Chapter 31 Lecture In this lecture you’ll learn

• To recognize the difference

between real and virtual images
• To describe graphically and
quantitatively
tit ti l hhow flflatt andd
curved mirrors form images
• To understand image formation
due to refraction at curved
Images and Optical surfaces
• To describe graphically and
Instruments quantitatively how lenses form
images
– To
• To understand
explain the details
the operation of
of simple optical instruments including
refraction at
– The human eye curved surfaces
– Microscopes
p
– Telescopes
Slide 31-1 Slide 31-2

Image Formation by a Flat Mirror Clicker Question

• Flat mirrors form a virtual image
– The image is unmagnified You stand in front of a mirror. How tall does the mirror have
– The imageg is upright
p g to be so that you can see yourself entirely?
– The mirror reverses the image front to back, switching
left- and right-handedness 1) same as your height
2) less than your full height but
more than half your height
s=s’
3) half your height
s s’ 4) less than half your height
5) any size will do

Slide 31-3 Slide 31-4

 Parabolic and Spherical Mirrors Concave vs. Convex Mirrors
• A parabolic mirror focuses rays parallel to • Spherical mirrors can be reflective on either the inside
the mirror axis to a common focal point. (concave) or outside (convex).
However, parabolic mirrors are difficult and
• A concave mirror is a converging
g g mirror.
expensive to make
make.
• A portion of a sphere is a good • A convex mirror is a diverging mirror.
approximation to a parabola.
− Parallel rays striking a spherical
mirror do not all converge at exactly
the same place if the curvature of
the mirror is large
− If the curvature is small or if the light
rays are close to the principle axis,
the focus is much more precise.
r
− The focal length is approximately f  Concave Convex
half the radius of curvature. 2
Slide 31-5 Slide 31-6

Ray Tracing with Curved Mirrors Image Formation with Concave Mirrors
• Concave mirrors can form either real or virtual images.
g
• The image formed in a curved mirror can be found using any
– If the object is beyond the center of curvature, the image is
two of three special light rays:
real, inverted, and reduced in size.
(1) A ray parallel to the – If the object is between the center of curvature and the focal
mirror axis reflects point, the image is real, inverted, and enlarged.
through the focal point
point. – If the object is closer to the mirror than the focal point
point, the
(2) A ray passing through image is virtual, upright, and enlarged.
the focal point reflects
parallel to the axis.
(3) A ray through the center
of curvature of the
mirror returns on itself.

s > 2f f < s < 2f s<f

Slide 31-7 Slide 31-8
Convex Mirrors Clicker Question
• Convex mirrors can form only virtual images
images.
– The image is always upright and reduced in size.
You see an upright, magnified image of your face when you
look into magnifying “cosmetic mirror.” The image is located

A. In front of the mirror’s surface.

B. On the mirror’s surface.
C. Behind the mirror’s surface.
D. Only in your mind because it’s a virtual image.

Slide 31-9 Slide 31-10

Clicker Question The Mirror Equation

• The object distance s,s image distance
s', and the focal length f are related by
A mirror creates an image of an object; it is upright, and the mirror equation:
appears to be smaller than the object itself. What kind of 1 1 1
 
mirror is it? s s f
• The image magnification M is given by:
1. Concave h s
2. Convex M 
h s
3
3. Fl t
Flat
4. Unknown—not enough information given • Sign conventions:
Symbol + -
s Object in front Object in back • Real image of a real
s’ Real image Virtual image object is always inverted
f Concave mirror Convex mirror
• Virtual image of a real
h’ Upright image Inverted image object is always upright
Slide 31-11 Slide 31-12
Image Characteristics Clicker Question

A negative magnification for a mirror means that

1. the image is inverted, and the mirror is concave.

sff 2 the image is inverted
2. inverted, and the mirror is convex
convex.
s'  3. the image is inverted, and the mirror may be concave
s f
or convex.
4. the image is upright, and the mirror may be concave or
convex.
5 the image is upright
5. upright, and the mirror is convex
convex.

Slide 31-13 Slide 31-14

Clicker Question Clicker Question

Consider
C id a convex mirror
i with
ith radius
di |R| = 1 m. Th
The object
bj t
distance is s = 1 m. Determine the image distance and the A concave mirror with a focal length of 10 cm creates
magnification of the image. a real image 30 cm away on its principal axis. How
far from the mirror is the corresponding object
located?

1. 20.0 cm
2. 15.0 cm
A. s’ = 1 m and M = 1 3. 7.5 cm
B
B. ss’ = 1 m and M = -1
1 4
4. 5 0 cm
5.0
C. s’ = -1/3 m and M = 1/3
D. s’ = -1/3 m and M = -1/3

Slide 31-15 Slide 31-16

 Clicker Question Clicker Question

If a man's face is 30 cm in front of a concave shaving An object is held at a distance of 12 cm from a

mirror creating an upright image 1 1.5
5 times as large as convex mirror creating a resultant image that is 1/3
the object, what is the mirror's focal length? the object size. What is the focal length of the mirror?

