Extemporaneous

Compounding
PHA 6111A Laboratory
Third Shifting Coverage
Solutions
Solutions
• Liquid preparations containing 2 or more soluble substance in a
suitable solvent
• 2 Component
• Solute
• Solvent
Methods of Preparation
• Simple Solution
• Dissolving solute in solvent
• NaCl solution, Strong Iodine solution
• Chemical Reaction
• Reacting 2 or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent
• Magnesium citrate solution
• Solution by Distillation
• If solute is volatile
Method of Preparation
• Solution by Extraction
• Maceration
• Percolation
• Digestion - With the aid of gentle heat
• Infusion - Hot or cold water
• Decoction - Boiling for 15 minutes
Prescription # 6

KMnO₄ Solution 1:20,000

Dispense 30mL
Sig. Apply on affected area tid
Prescription # 6
• 0.5% KMnO₄ Stock Solution

0.5g/ 100mL = 0.005g/x X=0.3mL

(1/20,000) x 100 = 0.005

• C1V1 = C2V2 (0.005%)(30mL) = (0.5%)(x) X=0.3mL

Prescription # 6
1. Measure 0.3mL of 0.5% KMnO₄ stock solution
2. Qs ad water to 30mL
Prescription # 6
• Remarks:
• KMnO₄
• Stable in air and light but readily decomposed by many
reducing substance
• Solution are unstable
• 1g: 15mL water
• Powerful oxidizing agent
• Antiseptic/ anti-infective
Drug Preparation Work Sheet # 6
• Use of the Product
• Is it safe and suitable for the
intended purpose?
• Calculation of formula for
preparation
• Method of preparation
• Solubility where applicable
• Vehicle/diluent
• Preservative
• Flavoring when appropriate
• Choice of container
• Labelling considerations
• Title
• Quantitative particulars
• Product-specific cautions
(additional labeling requirements)
• Directions to patient –
interpretation of Latin
abbreviations when necessary
• Beyond-Use date
• Advice to patient
Suspension
 Suspension

• Liquid preparation that consist of solution dispersed throughout

a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble
Desired Properties of a Suspension
• Fine, Uniform sized particles
• gives optimal dissolution and adsorption

• Uniform dispersion of the particles in the liquid vehicle

• Ensures uniform mixture and uniform dose
• Wetting agent can be used - improves the ability of water to wet
hydrophobic powder (ex. Na Lauryl Sulfate)
Desired Properties of a Suspension
• Slow Setting of Particles (Slow Sedimentation Rate)
• Fine, Uniform size of particle
• Increase density of the liquid
• Add viscosity inducing agent/ suspending agent
• ex. Acacia, Tragacanth, NaCMC, CMC
• Ease of Redispersion when the product is shaken
• Solid should not form a hard “cake” on the bottom of the
bottle when the preparation is allowed to stand
 Prescription # 7
Original Amount Required Amount
Menthol 2.0g 600mg
Eucalyptus Oil 10.0mL 3.0mL
Light Magnesium Carbonate 7.0g 2.1g

Water, qs ad 100.0 mL 30.0mL

Mitte 30mL
Sig. Place 1 tsp to 1 pt of hot water and inhale the vapor for 5 minutes
Prescription # 7
1. Dissolve menthol in eucalyptus oil
2. Triturate Magnesium carbonate into the mixture (in a separate
container, add water to Magnesium carbonate and triturate to a
smooth paste)
3. Qs ad water to 30mL
Prescription # 7
2 Types
• Diffusable Solid - Not soluble in solvent; readily dispersed
upon shaking
• Indiffusable Solid - Not soluble in solvent; Doesn`t
disperse easily; requires the use of suspending agent
Drug Preparation Work Sheet # 7
• Use of the Product
• Is it safe and suitable for the
intended purpose?
• Calculation of formula for
preparation
• Method of preparation
• Solubility where applicable
• Vehicle/diluent
• Preservative
• Flavoring when appropriate
• Choice of container
• Labelling considerations
• Title
• Quantitative particulars
• Product-specific cautions
(additional labeling requirements)
• Directions to patient –
interpretation of Latin
abbreviations when necessary
• Beyond-Use date
• Advice to patient
Emulsion
 Emulsion
• 2 phase system in which one liquid is dispersed throughout
another liquid in the form of small droplet
• 2 Phases
• External Phase/Continuous/Dispersion Medium
• Internal Phase / Discontinuous/ Dispersed Phase
Emulsion
• Emulsion Type
• O/W
• W/O
• Factors that Determine the Emulsion Type
• Emulsifying agent
• Phase ratio - Relative amount of Oil and water
• Order of mixing - The phase that is being added, usually by
portions tend to be the internal phase
Emulsion
• Emulsifying agent - Surfactant that concentrate at the interface of 2
immiscible phases; reduce the interfacial tension between the
immiscible phases; provide a barrier around the droplet

• Coalescence - Merging of smaller droplet with larger droplet;

eventually separation of phases CRACKING

• Creaming - Migration of droplet on top/bottom of emulsion

Desired Properties of Liquid Emulsion
• Fine Droplet
• Slow aggregation of the droplet and creaming of the product
• Ease of redispersion when shaken
Method of Emulsion Preparation
• Continental or Dry Gum Method
• Primary emulsion / nucleus 4:2:1 (O:W:EA)

• Triturate acacia or other Emulsifying agent with oil

• Add water (added all at once) → triturate immediately, rapidly
and continuously until the primary emulsion that form is creamy
white & produces a cracking sound (3 minutes)
Method of Emulsion Preparation
• English or Wet Gum Method
• Primary emulsion 4:2:1 (O:W:EA)

• Triturate emulsifying agent with water-mucilage

• Add oil (added slowly in portions). Triturate
Methods of Emulsion Preparation
• Bottle or Forbes Method - 3:2:1 or 2:2: (O:W:EA)
• Useful for extemporaneous preparation of emulsion from volatile
oils or oleagineous substance of lower

• 1 part emulsifying agent + 2 parts oil - thoroughly shaken in

capped container
• Add water in portions - the mixture being thoroughly shaken
after each addition
Methods of Emulsion Preparation
• Nascent Soap/In Situ Soap Method
Calcium Soap (W/O emulsion) Olive Oil + Water
Soap Emulsion. 1:1

* The emulsifying agent is the Ca⁺⁺ salt of the free fatty acid which
is formed from the combination of 2 entities
 Prescription # 8
Original
Use
Amount
Stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic,
Oil of Turpentine (0.861g/mL) 8g
carminative, expectorant
Tragacanth 1g Emulsifying agent
Syrup 15mL
Purified water,qs ad 60mL

M ft emulsion
Sig. 1 tbsp qid
Prescription # 8
• Forbes/Bottle Method (O:W:EA 3:2:1) - (4.65mL:3.1mL:1.6g)

1. Oil + Emulsifying agent in portion with intermittent agitation

2. Add 2.7mL of water
3. Add syrup in portions with mixing
4. Qs ad water to final volume
Drug Preparation Work Sheet # 8
• Use of the Product
• Is it safe and suitable for the
intended purpose?
• Calculation of formula for
preparation
• Method of preparation
• Solubility where applicable
• Vehicle/diluent
• Preservative
• Flavoring when appropriate
• Choice of container
• Labelling considerations
• Title
• Quantitative particulars
• Product-specific cautions
(additional labeling requirements)
• Directions to patient –
interpretation of Latin
abbreviations when necessary
• Beyond-Use date
• Advice to patient