AN ANALYSIS OF CODE MIXING USED BY JONATHAN CHRISTIE

ON INASTAGRAM CAPTION

Arranged by:

Berkah Hasudungan Nasution (0304161030)

Study Program:

PBI-3/SEM VII

Lecturer:

Emeliya Sukma Dara, M.Hum.

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHING TRAINING

ENGLISH EDUCATION

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

2019
 CHAPTER I
Background of Study

English is important in this word because English is international language.

Nowadays, English is familiar language, many people can say English, many course are
opening English specific program. The students can learn English starting from young up to
old. In other hand, English is a tool to communicate with each other
In communication, language plays an important role as the main subject that
determines whether the communication itself can be done successfully or not. According to
Clark (1997, p. 70) in Luke (2015), “language is a tool, an invention like the slide rule or the
sextant, which allows us to both accomplish tasks more efficiently and to achieve them,
otherwise unattainable goals.” Related to that, it means that humans use language which is
seen as a means of communication to express their ideas and identity among one another in
daily living. people consider that language is the most important means of communication in
human life. A human cannot communicate in any real sense without language. As a
communication, language has sounds, gesture, or marks having understood the meaning.
However, not everybody has same language and dialect. So everybody should understand
each other in their society.

Many people in Indonesia tend to use English to communicate with one another.
Although they do not really master English and because of the influence of globalization,
people put effort to learn and express themselves by using English. We could find this reality
to occur around us, starting from real conversation in daily basis or basic conversation in
social media. Related with that, here the researcher focused on Indonesia-English mix
language that is used by the people on their daily conversation with others since it seems that
people themselves tend to mix the language between Indonesian and English, especially in
nowadays millennial period.

According to Wardhaugh (2002), the phenomenon of mixing one language with

another language is called as code mixing. Code mixing is a process of mixing two languages
or more which occur without changing the topic. Furthermore, code mixing is an interaction
phenomenon by using two languages simultaneously to show that they are moving from a
language to another in an utterance (HP and Abdullah, 2012). In brief, code mixing is known
as a process of mixing two languages by a speaker in doing communication with others.
 This phenomenon not just find in verbal communication but sometimes we always
find code mixing in non-verbal communication in media social. Social media is an online
media where the user can easy to participate, sharing, and make contents like a blog, social
networking, wiki, forum, and virtual world. According to Obar, Jonathan A.; Wildman, Steve
(2015), social 3 media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and
sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual
communities and networks. The variety of stand-alone and built-in social media services
currently available introduces challenges of definition; however, there are some common
features. One of the social media which many used is Instagram.

Instagram is many used in this era, and then Instagram is one of popular social media.
So many people using Instagram as media to upload photos or short video to immortalize it.
On the other hand to make the photo or video interest for the followers, the user usually gives
caption on the photo or video. Sometimes the users using bilingual or multilingual to make
the followers interest and it called code mixing. In this graduating paper, the researcher show
bilingual English-Indonesian language on the caption or comments.
In this research, the Researcher is interested to conduct the research to look for the use of
code mixing, the Researcher looked for the code mixing on Jonatan Christie’s caption in
instagram exactly in the types and levels of code mixing.
Based on the background of the research above, the formulation of the problem that is
revealed in this study can be stated What are the types of code mixing which appear on
Jonatan Christie’s caption in instagram?

CHAPTER II
LITERARY REVIEW
1. Sociolinguistic

According to Holmes (2004:1) explains that sociolinguistic is the study concerning

with relationship between language and the context in which it is used, why people say
something in different ways and to identify the social functions of language and the way is
used to convey social meaning, when people use language, they do more than just to get
another person to understand the speaker’s thought and feelings. Peter Mattew (1997) says
that sociolinguistics is any study of language in relation to society.
On the other hand, Fishman (1972:4) sociolinguistics is the study the characteristics of
language varieties, the characteristics of their functions and the characteristics of their
speakers as these three constantly interact, change and changes one another within a speech
community. Nancy Parrot Hickerson in Chaer (2004:4) says that ―Sociolinguistics is a
developing subfield of linguistics which takes speech variation as its focus, viewing variation
or its social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social
factors and linguistics variation‖.
The sociolinguistic model of politeness demonstrates one way in which status relation
are encoded in everyday language. If we are able to locate such acts within broader sequences
of social interaction, we have the opportunity to observe an important set of linguistic role
behaviors that emerge during these critical moments. More generally, the study reported here
shows the utility of a sociolinguistic approach. The use of linguistic data and levels of
analysis has the potential to open new vantage points and new approaches to a variety of
organizational research question. By employing different analytical frameworks for a given
set of problems, it can contribute to an understanding of organization phenomena, either
through reconciliation of different or contradictory findings or through complementarity of
findings. By Morand, David with the title ―Dominance, Deference, and Egalitarianism in
Organizational Interaction: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Power and Politeness‖ in 1996.