1. 12.0 cm
1. -6.0 cm
2. 20.0 cm
2
2. -3.0
3 0 cm
3. 70.0 cm
3. -9.0 cm
4. 90.0 cm
4
4. -18 0 cm
-18.0

Slide 31-17 Slide 31-18

Converging and Diverging Lenses Clicker Question

• A converging
g g lens ((thicker in the center than at the edge
g )
brings parallel light rays to a focus.
• A diverging lens (thicker at the edge than in the center) bends Light rays are converging to
parallel light rays so they appear to diverge from a focus
focus. point 1.
1 The lens is inserted into
the rays with its focal point at
point 1. Which picture shows
the rays leaving the lens?

Slide 31-19 Slide 31-20

 Clicker Question Lensmaker’s Formula

Which three of the glass lenses above, when placed in air, will • The focal length of a thin lens is related to the curvature of its
cause parallel rays of light to converge? front and back surfaces and the index of refraction of the
material.
1  nlens  1 1 
   1  
f  nmedium  R1 R 2 
R > 0: Center of curvature in back
R < 0: Center of curvature in front

1. A
1 A, B
B, and C
2. B, C, and E
3. A, B, and E
4 A
4. A, C
C, and
dE
5. B, D, and E
Slide 31-21 Slide 31-22

Clicker Question Clicker Question

Find the focal length of the thin lens shown below, which has a
crescent shape. Here |RA| = 2a, |RB| = a, nlens = 1.5 and nmed = 1.
If a converging lens made of glass is held in water, it focuses
a parallel
ll l b
beam off lilight
h

1. closer to the lens than outside the water

2. at the same position as outside the water
3. farther from the lens than outside the water

1.
1 f = -3a/4
3a/4
2. f = -2a
3. f = 2a
4
4. f = -4a
4
5. f = 4a
Slide 31-23 Slide 31-24
 Ray Tracing with Lenses Image Formation with Lenses
• Converging
g g lenses form real or virtual images,
g depending
p g on
• The image formed by a lens can be found using three special object/image location.
light rays similar to those in mirrors:

• Diverging lenses form only

reduced, upright, virtual
images.
Slide 31-25 Slide 31-26

The Lens Equation Clicker Question

• The thin lens equation is the same as the mirror equation:
1 1 1
  A lens creates an image as shown. In this situation, the object
s s f
distance s is
• The image magnification is given by:
h s
M  
h s A. s<f
B. f < s < 2f
Symbol + - C
C. s > 2f
s Object in front Object in back D. There’s not enough information
s’ Real image
g Virtual image
g to compare
p s to f.
f Converging Diverging
h’ Upright image Inverted image

Slide 31-27 Slide 31-28

 Clicker Question Clicker Question

A lens produces a sharply focused, inverted image on a screen. The object distance is s = f/2. Find the image distance s’.
What will you see on the screen if a piece of dark paper is
lowered to cover the top half of the lens?

A. An inverted but blurry image

B. An image that is dimmer but
otherwise unchanged
C. Only the top half of the image
D. Only the bottom half of the image A. s’ = f/2
E No
E. N iimage att allll B
B. ss’ = f
C. s’ = -f/2
D. s’ = -f

Slide 31-29 Slide 31-30

Clicker Question Combination of Lenses

In lens combinations
combinations, the image formed by the first lens
A projector lens is needed to form an image on a becomes the object for the second lens (this is where object
screen 10 times the size of its corresponding object. distances may be negative).
Th screen is
The i llocated
t d 8 m ffrom th
the llens. Wh
Whatt iis th
the
required focal length of the lens?

1. 0.32 m
2. 0.54 m
3. 0.73 m
4
4. 1 12 m
1.12

Slide 31-31 Slide 31-32

 Clicker Question Lens Aberrations
Given two identical lenses with f1 = f2 = ff. The object is located • Lenses are subject
j to aberrations.
at a distance s1 = 2f from lens #1. The separation between the – Spherical aberration occurs because spherical lens
lenses is d = 5f. What type of image is formed by the lens surfaces don’t focus exactly to a point.
combination?
bi ti ? • The diagram shows how spherical aberration can be
reduced by using less of the sphere or by “stopping
down” the lens at the expense of less light passing
down
through the lens.
– Chromatic aberration occurs
b
because th
the wavelength-
l th
dependent refractive index
A. The image
g is upright
g and real causes different colors to focus
B. The image is upright and virtual to different points.
C. The image is inverted and real – Astigmatism occurs when the
D
D. The image is inverted and virtual lens has different curvature radii
in different directions.
Slide 31-33 Slide 31-34

