Chang Zhang-Fu - Chinese Materia Medica (2014) PDF

International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine
Chinese
Materia Medica
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Project Editors: Zhou Ling, Lara Deasy ＆ Liu Shui
Copy Editor: Xu Qian-qian
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中药学 = Chinese materia medica：英文 / 常章富，贾德贤，
（美）贝今墨（Bare，J.）主编 . —北京：人民卫生出版社，
2011
国际标准化英文版中医教材
ISBN 978-7-117-19647-5
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International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine
Chinese Materia
Medica
Chang Zhang-fu （常章富）
Professor, Chief Physician, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China
Jia De-xian （贾德贤）， Ph.D. TCM

Professor of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, China
James Bare， Ph.D.， L.Ac.

Administrative Dean, New York College of TCM, Mineola, NY, USA
Associate editor
Guo Xin （郭忻）， M.S. TCM
Professor, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
Cui Ying （崔瑛）， Ph.D. TCM

Professor, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, China
Lan Sen-lin （蓝森麟）， Ph.D. TCM

Associate Professor, Guangzhou University of TCM, Guangzhou, China
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Website: http://www.pmph.com/en
Book Title: Chinese Materia Medica (International Standard Library of Chinese

Medicine) (DVD Included)
中药学（国际标准化英文版中医教材）（含光盘）
Copyright © 2014 by People’s Medical Publishing House. All rights reserved. No

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Disclaimer
This book is for educational and reference purposes only. In view of the possibility of human
error or changes in medical science, the author, editor, publisher and any other party involved
in the publication of this work do not guarantee that the information contained herein is in any
respect accurate or complete. The medicinal therapies and treatment techniques presented in
this book are provided for the purpose of reference only. If readers wish to a■empt any of the
techniques or utilize any of the medicinal therapies contained in this book, the publisher assumes
no responsibility for any such actions. It is the responsibility of the readers to understand and
adhere to local laws and regulations concerning the practice of these techniques and methods.
The authors, editors and publisher disclaim all responsibility for any liability, loss, injury, or
damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the
contents of this book.
First published: 2014

ISBN: 978-7-117-19647-5/R·19648
Cataloguing in Publication Data:

A catalogue record for this book is available from the
CIP-Database China.
Printed in The People’s Republic of China
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Contributors (Listed alphabetically by name)
Feng Zhi-yi (冯志毅), Ph.D. TCM Wang Hui (王辉), Ph.D. TCM
Associate Professor, Henan University of TCM, Associate Professor, Henan University of TCM,
Zhengzhou, China Zhengzhou, China
He Shi-min (何世民) , Ph.D. TCM Wang Jun-ming (王君明), Ph.D. TCM
Lecturer, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, Associate Professor, Henan University of TCM,
China Zhengzhou, China
Jin Su-an (金素安) , Ph.D. TCM Wu Hao-zhong (吴浩忠), B.A. TCM
Associate Professor, Shanghai University of TCM, ■xperimentalist, Beijing University of CM, Beijing,
Shanghai, China China
Lan Hai (蓝海), M.S. TCM Wu Jia-rui (吴嘉瑞), Ph.D. TCM
Associate Professor, Guangzhou University of Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM,
TCM, Guangzhou, China Beijing, China
Luo Xing-hong (罗兴洪), Ph.D. TCM Yuan Ying (袁颖), Ph.D. TCM
Associate Pharmacist, Simcere Pharmaceutical Associate Professor, Shanghai University of TCM,
Group, Nanjing, China Shanghai, China
Mao Min (毛敏), M.S. TCM Zhou Chi (周驰), M.S. TCM
Pharmacist-in-charge, China-Japan Friendship ■ditor, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,
Hospital, Beijing, China Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Wang Hai (王海), B.A. TCM
■xperimentalist, Beijing University of CM, Beijing,
China
Translators
Hu Su-min (胡素敏), Ph.D. TCM Xi Sheng-yan (奚胜艳), Ph.D. TCM
Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, Associate Professor, Xiamen University, Xiamen,
China China
Gao Zeng-ping (高增平), Ph.D. TCM Ni Sheng-lou (倪胜楼), Ph.D. TCM
Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, ■ditor, China News of TCM
China
Zhang Lin (张林), Ph.D. TCM Wang Jing-xia (王景霞), Ph.D. TCM
Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM, Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM,
Beijing, China Beijing, China
Zhang Chun-yue (张春月), Ph.D. TCM Ou Li-na (欧丽娜), Ph.D. TCM
Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM, Associate Professor, Beijing University of CM,
Beijing, China Beijing, China
Wang Qian (王谦) , Ph.D. TCM Zhou Ling (周玲), M.S. TCM
Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, ■ditor, People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing,
China China
Huang Jian-mei (黄建梅), Ph.D. TCM Yin Sheng-jun (殷胜骏), Ph.D. TCM
Professor, Beijing University of CM, Beijing, Physician, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical
China University, Tianjin, China
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English Editors
James Bare, Ph.D., L.Ac. Li Hui (李蕙), Ph.D., L.Ac.
Administrative Dean, New York College of TCM, Professor, Paci■c College of Oriental Medicine,
Mineola, NY, USA New York, USA
VI
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About the Authors
Chang Zhang-fu（常章富）
Chang Zhang-fu, professor, clinical doctor, ex-dean
of the Clinical Pharmacology Faculty, School of Chinese
Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM),
member of China Association of Chinese Medicine
and Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, consultant of
Pharmacist Certification Center, State Food and Drug
Administration, consultant of Chinese Medicine Doctor
Certification Center, State Administration of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, has published 30 papers, about 50 books
(writer or co-writer) and 100 articles in popular Chinese
Medicine Journals.
Jia De-xian（贾德贤）
Jia De-xian, Medical Doctor, Ph.D. of Chinese Medicine,
professor and medical doctor of Chinese Herbal Medicine,
Vice Dean of International School of Beijing University of
Chinese Medicine (BUCM), ■xecutive Council Member
of the 2nd Board of Specialty Committee of Translation,
WFCMS. She has published 22 papers and 19 books (writer
or co-writer) on Chinese medicine, Chinese materia medica,
diabetic nephropathy laboratory research and relevant
■nglish translations including Chinese Medicine Terms and
State Pharmacopeia of People’s Republic of China. She has
worked in Norway, Sweden, ■ngland and Singapore as an
invited professor.
James Bare
James Bare graduated from Johns Hopkins University
and received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University
of Michigan. He has held academic positions at Lawrence
University, Oberlin College, Carleton College, SUNY New
Paltz, and the University of Minnesota, and has lived and
worked abroad in Taiwan, India, Singapore and Korea. He
graduated in 1998 from New York College of Traditional
Chinese Medicine (NYCTCM), and has worked there since
that time as Administrative Dean.
VII
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Editorial Board for International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine
Executive Directors
Li Zhen-ji (李振吉) Hu Guo-chen (胡国臣)
Vice Chairman and Secretary-General, World President and Editor-in-Chief, People’s Medical
Federation of Chinese Medical Societies, Beijing, Publishing House, Beijing, China
China
Directors
You Zhao-ling (尤昭玲) Xie Jian-qun (谢建群)
Former President and Professor of Chinese Medical President and Professor of Chinese Internal Medicine,
Gynecology, Hunan University of TCM, Changsha, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
China
General Coordinator
Liu Shui (刘水)
Director of International TCM Publications, People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing, China
Members (Listed alphabetically by last name)

Chang Zhang-fu (常章富) Chen Hong-feng (陈红风), Ph.D. TCM
Professor, Chief Physician, Beijing University of Professor of Chinese External Medicine, Shanghai
CM, Beijing, China University of TCM, Shanghai, China
Chen Jia-xu (陈家旭), Ph.D. TCM Chen Ming (陈明), Ph.D. TCM
Professor of TCM Diagnostics, Beijing University of Professor of Shāng Hán Lùn, Beijing University of
CM, Beijing, China CM, Beijing, China
Cui Hai (崔海), Ph.D. TCM Deng Zhong-jia (邓中甲)

Associate Professor of TCM, Capital Medical Professor of Chinese Medicinal Formulae, Chengdu
University, Beijing, China University of TCM, Chengdu, China
Ding Xiao-hong (丁晓红) Doug Eisenstark, L.Ac

Associate Professor of Tui Na, International Education Professor of Chinese Medicine, Emperor’s College,
College, Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing,China Los Angeles, USA
Stephen X. Guo (郭鑫太), M.A. International Han Chou-ping (韩丑萍)

Affairs Associate Professor, International Education College,
Director of Jande International, New York, USA Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
Hu Jun (胡俊), B.A. Medical English Hu Ke-xin (胡克信), Ph.D. TCM

Currently Pursuing Master’s Degree of Science in Social Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, Keelung City
History of Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China Municipal Hospital, Taiwan, China
VIII
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Hu Zhen (胡臻) Huang Fei-li (黄霏莉)
Professor and Head of Department of Traditional Professor of Cosmetology, Hong Kong Baptist
Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, University, Hong Kong, China
Wenzhou, China
Russell William James, M.S. TCM Jia De-xian (贾德贤), Ph.D. TCM
IELTS Examiner ＆ Marker, Beijing, China Professor of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing
University of CM, Beijing, China
Jin Hong-zhu (金宏柱) Lixing Lao (劳力行), Ph.D. MB, L.Ac.

Professor of Acupuncture ＆ Tui Na, Nanjing Professor and Director, School of Chinese Medicine,
University of TCM, Nanjing, China The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Adjunct Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine,
University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Past Co-President of the Society for Acupuncture
Research
Vice President, World Federation of Acupuncture-
Moxibustion Societies (WFAS)
Hon K. Lee (李汉光), Dipl. OM, L.Ac. Li Dao-fang (李道坊), Ph.D. TCM
Director of the Jow Ga Shaolin Institute, Herndon, President of Florida Acupuncture Association;
Virginia, USA Executive Board Director, National Federation of
Chinese TCM Organizations, Kissimmee, USA
Mei Li (李梅), M.S. TOM, L.Ac. Li Ming-dong (李名栋), Ph.D. OMD, L.Ac.
Translator and Editor, People’s Medical Publishing Professor of Chinese Internal Medicine, Yo San
House, Beijing, China University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Los
Angeles, USA
Li Wan-ling (李云宁) Liang Li-na (梁丽娜), Ph.D. TCM

Qi Gong and TCM Translator, Beijing, China Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital
of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Beijing, China
Liu Zhan-wen (刘占文) Lü Ming (吕明)

Professor of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Professor of Tui Na, Changchun University of CM,
CM, Beijing, China Changchun, China
Mark L. Mondot, B.A. Chinese Language, L.Ac. Jane Lyttleton, Hons, M Phil, Dip TCM, Cert Ac.
Translator and Editor, People’s Medical Publishing Lecturer, University of Western Sydney, Sydney,
House, Beijing, China Australia
Julie Mulin Qiao-Wong (乔木林) Andy Rosenfarb, M.S. TOM, L.Ac.

