GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Gender and Development (GAD) refers to the development perspective and process that is
participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human
rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials. It seeks to
achieve gender equality as a fundamental value that should be reflected in development
choices and contends that women are active agents of development, not just passive recipients
of development.

HOW GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT STARTED?

Gender and Development was developed in the 1980’s as an alternative to the Women in
Development (WID) approach.

Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way in
which a society assigns roles, responsibilities, and expectations to both men and women.

GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work together,
presenting results in neutral terms of economics and competence.

GAD focus primarily on two major frameworks, Gender Roles and Social Relations Analysis.
Gender role focus on social construction of identities within the household, it also reveals the
expectations from ‘maleness and femaleness’ in their relative access to resources. Social
relations analysis exposes the social dimensions of hierarchical power relations imbedded in
social institutions; also it’s determining influence on ‘the relative position of men and women in
society. In an attempt to create gender equality, (denoting women having same opportunities
as men, including ability to participate in the public sphere) GAD policies aim to redefine
traditional gender role expectations.

“SEX IS A BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC WHILE GENDER IS A SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS”

SEX GENDER
 Categories as Male and Female  Masculinity and Femininity

 Biological  Social, cultural and historical

determined

 Fixed at birth  Learned through socialization

 Does not change across time and  Various over time and space (*)
space
 Equally valued  Unequally valued

(*) there are already 56 according to the UP College of Sociology

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT IN PHILIPPINES

Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025, is a National Plan that addresses,
provides and pursues full equality and development for men and women. Approved and
adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on September 8, 1995, it is
the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for Women, 1989-1992 adopted by Executive
No. 348 of February 17, 1989.

Three years after, DENR Administrative Order No. 98 – 15 dated May 27, 1998 came up as the
Revised Guidelines on the Implementation of Gender and Development (GAD) Activities in the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in order to strengthen the DENR
GAD Focal Point System and accomplishing the GAD vision “Partnership of Empowered Men
and Women for Sustainable Development”.

Republic Act No. 9710, otherwise known as the Magna Carta of Women was approved on
August 14, 2009 which mandates non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality and equity
measures to enable women’s participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation
of policies and plan for national, regional and local development.

A Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 dated October 21, 2011 was released addressing to all
Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus, State
Universalities and Colleges (SUCs), Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs)
and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures for the
establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the GAD Focal Point System (GFPS).

WHY GO TO COLLEGE ?

- You'll learn to think critically and communicate better.

- You'll be able to better deal with advances in knowledge and technology that are changing the
world.
- You'll learn to adapt to new situations.
- You'll be better prepared to live in a world of diversity.

Below is a list of 14 outcomes associated with a college education that are life-altering, and
that, in combination, might encourage a student who is on the fence about college to put in the
time and effort to get that degree. For the reasons spelled out below, it’ll most likely be worth
it.

1. More money! Yes, college graduates make, on average, thousands of dollars more a year
than do non-college graduates. And this difference leads to differences in hundreds of
thousands of dollars in a lifetime.*

2. Become expert in a topic. In college, you pick a major area of study and take a bunch of
classes (usually between 10 to 15) all on that particular topic. Whatever your major is, and no
matter your GPA, successfully completing a college major automatically ensures that you have
something to bring to the table.

3. Obtain a general education. Colleges usually make sure that you take a good number of
classes (usually about 10) that deal with a broad array of themes, including such things as the
history of western civilization, the natural sciences, and the arts. As such, these days, we can
rest assured that nearly any college graduate has a decent sense of scholarly ideas on a broad
array of topics.

4. Learn specific sets of skills. In your major, you will not just learn content, but will also learn
skills related to knowledge acquisition in that particular field of study. If you study psychology,
you will not only learn about psychological ideas, but will also learn how to conduct statistical
analyses and how to design research in the behavioral sciences, for instance. In every field in
college, you will learn a variety of transferable skills that can be used across your lifetime.

