variable

a variable is used to represent

unspecified numbers
or values. Any letter can be
used as a variable.

xab mny
 inequality
an open sentence that contains
one of the symbols:
< > ≤ ≥
less greater less greater
than than than or than or
equal to equal to
 ratio
a comparison of two numbers
by division
The ratio of x to y can be written as:

x to y x:y x
y
proportion
an equation stating two ratios
x3 are equal
5 15 use cross
products
8 24 to check!
x3
percent of
% change %
an increase or decrease in an
amount that is expressed as a %
PoC = difference  original
 graph
a series of points which represent
values of a given function
make a x y y-axis
table
-2 2
-1 1
x-axis
to find 0
1
0
-1
values! 2 -2
y = -x
 ordered pair
a point on the coordinate plane
that has an x-coordinate and a
y-coordinate

(x,y)
the x-coordinate the y-coordinate
is the value at is the value at
the x-axis the y-axis
 relation
set of ordered pairs that can be
represented as a
table, mapping, or graph
x y x y y
●
-1 2 -1 ● ●
x
0 4 2
0
3 2 4
3
 mapping
a way to illustrate how each
element in the domain (x-value)
…is paired with an x y
……element in the -1
0 2
……range (y-value) 3 4
 inverse
the inverse of any relation is
obtained by switching the
coordinates in each ordered pair
Relation: {(2,-3), (4,5), (-1,-8), (-7,5)}
Inverse: {(-3,2), (5,4), (-8,-1), (5,-7)}
 standard
form
a linear equation written in the form
Ax + By = C
where A ≥ 0, A and B are both not zero,
and A, B, and C are integers whose GCF is 1
 slope-intercept
form
a linear equation written in the form

y = mx + b
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 y-intercept:
slope: or where the graph
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
intercepts the y-axis
 point-slope
form
a linear equation written in the form
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
point: one ordered 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
pair on the line (x1, y1) slope: or
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 function
a relation in which each element of
the domain (x) is paired with
exactly one element of the range (y)
1. Each x-value is
ways to
only used once
check : 2.Vertical line test
 arithmetic
sequence
a numerical pattern that increases or
decreases at a constant rate or
value called the common difference
Ex: 3, 8, 13, 18, … Ex: 4, 1, -2, -5, …
common diff.: +5 common diff.: -3
 slope
the rate of change of how a
quantity is changing over time
Can be found in the forms of:
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ∆𝑦
or or
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ∆𝑥

where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are ordered

pairs on the line
 direct
variation
equation of the form y=kx,
where k≠0
we call k the constant of variation,
another way to represent slope
 parallel
linear equations are parallel if they
have the same slope
y

y = 3x – 4
y = 3x + 2 x

same slope!
 perpendicular
linear equations are perpendicular if
they have negative reciprocal slopes
y
y = 3x – 4 right
angle!
𝟏
y=− x+2 x
𝟑
1
neg. recips: 3 * - = -1
3
absolute value
the distance from zero
on a number line
-2 = 2 2 =2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 compound
inequality
two inequality statements joined
by the word “or” or by “and”
“or” means the “and” means the
union intersection
of the 2 inequalities of the 2 inequalities
 system of
equations
two or more linear equations
involving the same variables
Systems can be solved by
Graphing, Substitution, or Elimination
 polynomials
a monomial or a sum of monomials
• monomial: a number, a variable, or the
product of a number and one or more variables
• binomial: the sum of two monomials
• trinomial: the sum of three monomials
 scientific
notation
a number in the form a x 10n,
where 1 ≤ a < 10 and n is an integer
numbers ≥ 1 have positive exponents
0 < numbers < 1 have negative exponents
 factors
numbers or variables that are
multiplied to create a product
• You can list the factors of a number n: {1, …, n}

• You can find the prime factorization of a

number n (factor tree or subsequent division)

• You can factor completely a number n (prime

factorization without exponents)
 prime &
composite
prime: composite:
a number > 1 whose a number > 1 that has
factors are 1 & itself more than 2 factors
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12,
19, 23, 29, 31, … 14, 15, 16, 18, …
exponential
function
a function defined by an equation
of the form y = a ,x

where a > 0 and a ≠ 1

 prime
factorization
the way a whole number is expressed
as a product of prime numbers
12 2 12
factor subsequent
2 6
trees 3 4 division 3
3
2 2 1
perfect squares
the product of a polynomial
multiplied by itself
Ex: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100,
121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324,
361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, …

Ex: x2, 9x4, 16x6, 49x8, 64x10, 100x12…

discriminant
to find the number of solutions of a
quadratic equation, use b – 4ac
2

if the value is…

positive: zero: negative:
2 real roots 1 real root no roots
 geometric
sequence
a numerical pattern in which each
term is found my multiplying the
previous term by the common ratio
Ex: 3, -9, 27, -81, … Ex: 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, …
common ratio: -3 common ratio: 1/2
 Quadratic
Formula
to find the solutions of a quadratic
equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0

x= -b  b2 – 4ac
2a
 Pythagorean
Theorem
if a and b are the measures of the
legs of a right triangle and c is the
hypotenuse, then a2 + b2 = c2
c
a
b
 Distance
Formula
to find the distance between points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is:

d = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

 quadratic
function
a function described by an
equation of the form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a≠0
 parabola
the shape of the graph of
a quadratic function
this y this y
vertex vertex
is is
the x the x
minimum maximum
roots/zeros
the solutions of a quadratic equation
in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
2

y y y

x x x
no one
roots root two
roots
 axis of
symmetry
the vertical line that cuts the
parabola of in half
y
b
x=-
2a x
 excluded
values
the value(s) of the variable that
make the denominator equal to 0
*rational expressions cannot
have a denominator of 0!*
rationalizing the
denominator
the process of multiplying the
numerator and denominator by a
radical expression that gives a
rational denominator
*may need to use the conjugate*