Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ladword PH M Văn L C 20186115
Ladword PH M Văn L C 20186115
PHYSICS LABWORK
REPORT
For PH1016
Hanoi, 2019
Experimental Report 1
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATION
Know to use and read Vernier caliper and Micrometer proficiently.
Know how to calculate uncertainty and standard deviation.
Practice measurement report.
1. VERNIER CALIPER
Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the main rule – T, lying to the
left of the 0-mark on the vernier scale – T’
Step 2: Look along the division mark on vernier scale and the millimeter
marks on the adjacent main rule, until you find the two that most nearly
line up. Then, count the number of divisions (m) on the vernier scale
except the 0 mark
Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (2) to calculate the
measured dimension
NOTE:
+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is in between the division n and n+1 on the
main rule, the division m should be on the middle part of vernier scale
+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is just adjacently before the division n+1
on the main rule, the division m should be on the last end part of vernier
scale
2. MICROMETER.
- Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the sleeve - T of both the top
and down divisions of the double rule lying to the left of the thimble edge.
- Step 2: Look at the thimble divisions mark – T’ to find the one that
coincides nearly a line with the referent one. Then, count the number of
divisions (m) on the thimble except the 0-mark
3. Experimental procedure
1. Use the Vernier caliper to measure the external and internal diameter (D
and d respectively), and the height (h), of a metal hollow cylinder.
2. Use the micrometer to measure the diameter (Db) of a small steel ball
for 5 trial
4.Measurement result:
Table 1: Metal hollow cylinder:
mc 89.40 (g) 0.1 (g)
c 0.02(mm)
Trials D (mm) d (mm) h (mm)
1 49.72 40.28 15.20
2 49.70 40.30 15.18
3 49.70 40.30 15.22
4 49.72 40.28 15.20
5 49.70 40.30 15.20
Dc 49.71(mm) dc 40.29(mm) hc 15.20(mm)
5 5 5
(D b Dbi ) 2
Db i 1
0.01(mm)
5
V V
D d h
2 2
D d h 2
2 2 2
V 2 2
1
D d D d 2 h
2
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 2
2 2 2
10.12 10 2
1
15.20
3
b. Density:
m 89.4 10 3
6
8.83 103 (kgm3 )
V 10.12 10
m V
2 2 2 2
0.1 0.03
(8.83 10 )
3
m V 89.4 10.12
0.03 103 (kgm3 )
(2.13 10 6 )
0.01 0.003
6
Vb Vb 0.01 10 (m )
3
Db 3.14 15.968
then Vb (2.13 0.01) 10 6 (m 3 )
Hence
V (2.13 0.01) 10 6 (m 3 )
*/ Conclusion:
Using Vernier caliper and micrometer seems to be easy but we need to be
careful with reading the results. A little mistake in counting lines can lead you to
the wrong result. All the things we measured in this experiment is not totally
symmetric so we usually have deviations after each measurement.
Experimental Report 2
Momentum and kinetic in elastic and inelastic collisions
Class : TE-E2 K63 Verification of the instructors
Group: 04
Name: Phạm Văn Lộc
Student’s ID: 20186115
Equipment
1. Aluminum demonstration track;
2. Starter system for demonstration track;
3. End holder for demonstration track
4. Light barrier (photo-gate)
5. Cart having low friction sapphire bearings;
6. Digital timers with 4 channels; Trigger
I/ Experimental Motivation
- Verification of conservation of momentum and kinetic energy in elastic and inelastic collision
-Improving experiment skills
dp
F 0 dt p const (3)
This result is called the principle of conservation of momentum.
If the forces between the bodies are much larger than any external forces, as is the case
in most collisions, we can neglect the external forces entirely and treat the bodies as an
isolated system. The momentum of an individual object may change, but the total for the
system does not. Then momentum is conserved and the total momentum of the system has
the same value
before and after the collision. If the forces between the bodies are also conservative, so that
no mechanical energy is lost or gained in the collision, the total kinetic energy of the system
is the same after the collision as before. Such a collision is called an elastic collision. This
case can be illustrated by an example in which two bodies undergoing a collision on a
frictionless surface as shown in Fig.1.
