PHARMACOGNOSY ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED TO:
MA’M SARAH DAUD

MEMBERS:
Syed Hassan Ali Zaidi Bpd02181275
Ahsan Zafar Bpd02181174
Waqar Sattar Bpd02181163
Muhammad Adnan Bpd02181200
Muhammad Iftekhar Bpd02181296
 “Classification of fibres into Plants, Animals and synthetic fibres”

FIBRES:

Tissue composed of spindle-shaped or elongated cells with pointed

ends is known as prosenchyrna. When cells of this kind arc thick-

walled, they are known as fibres. The cell wall may be composed of

almost pure cellulose or rnay show various degrees of lignification in

the form of sclerotic or sclerenchymatous fibres.

NATURAL FIBRES:

Fibres that are obtained from natural resources are called natural fibres. For example silk and Wool.

SYNTHETIC FIBRES:

Fibres which are man made are called synthetic fibres. For example Nylon and Polyester.

CLASSIFICATION:

Fibres are classified into three types as follows:

Plant fibres: Cotton and Jute.

Animal fibres: Wool and Silk.

Synthetic fibres: Nylon and Terylene.

COTTON:

It is the type of fibre which is obtained from plant origin. seed-hair fibre of several species of plants of the
genus Gossypium, belonging to the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae).
SOURCE:

Cotton, one of the world’s leading agricultural crops, is plentiful and economically produced, making
cotton products relatively inexpensive. These fibres can be made into a wide variety of fabrics ranging from
lightweight voiles and laces to heavy sailcloth and thick-piled velveteen, suitable for a great variety of wearing
apparel, home furnishings, and industrial uses.
CONSTITUENTS:
Component
Amount (dry basis)%
Main location
Primary wall (%)
Cellulose
94
Secondary wall
48
Protein
1.3
Lumen
12
Pectin substance
0.9
Primary wall
12
Oil, fat & wax
0.6
Cuticle
7
Ash
1.2

3
Malic, citric and other organic acids
0.8
Lumen
14
Total sugar
0.3
Primary wall

Pigment
Trace

Others
0.9
USES:
Nonwoven cotton, made by fusing or bonding the fibres together, is useful for making disposable products
to be used as towels, polishing cloths, tea bags, tablecloths, bandages, and disposable uniforms and sheets
for hospital and other medical uses.

JUTE:

It is also natural fibre which is obtained from plants.

SOURCE:

Jute, Hindi pat, also called allyott, either of two species of Corchorus plants—C. capsularis, or white
jute, and C. Olitorius
CONSTITUENTS:

As is evident from the composition of jute fiber, the main constituents are α-
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; the rest are very minor in proportion and give very
little influence to the fiber's structure. Hence, it is clear that the jute fiber is mainly
composed of α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
USES:
Jute fibre’s primary use is in fabrics for packaging a wide range of agricultural and industrial
commodities that require bags, sacks, packs, and wrappings. Wherever bulky, strong fabrics and twines
resistant to stretching are required, jute is widely used because of its low cost. Burlap is made from jute.
ANIMAL ORIGIN:
WOOL:
It is obtained from the animal origin.
SOURCE:
Wool, animal fibre forming the protective covering, or fleece, of sheep or of other hairy mammals,
such as goats and camels. Prehistoric man, clothing himself with sheepskins, eventually learned to
make yarn and fabric from their fibre covering.
CONSTIUENTS:

Wool is a fibrous protein known as keratin. The different proteins are made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Those chemicals are combined to make
different amino acids which are then linked in a ladder formation of polypeptide chains.
Sulfur content is from cystine which is a disulfide bond.
USES:
In addition to clothing, wool has been used for blankets, horse rugs, saddle cloths, carpeting, insulation
and upholstery. Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and noise in heavy machinery
and stereo speakers. Ancient Greeks lined their helmets with felt, and Roman legionnaires used breastplates
made of wool felt.

SILK:
 It is also obtained from animal origin.
SOURCE:
Silk, animal fibre produced by certain insects and arachnids as building material for cocoons and webs,
some of which can be used to make fine fabrics.
CONSTITUENTS:

Silk emitted by the silkworm consists of two main proteins, sericin and fibroin, fibroin
being the structural center of the silk, and serecin being the sticky material surrounding it.
Fibroin is made up of the amino acids Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala and forms beta pleated
sheets.

SYNTHETIC FIBRES:
NYLON:
It is man made fibre.
SOURCE:
Unlike traditional materials such as wood, iron, wool, and cotton, nylon does
not exist in nature: we have to make it in chemical plants from organic (carbon-
based) chemicals found in natural materials such as coal or petroleum.
CONSTITUENTS:

It was the first synthetic fibre to be made entirely from inorganic ingredients: coal,
water and air. These are formed into two intermediate chemicals, most commonly
hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid (a dicarboxylic acid), which are then mixed to
polymerise.
USES:
Nylon is used for a variety of applications to include clothing, reinforcement in
rubber material like car tires, for use as a rope or thread, and for a number of injection
molded parts for vehicles and mechanical equipment.