Professor of Chinese Medicine, Victoria University, Acupuncture Health Associates, New Jersey, USA
Melbourne, Australia
Paul F. Ryan, M.S. Dipl.OM, L.Ac. (NY, CA, China) Martin Schweizer, Ph.D. Molecular Biology, L.Ac.
Acupuncture Preceptor, Lutheran Medical Center, Emeritus Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, University
Department of Neurology, Brooklyn, New York, USA of Utah, USA
IX
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Secondo Scarsella, MD, DDS Sun Guang-ren (孙广仁), M.S. TCM
Visiting Professor of Tui Na, Nanjing University of Professor of TCM Fundamentals, Shandong University
TCM, China Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, of TCM, Jinan, China
San Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Italy
Tsai Chun-hui, Ph.D. Tu Ya (图娅)

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Professor of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing
University of Colorado, Denver, USA University of CM, Beijing, China
Wang Shou-chuan (汪受传) Wei Qi-ping (韦企平)

Professor of TCM Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Professor of Ophthalmology, Beijing University of
TCM, Nanjing, China CM, Beijing
Douglas Wile, Ph.D. Jane Frances Wilson, M.S., L.Ac.

Former Professor of History ＆ Philosophy of Chinese Senior Lecturer of School of Life Sciences, University
Medicine and of Chinese Language at Paci■c College of Westminster, London, UK
of Oriental Medicine, New York; Professor of Chinese
language at Alverno College, Milwaukee, USA
Xiao Ping (肖平) Xu Shi-zu (徐士祖), M.A. Chinese Martial Arts

Associate Professor, Hunan University of TCM, Chinese Traditional Sports and Health Cultivation
Changsha, China Instructor, School of Physical Education, Wenzhou
Medical College, Wenzhou, China
Yan Dao-nan (严道南) Ye Qiao-bo (叶俏波), Ph.D. TCM

Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing University Physician, Lecturer of Chinese Medicinal Formulas,
of TCM, Nanjing, China Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
Zhang Ji (张吉) Zhang Ji (张季), Ph.D. TCM

Professor of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Professor of Chinese Materia Medica, Emperor’s
University of CM, Beijing, China College of Oriental Medicine, Alhambra University,
Dongguk University, Los Angeles, USA
Helen Q. Zhang (张齐), Ph.D. TCM, L.Ac. Zhang Qing-rong (张庆荣)

Director of Qi TCM Clinic, New York, USA Professor of TCM Fundamentals, Liaoning
University of TCM, Shenyang, China
Zhao Bai-xiao (赵百孝), Ph.D. TCM Zhao Xia (赵霞), Ph.D. TCM
Professor of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Professor of TCM Pediatrics, Nanjing University of
Dean, School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TCM, Nanjing, China
Beijing University of TCM, China
Zhou Gang (周刚), Ph.D. TCM Greg Zimmerman, M.S., L.Ac.

Lecturer of Shāng Hán Lùn, Beijing University of Acupuncturist, Yi An Chinese Medicine Clinic, Irvine,
CM, Beijing, China CA
Sponsored by
World Federation of Chinese Medical Societies
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Preface
We are so grateful and proud that Chinese medicine is one of the many traditional
medicines in this world which are making contributions to preserve health and save life.
Chinese medicine was the protective god for Chinese peoples’ lives before Western
medicine was introduced to China about 400 years ago. It is different in many ways when
compared to modern medicine and to other traditional medicines, and these differences
include the understanding of the body, health, disease, how the disease happened, and the
principles, materials and techniques of the treatment. Many people who have experienced it
say that Chinese medicine is so effective and wonderful, yet some others say that it is strange
and unscientific. We would say that different types of medicine are complementary one to
another, and they should be used in integration, since each kind of medicine has its own
advantages and weaknesses. Chinese medicine is welcomed for its effectiveness, convenience
and ecological harmony.
Chinese herbal medicine, which treats patients mostly with medicinal plants and other
medicinal substances such as animal products, mineral products, extracts and synthetics from
natural compounds, is supposed to treat the body from inside to outside, and acupuncture,
moxibustion, cupping and scraping are supposed to treat from outside to inside. ■ven though
they are often used together or in conjunction, herbal treatment is considered the mainstream
in China.
This book, “Chinese Materia Medica”, is going to introduce more than 300 Chinese
medicinal substances with illustrations and botanical pictures, including information on the
Source, ■xplanation of Name, Habitat, Collection, Processing, Properties, ■ntered Channels,
Characteristics, Actions, Clinical Applications, Dosage ＆ Administration, Cautions ＆
Contraindications, Ingredients and Pharmacological Research. Its aim is to show the herbs
from as many aspects as we could, the traditional development and the contemporary new
■ndings, the cultural legacy and the scienti■c evidence, the positive side and the negative side.
Chinese medicine is sacred but not an enshrined bible. It is just a medical science continuously
in development. Please feel it, enjoy it, study it and develop it together with us.
Studying Chinese medicine is not easy, since it has traditional language style, special
terms and different concepts in which you can feel the influence from ancient Chinese
philosophy, Taoism and Confucian culture, so we have tried to compose it and translate it very
carefully with our full heart, with an understanding of Chinese medicine theoretically and
clinically, as well as with recognition that many of our readers may have only limited or no
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knowledge of the Chinese language. We would like to transmit to you an original and practical
Chinese medicine and the usage of herbs.
The herbs in this book are categorized according to the problem or disease pattern, which
is surely different from the common understanding, but you will f ind the relevant information
that you want, because we have cross-referenced the commonly-used disease or syndrome
name under Clinical Applications. For instance, the term “hay fever” is never mentioned in
Chinese medicine, but it is covered under “exterior syndromes” in Chinese medicine, and
through the cross-reference you def initely can f ind the corresponding terms and the suitable
herbs for you or your patients.
For the purpose of clearly understanding the difference between similar herbs and to get
the whole image of the herbs in each chapter, we made a chapter summary at the end in table
form. Questions are also given that are helpful for reviewing and improving study.
Mr. Chang Zhang-fu, an excellent medical doctor and professor of Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), main author of this book, excels at the literature and clinical
application study and is in charge of the Chinese edition. Mrs. Jia De-xian, medical doctor and
Ph.D. of Chinese Medicine, Chinese Herbal Medicine professor of BUCM, main author of
this book, having rich experience in the clinical application of Chinese medicine, and having
taught Chinese medicine in ■nglish for international students inside and outside China, is in
charge of the ■nglish translation and primary recti■cation. Mr. James Bare, working at the
New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (NYCTCM) as administrative dean and
thus knowledgeable in Chinese Medicine, is in charge of f inal recti■cation.
We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. Zhang Ji (■mperor’s College of Oriental
Medicine), Dr. Al Stone, and Lara Deasy who have helped organizing the herb list and
compiling sample chapters for the book. We also give thanks to Ph.D and postgraduate
students from Beijing University of CM who have been of inestimable help to us in achieving
this work; they include Zhang Qian (张骞), Yuan Meng-xian (袁梦贤), Chang Dan (常丹), Xu
Zi-wei (徐自伟), Zhu Si-yuan (朱思媛), Lai Yuan-yuan (来媛媛), Li Yu-jie (李玉杰), Liu Xiu-
juan (刘秀娟), Zhang Meng-qi (张梦奇), Zhang Yue (张月) and Gao Tian-cheng (高天承).
We hope that our work could offer you some useful knowledge and that we could share
with you the benef its of Chinese medicine.
Authors
July 2014
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Table of Contents
Part One General Discussion.......................................................................1

Introduction..............................................................................................................2
Chapter 1 Chinese Herbal Properties. ..........................................................7
Section 1 Four Qi.................................................................................................. 7

Section 2 Five Flavors........................................................................................... 8
Section 3 Ascending and Descending, Floating and Sinking.............................. 10
Section 4 Channel Entering. ............................................................................... 12
Section 5 Toxicity................................................................................................ 13
Chapter 2 Application of Chinese Herbal Medicine................................17
Section 1 Combination........................................................................................ 17
Section 2 Incompatibility.................................................................................... 19
Section 3 Dosage................................................................................................. 22
Section 4 Preparation and Administration. ........................................................ 24
Chapter 3 Chinese Medicinal Processing. .................................................29
Section 1 Purposes of Processing........................................................................ 29

Section 2 Commonly Used Processing Methods. ............................................... 30
Chapter 4 Storage of Chinese Herbs ..........................................................36
Section 1 Storage of Chinese Herbs. ................................................................... 36

Section 2 “Xīn Chén” (Fresh-Aged) Concept of Chinese Medicinals................... 41
Chapter 5 Collection of Chinese Medicinals.............................................43
Chapter 6 Habitat of Chinese Medicinals..................................................48
Section 1 In■uence of Habitat on Medicinal E■cacy ......................................... 48

Section 2 Genuine Regional Medicinals ............................................................. 49
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Part Two Speci■c Discussion......................................................................55
Chapter 1 Herbs that Release the Exterior ..............................................56
Section 1 Herbs that Disperse Wind Cold .......................................................... 57

Section 2 Herbs that Disperse Wind Heat .......................................................... 84
Chapter 2 Herbs that Clear Heat ............................................................... 110
Section 1 Herbs that Clear Heat and Subdue Fire............................................. 111

Section 2 Herbs that Clear Heat and Dry Dampness........................................ 127
Section 3 Herbs that Clear Heat and Relieve Toxicity....................................... 139
Section 4 Herbs that Clear Heat and Cool Blood.............................................. 164
Section 5 Herbs that Clear Heat from De■ciency. ............................................ 174
Chapter 3 Herbs that Drain Downwards...................................................189
Section 1 Purgatives.......................................................................................... 189

Section 2 Lubricant Laxatives........................................................................... 197
Chapter 4 Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp...........................................203
Chapter 5 Herbs that Transform Dampness............................................229
Chapter 6 Herbs that Drain Dampness ....................................................244
Section 1 Herbs that Drain Dampness to Relieve Edema. ................................ 245

Section 2 Herbs that Promote Urination and Relieve Stranguria ..................... 256
Section 3 Herbs that Clear Damp Heat and Relieve Jaundice........................... 272
Chapter 7 Herbs that Warm the Interior...................................................282
Chapter 8 Herbs that Regulate Qi. .............................................................305
Chapter 9 Herbs that Improve the Digestion..........................................330
Chapter 10 Herbs that Expel Parasites ...................................................345
Chapter 11 Herbs that Stop Bleeding........................................................354
Section 1 Herbs that Cool Blood and Stop Bleeding......................................... 355

Section 2 Herbs that Resolve Blood Stasis and Stop Bleeding. ......................... 366
Section 3 Astringent Herbs that Stop Bleeding................................................. 375
Section 4 Warm Herbs that Stop Bleeding........................................................ 382
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Chapter 12 Herbs that Invigorate Blood and Transform Stasis. ......392
Chapter 13 Herbs that Transform Phlegm, Arrest Cough and Calm

Wheezing .....................................................................................428
Section 1 Herbs that Transform Phlegm........................................................... 429

Section 2 Herbs that Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing.................................. 455
Chapter 14 Herbs that Calm the Mind.......................................................475
Section 1 Minerals and Shells that Strongly Calm the Mind............................. 476
Section 2 Herbs that Mildly Calm the Mind..................................................... 484
Chapter 15 Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind.............496
Section 1 Herbs that Calm the Liver and Subdue Hyperactive Yang................ 497
Section 2 Herbs that Extinguish Wind and Relieve Convulsions. .................... 508
Chapter 16 Herbs that Open the Ori■ces.................................................529
Chapter 17 Herbs that Tonify the Body. ...................................................546
Section 1 Herbs that Tonify Qi.......................................................................... 548