2. Code

Based on the Wardaugh (2006: 101), most speakers command several varieties of any
language they speak, and bilingualism, even multilingualism, is the norm for many people
throughout the world rather than multilingualism. People, then, are usually required to select
a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from
one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances.
Then, Pateda (1987: 83) argued that code is a term which refers to a variety. When somebody
speaks, actually they send codes to the interlocutors. Code can be done by conversation,
voiceless, and with the interlocutors. Code must be understood between speakers and his
interlocutors. If speaker can understand what the interlocutors said, so the interlocutors can
take a decision and do as what he must do.
According to Crystal (1980: 60), code is a set of convention for converting one
signaling system into another. In other words, a code is a system of rules that allows us to
give in formation in symbolic form. Human language is also a code; consists of words that
represent ideas, events, and object. When it put together in certain circumstances, it will help
us to communicate.
From some opinions above, it can make conclusion that code is a form of language
variation that is used by a society to make communication with other people.

3. Code Mixing

Code mixing occurs when conversant use both languages together to the extent that
they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardhaugh,
1998:103). According to Holmes (1992: 50), code mixing suggests the speaker's mix codes
indiscriminately because of incompetence.
Code mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes),
words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the
participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they
understand (Bokamba, 1989).
Based on the quotations above the researcher conclude that code mixing is the use two
languages or more by transferring one or more of linguistic elements of one language in
anther in the speech without changing the meaning of sentence, because the elements just
support the sentence of another languages, which are inserted.
There are kinds of code-mixing and form of code-mixing, as follows:

a. Types of Code Mixing

Code mixing divided into two types, inner-code mixing sourced from the native
language and all variations such as informal and formal. The second is outer-code mixing, it
sourced from foreign language, for example, Indonesian and English language. According to
Suwito (1983:76) code mixing is divided into two types:
1) Inner code mixing happens because of elements insertion from the original language with
all its variation.
2) Outer code mixing occurs because of elements insertion stemming from the foreign
language.

b. The kinds of Code Mixing

Suwito (1985) divides the kinds of code mixing into six classifications there are
words, phrase, hybrid, repetition, idioms and clauses.

1) Word
Word is the smallest unit of language consists of a morpheme or more than a
morpheme.
Example:
Aku tidak tahu chord lagu ini. (I don’t know this chord song.)

2) Phrase
Phrase is grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of structure typically
containing more than one words, and lacking the subject and predicate structure typical of
clauses. Phrase insertion here a sequence of words which is semantically and often
syntactically restricted, and functioning as a single unit.
Example:
Dia menjadi single parent sejak sepuluh tahun yang lalu. (He has been a single parent since
ten years ago.)

3) Hybrid
Hybrid is the result from unification of two different language substances which has
meaning.
Example:
Jadi orang itu tidak boleh ngejudge orang lain seenaknya. (We shouldn’t judge others.)
4) Repetition Word
Repetition word is a word formed because of reduplication.
Example:
Saya mendengar kabar kalau dia masuk rumah sakit tapi aku kurang percaya karena
terakhir aku lihat dia fine-fineaja.
(I heard that she’s in hospital but I’m not sure because the last time I see, she’s fine.)

5) Idiom
Idiom is group of words with a meaning that is different from the meaning of the
individual word. It means that idiom creates new meaning that is different from the real
meaning of each word.
Example:
Kamu jangan mengeluhkan pekerjaanmu, piece of cake loh! (You don’t complain your job, it
just piece of cake!)

6) Clause
Clause is a unit of grammatical organization smaller than the sentence, but larger than
the phrases, words or morphemes and clause having a subject and predicate. Some clauses are
dependent, so they can stand themselves as sentence or may appear within sentence as
grammatically complete statements. Other clauses are dependent (subordinate), they cannot
stand themselves and therefore the meaning upon the reminder or the sentence in which they
appear.
Example:
Can you hear me kalau aku teriak dari sini? (Can you hear me if I shout from here?)
Terkadang aku bilang I miss youke dia. (Sometimes I said I miss you for him)

4. Factor Using Code-Mixing

According to Nababan (1984), code-mixing happens when people mix two languages
(or more) languages in such speech act or discourse without any force to do mixing codes. It
is as the process whereby speakers indulge in code switching between languages of such
rapidity and density, even within sentences and phrases that are not possible to say at any
given time which language they are speaking.
Ten according to Kim (2006: 43), there are some factors:
a. Bilingualism, it cannot be avoided that the ability to use to speak more than one language
is a basic factor of code-mixing. Most of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual.