5. Group work. At some point in college, you’ll have a group project. This may be done in the
context of a class or as part of serving in a club or in some other capacity. I have news for
you: In the real world, there is a ton of group work. In fact, one of the secrets to the success of
humans compared with other forms of hominids that have existed across evolutionary history is
the fact that Homo sapiens developed the ability to work in collaboration with large groups of
others (see Wilson, 2007). Love it or hate it, group work is in your future. College will prepare
you for this fact.

6. Time management. Not everyone is an expert at time management at 18 years of age.

College is a great place to learn time-management skills. You might have a paper due on
Tuesday and two exams that each require 10 hours of preparation on Wednesday. And let’s
throw in a quiz on Friday. Effectively preparing for all of these assignments and assessments is
up to you. I promise you this: being better than average at time management will have
enormous benefits for you throughout life.

7. Project completion. In college, you will have all kinds of projects that you will be working on.
You might be writing a research paper in your sociology class while you’re working on a
sculpture for your studio art class. And the club you are working with might be organizing a
large end-of-year event including an invited speaker. And all the while, you might have a thesis
that you need to constantly be working on. You’ve got stuff to do! In my experience, I’d say that
the ability to effectively complete projects is priceless. And the ability to balance multiple
projects at a time is icing on the cake. College is a great place to develop these skills.

8. Rules and consequences. In a typical undergraduate academic career, a student will take
about 40 different classes across four years. For each class, there will be a syllabus full of rules,
rules that are specific to that class. And there is usually a student handbook full of all kinds of
other rules. In college, students learn to quickly learn the rules and to follow them, as there are
always consequences for failing to follow the rules. For these reasons, we can think of college
graduates as people who have had a strong first-hand education in learning about how to play
the game and follow the rules.

9. Make lifelong friends. There are all kinds of social benefits to college as well. At 47, I am still
close friends with several of the guys I went to college with (Go UCONN!), and we are actually
planning a reunion (with our families included) for some time in the coming weeks. College is
an intense experience, and in a sense, everyone who is there is in the same boat. And making
friends is usually part of the deal.

10. Diverse ideas. In a good college experience, you will be exposed to all kinds of ideas, and
you will often run into situations in which ideas don’t line up with one another. And you will run
into situations in which one really-smart-seeming professor fully disagrees with the ideas of
some other really-smart-seeming professor. Good. This should be part of the deal! Learning
how to work with a variety of ideas is a major goal of any college education, and I promise that
you will find ideological diversity to be a major part of the world after you graduate.

11. Diverse people. People are great—we come in all shapes and sizes! People vary in terms
of gender, socioeconomic background, religious background, cultural background, and more.
We differ from one another in terms of what kind of music we like, how we like to spend a
Saturday afternoon, and what kind of food we eat. And this is a beautiful thing. In your classes,
in the dorms, and all across campus, you will experience diversity in all its beauty. And this fact
will help you see that the little bubble that you come from is but one of many such bubbles that
exist around the world. And this lesson will help you work with all kinds of people across your
lifetime.

12. Become a writer. Your college experience will come with a lot of writing. Students should
embrace this fact. No matter how smart you are at 18 years old, I guarantee that you have work
to do on your writing—that’s just how it is. Writing assignments in college are designed to get
students to advance as writers, developing skills associated with presenting information in an
engaging and cogent manner for all kinds of audiences. And strong writers are, simply,
invaluable.

13. Public speaking. Your collegiate experience will most likely include some public speaking
opportunities. Embrace these opportunities! When you grow up, you’ll need this skill! No
matter what your job ends up being, you’ll need to communicate ideas to other people. You’ll
need to speak to others. You’ll be giving reports on your work. You might find yourself trying to
convince some client to buy your product. You might find yourself trying to convince the school
board to hire another art teacher. You might find yourself presenting your research at a
conference. The education that you will receive in public speaking is absolutely critical for your
future.