Section 2 Herbs that Tonify Yang...................................................................... 568
Section 3 Herbs that Tonify Blood. ................................................................... 592
Section 4 Herbs that Tonify Yin. ....................................................................... 604
Chapter 18 Herbs that Astringe. .................................................................641
Section 1 Herbs that Arrest Sweating. .............................................................. 642

Section 2 Herbs that Astringe the Lung and Large Intestine............................ 645
Section 3 Herbs that Secure Essence, Reduce Urination and Check
Leukorrhea........................................................................................ 656
Chapter 19 Herbs that Kill Parasites and Dry Dampness to Relieve

Itching...........................................................................................671
Index by Chinese Medicinals-Pinyin Names..............................................680
Index by Chinese Medicinals-Latin Names................................................683
Index by Chinese Medicinals-English Names............................................686
Color Illustrations
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Part One
General Discussion
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2
INTRODUCTiON
Chinese herbal medicine constitutes a major component of traditional Chinese medicine. It

is a special characteristic of Chinese culture that the knowledge of Chinese herbs, based on TCM
fundamental theory, re■ects the historical utilization of natural resources from plants and minerals
for the main stream healthcare in China.
More than 3,000 herbs were recorded in ancient texts. Over the years Chinese herbs have
continued to develop and the latest f igures haved reached a total of 12,800 species. For thousands of
years Chinese herbs have served to safeguard the health of Chinese people.
Chinese pharmacology is the study of the origin, collection, processing, properties and effects of
Chinese herbs, and is a key part of traditional Chinese medicine.
The Origin of Chinese Herbal Medicine
The origin of Chinese herbs can be traced back to primitive society circa 2070 B.C. The ancient
Chinese people through the process of trial and error, worked out the benef its of Chinese herbs
to target treatment of diseases, and also figured out the poison categories which should either be
avoided or taken with certain precautions. At the same time, they learned to utilize certain poisonous
herbs to induce vomiting and purgation to achieve treatment results. Through many years of clinical
experiments, the treatment of diseases using Chinese herbs and herbal formulas was established.
Over time, knowledge was accumulated that certain plant foods could also be incorporated into
herbal medicine, establishing the intimate association between food and medicinals known
as “medicinals and foods are of the same source” philosophy. Later, with the development of
farming, hunting and fishing, other food sources were introduced into the diet and gradually
these as well as minerals were also included into the categories of herbal medicine.
Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine
1. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties (circa 2070-221 B.C.)

During the Xia Dynasty, it was discovered that wine could be produced from the fermentation
of grains and fruits. This wine was not only used as a beverage but also as an herbal wine for the
treatment of many diseases. Herbal wine was utilized to unblock blood vessels and also served as an
herbal guide as well in that it could be used as an ethanol base to extract ethanol-soluble herbs.
With the advent of pottery during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Chinese herbal formula
decoctions were developed. ■xamples were recorded in the Yi Yin’s Decoction Classic (Yī Yĭn Tāng
Yè Jīng, 伊尹汤液经).
During the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 B.C.) the word herb “药” was mentioned in the Jinwen
oracle. During the ■astern Han period, Xu Shen stated in Elucidations of Script and Explications of
Characters (Shuō Wén Jiě Zì-Căo Bù, 说文解字·草部) that plants can be used as herbal medicine.
In 1046-771 B.C. (Western Zhou Dynasty), the book of Zhou Li: Heaven Of■cial Chief Minister
(Zhōu Lĭ-Tiān Guān Zhŏng Zăi, 周礼·天官冢宰) recorded the “five flavors and five grains for
treatment of diseases”. “The f ive herbs nominated are plants, wood, insects, stones and grains.” This
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Introduction 3
shows that there was a general understanding of herbal medicine for treatment of many ailments.
There was a total of approximately more than 300 species incorporating plants, minerals and others
which could be used as herbal medicine.
In 1973, the discovery of the ancient grave of Mawangdui in Changsha unearthed China’s oldest
medical text, Formulas for Fifty-two Diseases (Wŭ Shí Èr Bìng Fāng, 五十二病方), estimated to be
compiled around the 3rd century B.C. There were a total of more than 300 formulas with no less than
290 species of herbs being used. A documented detailed description was recorded on the methods of
preparation of the herbs, their usage and contraindications, etc.
2. Qin and Han period (221-220 B.C.)
During the Western Han period, the extant text entitled Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia
Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng, 神农本草经), also known as “Bĕn Jīng”, was written. This
book was not written by one author but was compiled over an extensive period with revision and
supplementation to the original content. The actual date of the book’s completion subject to much
debate but is estimated to be not more than 2nd century B.C. The original text is no long extant; the
current version was collated and compiled by scholars of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Herbs recorded in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng, 神农
本草经) are effective; for example, mercury for treatment of scabies; má huáng (Herba ■phedrae)
for sedating wheezing; cháng shān (Radix Dichroae) for malaria; huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) for
dysentery; niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) for abortion; hăi zăo (Sargassum) for alleviating
nodules; ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) for hemorrhage; rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) for
tonifying deficiency; chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii
Praeparata) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) for moderating pain; bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae) for easing vomiting; yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) for eliminating jaundice, etc.
This great work had signi■cant impact on the further development of materia medica.
3. Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasty period (220-589 A.D.)
Due to the extensive turmoil and war during this period, many valuable medical texts were
destroyed or lost with the exception of more than one hundred books on materia medica. Some of the
surviving texts are Li Dang-zhi’s Medicinal Records (Lĭ Dāng Zhī Yào Lù, 李当之药录) circa 200
A.D.; Wu Pu’s Materia Medica (Wú Pŭ Bĕn Căo, 吴普本草) circa 239 A.D.; Xu Zhi-cai’s Medicinal
Combination (Xú Zhī Cái Yào Duì, 徐之才药对); and Tao Hong Jing’s Collective Commentaries on
the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经集注) circa 500 A.D. with 730 species
of herbs being recorded in the book.
4. Sui Tang and Wu Dai period (581-960 A.D.)
During this period there was immense progress in the identification of useful Chinese herbs,
amounting to a total of more than 1,000 species. Due to errors made during the process of copying
the textual material, it was necessary to embark on the work of editing and compilation. In 659
A.D., some court of■cials decided to compile a book entitled Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn
Xiū Bĕn Căo, 新修本草), also known as Tang Materia Medica (Táng Bĕn Căo, 唐本草), with a
total volume of 54 fascicles and a total recording of 844 herbs. After the book was completed, the
government designated this book as an of■cial text book for medical students, thus making it the
■rst book commissioned by the government. During the period of the Wu Dai (935-965 A.D.) further
supplementations with annotations were added to this book, resulting in the work Newly Revised
Materia Medica entitled Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shŭ Bĕn Căo, 蜀本草).
5. Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.)
Woodblock printing technique became available during the Song Dynasty, and was extensively
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4 Chinese Materia Medica
used by the scholars embarking on the work of editing and revising materia medica. In 973 A.D. (Kai
Bao year 6), ■mperor Tai Zu commissioned Liu Han, Ma Zhi et. al. to proceed with the editing and
revision of Newly Revised Materia Medica, and they produced a newly edited text entitled Newly
Completed Revision of Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Xīn Xáng Dīng Běn Căo, 开宝
新详定本草). This f inished text was not to the satisfaction of the emperor, and thus further revision
of the book was commissioned by the emperor, with the newly edited version entitled Revised
Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Chóng Dīng Bĕn Căo, 开宝重订本草), also known as
Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本草). In 1057 A.D., ■mperor Ren Zong
commissioned Zhang Yu-xi et. al. to edit the materia medica entitled Materia Medica of the Kaibao
Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本草), which subsequently served as the basis for the later edition of
Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉佑本草), with a total collection of some 1,083
species of herbs. In 1082 A.D., Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern (Zhèng Lèi Bĕn
Căo, 证类本草) [complete title: Zhenghe Classified Materia Medica from Historical Classics for
Emergency (Zhèng Hé Jīng Shĭ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Căo, 政和经史证类备急本草)] was compiled
by Tang Shen-wei. It has thirty volumes containing 1,558 medicinals and each medicinal has an
illustration. More than 3,000 formulas are listed with discussions for 1,000 of them. The book is
regarded as the most representative herbal monograph of the Song Dynasty.
6. Jin Yuan period (1115-1368 A.D.)
The rapid development and publication of materia medica during the Song Dynasty laid the
foundation for further advancement of materia medica in the Jin Yuan period. ■xploration of
the mechanism of herbal interactions by Song physicians and Confucian scholars broadened the
academic ideas of the Jin Yuan physicians. The main trend of this period, apart from accumulating
massive information on materia medica to determine the source and origin of herbs, was a shift
in focus to the re■nement of the eff icacy of herbs as well as a quest for the pharmacodynamics of
medicinals.
Some of the outstanding works of this period were Notes on Medicinals in Plain Questions (Sù
Wèn Yào Zhù, 素问药注) and Discussion on the Materia Medica (Běn Căo Lùn, 本草论) by Liu
Wan-su; Pouch of Pearls (Zhēn Zhū Náng, 珍珠囊) by Zhang Yuan-su; Systematic Summary of the
Theories of Chinese Medicine (Yào Lèi Fă Xiàng, 药类法象) and Key Principles in Medication (Yòng
Yào Xīn Fă, 用药心法) by Li Dong-yuan; Materia Medica for Decoctions (Tāng Yè Běn Căo, 汤液
本草) by Wang Hao-gu; and Supplement to the ‘Extension of the Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Yăn Yì
Bŭ Yí, 本草衍义补遗) by Zhu Dan-xi.
7. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.)
With the advanced development of Chinese medicine and the ongoing accumulation of medical
knowledge during the Ming Dynasty, the knowledge of Materia Medica Arranged According to
Pattern, which had been used for many years, could no longer satisfy the requirements of the period.
In 1503 A.D., Liu Wen-tai was commissioned to re-edit and revise the materia medica. The book,
entitled Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要), was
completed in 1505 A.D. There were a total of 42 volumes and altogether there were 1,815 species
of herbs which were then sub-categorized into jade, plant, wood, human, animals, birds, insects,
fish, fruits, grain and vegetables. ■ach entry was def ined according to the parts, the place where
harvested, function, color, ■avor, property, odor, movement, antagonism, incompatibility, constraint,
treatment, combinations, contraindications, substitute, avoidance, antidote, counterfeit, etc., totaling
approximately 24 items for each entry. The book contains 1,358 color diagrams, making it China’s
earliest book with color diagrams of herbs.
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Introduction 5
Li Shi-zhen (1518-1593 A.D.) is hailed as an outstanding contributor to the study of

