. L-beams may also have sinusoidal corru- gated webs. 4 lateral-torsional buckling analysis of the -beams ‘with sinusoidal corrugated webs was presented in (65) 1.3. Connectors in composite structures ‘The behaviour of composite beams depends on the resistance nd stiffness of the connection between the two elements used. ‘There are many types of connections used in composite structures, including block connectors, welded studs, screws, welded bars, perfobond strip. composite dowels, glued joints, notched joints, dowel type fasteners, screws, nail plates, and continuous mesh {66-69} ‘To join an aluminium beam with a timber slab itis possible to use hexagon head wood screws [70] or bots. This solution causes ‘one problem - in the case of steel (screws) and aluminium (beams) contact, galvanic corrosion may accut. The risk of bimetallic corro- sion can be reduced by using galvanised connectors. Using adhe- sives as a connecting substance is also worth considering [71] Because of the solid cross-section ofthe timber slab, a lat of con- rectors may be used in a composite beam. There is no limit to the number of connectors, which was the case in composite stru tures with profiled sheeting [72]. However, due to the low value of connector stiffness, the number of connectors may be insufficient for a fully composite beam. Rigid shear connections are used in composite beams with full interaction [73]. The shear connection is rigid when slipping in the connection is so small that it does ‘hot have an impact on the flexural behaviour of the composite ‘beam {7.). Flexible shear connections are used in compesite beams ‘with partial interaction [73]. The shear connection is flexible when slipping in the connection does have an impact on the flexural behaviour of the composite beam [74]. The results of calculations presented in [75] demonstrate the advantages of fully composite ‘beams over partially composite beams. The connection may be modelled as 2 smeared connection, (76.77) or using zero-length springs (1. The combination of an aluminium beam and a timber slab is, similar to the combination ofa steel beam and a timber slab, For tis reason, the behaviour of the screw connection used in ATC ‘beams should be similar to that in STC beams. The stiffness and the strength of the connection joining the elements made of ailfer- tent materials is always determined in push-out tests, eg, Polus and Scumigala tested new shear connectors for aluminium-conerete ‘composite structures (20), Szumigata et al. tested new shear con- nectors for timber-concrete composite structures (78|, Studztiski and Ciesielezyk tested connectors joining thin-walled beams with sandwich panels (79), and Lukaszewska et a. tested connections {or prefabricated timber-concrete composite floors (69) 2. Material and methods 2.1. Theoretical analysis of the screwed connections used in ‘lurminium-timber composite structures ‘The authors of tis paper used hexagon head wood screws to join the aluminium beams with the LVL slabs, The information out the stiffness and the strength of the connection i important to determine the behaviour of the composite beam. To evaluate this data the authors of this paper decided to conduct the push- ‘out tests of the screw connections and to determine the slp mol ‘kos and ko, and the peak load capacity per one connector. The load-slip curve represents the behaviour of the connection and ‘may be implemented tothe Finite element model, where the con- nectors can be modelled as 2ero-length springs “The authors also tested the ductility ofthe connection according to the suggestion made by Deam et al [45]. A connection can be defined as ductile iit can withstand atelatve slip of 10 mm with fut a redivtion in strength exceeding 20% ofthe peak value. ‘What is more, the authors of this paper attempted to apply for- mula developed forthe screw connectors sed in timber oF STC structures to the screw connectors used in ATC structures. The fesulls obtained in the experimental tests were compared with those calculated using the formulas available in the literature 1.80, The sip modulus ko, (in N/mm) per connector in timber ‘structures is calculated from [80] as: faa = play23 a where: {d= the diameter ofthe connector in mm, fay the mean density ofthe LVL in kg/m ‘The slip modulus ky (in RN/mm) per connector in STC struc tures is calculated from [1] as: kos = (0.08444? — 1.87254 + 19.24)/2 @) ‘The peak load capacity Pay (in KN) per connector in STC struc- tures may be obtained fom (1) as Pa = (5.954 —27.2)/2 3) ‘The lap join ofthe aluminium beam and the LVL slab is similar to the steel-to-timber connections presented in (80). The Nange of the aluminium beam corresponds to the steel plate in steel-to- timber connections. Eqs. (89a and 8b) and (8.10¢-e) from [80] take into account five failure modes which may also occur in ATC joints. They should also be taken into account when the peak load capacity per connector is being determined. The load-carrying. ‘capacity of the screw depends on the embecment strength, pene- tration depth, fastener diameter, yield moment and withdrawal capacity. 