Cameras The Eye

• The human eye y is a complex
p optical
p instrument.
– Refraction in the cornea, in the fluids of the eye (“humors”),
and in the lens should form an image on the retina.
– Most of the refraction occurs
in the cornea.
– The lens changes shape to
adjust for different object
distances (accommodation).
s s’
– Special cells in the retina
• Image distance is adjusted to produce sharp images respond to light by sending
p exposure
• Proper p is determined byy aperture
p size and shutter electrochemical signals
g to the
speed brain through the optic nerve.
• The ƒ-number of a lens is the ratio of the focal length of the • Image distance s’ ~1.7 cm
lens to its diameter: ƒ
ƒ-number
number = f/D • Object distance s ~25 25 cm (near point) –  (far point)
• Aperture size also controls depth of field • Focal length f ~1.6 cm – 1.7 cm
Slide 31-35 Slide 31-36
 Farsightedness (Hyperopia) Nearsightedness (Myopia)
• A nearsighted
g eye
y focuses light
g from distant objects
j in front of
• A farsighted
f i ht d eye focuses
f light
li ht ffrom
the retina
nearby objects behind the retina
– Far point is too close
– Near Point is too far
– A diverging lens corrects the problem
– A converging lens corrects the
problem
• The power of corrective lenses is
measured in diopters:
– P = 1/f
1/f, with f measured in
meters.
– Larger diopter number means
smaller f or more refractive
power (to correct for worse
eyesight)

Slide 31-37 Slide 31-38

Clicker Question Clicker Question

A corrective lens has a refractive power of -5 diopters. What is If the near point of your eye is at 75 cm, you are
the focal length
length, f,
f of this lens,
lens and is it converging or diverging?

A Nearsighted.
A. N i ht d
a) f = -20 cm; diverging
B. Farsighted.
b)) f = +20 cm; diverging
g g
C Sharp-sighted.
C. Sh i ht d
c) f = -20 cm; converging
d) f = +20 cm; converging

Slide 31-39 Slide 31-40

 Example: Prescription for Nearsightedness Example: Prescription for Farsightedness
A particular nearsighted person can’t
can t see objects clearly when The near p
point of a p
patient’s eye
y is 50 cm.
they are beyond 25 cm. 1) What focal length and power should a corrective lens have to
1) What focal length should the prescribed contact lens have ? enable the eye to see clearly an object 25 cm away? Neglect
2) Find the power of the lens in diopters. the eye-lens
e e lens distance
distance.
2) Repeat assuming the lens is 2 cm in front of the eye.
1 1 1 1 1
1)     1 1 1 1 1
s s  25 cm f 1)      f  50.0 cm
s s 25.0 cm 50.0 cm f
 f  25 cm
1
 P  2.00
2 00 di
diopters
t
1 1 f
2) P   4.00 diopters
f 0.25 m 1 1 1 1 1
2)    
s s 23.0 cm 48.0 cm f
 f  44.2 cm
1
 P  2.26 diopters
f
Slide 31-41 Slide 31-42

Clicker Question Simple Magnifier

• A simple magnifier is a
converging lens. It allows
A –5 diopter lens is used for a man using glasses 2 cm from his objects closer than the near
eyes. What is the distance to the far point for him using these point
i t tto form
f a larger,
l and
d
lenses? therefore clearer, image on the
retina.
• Angular magnification, m, is the
ratio of the angle an object
a) 18 cm subtends when seen through a
b) 20 cm lens to the angle subtended
c)) 22 cm when it’s at the 25-cm near
d) None of the above point and viewed with the
naked eye:
 h/ f 25 cm
m  
 h / 25 cm f
Slide 31-43 Slide 31-44
Clicker Question Microscopes
• Compound
p microscopes
p use two
lenses—the objective and the
eyepiece—to produce magnified images
The magnification of a simple magnifier is increased if of small objects
objects.
– The magnification is (fe, fo << L)
L  25 cm 
A. The focal length of the lens is increased. M  M o me    
fo  fe 
B. The focal length of the lens is decreased.
C. The diameter of the lens is increased.
D. The diameter of the lens is decreased.

Slide 31-45 Slide 31-46

Clicker Question Refracting Telescopes

• Refractingg telescopes
p use two lenses—the objective j and the
eyepiece—to produce images of distant objects.
For a compound microscope, what is the nature of the – The relevant measure of magnification is the angular
images formed by the objective lens and the eyepiece lens? magnification,
ifi ti th
the enlargement
l t off th
the angle
l subtended
bt d d b by
the object at the eye: m = / = f0/fe.
– More important is the telescope’s
telescope s light-gathering
light gathering ability,
a) Objective real; Eyepiece real determined by the area of its primary light-gathering
b) Objective virtual; Eyepiece virtual element, the objective lens.
c) Objective real; Eyepiece virtual
d) Objective virtual; Eyepiece real

Slide 31-47 Slide 31-48

 Reflecting Telescopes Summary
 L
Large lilight-gathering
ht th i power requires i a llarge-diameter
di t • Both mirrors and lenses can form images
images.
objective lens, but large lenses are not practical; they begin – Images are classified as real or virtual.
to sag
g under their own weight.
g • Light
g actuallyy comes from real images.
g
 Thus refracting telescopes, with two lenses, are relatively • Light only appears to come from virtual images.
small. – Image location and characteristics can be determined by
• Ray tracing
 Serious astronomy is
• Use of the mirror and lens equations
done with a reflecting
g
telescope, such as the – Analysis of refraction at curved surfaces results in the
one shown in the figure. lensmaker’s formula, relating a lens’s focal length to the
curvature radii of its surfaces.
– Optical instruments—including the eye, microscopes, and
telescopes—are important applications of image
f
formation
ti using
i lenses
l and/or
d/ mirrors.
i

Slide 31-49 Slide 31-50