pharmacology; his life was dedicated to achieving and disseminating information on materia medica.
His major work, The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù, 本草纲目), was
published in 1578 A.D. after an extended period of 27 years’ work. The book comprises 52 volumes
with 200 million words incorporating 1,892 species of herbs. This included new species with some
1,100 images and diagrams. Apart from the information on herbology it includes information on
plants, animals, minerals, geography, metallurgy, astronomy, chemistry, phenology and many other
areas associated with pharmacoloy. The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica has been translated
into many languages and is renowned worldwide as a major achievement on matters of natural
science.
8. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 A.D.)
By the Qing Dynasty, research on the materia medica had become very popular in several
different ways. First, by following the methods of previous dynasties, continuous work was
applied to the ongoing revision of materia medica such as Zhao Xue-min’s Supplement to ‘The
Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù Shí Yí, 本草纲目拾遗), etc. Second,
in accordance with the clinical application, the essence of The Grand Compendium of Materia
Medica was being utilized to become part and parcel of the compendium of materia medica such
as Wang Ang’s Essentials of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Bèi Yào, 本草备要) in 1694 A.D., Wu Yi-
luo’s Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Cóng Xīn, 本草从新) in 1657 A.D., Huang
Gong-xiu’s Seeking Accuracy in the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Qiú Zhēn, 本草求真), etc. Third
were books compiled from fragmented textual collections of ancient literature such as Shen Nong’s
Classic of the Materia Medica and reproduced into a series of books such as books by Gu Guan-
guang et. al. Fourth were annotations and explanations to Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia
Medica, such as Zhang Lu’s Encountering the Sources of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Féng Yuán,
本草逢原) in 1695 A.D. and Zou Shu’s Commentary on the ‘Classic of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Jīng
Shū Zhèng, 本经疏证) in 1837 A.D. Among them, the most in■uential texts are Supplement to ‘The
Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ and Seeking Accuracy in the Materia Medica. The first
edition of Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ was published in 1765 A.D.
with subsequent and ongoing revision taking place thereafter with the ■nal edition of this book being
published in 1803 A.D..
9. Republican period (1911-1949 A.D.)
During the post-Xin Hai revolution period, traditional Chinese medicine was greatly in■uenced
by the rapid spread of Western culture and Western medicine, resulting in an emergence of
repudiation of traditional culture in China. This caused tremendous obstruction of the further
advancement of traditional Chinese medicine.
Subsequent to the establishment of Chinese medicine schools and the need to source teaching
materials for Chinese medicine, a revived consolidation of Chinese medicine theory resulted in the
book entitled Orthodox Interpretation of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Zhèng Yì, 本草正义) by
Zhang Shan-lei in 1932 A.D. The most in■uential book of this period was the publishing of Chinese
Materia Medica Dictionary (Zhōng Guó Yào Xué Dà Cí Diăn, 中国药学大辞典) by Chen Cun-ren
in 1935 A.D.
10. People’s Republic of China (1949 A.D. onwards)
The government of the People’s Republic of China recognized the importance of the further
advancement of Chinese medicine and with the development of modern natural science and
technology in China, herbal medicine has made unprecedented achievements.
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Since 1954, publishers throughout China, based on the requirements of the government’s Health
Department, have embarked on the editing and compilation of many Chinese medical texts and
literature. Tremendous effort was expanded on the photocopying and compiling of some of the
important work of materia medica, i.e., Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica, Newly Revised
Materia Medica (fragmented volumes), Revised Materia Medica of the Zhenghe Era (Chóng Xiū
Zhèng Hé Bĕn Căo, 重修政和本草), Materia Medica of South Yunnan (Diān Nán Bĕn Căo, 滇南
本草), Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions, and The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica.
In addition, an endeavor to collect and collate some of the valuable materia medica books from
overseas was undertaken and yielded satisfactory results.
Some of the representative materia medica books of recent years are the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,
Grand Materia Medica, Chinese Herbal Medicine, etc.
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7
CHAPTER 1
Chinese Herbal Properties
Chinese herbal properties include four qi, ■ve ■avors, ascending and descending, ■oating and
sinking, channel entering and toxicity.
The properties of each herb are determined by the effects on the human body when the herb is
ingested.
Section 1 Four Qi
Four qi, also called four natures, are cold, hot, warm and cool. These terms do not refer to
temperature, but to the intrinsic nature of the herb and its effect on the human body.
Determination of Four Qi
The nature of an herb reflects its action on the human body, and is opposite to the nature of
diseases that it treats. Generally speaking, cold- or cool-natured herbs have actions such as clearing
heat and purging fire, cooling blood, relieving sore throat and detoxifying, while warm- or hot-
natured herbs can generally warm yang and dissipate cold.
In addition, some herbal treatises may make additional distinctions such as “extremely cold”,
“slightly cold”, “extremely hot” or “slightly warm”.
Clinical Applications of Four Qi
The four qi theory is applied to direct accurate selection of herbs according to the following
principles:
· Appropriate herbs should be selected based on the cold or hot nature of a disease, so as to
“treat warm diseases with cold herbs, and treat cold diseases with warm herbs”. For example, shí
gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), both having a cold nature, are used
to treat high fever in the qi level; fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis), both having a hot nature, are used for treating yang collapse.
· Appropriate herbs should be selected based on gradation of hot or cold natures. For example,
in order to treat yang collapse, fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), which has an extremely hot
nature, is selected, while for abdominal pain due to coldness in the middle, warm-natured wēi jiāng
(Rhizoma Zingiberis Rosc.) is selected. Misuse of these two herbs under such conditions could be
harmful or even fatal.
· In order to treat a mixture of cold and heat, both cold and hot herbs should be used simultaneously.
· In cases of true cold with false heat or true heat with false cold syndrome, hot or cold herbs
should be applied respectively, assisted by opposite-assistant herbs if necessary.
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In■uential Factors of Four Qi
It should be noted that processing can have an influence on the nature of some herbs. For
example, gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is neutral (slightly cool) when used unprocessed,
but becomes slightly warm when honey-fried; dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) is cold when used
unprocessed, but becomes slightly warm when processed.
Section 2 Five Flavors

Five ■avors—acrid, sweet, sour, bitter and salty—describe the actual tastes of herbs, and also
govern the actions of the herbs.
Determination of Five Flavors
The five flavor theory is also used to explain the properties of herbs. The five flavors are
determined over time through clinical practice and by observing the various reactions on the human
body after administration.
Actions and Clinical Applications of Five Flavors
Five ■avors summarize the effects of herbs on the human body. Among the ■ve ■avors, acrid,
sweet and bland ■avors belong to yang, while sour, bitter and salty ■avors belong to yin.
1. Acrid
Acrid ■avor can disperse, promote qi movement and activate blood. For example, jīng jiè (Herba
Schizonepetae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) can release the exterior and are commonly used for
exterior syndrome; xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) can promote qi movement and soothe the liver, so it is
the ■rst choice for qi stagnation and liver constraint; and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) is able
to activate blood and promote qi circulation, so it is suitable for blood stasis and qi stagnation.
Acrid ■avor can also moisten dryness through dispersing and distributing ■uids; e.g., bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae) combined with liú huáng (Sulfur) is used to treat constipation due to intestinal
dryness.
In addition, herbs with acrid ■avor may also possess the actions of drying dampness, opening the
ori■ces, etc.
Since acrid herbs normally consume qi and ■uids, patients with qi or ■uid de■ciency should use
them with caution.
2. Sweet
Sweet ■avor can tonify de■ciency, regulate the middle, relieve spasms and pain, and detoxify
and harmonize the properties of other herbs. For example, huáng qí (Radix Astragali), shú dì huáng
(Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), suŏ yáng (Herba Cynomorii) and shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) have the
respective actions of tonifying qi, nourishing blood, supplementing yang and enriching yin, and thus
are used for qi de■ciency, blood de■ciency, yang de■ciency and yin de■ciency; yí táng (Saccharum
Granorum) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) have the actions of harmonizing the
middle and relieving spasms and pain, and are often used for spasms and pain in the abdomen and
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Chapter 1 Chinese Herbal Properties 9
limbs; gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and fēng mì (Mel) are used for herbal and food
toxins; and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is also used to harmonize the properties of
other herbs, especially when strong or toxic herbs are combined.
In addition, sweet herbs are mostly moist and therefore are capable of moistening dryness; e.g., ē
jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) can be used for lung or intestinal dryness.
Since sweet herbs often hinder digestion, patients with dampness and food retention or qi
stagnation due to food retention should use them with caution.
3. Sour
Sour ■avor can induce astringency. For example, wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) is
often used for spontaneous sweating, night sweats, spermatorrhea and nocturnal seminal emission;
wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis) is commonly used for chronic diarrhea and dysentery; wū méi (Fructus
Mume) is used for chronic cough; and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) is used for exhaustion with
profuse sweating, metrostaxis and metrorrhagia, etc.
In addition, sour herbs are able to promote ■uid production and sedate roundworms; e.g., mù
guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) can promote ■uid production and stimulate appetite, and is often used
for dyspepsia due to stomach fluid insufficiency; and wū méi (Fructus Mume) has the actions of
promoting ■uid production and stimulating appetite, and is used for dyspepsia due to stomach ■uid
insuf■ciency, as well as for abdominal pain due to roundworms.
Since sour herbs may cause retention of pathogenic qi, they should be used cautiously in cases
when pathogens are not completely driven out. For patients with excessive gastric secretion, sour
herbs are forbidden.
4. Bitter
Bitter ■avor has three main actions: to purge, to dry dampness and to consolidate.
“Bitter flavor can purge” has three meanings: first, bitter flavor can clear and purge; e.g., dà
huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and lú huì (Aloe) can purge ■re and promote bowel movements,
and are often used for constipation due to heat accumulation. Secondly, bitter flavor can descend
counter■ow qi; e.g., kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) can descend lung qi to relieve cough
and calm wheezing; e.g., dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) is often selected for hiccups, vomiting and
wheezing. Thirdly, bitter ■avor can clear heat and purge ■re; e.g., huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis)
and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) are suitable for ■re or heat accumulating internally or ■re attacking
upwards.
Bitter flavor can dry dampness; e.g., cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hòu pò (Cortex
Magnoliae Of■cinalis), both bitter and warm in property, can dry dampness and dissipate cold, and
are often used for cold dampness syndrome; huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and kŭ shēn
(Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), both bitter and cold in property, can dry dampness and clear heat,
and are often used for damp heat syndrome, etc.
Bitter flavor can consolidate yin by purging fire to preserve yin; e.g., huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis) combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) is often used for yin
def iciency with exuberant ■re. Bitter ■avor can also consolidate the intestines and arrest diarrhea; e.g.,
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) used in a small dose can treat dyspepsia due to spleen de■ciency or
food retention.
Since bitter herbs may consume qi and impair the stomach, they are not recommended for
patients with severe ■uid consumption or spleen and stomach de■ciency.
5. Salty
Salty ■avor can soften hard masses and induce bowel movements by purging. For example, kūn
9-9◎01.indd 9 2014-12-17 14:01:44

bù (Thallus Laminariae seu ■ckloniae) and hăi zăo (Sargassum) can resolve phlegm and soften hard
masses, and are used for scrofula, masses and lumps; biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) is often used for
abdominal masses and lumps; and máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) can purge ■re and soften hard stools,
and is often used for dry and hard stools due to heat accumulating in the large intestines.
6. Astringent
Astringent ■avor has almost the same action as sour ■avor with respect to inducing astringency,
so is often put in the same category as sour ■avor. For example, lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) can astringe
to treat various diseases caused by failure to astringe; chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) can astringe
the intestines and arrest diarrhea and dysentery, and is used for chronic diarrhea, dysentery and anal
prolapse; hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) can stop bleeding and reduce leukorrhea, and is used
for metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and leukorrhea.
Since astringent herbs may cause retention of pathogenic factors, they should be avoided in cases
when pathogens are not completely driven out.
7. Bland
Bland ■avor can promote urination and is often put in the same category as sweet ■avor. For
example, fú líng (Poria) and zhū líng (Polyporus) are often used for edema and dif■cult urination.
Since bland herbs can consume yin ■uid, patients with yin and ■uid de■ciency should use them
with caution.
Section 3 Ascending and Descending,

