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Page information Sodium bicarbonate
Wikidata item
Cite this page From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In other projects For the leavening agent of which baking soda is a common ingredient, see Baking powder.

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 Wikimedia Commons Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as
Sodium bicarbonate
baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a
Print/export
sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid
Create a book
that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste
Download as PDF
resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite.
Printable version
It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.
Languages
Contents [hide]
Deutsch
Español 1 Nomenclature
Français 2 Uses
한국어 2.1 Cooking
िह दी
2.1.1 Leavening
Italiano
2.1.1.1 Baking powder
Русский
2.1.2 Other
Tiếng Việt
中 2.2 Pest control
2.3 Alkalinity/pH increase
62 more
Edit links
2.4 Pyrotechnics
2.5 Mild disinfectant Names

2.6 Fire extinguisher IUPAC name

Sodium hydrogen carbonate
2.7 Neutralization of acids
Other names
2.8 Medical uses and health
Baking soda, bicarb (laboratory slang),
2.8.1 Personal hygiene bicarbonate of soda, nahcolite
2.8.2 Veterinary uses Identifiers
2.9 In sports CAS Number 144-55-8
2.10 Cleaning agent 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image
3 Chemistry Beilstein 4153970
Reference
3.1 Thermal decomposition
ChEBI CHEBI:32139
4 History
ChEMBL ChEMBL1353
5 Production
ChemSpider 8609
5.1 Mining
DrugBank DB01390
6 In popular culture

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 6.1 Film ECHA InfoCard 100.005.122
7 See also EC Number 205-633-8

8 References E number E500(ii) (acidity regulators,

...)
9 Cited sources
IUPHAR/BPS 4507
10 External links
KEGG C12603
MeSH Sodium+bicarbonate

Nomenclature [ edit ]
PubChem CID 516892
RTECS number VZ0950000
Because it has long been known and is widely used, the salt has many related names such UNII 8MDF5V39QO
as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda. The term baking CompTox DTXSID9021269
soda is more common in the United States, whereas bicarbonate of soda is more common Dashboard (EPA)
InChI [show]
in Australia and Britain.[9] In colloquial usage, the names sodium bicarbonate and
SMILES [show]
bicarbonate of soda are often truncated; forms such as sodium bicarb, bicarb soda,
Properties
bicarbonate, and bicarb are common.
Chemical formula NaHCO3
The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus meaning "aerated salt", was widely used in the Molar mass 84.0066 g mol−1
19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. Appearance White crystals
It is known as one of the E number food additives E500. Odor Odorless
Density 2.20 g/cm3[1]
The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the
Melting point (Decomposes to sodium
observation that there is twice as much carbonate (CO3) per sodium in sodium bicarbonate carbonate starting at
(NaHCO3) as there is in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The modern chemical formulas of 50 °C[1][6])
these compounds express their precise chemical compositions (which were unknown when Solubility in water 69 g/L (0 °C)[2][3]
the names sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were coined) as sodium hydrogen 96 g/L (20 °C)[2][3]
165 g/L (60 °C)[2][3]
carbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). These names are unambiguous
Solubility 0.02 wt% acetone, 2.13 wt%
since sodium always has the +1 oxidation state and carbonate the -2 oxidation state.
methanol @22 °C.[4]
insoluble in ethanol
Uses [ edit ] log P −0.82
Acidity (pKa) 10.329[5]
Cooking [ edit ] 6.351 (carbonic acid)[5]
Refractive index nα = 1.377 nβ = 1.501 nγ =
Leavening [ edit ] (nD) 1.583

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 Main article: Leavening agent Structure
Crystal structure Monoclinic
In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts
Thermochemistry
with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the
Heat capacity (C) 87.6 J/mol K[7]
characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other
Std molar 101.7 J/mol K[7]
baked and fried foods. Acidic compounds that induce this reaction include phosphates, entropy (So298)
cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, and vinegar. Baking soda may be Std enthalpy of −950.8 kJ/mol[7]
used together with sourdough, which is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acidic formation
(ΔfH⦵298)
taste.[10]
Gibbs free energy −851.0 kJ/mol[7]
Heat can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking (ΔfG˚)
because of thermal decomposition, releasing carbon dioxide. When used this way on its Pharmacology
ATC code B05CB04 (WHO )
own, without the presence of an acidic component (whether in the batter or by the use of a
B05XA02 (WHO ),
baking powder containing acid), only half the available CO2 is released. Additionally, in the
QG04BQ01 (WHO )
absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium Routes of Intravenous, oral
carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, "soapy" taste and administration
a yellow color. Hazards
Main hazards Causes serious eye irritation
Carbon dioxide production from exposure to heat starts at temperatures above 80 °C
Safety data sheet External MSDS
(180 °F).[11]
NFPA 704
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (fire diamond) 0
0 1
Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can be
allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven.
Flash point Incombustible
When adding acid, non-acid ingredients such as whole milk or Dutch-processed cocoa are Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
often added to baked foods to avoid an over-acidic taste from the added acid.[12] LD50 (median 4220 mg/kg (rat, oral)[8]
dose)
Baking powder [ edit ] Related compounds
Main article: Baking powder Other anions Sodium carbonate
Other cations Ammonium bicarbonate
Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and various
Potassium bicarbonate
acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water, without the need for
Related Sodium bisulfate
additional acids in the cooking medium.[13][14][15] Many forms of baking powder contain compounds Sodium hydrogen phosphate
sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate,