22, Theoretical analysts of the aluminium-timber composite beams The authors evaluated the elastic resistance to bending of the [ATC beam (see Table 1 and Fig. 1a) The following assumptions m0 MCh ous Costrtion and Bung Material 226 (2019) 317-200 ‘The elise rexstance to bending ofthe ATC bean, “hepsi resistance to bending of the ATC es Parmeter Value Params Vator 1 ratio (Felation of Youngs moduli) 74 Postion ofthe pls as [a ‘Width of the del sia on) a Meaceerroemtritt tity an Position ofthe neta ax ¥ chm] so Second moment fae ye sass Paste Bening resistance Mey [NO] Haste bering resin Me AN m7 Mu Afoa( + Be 5) +a sR) om were mate: normal stress in aluminium beam flanges did not exceed the yield strength of aluminium, and normal tess intim- ber did not exceed the compressive strength of timber. The cross- section of the ATC bearn was replaced with an idea cross-section with a reduced slab width using the modular ratio m (the ratio between the modulus of elasticity of aluminium and the modulus of elasticity of timber). ‘The plastic resistance to bending ofthe ATC beam was caleu- lated using the assumption that normal force in the aluminium beam section was equal to the normal force in the timber slab (Gee Table 2 and Fi. 1b) “The AW-606076 aluminium alloy has the characteristic value ‘of 0.2% proof strength fy equal to 140 MPa and a bucking class A [29]. The coefficient « was calculated at 1.34. The slenderness parameter fof the web was 11.76 (0147/5). The web was of ‘lass 1 (11.76-< 1474). The slenderness parameter fof the flange {outstand part) was 638 (415/65) The flange was of class 3 (6.03 < 6.38 < 8.04). In the analysed example, the aluminium girder haa clas 3 cross-section for which te plastic resistance to bend- ing should not be calculated and used during designing. However, the authors calculated the plastic resistance to bending to com- plete the theoretical analysis. n the analysed case, the compres- Sion zone was located inthe LVL timber slab, and the aluminium girder was subjected only to tension. What is more, the web was fon-slender because the Pt tao (29.40) was below 382 (5226) (29) 23. Experimental behaviour of the screwed connections used in ‘uainiue-timber composite structures ‘The tests were cartied out on two models (see Fig. 2) using the Instron 8500 Plus test machine. Each experimental model con- sisted of two timber slabs made of LVL R, a beam made of the ‘AW-6060 T6 aluminium alloy and eight steel screws (hexagon hhead wood screws DIN 571 46 [70], hot dip galvanised, 10 mm x 60 mm). The mechanical properties of the LVL R timber 2s declared by the manufacturer in [81] are presented in Table 3 The loading direction was parallel to the LVL grain. It should be a) tein ») I he tee 1879.18.50) 75 4P}) 36.370.975_477) Fig 2 Te wo tested specimen, noted that the authors used LVL R timber in their studies, For a floor made of ATC beams itis better to use LVL X timber, because 20% of its veneers are glued together crosswise to improve its lat- ‘eral bending strength and stifiness ‘The mechanical properties of the AW-6060 TS aluminium alloy ‘were determined experimentally in accordance with [82] ina ten- sile test. The results of this test are presented in (83). The 0.2% proof strength, the tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity ‘of the AW-6060 T6 aluminium alloy was 1815+ 1.92 (1.062), 209.8 + 1.05 (0.50%), 66.4 +0.51 (0.77%), respectively. The mea- surement errors for the parameters of the AW-6060 T6 aluminium alloy were calculated using Student's tlistribution with 5 degrees ‘of freedom and a confidence level of 0.95, The tensile strength of the screws was determined experimentally in accordance with bet : ta Fig. The madels wed to clu: the elastic sistance to hending (the plate rextance to bending (6) MCh Polus/Contrcton and Biting Materials 226 (2019) 217-200 mai “The material parameters of VLR [8 Matra parameters Vaue ‘ensty (mes ve) Pg gl] ‘00 Young’ meds Eonar P3) 1 Bening tena, Nats, ptallel 0 grain fas MPa sao Bening strength, edgewise pall 0 sain cra IMP) 300 Teion stent. he ra fy MP3) 360 Compression stent, paral to granny (MPA 00 Shea stent, edges, pl oa Ines [MP2] ae Shea stent tie, pall rn fn nana [MP] 26 Sher mod edgewse, poral rin coon mei valse Ce ne (MPa shear modus, ftw paall ogra, 500 a Yale Gr MP3) 182] ina tensile test and it was 598.9 2 11.4 (1.91%). The measure- ment error for the tensile strength ofthe steel was calculated using, Student's t-distribution with 8 degrees of freedom and a confi- dence level of 0.95, The serews were embedded 40 mm deep in the timber. The spaces between the