Floating and Sinking
Actions of ascending, descending, floating and sinking refer respectively to the upward,
downward, outward and inward directions in which herbs tend to act on the body. They are used in
correspondence to the location of disease but against the tendency of the disease. They represent the
orientation of actions and are one of the basic ways to indicate medicinal function.
Ascending and ■oating belong to yang, while descending and sinking belong to yin.
Determination of Ascending, Descending, Floating and Sinking
The actions of ascending, descending, floating and sinking are determined by the following
factors:
· Texture and weight: Light herbs such as ■owers and leaves often have ascending or ■oating
actions, such as jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and sāng yè (Folium Mori); heavy herbs such as seeds,
fruits, minerals and shells often have descending or sinking actions, such as zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae),
zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), cí shí (Magnetitum) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis).
· Odor: Herbs with light odor often have ascending or ■oating actions, such as zĭ sū yè (Folium
Perillae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae); herbs with strong odor often have descending
or sinking actions, such as shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei).
· Properties: Acrid, sweet, warm and hot herbs usually have ascending or ■oating actions, such
as guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi); sour, bitter, salty, cold and cool herbs usually have descending or
sinking actions, such as tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas).
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· Clinical efficacy: Clinical efficacy is taken as a major factor to determine the actions of
ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking. Aiming at various pathological conditions, herbs with
corresponding action tendencies—i.e., upward, downward, inward and outward—are used to improve
or eliminate such diseases. For example, bái qián (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii) can dispel
phlegm and descend counter■ow of lung qi, and is good at treating cough, wheezing, profuse phlegm
and qi counter■ow with lung excess syndrome, and therefore it is judged as descending and sinking;
jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) can open the lung qi, disperse the lung qi and bene■t the throat, and
is used for cough with profuse phlegm, sore throat and hoarseness, and therefore it has an ascending
and ■oating nature.
Generally speaking, ascending and ■oating herbs have upward and outward actions and are used
for relieving exterior syndrome, raising yang, dispelling wind, dissipating cold, inducing vomiting,
opening the ori■ces, etc.; descending and sinking herbs have downward and inward actions and are
usually used for purging, clearing heat, promoting urination, calming the mind, subduing yang and
extinguishing wind, improving digestion to eliminate stagnant food, descending counter■ow to arrest
vomiting, astringing, stopping cough, calming wheezing, etc.
Clinical Applications of Ascending, Descending, Floating and Sinking
The clinical applications of ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking actions are as follows:
· Herbs are selected corresponding to disease locations. For diseases located in the upper or
exterior parts of the body, it is appropriate to use ascending and ■oating herbs; e.g., for treatment of
bloodshot, swollen and painful eyes, herbs such as bò he (Herba Menthae), chán tuì (Periostracum
Cicadae) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) are often used; for wind-cold exterior syndrome, herbs
such as jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), zĭ sū (Folium Perillae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae)
are often used. For diseases located in the lower or interior part of the body, it is appropriate to use
descending and sinking herbs; e.g., for beriberi with swelling and pain, herbs such as huáng băi
(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae) are often used; for constipation due to heat accumulation, herbs such as dà huáng (Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei), máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) are often used.
· Herbs are selected to act against disease tendencies. Generally, for diseases of prolapse,
ascending and floating herbs with actions of raising yang should be chosen or combined. For
example, in cases of anal prolapse with chronic diarrhea, herbs such as shēng má (Rhizoma
Cimicifugae) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) are combined with herbs for tonifying the middle and
invigorating qi. For diseases of upward liver yang hyperactivity, descending and sinking herbs
such as xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), cí shí (Magnetitum) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) are often selected. For incessant sweating with de■ciency, descending and sinking herbs
with the action of arresting sweating should be combined with tonics, such as má huáng gēn (Radix
et Rhizoma ■phedrae) and calcined lóng gŭ (Os Draconis). For measles with obstruction of lung qi,
ascending and ■oating herbs with the actions of dispersing the lung qi and promoting eruption should
be combined with herbs of clearing heat and toxin, such as má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and fú píng
(Herba Spirodelae).
In■uential Factors of Ascending, Descending, Floating and Sinking
In■uential factors of ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking are as follows:
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· Processing: for example, unprocessed má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) is good at inducing

sweating and releasing the exterior, while the honey-fried herb is better at calming wheezing. Wine-
processing always adds to ascending and dispersing actions of an herb; e.g., dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) when wine-processed can act on the head and
face, and therefore have a strengthened effect on clearing heat in the upper part of the body.
· Combination: for example, huáng qí (Radix Astragali), which is sweet and warm, with actions
of replenishing qi and raising yang, consolidating the exterior and promoting water flow, can lift
middle qi when combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and shēng
má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), which have ascending and ■oating actions; but can promote urination to
relieve edema when combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fáng jĭ (Radix
Stephaniae Tetrandrae), which have descending and sinking actions.
Section 4 Channel Entering

Channel entering refers to the selective therapeutic effects of an herb on a certain part of the
body. Herbs exert obvious or speci■c therapeutic actions on certain channels or organs, but have little
effects on the others. The concept of channel entering provides direction for application of herbs in
the treatment of channel- and organ-related diseases.
Theoretical Basis
1. Theory of zang-fu organs

The theory of zang-fu organs discusses the physiological functions and pathological changes
of the zang-fu organs as well as their relationships with each other. For example, physiological
dysfunction of the heart may lead to symptoms such as insomnia, profuse dreaming, restlessness,
mania, dementia, forgetfulness and loss of consciousness, and these symptoms could be relieved
or eliminated by herbs such as suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) for nourishing the heart and
calming the mind, yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) for tranquilizing the heart and calming the mind, zhū
shā (Cinnabaris) for suppressing fright and calming the mind and shè xiāng (Moschus) for opening
the ori■ces and resuscitating the mind. These herbs all enter the heart channel.
2. Theory of channels and collaterals
The theory of channels and collaterals states that, apart from the zang-fu organs, there are
many channels and collaterals inside the human body, of which the twelve main channels and eight
extraordinary channels are the major ones. ■ach of the channels and collaterals correlates with the
internal zang-fu organs, establishing communication between the upper and lower parts of the body
as well as between the internal and external areas of the body to make for an organic whole. The
pathological changes of a certain zang- or fu-organ can be re■ected on the exterior part of body, and
pathological changes of a certain channel or collateral may also lead to corresponding signs and
symptoms. When this happens, herbs are selected to relieve or eliminate these signs and symptoms,
and it is said that such herbs enter that specific channel. For example, the foot taiyang bladder
channel dominates the exterior and is involved with defense of the human body. When external
pathogenic wind, cold or dampness invade the channel, symptoms such as head and nape pain, body
pain, limb and joint aching can be induced; qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), with actions
of dispersing wind-cold-dampness and relieving pain, can be used to treat the above symptoms, and
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thus this herb is considered as entering the bladder channel.
Determination of Channel Entering
1. Properties of herbs
The properties of herbs, such as shape, color, qi and flavor, are taken as important factors in
determining channel entering. The ■ve ■avors are most often referenced in this regard; e.g., acrid
■avor enters the lung, so that chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae)
and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), being acrid, enter the lung channel; sweet flavor enters the
spleen, so that yí táng (Saccharum Granorum), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and dăng
shēn (Radix Codonopsis), being sweet, enter the spleen channel.
2. Therapeutic effects of herbs
Through long-term clinical observation, physicians gradually started to realize that each herb is
capable of treating certain kinds of diseases, and that this information could be applied to correctly
determine the channel entering of the herb. For example, zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) and bái qián (Radix
et Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii) can be used to treat cough due to lung dysfunction, so they are said
to enter the lung channel; fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi)
can treat palpitations and insomnia due to heart dysfunction, so they are said to enter the heart
channel.
■ach herb can enter one or more channels.
Section 5 Toxicity
Toxicity refers to adverse effects on the human body which are caused by herbs. In a broader
sense, toxicity can also refer to the severity of the therapeutic effects of herbs on the human body.
Characteristics of Toxicity
In Chinese materia medica, the notion of toxicity has both a narrow and a broad sense. In its
narrow sense, toxicity refers to the tendency of an herb to cause adverse reactions in the human body.
In a broad sense, it refers to the characteristics of an herb. Nowadays, the narrow sense of toxicity is
the one most often used.
Classi■cation of Herbs According to Toxicity
1. Toxic herbs
Toxic herbs are divided into two categories based on whether or not their toxicity can be easily
neutralized.
(1) Herbs difficult to neutralize toxicity: the toxicity of such herbs cannot be eliminated or
reduced by processing; e.g., minerals such as pí shí (Arsenicum), zhū shā (Cinnabaris), qīng fĕn
(Calomelas) and qiān dān (Minium). In clinical use, the dosage of such herbs should be carefully
controlled to ensure medication safety.
(2) Herbs easy to neutralize toxicity: the toxicity of such herbs can be eliminated or reduced by
processing; e.g., plants such as chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoff ii), fù
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zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), mă qián zĭ (Semen Strychni), bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) and
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae); and animals such as chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), jīn qián bái huā shé
(Bungarus Parvus), wú gōng (Scolopendra) and quán xiē (Scorpio). In clinical use, proper processing
or dosage control of such herbs should be applied to ensure medication safety.
Moreover, herbs can be classi■ed as “extremely toxic”, “toxic” or “slightly toxic” in order to
alert practitioners about their potential for damage to the human body.
2. Non-toxic herbs
Non-toxic herbs are divided into two categories according to whether or not an overdose would
cause a toxic effect on the human body.
(1) Potentially toxic: such herbs will not cause damage to the human body when used in a
normal dosage range or with slight overdose, but may damage the human body if prescribed in a
large or extremely large dosage; e.g., plants such as dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), rén shēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae); animals such as lù róng
(Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), hăi gŏu shèn (Testes et Penis Callorhini) and huáng gŏu shèn (Testis
et Penis Canis); and minerals such as cí shí (Magnetitum), dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) and zào fán
(Melanteritum).
(2) Actually non-toxic: such herbs can be also used as food and will not do harm to the human
body even if consumed in an extremely large amount; e.g., plants such as shān yào (Rhizoma
Dioscoreae), xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis); and animals such as zĭ hé chē
(Placenta Hominis), goat meat and pig skin.
In■uential Factors
The toxicity of herbs is in■uenced by multiple factors:

· Source, medicinal part, habitat, collecting time, storage, processing, dosage form and
pharmaceutical technology
· Combination, administration route, dosage, frequency and action time, and area of external
application during use

· Patient’s constitution, age, sex, ethnicity, skin and mucosa condition
· Whether the natural environment of the herb is contaminated
Main Reasons for Toxic Reactions
The main reasons for toxic reactions are:

1. Confusion of species
The incorrect herb might be used mistakenly; e.g., xiāng jiā pí (Cortex Periplocae) is taken as wŭ
jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) mistakenly in some areas of China, which can lead to toxic effects.
2. Taking toxic herbs by mistake
People believing in “secret formulas” or wrong information recorded in medical documents may
take toxic herbs by mistake.
3. Overdose
For example, overconsumption of rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) or excessive external
application of bān máo (Mylabris) can cause toxic reaction or even death.
4. Improper processing
Some herbs have a reduced toxicity after processing. If processing is carried out improperly, the
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toxicity will not be reduced, leading to toxic effects.