2.1. Set up
In this experiment, the collisions between two carts attached with “shutter plate” (length
as 100 mm) (Fig. 3a) will be investigated. One end of cart 1 is attached with a magnet with a
plug facing the starter system and the other one is attached with a plug in the direction of
motion. The moving time before and after the collisions through the photogates will be
measured by the timer (Fig. 3b) that enable to calculate the corresponding velocities.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Carts enclosed with shutter plates (a) and the timer for investigating the collision (b)
- Step 3: After collision, cart 2 moves with the velocityv’2that can be calculated by
theduration t’2 measured by photogate 2 and cart 1 moves in the opposite direction with
cart 1. Then, record the time t’2 and also total time t1+ t’1 displayed on the timer (Fig. 4c).
The moving time of the cart 1 after collision, t’1 is determined by subtract t1 by total time
t1+ t’1.
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times and record
allthe measurement results in a data sheet 1.
- Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic balance. Record
themass of each cart.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.4. Experimental procedure to investigate the elastic collision
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.5. Experimental procedure to investigate the inelastic collision
IV/Experimental results
1) Elastic collision
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑣1 = 0.633 ( ) 𝑣2 ′ = 0.398 ( ) 𝑣1 ′ = 0.224 ( )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝛥𝑣1 = 0.004(𝑚/𝑠) ⇒ 𝛥𝑣2 ′ = 0.005(𝑚/𝑠) 𝛥𝑣1 ′ = 0.010(𝑚/𝑠)
m1=380 ± 1 (g)
m2=780 ± 1 (g)
S =100 ± 1 (mm)
2) Inelastic collision
M1 = 780 ± 1 (g)
M2 = 380 ± 1 (g)
S = 100 ± 1 (mm)
S
v
t
𝛥𝑆 2 𝛥𝑡 2
𝛥𝑣 = 𝑣1 √( 𝑆 ) + ( 𝑡 )
V/Data processing
1. Elastic collision
a)Momentum
𝑃1 = 𝑚𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏1
𝑆1 100 × 10−3
𝑃1 = 𝑚1 = 380 × 10−3 × = 0.241(𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑡1 0.158
2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
√
⇒ ∆𝑃1 = 𝑃1 ( √
) + ( ) = (0.241) ( ) +( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 380 × 10−3 0.158
= 0.002(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
then 𝑃1 = (0.241 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
Hence
𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑃1 = (0.241 ± 0.002)( )
𝑠
𝑃2 = 𝑚𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑎2 + 𝑚𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏2
2 2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑣1 ′ 𝛥𝑚2 2 𝛥𝑣2 ′
⇒ ∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2 √( ) +( ) +( ) +( )
𝑚1 𝑣1 ′ 𝑚2 𝑣2 ′
2 2
1 × 10−3 0.001 2 1 × 10−3 0.002 2
= (0.229) √( ) +( ) + ( ) +( )
380 × 10−3 0.158 780 × 10−3 0.251
kgm
= 0,002 ( )
s
Hence
𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑃2 = (0.226 ± 0.002)( )
𝑠
b)Kinetic energy
2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
⇒ 𝛥𝐾1 = 𝐾1 √( ) + (−2 ) = (0.076)√( ) + 4 ( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 380 × 10−3 0.158
= 0.001(𝐽)
then K1 = (0.076 ± 0.001)(𝐽)
Hence
𝐾1 = (0.076 ± 0.001)(𝐽)
𝐾2 = (0.072 ± 0.004)(𝐽)
2. Inelastic collision
a)Momentum
𝑆1 −3
100 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑃1 = 𝑚1 = 780 × 10 × = 0.345 (𝑘𝑔. )
𝑡1 0.226 𝑠
2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
⇒ ∆𝑃1 = 𝑃1 √( ) + ( ) = (0.345)√( ) + ( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 780 × 10−3 0.226
= 0.002(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
then 𝑃1 = (0.345 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
Hence
𝑚
𝑃1 = (0.345 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔. )
𝑠
𝑆2 100 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑃2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = (780 + 380) × 10−3 × = 0.304 (𝑘𝑔. )
