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Brief Introduction To Knowledge Management PDF
Brief Introduction To Knowledge Management PDF
Leadership
Culture
The Enablers of KM—commonly known as the Internal &
Store,
External
Framework—are Leadership, Culture, ICT Knowledge
Value Add
& Share
Infrastructure, Measurement and the KM Acquisition
Processes. KM Processes
ICT Infrastructure
Measurement
At the bottom-line, successful KM measured in:
l Productivity Deploy and
Reuse
l Efficiency
Knowledge Management
l Profitability
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Why ‘Knowledge’ Should Be Managed?
The Key Drivers Are…
l How can we ensure that the R&D and l How can we cultivate the positive
/ or competency development can culture that encourage people to learn
increase the business value and share?
significantly?
l How can we ensure that the
l To minimize the competency knowledgeable and well developed
development budget, how can we people will retain within the
attract the best professionals in the companies?
markets?
l How can we get insights from our
l How can we systematically extract external business information sources
and convert our people knowledge, (news, 3rd party reports, surveys, etc.)
unwritten expertise, insights, wisdom in creating markets / industry
to enrich the company’s intellectual intelligence?
capitals and become more valuable
for the company?
“Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight and grounded intuition that provides an
environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates and is applied in the
minds of knowers. In organizations, it often becomes embedded not only in documents or repositories but also in organizational
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routines, processes, practices, and norms.” (Davenport, Thomas H.,Lines
Service 1998)
SECI Theory of Ikujiro Nonaka (1995):
The Knowledge Creation Cycle
Ikujiro Nonaka (Hitotsubashi University) turned to be one of the most famous Professor in Knowledge Management, from his
book “The Knowledge Creating Company” (1995) and its became a ‘holy book’ in Knowledge Management practices.
His thesis (the Knowledge Creation Cycle) now becomes a modern-world’s operational model for KM that comprises 4 steps:
l Socialization (Tacit to Tacit)
The cycle starts when 2 (or more) knowledgeable personnel
Externalization Consolidation (“I”for individual) of an organization exchange their tacit
knowledge or a new idea in a formal or informal discussion.
I G G
Explicit
I l Externalization (Tacit to Explicit)
G O When they got back to their group (G) or community—with
several ‘cultural’ and formal prerequisites—the group or
I I G G community members constructively challenge, criticize, or even
enrich such idea of, for example, accelerate lead-time to delivery.
l Consolidation (Explicit to Explicit)
To
Socialization Internalization After being validated in the community level, that ‘champion’ idea
proposed to the corporate level (“O” for organization). Meanwhile,
O in the corporate level, the idea also thoroughly examined,
enriched, validated, sanitized (to avoid confidentiality issues, if
Tacit I I G necessary), and standardized by all communities’ champions.
I l Internalization (Explicit to Tacit)
Formalized idea that has been standardized turned to be the
valid knowledge object. It pushed back to the individual level
through various formats, i.e. Standard Procedure, Methodology,
Tacit Explicit Learning Material, Operation Manual, etc. The cycle starts again
From if there is any possibility to improve the quality of the knowledge
object.
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Innovation-oriented Competition Landscape*
Michael E. Porter (Harvard University) has defined an innovative-oriented competitive model in 1990 which usually used in
determining the competitiveness of a nation. However, with certain extent of modifications, the model can be used to assess the
competitiveness of a business organization and also becoming a ‘guideline’ in composing the custom strategy.
The ‘adjusted’ components of the diamond model that interrelate each other, can be described as follows:
l Factor (input / internal) Conditions
l Human Resources: availability of skilled / competent
Context for
Firm Strategy and
personnel, in technical and managerial aspects
Rivalry l R&D: availability of technical research in developing
high quality methodologies, products and/or services
l Knowledge Infrastructure: sharing culture, contents &
processes, and ICT infrastructure
l Adequate Budget
l Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry
Factor (Input) Demand l Understanding of the competitors’ strategies &
Conditions Conditions activities
l Develop sophisticated & well-focused operation
strategy
l Demand Conditions
l Understanding of market segments & the behaviors,
sophistication of the markets demand
Related and l Anticipation of the alternative preferences
Supporting l Related and Supporting Industries
Industries
l Degree of involvement in industry associations,
establishing industry clusters, strengthening
* Adopted from Porter’s Diamond Model of Competitiveness (1990) relationship with the universities / research centers.