5. Wrong dosage form
Some herbs should be taken in a certain dosage form; if not, toxic effects will result. For example,
pí shí (Arsenicum) cannot be taken in wine or else the toxicity will be increased, causing toxic
reaction or death.
6. Long-term treatment course
Adverse reactions will occur if toxic herbs or herbs containing toxic ingredients are taken for a
long period.
7. Improper combination
Improper combination of herbs in patent medicine or decoction, or integrative application of
both Chinese and Western medicine can cause adverse reactions.
8. Incorrect dispensing of herbs
Some herbs are not administered well and are dispensed wrongly to the patient; e.g., there was
once a case of death when pí shí (Arsenicum) was mistakenly dispensed to a patient.
9. Inaccurate pattern differentiation
There are always adverse reactions reported due to inaccurate pattern differentiation, such as
wrongly prescribing hot and cold herbs, or tonifying and reducing herbs. For example, if a large
dose of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) is used for diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency, it will cause
aggravation of the diarrhea; or if a large dose of dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) is administered
for blood de■ciency with diarrhea, it can lead to incessant diarrhea.
10. Individual constitution
Individuals have different tolerance to herbs and some people are more susceptible to herbs than
others. For example, herbs such as bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) are normally non-toxic to most people, but there were reports
of allergic reactions after they were administered to some patients.
Signi■cance of the Theory of Toxicity in Directing Clinical Practice
1. Correct application of toxic herbs

The dosage of toxic herbs should be strictly controlled, regardless of administration route
internally or externally. They should not be administered in overly large dosage, nor for a long
period.
2. Proper administration to reduce toxicity
(1) Herbs should be combined properly, and contraindications (including integrative application
of Chinese and Western medicine) should be avoided.
(2) The correct administration route, which could strengthen therapeutic effect as well as
reduce toxicity, should be chosen. Herbs with a greater toxicity and stronger action should be used
cautiously, and administered through the digestive tract (i.e., oral, nasal or anal administration),
respiratory tract or externally, rather than intravenously.
(3) Daily administration frequency should be reasonably determined. The total daily dosage of
an herb should be within the daily maximum tolerance of the human body.
(4) Cumulative toxic effects should be avoided. Toxic herbs, compound prescriptions or patent
medicines should not be consumed randomly or over a long term. Toxic herbs should be discontinued
once pathogens are eliminated or the disease recovers, waiting for self-regulation afterwards; or the
dosage of toxic herbs should be reduced, changed for herbs with moderate actions, or switched to
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dietary therapy to strengthen therapeutic effects.

(5) For herbs with severe toxicity used externally, they should not be applied on a large area so
as not to cause over-absorption .
3. Accurate pattern differentiation to ensure reduction in toxicity
To eliminate adverse reactions, the patient’s condition should be differentiated accurately and
comprehensively, such as pattern, constitution, age, sex, ethnicity and skin condition.
4. Allergic patients should be identi■ed for early prevention and treatment
Careful inquiry about a patient’s allergy history will be helpful in preventing allergic reactions,
as some herbs might cause allergy in certain patients.
Review Questions
1. Describe the contents of the theory of herbal properties.
2. What is the de■nition of four qi? What is the origin of this concept? What effects do the four qi have on the human
body?
3. What is the de■nition of ■ve ■avors? What is the origin of this concept?
4. Describe the actions of sweet and bland ■avors and their clinical signi■cance.
5. Describe the actions of sour and astringent ■avors and their clinical signi■cance.
6. Describe the actions of bitter and salty ■avors and their clinical signi■cance.
7. Describe the actions of acrid and aromatic ■avors and their clinical signi■cance.
8. What is the de■nition of ascending, descending, ■oating and sinking? What is the origin of these concepts?
9. Describe the de■nition, theoretical basis and determination of channel entering. Give examples.
10. Do the same reasons apply to explain channel entering when several herbs enter the same channel? Why? Give
examples.
11. Describe the de■nition of toxicity.
12. Describe the in■uential factors of toxicity.
13. Describe the factors inducing toxic effects.
14. Why should four qi, five flavors, ascending, descending, floating and sinking of the herbs be considered in
determination of channel entering?
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17
CHAPTER 2
Application of Chinese Herbal Medicine
Application of Chinese herbal medicine includes the topics of combination theories and
techniques, cautions and contraindications of herbs, dosage and usage. Knowledge of these topics is
necessary for practitioners in order to improve the clinical safety of application and effectiveness of
Chinese medicine.
Section 1 Combination
One herb used in combination with another herb or other herbs is a common modality in Chinese
herbal medicine, the possible purposes of which are mutual complementation in actions between two
herbs, restriction of unwanted properties and side-effects of one of the herbs, and accommodation
of complicated body situations. How and why the herbs are chosen for the combination is known as
combination theory.
Seven Relations of Compatibility (Qī Qíng, 七情)
“Seven relations of compatibility”, also known as qī qíng (“seven application patterns”) in