𝑡2 ′ 0.382 𝑠
2 2
𝛥𝑚 2 𝛥𝑡2 ′ 2 × 10−3 0.003 2
⇒ ∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2 √( ) + ( ) = (0.304)√( ) + ( )
𝑚 𝑡2 ′ 1160 × 10−3 0.382
= 0.002(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
then P2 = (0.304 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
Hence
𝑚
𝑃1 = (0.304 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔. )
𝑠
b.Kinetic energy
2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
⇒ ∆𝐾1 = 𝐾1 √( ) + (−2 ) = (0.076)√( ) + 4 ( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 780 × 10−3 0.226
= 0.003(𝐽)
then K1 = (0.076 ± 0.003)(𝐽)
Hence
𝐾1 = (0.076 ± 0.003)(𝐽)
2
𝛥𝑚 2 𝛥𝑡2 2 2 × 10−3 0.003 2
⇒ ∆𝐾2 = 𝐾2 √( ) + (−2 √
) = (0.040) ( ) + 4( )
𝑚 𝑡2 ′ 1160 × 10−3 0.382
= 0.001(𝐽)
then K2 = (0.040 ± 0.001)(𝐽)
Hence
𝐾2 = (0.040 ± 0.001)(𝐽)
The kinetic energy after a completely inelastic collision is significantly less than before
Experiment Report 3
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SYMMETRIC RIGID BODIES
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- Calculating the moment of inertia in the symmetric rigid bodies
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation:
I=∫ 𝑟 2 ⅆ𝑚 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
dm: mass element
r: distance from the mass element to the axis of rotation
2. Moment of inertia about the center of mass axis and Equipment
Parameter
1
- For a long bar: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑙 2
12
1
- For a thin disk or a solid cylinder: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑅2
2
- For a hollow cylinder having very thin wall: Icm = 𝑚. 𝑅2
2
- For a solid sphere: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑅2
5
- I = Icm + Md2
- If the object is rotated by an angle φ , the torque acting on it will be Շ= Dz.φ
Dz: elastic constant of spring
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑤 𝑑2ɸ
- Շ= = I. =I.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2ɸ Dz.φ
- + =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼
𝐼
- 𝑇 = 2𝜋. √
Dz
- Rotation axle with aspiral spring having the elastic constant:
Dz 0,044 Nm / Rad
- Rod with length of 620mm and mass of 240g
- Solid sphere with mass of 2290g and diameter of 146mm
- Solid disk with mass of 795g and diameter of 220mm
- Hollow cylinder with mass of 780g and diameter of 89mm
- Using the suitable screws to mount the solid disk on the rotation axle of the
spiral spring. A piece of note paper is stuck on the disk to ensure it passing
through the photogate.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the rod. Record the
measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the disk for next measurement.
3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder
- Using the suitable screws to mount the hollow cylinder coupled with a
supported disk below on the rotation axle of the spiral spring.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the disk. Record the
measurement result of period T (5 trials) in a data sheet.
- Push the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the hollow cylinder and repeat the measurement to get its rotary
period T (5 trials).
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the supported disk for next measurement.
4. Measurement of the Solid Sphere
- Mount the solid sphere on the rotation axle of the spiral spring
- Push the sphere to rotate with an angle of 2700 , then let it to oscillate
freely. The obtained vibration period of the sphere will be recorded (5
trials) in the data sheet.
- Uninstall the solid sphere and switch off the counter to finish the
measurements.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. Measurement of the rod:
Trial T(s)
1 2.646
2 2.647
3 2.653
4 2.648
5 2.653
2.646 2.647 2.653 2.648 2.653
T 2.6494( s)
5
5
(T T )
i
2
T i 1
3.0067 103 ( s)
5
Trial T(s)
1 2.062
2 2.059
3 2.059
4 2.054
5 2.058
2.062 2.059 2.059 2.054 2.058