14. Giving back to the community. Throughout one’s college career, there are many
opportunities to give back to the community. You might be part of an honors program that
includes a community-service element. You might have a class that includes an assignment
 related to community service. You might be in a student club or sorority that includes
community service in its mission. From my perspective as a grownup in today’s world, I can
confidently say that we need people with this mentality and with these skills now more than
ever!

As I write in my upcoming book, geared toward college students: What you might not realize is
that people in my generation are depending on people in your generation to help get this world
back on track. This is partly why we care so much about you understanding the value of
community.

Bottom Line

Sure, college isn’t for everyone. And yes, there are many, many examples of very bright and
successful people who did not go the college route. I don’t deny this. And I don’t think that a
college education guarantees success. This said, for the reasons given above, I think it is fair to
say that a good college education comes with all kinds of lifelong benefits.

If you’re a high school kid who is looking at various options for your future, I say give the college
route your fullest consideration. And if you’ve completed some college but have never officially
obtained your degree, I say go ahead and register for those final classes and seal the deal. The
college experience develops a young adult in a holistic manner in ways that positively affect
one’s entire future moving forward. And yes, you’ll most likely make more money to boot!
THE POWER OF LEARNING

The Power of Learning philosophy is built on Klas Mellander’s (founder of Celemi) belief that
the best way to absorb knowledge that lasts is for learners to take responsibility for their own
learning. Learners should think, explore and discover for themselves. They should make
mistakes and learn from them.

The Learning Spiral is how we unlock The Power of Learning by recreating a spontaneous
learning process:

 Motivation – we motivate by triggering curiosity and enthusiasm.

 Information – we provide only the necessary information.
 Process – we use dialogue, play and reflection to let learners process the new information.
 Aha! moment – when everyone reaches individual ‘aha’ moments of understanding and insight.
(a moment of sudden insight or discovery.)
 Action – we help everyone turn their insights into actions for their daily work.
We repeat The Learning Spiral over and over again, because we don’t believe in shortcuts. Real
learning–the kind that moves people and organizations–takes time and repetition.

Through our ready-made business simulations and custom solutions, employees practice real-
world business situations without risking real-life business. It’s a fast and compelling way to
increase business knowledge, improve engagement and make change happen.

They play. Everyone wins. Your company truly earns.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

This theory suggests that traditional psychometric views of intelligence are too limited. Gardner
first outlined his theory in his 1983 book "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple
Intelligences," where he suggested that all people have different kinds of "intelligences."
Gardner proposed that there are eight intelligences, and has suggested the possible addition of
a ninth known as "existentialist intelligence."1

In order to capture the full range of abilities and talents that people possess, Gardner theorizes
that people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of
intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences.

While a person might be particularly strong in a specific area, such as musical intelligence, he or
she most likely possesses a range of abilities. For example, an individual might be strong in
verbal, musical, and naturalistic intelligence.
Criticism

Gardner’s theory has come under criticism from both psychologists and educators. These critics
argue that Gardner’s definition of intelligence is too broad and that his eight different
"intelligences" simply represent talents, personality traits, and abilities. Gardner’s theory also
suffers from a lack of supporting empirical research.

Despite this, the theory of multiple intelligences enjoys considerable popularity with educators.
Many teachers utilize multiple intelligences in their teaching philosophies and work to integrate
Gardner’s theory into the classroom.2

Learning more about the multiple intelligences can help you better understand your own
strengths.