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 or cream of tartar.[16] Baking soda is alkaline; the acid used in baking powder avoids a Except where otherwise noted, data are given
for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C
metallic taste when the chemical change during baking creates sodium carbonate. [77 °F], 100 kPa).
verify (what is ?)
Other [ edit ]
Infobox references
Sodium bicarbonate was sometimes used in cooking green vegetables, as it gives them a
bright green colour—which has been described as artificial-looking—due to its reacting with chlorophyll to produce chlorophyllin.[17]
However, this tends to affect taste, texture and nutritional content, and is no longer common.[18]

Baking soda is still used to soften pulses (peas, beans) before and during cooking, as in the traditional British mushy peas recipe for
soaking the peas. The main effect of sodium bicarbonate is to modify the pH of the soaking solution and cooking water, that in turn
softens the hard external shell, reduces cooking times and may alter the percentage of nutrients in the dish, its flavour and
consistence.[19]

Baking soda may react with acids in food, including vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid).

It is used in Asian and Latin American cuisine to tenderize meats. It is also used in breading, such as for fried foods, to enhance
crispness and allow passages for steam to escape, so the breading is not blown off during cooking.

Pest control [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate can be an effective way of controlling fungal growth,[20] and in the United States is registered by the Environmental
Protection Agency as a biopesticide.[21]

Alkalinity/pH increase [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate can be administered to pools, spas, and garden ponds to raise the total alkalinity. This will also raise the pH level
and make maintaining proper pH easier. In the event that the pH is high, sodium bicarbonate should not be used to adjust the pH.[22]

Pyrotechnics [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common "black snake" firework. The effect is caused by the thermal
decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake-like ash as a combustion product of the other main
component, sucrose.

Mild disinfectant [ edit ]

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 It has weak disinfectant properties,[23][24] and it may be an effective fungicide against some organisms.[25] Because baking soda will
absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used book sellers when making books less malodorous.[26]

Fire extinguisher [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, as heating of sodium
bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide.[27] However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may cause
the grease to splatter.[27] Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive
diammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent, besides
Purple-K, that was used in large-scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the
agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam.

Neutralization of acids [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate reacts spontaneously with acids, releasing CO2 gas as a reaction product. It is commonly used to neutralize
unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories.[28] It is not appropriate to use sodium bicarbonate to neutralize base[29]
even though it is amphoteric, reacting with both acids and bases.

Medical uses and health [ edit ]

See also: Intravenous sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn.[30] Its reaction with stomach acid
produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2(g)

A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte,[31] dissolved in water and taken orally, is an effective
gastrointestinal lavage preparation and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy, etc.

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or
bicarbonate ions are in the blood.[32] In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate
buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly low (< 7.1–7.0).[33]

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 HCO3− is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K+ back into cells during periods of acidosis.[34] Since sodium bicarbonate
can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and the
basic environment diminishes aspirin absorption in the case of an overdose.[35] Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment
of tricyclic antidepressant overdose.[36] It can also be applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water, to
relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying swelling).[37]

Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer
Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use.[38] Edzard Ernst has called the promotion
of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure "one of the more sickening alternative cancer scams I have seen for a long time".[39]

Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful.[40] It is
also a component of Moffett's solution, used in nasal surgery.

As early as the 1920s, bicarbonate was found to cause increased bone strength in patients who were losing calcium in their urine. In
1968, diets producing too much acid were thought to put bones at risk.[41] Experiments by Anthony Sebastian of the University of
California, San Francisco starting in the late 20th century found that the body was breaking down bones and muscles to release
carbonates, phosphates, and ammonia, which neutralize acid. Adding bicarbonate to the diet (he chose to use the sodium-free saleratus,
potassium bicarbonate) reduced loss of calcium in postmenopausal women, amounting to the equivalent of "an arm-and-a-leg's worth" of
bone if this continued for two decades.