T 2.0584( s)
5
5
(T T )
i
2
T i 1
0.0057( s)
5
3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder:
a) Supported disk + Hollow cylinder:
Trial T(s)
1 1.136
2 1.137
3 1.134
4 1.134
5 1.136
1.136 1.137 1.134 1.134 1.136
T 1.1354( s)
5
5 2
(T T ) i
T i 1
0.003( s)
5
b) Supported disk
Trial T(s)
1 0.324
2 0.323
3 0.321
4 0.320
5 0.320
0.324 0.323 0.321 0.320 0.320
T 0.3216( s)
5
5 2
(T T )i
T i 1
0.0036( s)
5
4. Measurement of the solid sphere:
Trial T(s)
1 2.202
2 2.195
3 2.198
4 2.205
5 2.193
2.202 2.195 2.198 2.205 2.193
T 2.1986( s)
5
5 2
(Ti T )
T i 1
0.007( s)
5
V. DATA PROCESSING
1. Rod:
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment: Dz =0.044
2
T 2.6494
2
3
I cm Dz 0.044 7.823 10 (kgm / s)
2
2 2
T
2 2
I cm I cm 2 2
T
2
3.0067 103
2
3 0.001
7.82 10 4 4
2.6494
0.018 103
Hence
2. Solid disk
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
2
T 2.0584
2
3
I cm Dz 0.044 4.722 10
2 2
T
2 2
I cm I cm 2 2
T
2 2
0.0057
3 0.001
4.722 10 4 4
2.0584
0.026 103
Hence
2 2 2
2 2
T
2 2
I sp I sp 2 2
T
2 2
3 0.3216 0.001
0.1153 10 4 4
1.1354
0.0653 103 (kgm2 / s)
2
T 1.1354
2
2 2
T
2 2
I co I co 2 2
T
2 2
3 0.003 0.001
1.44 10 4 4
1.1354
0.0076 103 (kgm 2 / s )
I co I sp
2
I cm
2
Hence
4. Solid sphere
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
2
T 2.1986
2
3
I cm Dz 0.044 5.387 10 (kgm / s)
2
2 2
T
2 2
I cm I cm 2 2
T
2 2
3 0.007 0.001
5.387 10 4 4
2.1986
0.0255 103 (kgm 2 / s )
Hence
5 5 2
d 2
I 2
g
dt
- If one rotates the oscillation plane around the angle θ with respect to
the vertical plane , the components of the acceleration of gravity g(θ)
which are effective in its oscillation plane are reduced to g(θ) = g.cosθ,
that is only the force component mg.sinγ.cosθ is effective and the
following is obtained for the oscillationperiod:
l
T 2
g cos
(Ti T )2 (Ti T )2 (T T )
i
2
T1 i 1
0.019( s ) T2 i 1
0.038( s) T3 i 1
0.05( s)
5 5 5
2
2
g l (m / s 2 )
T
g1 L1 0.4 8.7(m / s )
2
T1 1.353
2 2
T1 l1 2
g1 g1 2 2 0.25(m / s )
2
T1 1
l
Hence
g1 8.7 0.25(m / s 2 )
g 2 L2 0.5 9.75(m / s )
2
T2 1.422
2 2
T2 l2 2
g 2 g 2 2 2 0.5(m / s )
2
T2 l2
Then, g 2 9.75 0.5(m / s 2 )
Hence
g 2 9.75 0.5(m / s 2 )
g3 L3 0.6 9.47(m / s )
2
3
T 1.581
2 2
T3 l3 2
g3 g3 2 2 0.6(m / s )
2
T3 l3
Then, g3 9.47 0.6(m / s 2 )
Hence
g3 9.47 0.6(m / s 2 )
L=400: 2nd measurement
L=0.14 (m)
1 0 2 10 3 20
Trial
T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 0.744 0.774 0.798
2 0.783 0.794 0.794
3 0.771 0.788 0.813
4 0.741 0.761 0.810
5 0.724 0.799 0.819
T1 0.753( s)
T2 0.783( s) T3 0.807( s)
5
(T T )
i
2 5
(T T ) 2
5
(T T ) 2
T1 i 1
0.021( s) i i
5 T2 i 1
0.014( s) T3 i 1
0.009( s)
5 5
4 40 5 60 6 80
Trial
T4 (s) T5 (s) T6 (s)
1 0.876 1.070 1.890
2 0.892 1.062 1.780
3 0.844 1.048 1.753
4 0.921 1.062 1.703
5 0.923 1.074 1.847
(T T )
i
2
(T T )
i
2
(T T )
i
2
T4 i 1
0.03( s) T5 i 1
0.009( s) T6 i 1
0.067( s)
5 5 5
1 0 :1st measurement
1 0 :2nd measurement
1 0 : 3rd measurement
1 0 : 4th measurement
1 0 : 5th measurement
l
Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane: T 2 (s)
g cos
2
2
l
g (m / s )
2
cos T
a. 1 0
2
l 2 0.14 2 3.14
2
g1 9.75(m / s )
2
Hence
g1 9.75 0.5(m / s 2 )
b. 2 10
2
l 2 0.14 2 3.14
2
g2 9.15(m / s )
2
Hence
g 2 9.15 0.3(m / s 2 )
c. 3 20
2
l 2 0.140 2 3.14
2
g3 9.03(m / s )
2
T3
l cos 3
Hence
g3 9.03 0.2(m / s 2 )
d. 4 40
2
l 2 0.14 2 3.14
2
g4 9.08(m / s )
2
T4 l cos 4
Then, g 2 9.08 0.6(m / s 2 )
Hence
g 4 9.08 0.6(m / s 2 )
e. 5 60
2
l 2 0.14 2 3.14
2
g5 9.77(m / s )
2
T5 l cos 5
Then, g5 9.77 0.16(m / s 2 )
Hence
g5 9.77 0.16(m / s 2 )
f. 6 80
2
l 2 0.14 2 3.14
2
g6 9.87(m / s )
2
T6 l cos 6
Then, g 6 9.87 0.7(m / s 2 )
Hence
g6 9.87 0.7(m / s 2 )
3)Conclusion
Gravitational acceleration does not depend on the length of the rod or the
angle of inclined oscillation plane because it only depends on altitude, depth
and other factors like air density, the gravitational effect of the Moon and the
Sun.
