FINAL CULTURA 4

Diapositiva 1) Born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, Kent, Henry Tudor was
the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Henry VIII was the second
monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII, who died on 21 April 1509, and the
17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. Soon after his father's burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly
declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the
papal dispensation and a missing part of the marriage portion

Diapositiva 2) In 1509, Henry VIII had married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain, and the aunt of Emperor Charles V.
By 1527, the union had produced no male heir to the throne and only one surviving child, a daughter,
Mary. Henry was concerned about the political consequences of leaving only a female heir. In this
period, people believed it unnatural for women to rule over men.

Diapositiva 3) Catherine of Aragon was born in 1485, she had originally come to England to marry
not Henry, but his older brother Arthur. They married in order to form a friendship between countries.
By Catherine marrying Arthur, England and Spain would be friends, and allies in war. However,
Henry’s father, Henry VII, had betrothed Catherine to Henry after Arthur’s untimely death in order
to keep the English alliance with Spain intact. They were officially married in 1509, a few days before
Henry VIII received his crown.
Diapositiva 4) Henry even came to believe that his union with Catherine, who had many miscarriages
and stillbirths, had been cursed by god, because Catherine had first been the wife of his brother,
Arthur.
Because marriage to the wife of one’s brother was prohibited by law, the marriage had required a
special approval from Pope Julius II.
Diapositiva 5) Above all other things, Henry wanted to have a son, so that the House of Tudor would
continue to rule England. However, although Catherine had six children, only one survived, and this
was a girl – Mary, who was born in 1516.By 1525, Catherine was too old to have more children.
Without a son, the throne of England be taken over by someone who was not a Tudor?

Diapositiva 6) In 1522, a young woman called Anne Boleyn, became one of Catherine’s ladies-in-
waiting. Anne was attractive, educated, witty and charming. During the next few years, Henry fell in
love with Anne, and in May 1527, he decided to divorce Catherine, in order to marry Anne. Not only
could he find love with Anne, but she might also give him the son that he so desired.
Diapositiva 7) As the Reformation movement grew, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up.
These sects had ideas that were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin. A number of
groups rejected infant baptism. Infants, they argued, are too young to understand what it means to
accept the Christian faith. Only adults should receive the sacrament of baptism. They became known
as Anabaptists.
Diapositiva 8) At first, Henry VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt. The pope even awarded
him the title “Defender of the Faith” for a pamphlet he wrote denouncing Luther. In 1527, an issue
arose that set Henry at odds with the Church. In 1527, an issue arose that set Henry VIII at odds with
the Church. After 18 years of marriage, Henry and his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon, had one
surviving child, Mary Tudor. Henry felt that England’s stability depended on his having a male heir.
He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping that she would bear him a son.
Diapositiva 9) Because Catholic law does not permit divorce, he asked the pope to annul, or cancel,
his marriage. Popes had annulled royal marriages before. But the current pope refused. He did not
want to offend the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew. Henry VIII was furious.
Spurred on by his advisors, many of whom leaned toward Protestant teachings, he decided to take
over the English church. Acting through Parliament, he had a series of laws passed. They took the
English church from the pope’s control and placed it under Henry’s rule. In January 1531, Henry
publicly recognized as Head of the Church in England “as far as the law of Christ allows.”
Diapositiva 10) Henry VIII appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop. Cranmer annulled the king’s
marriage. Henry then wed Anne Boleyn, who bore him a second daughter, Elizabeth. In the years
ahead, Henry married for more times but had only one son, Edward. In January 1533, Henry wed
the pregnant Anne Boleyn, with Thomas Cranmer officiating.

Diapositiva 11) In 1534, the Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the
Church of England.” Many loyal Catholics refused to accept the Act of Supremacy and were
executed for treason. Among them was Sir Thomas More, the great English humanist.
Diapositiva 12) Between 1536 and 1540, royal officials investigated English convents and
monasteries. Claiming that they were centers of immorality, Henry VIII ordered them closed. Henry
VIII confiscated, or seized, church lands and wealth. Henry shrewdly granted some of these lands to
nobles and other high-ranking citizens. He thus secured their support for the Anglican Church, as
the new Church of England was called.
Diapositiva 13) Despite these actions, Henry VIII was not a religious radical. He rejected most
protestant doctrines. Aside from breaking away from Rome and allowing use of the English Bible,
he kept most Catholic forms of worship.