Chinese medicine, refers to the seven basic application modalities used in the clinic. The property
and eff icacy of an herb is modi■ed through such combination relationships.
1. Acting singly
One single herb only is applied in the prescription. For example, rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng) can be used alone for strengthening qi and avoiding collapse, as is seen in Dú Shēn Tāng
(Ginseng Decoction).
2. Mutual reinforcement (xiāng xū, 相须)
Two herbs similar in properties and actions are applied together as a combination in the
prescription, in order to mutually increase their therapeutic effects. For example, shí gāo (Gypsum
Fibrosum) is often used together with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) in combination to increase
their effect in purging ■re.
3. Assistance (xiāng shĭ, 相使)
Two herbs partly similar in properties and actions are applied together, one of the herbs serving
as the major one for the target, and the other one acting as an assistant to improve the effects of the
major herb. For example, huáng qí (Radix Astragali) is good at both tonifying qi and draining water
while fú líng (Poria) is excellent in draining water and fortifying the spleen, so when fú líng is used
in combination with huáng qí, it will improve the effects of huáng qí.
4. Restraint (xiāng wèi, 相畏)
Two herbs are used in a combination so that the toxicity or adverse reactions of one herb are
restrained or reduced by the other. For example, raw bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) is toxic, but the
toxicity is restrained by shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) if used together.
5. Suppression (xiāng shā, 相杀)
Two herbs are used in a combination so that one restrains or reduces the other in toxicity or
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adverse reactions. For example, raw bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) is toxic, but shēng jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Recens) restrains the toxicity of bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) if used together.
6. Inhibition (xiāng wù, 相恶)
If used in combination, the therapeutic effects of one herb could be reduced or counteracted by
another, such that their combined use is not encouraged. For example, lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) can
reduce the qi tonifying effect of rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), so it is said that rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng) is averse to lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani).
7. Antagonism (xiāng făn, 相反)
If two herbs are used together and one increases the toxicity of the other, they are in an
incompatible relationship and are not allowed to be used in combination. For example, chuān wū
(Radix Aconiti) is incompatible with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae) is incompatible with gān suì (Radix Kansui).
These seven relationships of compatibility have the following effects on use of medicinal herbs.
The single pattern, which neither increases the effect of treatment nor decreases the toxicity, can be
used anytime. The mutual reinforcement and assistance combinations, which positively improve the
effect of treatment, should be encouraged. The restraint and suppression combinations, which reduce
toxicity, should be encouraged when any toxic or harsh herbs are used. The inhibition combination,
which decreases the effect of treatment, should be avoided, and the antagonism combination, which
increases toxicity, should of course be prohibited in application.
Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy
“Chief, deputy, assistant and envoy” demonstrates the possible relationships among the herbs
and also characterizes the position of each herb in a formula. It is an important way to help a new
learner analyze a formula and understand how excellent prescriptions are formulated.
1. Chief herb
Also known as the “king herb”, it is the most important herb and plays the major role in the
formula. By considering the actions of this herb the treatment strategy of the whole formula can be
understood.
2. Deputy herb
Also known as the “minister herb”, it may serve in two ways in the formula—it may either act as
a deputy medicinal to improve the effects of the chief medicinal on the targeted pattern or disease, or
it is used for controlling the secondary patterns or symptoms of the patient.
3. Assistant herb
It (or they) may serve in three ways in the formula. First, it may serve as an assistant for
improving the positive effects of the chief and deputy herb, or used for the treatment of the secondary
patterns; secondly, it may be used to control the toxicity, side effects or harsh properties of the
chief or deputy herbs; and thirdly, it has opposite properties to the chief herb but could also bene■t
treatment and therefore is chosen carefully according to pathological condition.
4. Envoy herb
It (or they) may serve in two ways in the formula. First, it may serve as a guide to direct other
herbs in the formula to work effectively on the target; and secondly, it may serve as a coordinator to
make the formula achieve a better effect.
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Chapter 2 Application of Chinese Herbal Medicine 19
Section 2 Incompatibility
When herbs are used, some important issues involving incompatibility should be considered
very carefully, such as incompatibility between differentiation patterns and herbs, prohibited
combinations, cautions and contraindicated herbs for pregnancy, and incompatibility between
patterns and foods.
Incompatibility between Patterns and Herbs
Some herbs or categories of herbs that may not be compatible with some patterns or problems
according to the theories of Chinese Materia Medica should not be used for those problems.
If the nature and property of the herb are not compatible with the pattern manifested by the body,
the herb should not be used since it may worsen the problem.
Contraindications for some categories of herbs are as follows. Herbs that may induce perspiration
are prohibited for patients with spontaneous sweating in de■ciency pattern, since these herbs may
worsen the sweating and consume yin and body ■uid. Herbs that are cold in nature are prohibited
for patients with yang de■ciency and interior cold, since they may weaken yang and worsen the cold
pattern. Herbs that are bitter and warm in nature are prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and
interior heat, since their bitter nature may cause the side effect of dryness and damage yin. Herbs that
are bitter and cold in nature or with a purging effect are not encouraged for patients with diarrhea in
de■ciency-cold pattern, since they may damage the spleen and stomach. Herbs that are bland and
good at draining dampness and promoting diuresis are not encouraged for patients with yin-fluid
de■ciency, since the draining action may consume body ■uids. Herbs that are warm or hot in nature
are prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and excessive interior ■re, since they may increase the
heat and damage yin. Herbs with the effect of breaking up blood stasis are prohibited for women with
profuse menstruation, since they may cause more serious bleeding. Aromatic herbs are prohibited for
patients with exhaustion or syncope in order to avoid worsening the patient’s condition. Tonifying
herbs are not encouraged for patients in excess pattern yet without qi deficiency, since they may
promote excessive pathogenic qi. Herbs with effects of securing the exterior and checking sweating
are prohibited for patients with exterior syndrome, since treatment for exterior syndrome normally
involves promoting diaphoresis. Finally, herbs for astringing to arrest diarrhea are not allowed for
patients with diarrhea in damp heat pattern.
Contraindications for some individual herbs are as follows. Má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) is
contraindicated for patients with spontaneous sweating in de■ciency pattern, since it is so strong
in inducing perspiration; it also should not be used for patients with asthma in de■ciency pattern,
hypertension or insomnia. Gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) should not be used for
patients with excessive dampness or edema. Shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) should not be
used for patients with measles eruption or yin de■ciency resulting in vigorous ■re pattern. Huáng
yào zĭ (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae) should not be used for patients with pathological liver
impairment. Mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae) should not be used for patients with nephrosis.
Finally, a large dose of mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) should not be used for women during
lactation.
The above examples are given as introductory material; in the beginning of each chapter and
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under the “Cautions and Contraindications” of each herb you will receive more detailed information.
Prohibited Combinations
Some herbs should normally not be used together with certain others, and the details are
summarized in the “eighteen antagonisms” and the “nineteen mutual inhibitions”.
1. Eighteen antagonisms
The “eighteen antagonisms” include three groups of incompatible herbs:
(1) Gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is incompatible with gān suì (Radix Kansui), jīng
dà jĭ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis), hăi zăo (Sargassum) and yuán huā (Flos Genkwa).
(2) Wū tóu [chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii) and fù zĭ
(Radix Aconiti Lateralis)] are incompatible with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), guā lóu (Fructus
Trichosanthis) [guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis), guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis), tiān huā
fěn (Radix Trichosanthis)], bèi mŭ [chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus
Fritillariae Thunbergii)], bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae).
(3) Lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri) is incompatible with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae),
xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma
Asari), sháo yào [bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra)].
2. Nineteen mutual inhibitions
The “nineteen mutual inhibitions”, which involve nineteen herbs, include nine pairs of herbs
that are inhibiting each other. They are: liú huáng (Sulphur) antagonizes máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas);
shuĭ yín (Hydrargyrum) antagonizes pī shuāng (Arsenic Trioxide); láng dú (Radix ■uphorbiae
Fischerianae) antagonizes mì tuó sēng (Lithargyrum); bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) antagonizes qiān niú
zĭ (Fructus Crotonis); dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) antagonizes yù jīn (Radix Curcumae); chuān wū
(Radix Aconiti) and căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i) antagonize xī jiăo (Cornu Rhinocerotis);
yá xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) antagonizes sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii); guān guì (Cortex Cinnamomi)
antagonizes chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum); and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng)
antagonizes wŭ líng zhī (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng).
3. Understanding the “eighteen antagonisms” and “nineteen mutual inhibitions”
(1) The eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions summarize empirical knowledge
passed down through generations. Awareness of these is very important for safety in the clinical
application of Chinese herbal medicine.
(2) Most of the ancient Chinese physicians respected the knowledge of the eighteen antagonisms
and nineteen mutual inhibitions, though some had suspicions about their validity. At present,
most practitioners believe that the eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions are not
completely contraindicated.
(3) Literature-based research is not enough to prove the validity of the eighteen antagonisms and
nineteen mutual inhibitions, and clinical and experimental research is truly necessary.
(4) In recent years, many experimental research projects on the eighteen antagonisms and
nineteen mutual inhibitions have been carried out, and some tentative conclusions have been drawn,
but in general it is still too early to say yes or no.
(5) Before definite results are arrived at, combined use of the contraindicating pairs of herbs
involved in the eighteen antagonisms and nineteen mutual inhibitions should remain taboo for new
learners.
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Cautions and Contraindicated Herbs for Pregnancy
Some herbs that may negatively affect the fetus or possibly cause miscarriage should be
prohibited during pregnancy, or be used very carefully under medical supervision.
Any herbs that are harmful either to the mother or to the fetus belong to the forbidden list for
pregnancy. Depending on the level of toxicity and drastic properties, they are classified into two
groups—prohibited herbs and herbs to be used with caution.
The prohibited herbs normally are those with strong toxicity or drastic properties, such as zhū
shā (Cinnabaris), shuĭ yín (Hydrargyrum), pī shuāng (Arsenic Trioxide), xióng huáng (Realgar), qīng
fĕn (Calomelas), bān máo (Mylabris), mă qián zĭ (Semen Strychni), chán sū (Venenum Bufonis),
chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii), lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri
Nigri), dăn fán (Chalcanthitum), guā dì (Pedicellus Melo), bā dòu (Semen Crotonis), gān suì (Radix
Kansui), jīng dà jĭ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis), qiān jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae), yuán huā (Flos
Genkwa), qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis), shāng lù (Radix Phytolaccae), shè xiāng (Moschus), gān
qī (Resina Toxicodendri), shuĭ zhì (Hirudo), méng chóng (Tabanus), sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii)
and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae).
The herbs to be used with caution include those with actions of invigorating blood, dissolving
blood stasis, breaking up qi, moving stagnation or purging, as well as acrid hot herbs or those which
may cause descending effects, such as niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami), táo rén (Semen Persicae), jiāng huáng (Rhizoma Curcumae
Longae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei), máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas), fān xiè yè (Natrii Sulfas), lú huì (Aloe), fù zĭ (Radix
Aconiti Lateralis), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and dōng kuí zĭ (Semen Malvae).
Understanding the contraindicated herbs for pregnancy
The above list of supposedly dangerous herbs for pregnancy is mostly derived from the clinical
experience of generations of Chinese physicians. It should be respected and such herbs should be
used with care. It is especially important not to use the herbs from the prohibited list, either topically
or internally. For those herbs which are unavoidable but on the list, several issues should be dealt
with before use, such as the pattern differentiation, dose to be applied, the duration of treatment, the
method of processing and the way of combination.
Incompatibility between Patterns and Foods
During treatment, some foods are not allowed to be eaten together with herbs.
Generally, raw, cold, spicy, greasy or sticky foods, foods with hot property and seafood should be
avoided during treatment because they may affect digestion, may cause stomach sickness, increased
heat and even worsening of problems. For example, raw and cold foods are incompatible with cold
pattern; spicy and greasy foods, and foods with hot property are incompatible with heat pattern; oily
foods, fat, animal offal and alcohol are incompatible with chest bì; pepper, hot pepper, garlic and
alcohol are incompatible with ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang; oily or fried foods, sticky, cold
and other dif■cult-to-digest foods are incompatible with spleen and stomach de■ciency; seafood and
spicy foods are incompatible with sores, ulcers and dermatopathy; and oily foods are incompatible
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with exterior pattern.
Section 3 Dosage
Dosage in Chinese medicine generally means the daily amount of each herb for adult oral
administration. Sometimes it also refers to the relative amount of an herb in a formula.
Conversion of Dosage Units
The measuring unit for Chinese herbs changed from dynasty to dynasty. During the Ming and
Qing Dynasties, the hexadecimal system (a system of counting based on the number 16) was used.
In this system 1 jin = 16 liang = 160 qian. At present, the decimal system (a system of counting
based on the number 10) is generally used, where 1 kg = 1000 g. For convenient conversion from the
old measuring units to the contemporary ones, some approximate values are recommended for use,
which are 1 liang = 30 g, 1 qian = 3 g, 1 fen = 0.3 g and 1 li = 0.03 g.
■xcept for drastic, toxic, or extracted herbs, the commonly-used dosage of a dry single herb for
oral administration in one day for an adult is from 3 g to 9 g. Some herbs can have a dosage as high
as 15 g to 30 g.
Factors for Determination of Herbal Dosage
1. Nature and property

(1) Quality
The higher the quality of an herb, the smaller the dosage required to produce the same effect.
(2) Texture
Flowers, leaves and other substances which are relatively loose in texture should be used in
smaller doses. Stones, shells or other substances which are solid but have a lot of impurities should
be used in larger doses. Dried herbs require relatively smaller doses than fresh herbs.
(3) Taste and smell
Generally herbs which are light in taste and smell and with milder effects should be used in
larger doses, while herbs which are strong in taste and smell and with more drastic effects should be
used in smaller doses.
(4) Toxicity
The dosage for a toxic herb should be strictly limited to ensure safe use, while for a non-toxic
herb the dosage can be more ■exible.
2. Mode of application
(1) Combination and position in the formula
If an herb is applied as a single herb, the dosage should be relatively larger than if it is applied in
a combination. If an herb has the position of chief in a formula, the dosage should be relatively larger
than if it only serves as an assistant.
(2) Pharmaceutical form
If an herb is used in decoction, the dosage should be larger than if it is taken in pill or powder form.
(3) Medical purpose
Herbs applied in different dosage may show different clinical effects, so the dosage sometimes
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varies according to the different medical purposes. For example, 6 g to 15 g of bīng láng is for
moving intestinal qi and transforming accumulation, while 60 g to 120 g is more effective for killing
and expelling intestinal tapeworms.
3. General condition of the patient
(1) Constitution
For purposes of purging or dispelling pathogens, a larger dose is normally applied in the case
of a strong patient, while a smaller dose is more appropriate for a weaker patient. For nourishing
purposes, a larger dose is normally given to a patient with good digestion, while a smaller dose is
given to a patient with a sensitive stomach.
(2) Age
A smaller dose should be given to children and elderly patients, because they are vulnerable to
the effects of all medications including herbs; a larger dose could be given to young people, because
they are strong enough to tolerate the effects of the herbs. For children under five years old, the
dose is normally one-fourth of that of an adult, while for children above ■ve years old, the dose is
normally half of that of an adult.
(3) Gender
Generally there is no difference of dosage for men and women, but a decreased dose is applied
during menstruation and pregnancy, particularly when herbs are used for blood invigoration.
(4) Course of disease
The dosage for new cases should be slightly larger than that for chronic ones, because the longer
the pathogenic qi occupies the body the more the anti-pathogenic qi is damaged.
(5) State of disease
A larger dose is normally used for acute and severe cases, and a smaller dose for more chronic
cases.
(6) Lifestyle and occupation
Determination of dosage sometimes also depends on a person’s lifestyle and occupation. For
example, if an herb that is acrid and hot in property is given to a patient who usually has an aversion
to spicy food or one who works in a high-temperature environment, its dosage should be smaller than
that given to a patient who has no problem with spicy food or who works in a normal-temperature
environment.
4. Local natural environment
Local natural factors, such as the seasonal temperature and the environmental humidity, should
also be taken into consideration when determining the dosage of an herb.
Relationship between Dose and Ef■cacy
The dose of an herb affects the therapeutic ef■cacy in the following three ways:
1. Dose increase followed by ef■cacy increase
In general, the effects of an herb get stronger when its dose is increased. For example, rén shēn
in a large dose normally shows an effect of powerfully tonifying primordial qi and is applied for
qi-collapse syndrome, while in a smaller dose it is usually applied for nourishing general qi of the
spleen and the lung; dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) in a large dose normally shows an effect of
purging the large intestines to treat heat constipation, while in a smaller dose it works like a laxative
for curing milder constipation cases; huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) in a large dose normally shows
an effect of clearing toxic damp heat while in a smaller dose (particularly below 3 g) it clears heat,
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dries dampness and improves appetite.