Experimental Report 5
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED ON
TORSIONAL VIBRATION
Instruments:
1. Torsion apparatus;
2. Torsion rods (steel)
3. Spring balance;
4. Stop watch;
5. Sliding weight
6. Support rods and base.
Purpose of the experiment:
Bars of various materials will be exciting into torsion vibration. The relationship
between the torsion and the deflection as well as the torsion period and moment of
inertia will be derived. As a result, moment of inertia of a long bar can be
determined.
I/Experiment Motivations
- Verifying the linear relationship between𝜏and 𝜃.
II/System of theory
1. Set-up experiment
V/Experimental result
a. 𝜙1 = 10∘
1 0.14 0.014
2 0.14 0.014
3 0.10 0.15 0.015
4 0.15 0.015
5 0.12 0.012
𝜏1 = 0.014(𝑁. 𝑚)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏1 = √ = 0.001(𝑁. 𝑚)
5
b. 𝜙2 = 20∘
1 0.29 0.029
2 0.29 0.029
3 0.10 0.30 0.030
4 0.29 0.029
5 0.30 0.030
𝜏2 = 0.029(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏2 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5
c. 𝜙3 = 30∘
1 0.43 0.043
2 0.42 0.042
3 0.10 0.41 0.041
4 0.43 0.043
5 0.44 0.044
𝜏3 = 0.043(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏3 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5
d. 𝜙2 = 40∘
1 0.58 0.058
2 0.60 0.060
3 0.10 0.59 0.059
4 0.58 0.058
5 0.60 0.060
𝜏4 = 0.059(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏4 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5
e. 𝜙2 = 50∘
1 0.74 0.074
2 0.72 0.072
3 0.10 0.74 0.074
4 0.73 0.073
5 0.73 0.073
𝜏5 = 0.073(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏5 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5
𝜏 (𝑁.𝑚)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 𝜑 (°)
2)Determination of the torsion modulus Dτ based on the graph
Using the above graph, we can see that the “best fit” line passes through the points
( 10; 0.013) and ( 30; 0.041)
2𝜋 2
∑5𝑖=1[𝜏̅𝑖 −𝐷𝜏 .∅𝑖 × ]
360
∆𝐷𝜏 = √ 2𝜋 2
=0.004(N.m/rad)
∑5𝑖=1[(∅𝑖 −∅)× ]
360
Hence:
Trial
𝜃1 = 10° 𝜃2 = 20° 𝜃3 = 30° 𝜃3 = 40° 𝜃3 = 50°
T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 2.123 2.116 2.123 2.115 2.111
2 2.124 2.128 2.118 2.123 2.110
3 2.124 2.119 2.121 2.123 2.110
4 2.125 2.125 2.125 2.121 2.111
5 2.122 2.123 2.115 2.119 2.112
𝑇1 = 2.1236(𝑠) 𝑇2 = 2.1222(𝑠) 𝑇3 = 2.1212(𝑠) 𝑇4 = 2.1202(𝑠) 𝑇5 = 2.1108(𝑠)
𝛥𝑇1 𝛥𝑇2 𝛥𝑇3 𝛥𝑇4 𝛥𝑇5
5 2 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2
∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2 = √∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇) =√
=√ = √ = √
5 5
5 5 5
= 0.01(𝑠) = 0.04(𝑠) = 0.04(𝑠) = 0.03(𝑠) = 0.07(𝑠)
*Calculation of average value and absolute error of T
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇̅₄ + 𝑇̅₅
𝑇= = 2.12(𝑠)
5