screws were 50 mm in the transverse direction and 90 mm in the longitudinal direction, The Tongitudinal slip between the timber slabs and the aluminium ‘beam, and the horizontal move ofthe sample were being measured continuously during loading using linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) (see Fig. 3). The vertical and horizontal gauges were located in the same cross-section and on the same Ay hexagon head wood serous 7 10x80 DINST! ay | ¢ | L30ccox1 a | isso by oh 3) efvvor| vor Ae “aw.e060 Te ra 1 e086 55 a t=500 tors [WLR 5p 160 75), 370 Fig. 3. The location ofthe LUDTSon the specimen AA 32 height of the samples. Measurements were also performed when the load decreased. The location ofthe LVDTS is presented in Figs. 2 and 3. The loading procedure was adopted from [84]. Before the tests, the authors estimated the ultimate load Foe at 120.0 kN using, Eq. (3), faking into account 8 shear connectors used in the speci ‘men and rounding down the result to the nearest ten. First, the Toad was increased from 0 to 40% of the Fay over two minutes Then, it remained at this level for 30's. Subsequently, the load was decreased from 40 to 10% of the Fx and stopped at this level for 30 s once again, Next, the load was increased from 10 t0 70% of the Fax Up to that point, the test was conducted using a load con- tuol regime (the piston velocity was 240 kN/min). From then on, the test was conducted using a displacement control regime (the piston velocity was 5.0 mm/min), In most cases, the estimated ultimate load F,, needs to be mod ified. However, the value of the Fax did not have to be corrected after the first test, because the estimation was accurate, 2.4, Experimental behaviour of the aluminium-timber composite beams ‘Two aluminium-timber composite beams were subjected 10 four-point bending tests. The geometric configurations and the details of the specimens are presented in Fi 4. The tests were con- ducted in the laboratory of the Institute of Structural Engineering, at the Poznan University of Technology, in an attempt to capture the short-term local and global behaviour of ATC beams, including tie mode of failure, level of composite effciency for the proposed type of connectors, load-deflection and Ioad-slip response. ‘What is more, the structural response of the ATC beams was, used to validate non-linear finite element (FE) models, The mid- span deflection of the beams, the deflection under loads, the deflec- tions ofthe support, and the slip between the timber slab and the aluminium beam were measured using LVDTs. The specimens ‘were loaded symmetrically at two points of each beam, using a spreader beam. The beams were located on roller supports (see Fig. 5). “There was pure bending of the beams between the two loading. points. The bending tests were conducted using the same materials as in the push out tests. The mechanical parameters of the AW- {6060 T6 aluminium alloy, the 4.6 grade steel and the LVL R timber ‘were presented in Section 2.3. The space between the connectors ‘was 90mm in longitudinal direction and 50mm in transverse direction, 66 connectors were used in each beam, The mechanical properties of the LVL R panels are presented in Table 2 Each test was divided into stages. In stage one, the specimens were loaded to around 15% and then unloaded to 5% of the § i FeSStHStt eee sett steht saat Fg. 4. Geometrical outine and details ofthe four-point bending tests conducted! on the alumni Kimber composite sams (missorementpoins: 1 5 incinometen ‘sa hexagon bead ‘wood eres 1080 OW STI "awe0e0 Te os 8 wor, Bt 1M. Chik Pou Consruction and Buin Mater 226 (201) 317-330 Fi 5, Bending est se-, estimated ultimate load. In stage two, the failure load was applied ‘and the piston velocity was 1.0 mm/min, 25. The mumerical model of the aluminium-timber composite joint ‘The numerical model was developed in the Abaqus program [85] (see Fig. 6). The LVL slabs were divided into eight-node cuboi- dal finite solid elements (C3DBR), and the steel plate and the alu- ‘minium beam were divided into four-node shell elements (SAR). ‘The mesh size was 20 mm and the total number of a the elements in the model was 4704. The calculations were performed using the Newton-Raphson method. The load was applied in the form of dis- placement. The steel plate was joined with the aluminium beam using te function. The model was supported at two bottom sur- faces of the LVL slabs. in the support, displacements in x, y and Zz directions were fixed (see Fig. 7) ‘The slip was measured in the point on the bottom edge of the aluminium web. The connection between the aluminium beam ‘and the timber slab should take slip into account. Polus and Szu- migata used zero-length connectors, the stifiness of which was determined experimentally, in the numerical model of the

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