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All of the ideas lead to the establishment of an ideal
KM Operational Framework
Strategy
Infrastructure § Aligned to business strategy
§ Hardware including LANs / WANs and § Performance measures
telecomms § Goals and objectives
§ Application software including groupware, Content
§ Sponsorship and ownership
Internet technologies, document management, § Standard knowledge containers / ‘knowledgebases’
workflow, email, vmail, conferencing tools § External knowledge and information
§ Workspace layout and design
People §
§
Taxonomies and common business language
Navigators
Processes
Products & Services § Knowledge Management Business Process
§ identify, create and contribute
§ Embedding knowledge into
§ capture and organize
existing products and services
§ access and share
§ Creating new knowledge based
§ apply
products and services
§ Embedding learning and feedback
(innovation)
mechanisms into every business process
Relationships People and Organization
Process Technology
§ Leadership style
§ Knowledge “web” between
§ Culture and values
suppliers, partners and
§ Personal growth
competitors
§ Staffing and deployment
§ Cross-functional networks
§ Rewards and recognition
and communities of interest
§ Management development
§ Organization architecture
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§ Performance management 10
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§ Communication and learning
The ‘ideal’ KM Operational Framework enables
organization to re-strategize itself to become a
Knowledge-based Business in stages
Product
Relationships
Knowledge-based
Organization
People and Organization
Process
Knowledge
Management Content
Technological Infrastructure
KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE
Apply
Provide Infrastructure
Client
Company Leadership
Learn
Store
Provide Infrastructure
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Common Building Blocks of KM in Knowledge-
based Organization
Knowledge-based
Organization
Collaboration
Workflow
(Alerts, Notifications, Subject Matter
Specialists, Leading / Best Practices, etc.)
Records
(Taxonomy, Intranet, E-mails, Search Engine,
Portal, Databases, ERP, Data Warehouse, etc.)
People
l Improve support for gaining new business and retaining / growing current
client revenues:
l Better understanding of our clients, markets and industries
Fact-based contents
Growth
l
l Efficient proposal process
l Value propositions
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Benefit of KM initiatives’ implementation can be
measured in Direct and Indirect ways
• KM Seminar Series
• In-house KM Training Series
• e-Learning
Operation
Learning
Management
Services KM Consulting Services
Services
• KM Strategic Services
• KM ICT Tools Implementation
• General KM Advisory Services
KM Operation Management
Consulting Services
Services
• Community Knowledge Coordination
• Business Research & Analysis
• Knowledge Deployment
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KM Learning Services
KM Seminar Series In-house Training Series e-Learning Advisory
Knowledge-based
Organization
• Innovations in Products & Services
have continuously been made using
KM Stages & Value Deliverables
Knowledge Network
Service Lines
Industry Groups
Knowledge Network Coordinator
FSI Community TCE Community
ECU Community
Yes
No
Yes
No
PPRC
PPRC PPK
PPK
PowerPack
PowerPack
Review
ReviewContainer
Container PPK
PPK
PPK
PPK E
E
subject
subject Y
Y
matters
matters
specialist GS SE CHS SDT
specialist knowledge
knowledge H
H
search
search engine
engine
documents
documents O
O
content
content reviewer
reviewer LDR
LDR
Large
Large Document
Document M
M
Repository
Repository GC LC GN E
E
catalog
catalog P
P
A
A
review
review G
G
knowledge
knowledge KSP
KSP container
container KOR
KOR E
E
Knowledge
Knowledge Object
Object
contributors
contributors Repository
Repository
EY
EY Indonesia
Indonesia EY
EY Global
Global
Workflow
Business Research & Community People & Culture /
Analysis Knowledge Agent Human Capital / HRD