Antacid (such as baking soda) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during
protests.[42][failed verification][43]

Similarly to its use in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a mild acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent
tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of water, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas ( HCO3− + H+
→ H2O + CO2↑ or, more precisely, HCO3− + H3O+ → 2 H2O + CO2↑ ) leaving the medication dissolved in the water together with the
resulting salt (in this example, sodium tartrate).

Personal hygiene [ edit ]

Toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate has in several studies been shown to have a better whitening[44][44][45][46] and plaque removal
effect[47][48] than toothpastes without it.

Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties.[49] It works as a
mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help

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 prevent infections.[50][51] Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant.[52][53]
Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent, combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation.[54]

It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently
boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution.[55]

Veterinary uses [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen.[56]

In sports [ edit ]

Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate have been shown to be useful as a supplement for athletes in speed-based events, such as
middle-distance running, lasting about 1–7 minutes.[57][58] However, overdose is a serious risk because sodium bicarbonate is slightly
toxic;[59] and gastrointestinal irritation is of particular concern.[58] Additionally, this practice causes an increase in dietary sodium.[60]

Cleaning agent [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting; the process is particularly suitable for
cleaning aluminium panels which can be distorted by other types of abrasives.

A manufacturer recommends a paste made from baking soda with minimal water as a gentle scouring powder,[27] and is useful in
removing surface rust, as the rust forms a water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution;[61] cold water should be
used, as hot-water solutions can corrode steel. [62] Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium,
making it unsuitable for cleaning this metal.[63] A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact
with a piece of aluminium foil.[63][64] Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water softener and to
remove odors from clothes. It is also effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups when diluted with warm water. Also,
baking soda can be used as a multipurpose odor remover.[65]

During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s, the chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue. Uranium
oxides were found to stick very well to cotton cloth, and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. However, the uranium would
wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing can become contaminated with toxic dust of depleted uranium (DU), which
is very dense, hence used for counterweights in a civilian context, and in armour-piercing projectiles. DU is not removed by normal
laundering; washing with about 6 ounces (170 g) of baking soda in 2 gallons (7.5 l) of water will help to wash it out.[66]

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 Chemistry [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are very mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and
hydroxide ion:
−
HCO3 + H2O → H2CO3 + OH−

Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of
sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water:

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2CO3

H2CO3 → H2O + CO2(g)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates:

NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl groups in proteins to give a brisk effervescence from the formation of CO2. This reaction is used
to test for the presence of carboxylic groups in protein.[citation needed]

Thermal decomposition [ edit ]

Above 50 °C (122 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion is
fast at 200 °C (392 °F):[67]

2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (above 850 °C/1,560 °F):[67]

Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2

These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO3 as a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers.

History [ edit ]

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 In 1791, French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash. In 1846, two New York bakers, John
Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon
dioxide.[68]

Saleratus, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling as being used
extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly caught fish from spoiling.[69]

Production [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate is produced industrially from sodium carbonate:[70]

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/year (as of 2001).[71] Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a
similar method: soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate
precipitates as a solid from this solution.

Regarding the Solvay process, sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate in the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.
The product however shows low purity (75%).

Although of no practical value, NaHCO3 may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:

CO2 + NaOH → NaHCO3

Mining [ edit ]

Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite (NaHCO3) are found in the Eocene-age (55.8–33.9 Mya) Green River Formation, Piceance
Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the basin. It is commercially mined using
common underground mining techniques such as bore, drum, and longwall mining in a fashion very similar to coal mining.

Limited amounts of product are further obtained by solution mining, pumping heated water through previously mined nahcolite beds and
reconstituting the dissolved nahcolite above ground through a natural cooling crystallization process. Currently, only Genesis Alkali
(formerly Tronox, formerly FMC) in the Green River Wyoming basin has successfully commercially solution mined the product.

In popular culture [ edit ]

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 Film [ edit ]

Sodium bicarbonate, as "bicarbonate of soda", was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx brothers movies. In Duck
Soup, Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In one scene, he receives a message from the battlefield that his general is reporting a
gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide: "Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water."[72] In A Night at
the Opera, Groucho's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor: "Signor Lassparri comes from
a very famous family. His mother was a well-known bass singer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda,
thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time."[73]

See also [ edit ]

Carbonic acid
List of ineffective cancer treatments
List of minerals
Natron
Natrona (disambiguation)
Trona

References [ edit ]

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 10. ^ "Sourdough, Julie Cascio, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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 32. ^ "Sodium Bicarbonate Intravenous Infusion" (PDF). Consumer 45. ^ Koertge, TE; Brooks, CN; Sarbin, AG; Powers, D; Gunsolley, JC
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Cited sources [ edit ]

Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.

External links [ edit ]

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