𝛥𝑇1 + 𝛥𝑇2 + 𝛥𝑇3 + ∆𝑇₄ + ∆𝑇₅
𝛥𝑇 = = 0.04(𝑠)
5
Hence:
𝑇 = 2.12 ± 0.04(𝑠)
𝐼𝑧
We have 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝐷𝜏
𝑇 2
⇒ 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐷𝜏 × ( )
2𝜋
𝑇 2 2.12 2
𝐼𝑧 = 𝐷𝜏 × ( ) = 0.085 × ( ) = 9.68 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
2𝜋 2×𝜋
𝛥𝑇 2 𝛥𝐷 2 𝛥𝜋 2
𝛥𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑧 √(2
𝑇
) + ( 𝐷 𝜏 ) + (2 𝜋
)
𝜏
0.04 2
−3 √
0.004 2 0.001 2
= 9.68 × 10 (2 ) +( ) + (2 )
2.12 0.085 3.141
∆𝐼𝑧 =5.84× 10−4 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐼𝑧 = 9.68 × 10−3 + 5.84 × 10−4 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
Hence
𝐼𝑧 = 9.68 × 10−3 + 5.84 × 10−4 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 6
DETERMINATION OF SOUND WAVE LENGTH
BY USING STANDING WAVE PHENOMENON
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATION
- The sound wavelength λ (in meters) is related with the frequency f as the
follows:
λ = v/f (7)
- The amplitude of the resultant wave at M is:
a = l 2a0.sin( 2 π (y/ λ) l (8)
- Hence:
The positions of nodes where the amplitude equals to zero are
corresponding to
2 π ( y/ λ ) = k π or y = k.( λ /2) (9)
where k = 0,1,2,3,…
The positions of antinodes where the amplitude is maximum are
corresponding to
2 π (y/ λ ) = (2k+1). π /2 or y = (2k+1).( λ /4) (10)
where k = 0,1,2,3,…
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
- Step1: Switch the frequency knob on the surface of base-box to the position of
500 Hz.
- Step 2: Turn slowly the crank to move up the piston and simultaneously observe
the movement of ampere-meter’s hand until it gets the maximum deviation.
Note: The position L1 is determined corresponding to the marked line on the piston.
- Step 5: Again, record the second position of the piston L2 (in millimeters) in table 1.
Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm ) d1 = L1 – L2 ( mm )
1 165 513 348
2 164 513 349
3 164 512 348
4 165 513 348
5 165 512 347
ⅆ 1 = 348
∑5𝑖=1(𝑑1 −𝒅𝟏)2
∆ⅆ1 = √ =1
5
Table 2
Frequency: f2 = 600 ±1 Hz
Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm ) d2 = L1 – L2 ( mm )
ⅆ 2 = 293
∑5𝑖=1(𝑑2 −𝒅𝟐)2
∆ⅆ2 = √ =1
5
Table 3
Frequency: f3= 700 ±1 Hz
Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm ) d3 = L1 – L2 ( mm )
1 104 358 254
2 105 359 254
3 105 358 253
4 104 359 255
5 105 359 254
ⅆ 3 = 254
∑5𝑖=1(𝑑3 −𝒅𝟑)2
∆ⅆ3 = √ =1
5
Hence :
λ1 = ( 696 ± 1 ) × 10-3 ( m )
b. f2 = 600 ±1Hz :
λ2 =2.ⅆ2 = 2 . 293 = 586 ( mm ) = 586 × 10-3 ( m )
∆λ2 = √(∆ⅆ2 )2 = √(1)2 = 1 ( mm ) = 1 × 10-3 ( m )
Hence :
λ2 = ( 586 ± 1 ) × 10-3 ( m )
c. f3 = 700 ±1Hz :
λ3 =2.𝒅3 = 2 . 254 = 508 ( mm ) = 508 × 10-3 ( m )
∆λ3 = √(∆ⅆ3 )2 = √(1)2 = 1 ( mm ) = 1× 10-3 ( m )
Hence :
λ3 = ( 508 ± 1 ) × 10-3 ( m )