Visual-Spatial Intelligence

Strengths: Visual and spatial judgment

People who are strong in visual-spatial intelligence are good at visualizing things. These
individuals are often good with directions as well as maps, charts, videos, and pictures. 3

Characteristics

Characteristics of visual-spatial intelligence include:

 Enjoys reading and writing

 Good at putting puzzles together
 Good at interpreting pictures, graphs, and charts
 Enjoys drawing, painting, and the visual arts
 Recognizes patterns easily

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in visual-spatial intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Architect
 Artist
 Engineer

Linguistic-Verbal Intelligence

Strengths: Words, language, and writing

People who are strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence are able to use words well, both when
writing and speaking. These individuals are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing
information, and reading.1

Characteristics

Characteristics of linguistic-verbal intelligence include:

 Good at remembering written and spoken information

 Enjoys reading and writing
 Good at debating or giving persuasive speeches
 Able to explain things well
 Often uses humor when telling stories

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Writer/journalist
 Lawyer
 Teacher

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Strengths: Analyzing problems and mathematical operations

People who are strong in logical-mathematical intelligence are good at reasoning, recognizing
patterns, and logically analyzing problems. These individuals tend to think conceptually about
numbers, relationships, and patterns.4

Characteristics

Characteristics of logical-mathematical intelligence include:

 Excellent problem-solving skills

 Enjoys thinking about abstract ideas
 Likes conducting scientific experiments
 Good at solving complex computations

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in logical-mathematical intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Scientist
  Mathematician
 Computer programmer
 Engineer
 Accountant

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Strengths: Physical movement, motor control

Those who have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are said to be good at body movement,
performing actions, and physical control. People who are strong in this area tend to have
excellent hand-eye coordination and dexterity.4

Characteristics

Characteristics of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence include:

 Good at dancing and sports

 Enjoys creating things with his or her hands
 Excellent physical coordination
 Tends to remember by doing, rather than hearing or seeing

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Dancer
 Builder
 Sculptor
 Actor

Musical Intelligence

Strengths: Rhythm and music

People who have strong musical intelligence are good at thinking in patterns, rhythms, and
sounds. They have a strong appreciation for music and are often good at musical composition
and performance.

Characteristics

Characteristics of musical intelligence include:

  Enjoys singing and playing musical instruments
 Recognizes musical patterns and tones easily
 Good at remembering songs and melodies
 Rich understanding of musical structure, rhythm, and notes

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in musical intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Musician
 Composer
 Singer
 Music teacher
 Conductor

Interpersonal Intelligence

Strengths: Understanding and relating to other people

Those who have strong interpersonal intelligence are good at understanding and interacting
with other people. These individuals are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires,
and intentions of those around them.

Characteristics

Characteristics of interpersonal intelligence include:

 Good at communicating verbally

 Skilled at nonverbal communication
 Sees situations from different perspectives
 Creates positive relationships with others
 Good at resolving conflict in groups

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in interpersonal intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Psychologist
 Philosopher
 Counselor
 Salesperson
 Politician
Intrapersonal Intelligence

Strengths: Introspection and self-reflection

Individuals who are strong in intrapersonal intelligence are good at being aware of their own
emotional states, feelings, and motivations. They tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis,
including daydreaming, exploring relationships with others, and assessing their personal
strengths.

Characteristics

Characteristics of intrapersonal intelligence include:

 Good at analyzing his or her strengths and weaknesses

 Enjoys analyzing theories and ideas
 Excellent self-awareness
 Clearly understands the basis for his or her own motivations and feelings

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in intrapersonal intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Philosopher
 Writer
 Theorist
 Scientist

Naturalistic Intelligence

Strengths: Finding patterns and relationships to nature

Naturalistic is the most recent addition to Gardner’s theory and has been met with more
resistance than his original seven intelligences. According to Gardner, individuals who are high
in this type of intelligence are more in tune with nature and are often interested in nurturing,
exploring the environment, and learning about other species. These individuals are said to be
highly aware of even subtle changes to their environments.

Characteristics

Characteristics of naturalistic intelligence include:

 Interested in subjects such as botany, biology, and zoology

 Good at categorizing and cataloging information easily
 May enjoy camping, gardening, hiking, and exploring the outdoors
  Doesn’t enjoy learning unfamiliar topics that have no connection to nature

Potential Career Choices

If you're strong in naturalistic intelligence, good career choices for you are:

 Biologist
 Conservationist
 Gardener
 Farmer