b. Speaker and partner speaking, communication is the process of expressing ideas between
two participants of conversation, speaker needs partner speaking to communicate and code-
mixing could appear if both use and understand it well.

c. Social community, an individual lives and cooperates in one community either in

monolingual or bilingual community. Now most communities are bilingual that use two
languages in their interaction. In this case, an individual will be influenced by social by social
community directly.

d. Situation, usually code-mixing occurs in relax or informal situation. This situation is closer
with daily conversation and for researcher is also describe as habitual communication.

e. Vocabulary, there is not appropriate word or when there is a lack of vocabulary in one
language. The inability to find an appropriate word or expression in one language makes
people change the word or phrase from one to another language and it can be combined
together.

f. Prestige, globalization era has young generation must able to speak more than one
language, especially English. Many young generation use code-mixing for prestige.

5. Social Function of Using Code Mixing

Troike (1982:68) states that some functions of code mixing which occur in society
are:
a. as group identification

b. as solidarity

c. distancing

d. redefinition of situation

e. to soften or strengthen request command

f. to say something twice in different language in order to intensify or eliminate ambiguity

g. as humorous effect or to indicate that a referentially derogatory comment is not to be taken

seriously

h. as direct quotation which may range from stereotypical imitative speech in joking to learn
citation.

i. as ideological statement

j. as lexical need either if the speaker knows the desired expression only in one language, or
if formulaic expressions in one language cannot be satisfactorily translated into the second,
for instance the Arabic word: ―Insya Allah‖ if one speaks English to someone else he still
uses it by its original language.

k. To exclude other people within hearing of a comment is intended for only a limited
audience

l. As avoidance strategy, either if certain forms that are incompletely learned in one of the
language require (usually because of pronominal selection) a social status distinction one
does not wish to make.

6. Instagram

Instagram is a social network that is most popularly used to post photos. Users upload
photos digitally, apply filters to edit their appearance and share the photos with another user.
(Lansverk, 2014)
a. History of Instagram

Kevin Systrom is a co-founder of Instagram. In 2009, Systrom worked for a travel

website called Nextstop. While there, he had an idea to build his own app. Systrom’s app
allowed people to use a mobile device’s Global Positioning System (GPS) to tell others where
they were. Users could also play games and share the picture in the app.
Systron called his app Burbn. He then asked Mike Krieger to work on Burb with him. The
two had met years earlier, as classmates at Stanford University in California. Krieger agreed to
help build the app. Burbn launched in March 2010. The founders soon realized people most often
used the app’s photo-sharing function. So Systrom and Kreiger created a new app just for sharing
photos taken on mobile phones. The new app had special tools for editing photos. It also allowed
users to caption their images and comment on others’ photos. Systrom and Kreiger called the app
Instagram, a combination of the words instant and telegram. Instagram was launched on October
6, 2010. (Mattern, 2017: 8-9)
In August 2012, Facebook acquired Instagram with a $1 billion offer in cash and stock.
Ever since, interest in Instagram has continued to flourish, especially among businesses. Research
from the social media analyst firm simply revealed that the top brands’ interaction with customers
through the site increased by 500 percent in the first 10 months following the acquisition.
Instagram announced that it had already reached one million members after only two
months in operation! Less than a year later, more than 150 million photos had been uploaded
to the site. By 2011, the site had grown to include 10 million users.
In August 2012, Facebook acquired Instagram with a $1 billion offer in cash and stock. Ever
since, interest in Instagram has continued to flourish, especially among businesses. Research
from the social media analyst firm simply revealed that the top brands’ interaction with
customers through the site increased by 500 percent in the first 10 months following the
acquisition.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

The design of this research is qualitative research. In this study, the researcher was
concerned with analyzing the types of code mixing and finding out the reasons underlying the
use of code mixing in Instagram used by the Jonathan Christie. The subjects of the study was
Jonathan Christie who as Indonesian athlete of Badmintion who used Instagram. Meanwhile,
the objects of this research was his captions which consisted of code mixings that he posted
in Instagram.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. This type of research which does not
include any calculation or numeration. Therefore, the data concerned appear in words rather
than in number. To collect the data for this research, the researcher employ documentations.
The researcher applies documentation as the way to collect the data. Firstly, Researcher login
by Instagram. Secondly, the researcher observed activities Jonathan Christie’s Instagram by
reading caption write on the wall. Third, When it finds a sentence that includes code mixing,
researchers take as an example, using screen shots.