ANNOTATION

Agena, Jose Rommel (2014). Implementation of the Firearms Amnesty Program in the

Municipality of Bauan, Batangas. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research

According to his research, it was stated that in the Philippines, one of the main

problems is the high number of shooting incidents which are commonly

associated with the proliferation of illegal firearms in the hands of rebels, criminal

groups and private armies. The PNP statistics from 2005-2009 show that 97.7% of

all gun related crimes are committed with the use of loose and unregistered

firearms. The author put an emphasis on the increasing globalization and multi-

nationalism in politics and economic enterprise has created a corresponding

global playing field for terrorism, corporate fraud and organized crimes. Because

of this, as expected, the Philippine government most specifically the law

enforcement sector, has to deal with existing and increasing complex crimes-

organized syndicates and criminals had acquired logistical capabilities in term of

firearms and weapon that are modern and sophisticated; and, recent incidences of

crimes show that most of the bloody and violent of these crimes were committed

with the use of firearms.

Cohen,Irwin and Burk Kevin. (2016). A review on Illegal firearms. University of the

Fraser Valley.

According to him, most countries have introduced some form of firearms

legislation in order to restrict who can possess firearms and the type of firearms

that people can own. For the most part, the main theoretical basis for firearms
 legislation is that firearms are dangerous and contribute to increasing the rate of

lethal violence in a jurisdiction. The highlights of his book is when the Acting

Minister of Public Security for Quebec introduced Bill 64, The Firearms

Registration Act, which required that all firearms, including non-restricted

firearms, must be registered. The purpose of this bill was to allow the authorities

to know the location of all firearms in Quebec and to enhance the enforcement of

prohibitions against the unlawful possession of firearms and the Government of

Canada wants that who wish to obtain a firearm must undergo a thorough

background check, a waiting period, and demonstrate a lawful and compelling

reason for needing a firearm before obtaining a permit to purchase or acquire a

firearm.

Eugenio, Bernadette (n.d). The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership. GOP-UNDP

Conflict Prevention and Peace Building (CPPB) Program.

Eugenio enumerated to his study that there were three qualifications for a civilian

to become license in using ownership of firearms namely: that s/he is (1) a

Filipino citizen, (2) at least 21 years of age (except for shooting sport athletes),

and (3) of a good moral character. The third qualification proves to be most

problematic. The qualification “of good moral character” is meant to ensure that

the applicant is responsible and compliant to the mandate of existing laws. It is

very important to note that in the implementation of these Comprehensive

Firearms and Ammunition Act, there are other apparent vulnerabilities. According

to the study of Bernadette Eugenio, critics argue that the problem lies with the

failure to fully implement existing laws, and the assumption that there is no
 deficiency with existing rules. The author argues that there is deficiency in the

legal measures due to society’s ambivalence on guns, and the state’s swinging

position as regards civilian gun possession.

Hughe, Steven and Mijeski, Kenneth. (1984). Public Policy in Latin America. USA:

Westernview Press Inc.

According to their study, one of the most common approaches used in the study

of Public Policy is viewing the Policy Process as a series of Sequential Stages.

This approach is the so called Stages Approach in Public Policy. Here, the process

of Policy Making involves a number of stages. These are 1) Problem Formation,

2) Government Agenda, 3) Policy Formulation,4) Policy Adoption, 5) Policy

Implementation and 6) Policy Evaluation. Policy is always a response to

something and that something is the expression of a need or demand. Until the

problem is expressed, it simply does not exist. Thus, the first step in making

policy is called a Problem Formation or Issue Formation in which it involves the

expression of a need or demand to government. Their study put an importance to

the Policy Implementation means that a Public Policies are rarely self-executing,

the government’s choice of a policy option means nothing unless decision can be

put into effect.

Koper, Christopher et.al (2006). Police crackdowns on illegal gun carrying: a systematic

review of their impact on gun crime. Journal of Experimental Criminology (2006)

2:227Y261

On a study by Christopher Koper et.al, Police typically handle gun crimes

reactively, investigating violent gun crimes and making arrests for illegal
 possession or carrying when they encounter violations during routine activities.

To varying degrees, police also use proactive strategies to reduce gun crime. The

author put an emphasis that among others, these include disrupting the illegal

supply of firearms through investigation of illicit gun trafficking, gun theft, and

suspicious activities by retail gun dealers; focusing intensive investigative and

enforcement activities on violent gun offenders and people at high risk for gun

violence (such as gang members and career gun offenders); implementing

educational and preventive activities in conjunction with schools and other

community groups (for example, teaching students about gun safety); and

collaborating with other criminal justice, government, and community

organizations on comprehensive initiatives that combine various enforcement,

prosecutorial, and prevention activities

Oreta, Jennifer Santiago. (n.d.). Gun Proliferation and Violence: Complicating Conflict

Dynamics and Peace Building. GOP-UNDP Conflict Prevention and Peace

Building (CPPB) Program.

In this article, the author Oreta, stated that the Philippine National Police has, in

2006, confiscated 5,414 firearms and 4540 persons were arrested for illegal gun

possession. Likewise, by August 29, 2008, there were 9,247 applications for gun

amnesty, and 8,992 were approved. In 2009, when another gun amnesty was

launched (July to Nov 30, 2009), the PNP was able to register 225,000 illegal

firearms (PNP-FED). Also, on her study, it was stated that in every community

there is always a conflict-management mechanism that deals with the

maintenance of peace. In traditional communities, conflict management is

 handled by tribe leaders or elders; in others, it is the locally elected Barangay

(village) officials.

Patalinghug, Mark. (2017). Implemented Crime Prevention Strategies of PNP in Salug

Valley, Zamboanga Del Sur, Philippines: Asia Pacific Journal of

Multidisciplinary Research Vol. 5 No.3.

Accordingly, Patalinghug considers that the Community Safekeeping has been

defined as the objective to safeguard the vital core of human lives and properties

from critical ubiquitous threats, in a way that is consistent with long term

fulfillment. Because of this, the Philippine National Police as the frontline of

criminal justice system in enforcement of law were accustomed on protection of

life and property of the public. The author also believed that the crime prevention

strategies adopted by the police forces was much effective in reducing the crime

rate in the area.

 ANNOTATION

An Assignment
Presented to
Prof. LUZVIMINDA M. OZARAGA
Department of Graduate School
Mindanao State University
Marawi City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course
PA 298-C (Research Methods on Public Administration)

by

MERHANA A. PAGAYAWAN
.

MAY 2019