2. Actions vary with the dose
The actions of some commonly-used herbs vary with the change in dosage. For example, raw
bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) in its usual dose is applied for invigorating spleen
qi, drying dampness and promoting the water metabolism to cure diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi
de■ciency, while in a large dose it can strengthen spleen qi and mildly improve bowel movements to
treat constipation with qi de■ciency.
3. Overdose equals toxicity
The dose of an herb determines the toxicity of the herb. If a dose is applied beyond the maximum
tolerance of the body, a normally non-toxic herb becomes toxic to the body. For example, kŭ xìng rén
(Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) is slightly toxic, since its amygdalin can be hydrolyzed by
emulsion to release hydrocyanic acid which is very toxic. Theoretically 1 g of kŭ xìng rén (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) produces 2.5 mg of hydrocyanic acid. When hydrocyanic acid is used
in a very small dose, it can mildly inhibit the respiratory center and have the therapeutic effects of
relieving cough and dyspnea, while if used up to 0.05 g per time, it presents lethal toxicity to human
beings. 0.05 g of hydrocyanic acid equals 20 g (about 50 to 60 pieces) of kŭ xìng rén (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae), which is considered the maximum tolerated dose. This leads to the
conclusion that 10-20 g of kŭ xìng rén (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) per administration
should be non-toxic, but over 20 g toxic.
Section 4 Preparation and Administration

Route of Administration
The route of administration greatly in■uences herbal effectiveness, since different body tissues
vary as to absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion and the sensitivity to medications.
The same formula shows different eff icacy if the route of administration is different, to the extent
that sometimes even a special route of administration is needed to achieve a speci■c effect.
Traditionally the two major routes of administration are oral and skin application, but other
routes are sometimes also utilized, such as inhalation through the respiratory passage, absorbing
through a mucous membrane (including sublingual absorption), rectal application, breast feeding
and so forth. Since the 1930’s, administration through injection has also been applied, including
subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and arterial injection, injection at points and intra-amniotic
injection.
Generally, the route of administration is determined by the nature of the disease and the form of
the medication.
Medicinal Forms
All herbs need to be prepared into a form suitable for use in the clinic. Traditional forms for
oral administration mainly include decoction, pills, powder, liquor preparation, densely extracted
preparation and distillate; for skin and mucous membrane administration, forms include ointment,
plasters, powder, pellets, liniment, lotions and vapors; for rectal administration, suppositories,
medicated tampons and lozenges are applied. Besides these, injections, capsules, granules, aerosols,
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medicated ■lm, and effervescent preparations are also used nowadays.
Decoction
Decoction is the most commonly used form in China. The medical effect of a decoction depends
on the right decocting method.
1. Cooking utensils
Pottery utensils are preferred for their good qualities like chemical stability, non-interaction
between the utensil and the herbs, even conduction of heat and temperature maintenance. High-
temperature resistance vessels made of glass can also be used. Metal pots made from iron, copper
and aluminum are prohibited, however, because the metal may react with the herbal ingredients to
decrease their effect or even to produce toxicity.
2. Water for decoction
Water is the most commonly used solvent for herbal decoctions. Any drinking water can be used
as long as it is not contaminated or repeatedly boiled.
3. Amount of water
Theoretically the total required amount of water should include the water absorbed by the dry
herbal slices, the water evaporated during the decocting and the decocted liquid left when the process
is ■nished. It is dif■cult to calculate how much water is needed, but at least the herbal texture, the
absorbency of the herbs and the duration of cooking should be taken into consideration. In general,
the water level required is about 2 cm higher than the pressed herbs. For herbs that are harder and
more solid in texture, or which need a longer cooking time, the quantity of water required should be
relatively more than usual. On the other hand, for herbs that are loose in texture or herbs containing
volatile oils which evaporate easily, the cooking time is normally shorter than usual and therefore the
required quantity of water should be relatively less.
4. Soaking before decoction
Before decoction, soaking in water is necessary for better extraction of the effective ingredients
and for shortening the duration of the decoction in order to avoid damaging some of the active
ingredients during an overly long decoction. Most herbs only require 20-40 minutes of soaking at
room temperature, but one hour of soaking may be necessary for seed- and fruit-based formulas.
Soaking time can be a little longer in winter but shorter in summer to avoid rotting of the herbal
ingredients.
5. Temperature and duration
Appropriate temperature and cooking duration will facilitate the extraction of active compounds
from the herbs. Generally, the decoction is brought to a boil at high temperature, and then cooked
at a stabilized low temperature while keeping the water at a boil. For herbs which are aromatic or
dispersing in action, 10-15 minutes cooking is enough after a quick boiling; for minerals, bones,
horns or shells, and for tonifying herbs, a longer cooking time over a low temperature is necessary in
order to more completely extract the active compounds.
6. Repetition of cooking
In general, one pack of herbs requires two repetitions of decoction. During decoction of herbs
in water, the active compounds will be extracted from inside the herbs into the water. When the
concentration of active compounds in the water equals the concentration inside the herbs, the
extraction process will slow down or cease, so that another decoction with fresh water is needed in
order to extract more of the active compounds from the herbs.
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7. Filter after decoction

After every decoction, the herbal liquid should be filtered out immediately by pressing the
herbs. Otherwise, some of the herbal liquid may be reabsorbed by the herbs as the water temperature
declines.
8. Controlling the decoction amount
Decoctions can be true solutions, colloidal solutions or suspensions. The quantity of active
compounds contained in a decoction varies directly with the amount of the decoction, which means
that the larger the amount of decoction got from cooking, the more the active compounds that have
been extracted. But too large an amount of decoction is unacceptable to patients even though more
extracts are contained inside. On the other hand, a smaller amount of decoction may be welcome, but
it also means less extracts to be taken. In general, 250-300 ml. per time is considered necessary for
adults, with a correspondingly lesser amount for children. In addition, it is recommended to mix the
results of each of the two decoction repetitions together before oral administration in order to ensure
uniform concentration of active compounds.
9. Herbs requiring special treatment in decoctions
Most herbs can be decocted together in the same way, but some herbs need to be treated
differently because of their special nature, actions or some speci■c clinical purposes. The details are
listed below:
(1) Decocted ■rst
Some medicinal substances require 10-15 minutes longer cooking before adding other herbs.
There are several possible reasons for this longer cooking time. For example, minerals and shells
such as cí shí (Magnetitum) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) should be decocted ■rst for better extraction
of their active ingredients. Some toxic herbs, such as fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis) and chuān wū
(Radix Aconiti), need to be cooked longer to decrease their toxicity. In addition, if dà huáng (Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei) is cooked longer, its purging effect will be decreased.
(2) Decocted later
Some herbs need to be decocted for a shorter time than usual, so they are added to the decoction
later than the other herbs in the same formula. For example, bò he (Herba Menthae) and bái dòu kòu
(Fructus Amomi Kravanh) are herbs that contain volatile components which can be easily damaged
during decocting, so they should be added into the decoction when it is nearly done. Also, decocting
can decrease the purging effect of dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and fān xiè yè (Folium
Sennae), so they should be decocted later or just brewed in boiling water to maintain the original
effect.
(3) Wrap-boiling
Some medicinal substances, such as pollen like pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), extremely small seeds
like tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii) and ■ne powder like huá shí fĕn (Pulvis Talci) all
need to be wrapped in gauze or a cloth sack during decoction because they easily ■oat to the top of
the water, which makes the decocting dif■cult. In addition, some herbs, such as xuán fù huā (Flos
Inulae), have hairs or cilia which are dif■cult to ■lter out from the decoction. These can irritate the
throat to cause coughing and vomiting, so such herbs should be wrapped for decoction.
(4) Decocted separately
Some valuable herbs such as rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and xī yáng shēn (Radix
Panacis Quinquefolii) are recommended to be decocted separately to avoid their active compounds
being absorbed by other herbs. In addition, clinical demands can determine whether certain herbs
should be decocted separately or not.
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(5) Melted
Gels, such as ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), guī băn jiāo (Colla Testudinis Plastri), biē jiă jiāo (Colla
Carapacis Trionycis) and lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi), can easily stick to the pot or to other
herbs, causing undesirable burning. Therefore these substances need to be melted with warm water
or warm decoction before oral administration.
(6) Infused
Some medicinal substances do not need to be decocted, but need to be infused in water or mixed
with water before oral administration. For example, máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas), a powder; zhú lì
(Succus Bambusae), a sap; and fēng mì (Mel), honey, all dissolve in water quickly, so they can be
infused in water or decoction for oral administration; the powders of líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae
Tataricae) and hŭ pò (Succinum) are indissoluble, while niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) cannot tolerate
high temperatures, so these powders are usually taken directly with water or decoction instead of
being decocted.
(7) Decocted with decoction
A few substances such as zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) need to be decocted separately for about
15 minutes, and then the other herbs decocted with the water from the ■rst decoction used as solvent.
Administration
Oral administration is most common for Chinese medicine. ■ffects are not only related to the
medicinal form, but also to the time and frequency of administration and the temperature of the
decoction.
1. Time of administration
The time of administration is closely related to body digestion, development of the disease and
the nature of the herbs.
(1) Taken on an empty stomach
Some herbs need to be taken in the early morning when the stomach and duodenum are normally
empty. By then, there is no food inside and the herbs can quickly move down to the intestines and
work there in the best way. For example, purgatives and parasiticides in Chinese medicine should be
taken on an empty stomach.
(2) Taken before meals
Herbs taken before meals will be absorbed better by the small intestine. Most herbs—especially
tonics—are generally taken before meals.
(3) Taken after meals
If herbs are taken after meals, the food inside the stomach may moderate irritation from the
herbs. Herbs for improving digestion or herbs that may irritate the stomach and intestines should thus
be taken after meals.
(4) Taken at bedtime
Herbs taken at bedtime seek to match the circadian rhythm of the body to obtain maximum
medicinal effect. For example, herbs for sleeping should be taken 30 minutes to 1 hour before going
to bed, herbs for inhibiting nocturnal emission should be taken before sleeping and laxatives are
generally taken at bedtime to achieve better defecation next morning.
(5) Taken at a speci■c time
Some illnesses are subject to regular relapse, so the herbs have to be taken regularly at speci■c
times. For example, herbs for malaria are normally taken 2 hours before an expected attack.
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(6) Taken anytime

In an emergency, herbs can be taken at any time.
2. Administrative frequency
Generally herbs are administered twice or three times a day. But for emergencies, one dose can
be taken every 4 hours throughout the day to keep up a continuous treatment. For more chronic
cases, one dose can be taken every other day or can be taken freely like tea drinks. Herbs which
cause drastic perspiration or purgation should be taken regularly but stopped immediately when the
target symptom is gone to avoid damaging healthy qi though over-treatment. Herbs for vomiting
should be taken slowly and frequently in small doses to avoid irritation.
3. Temperature of the decoction
Generally, decoctions should be taken warm, but there are some exceptions. For example, herbs
which are hot in nature prescribed for cold syndromes are normally taken warm. Herbs that are acrid
and warm in properties and used for excessive wind-cold exterior syndromes should be taken hot,
and the patient should be covered warmly as well to achieve better perspiration. Herbs which are
cold in nature and particularly used for heat in the stomach and intestines should be taken cool. If the
heat is mainly in other organs or the patient dislikes ingesting cold liquids, then the herbs could also
be taken warm.
Pills or powders and such solid medicinals should generally be taken with warm boiled water.
Review Questions
1. What does “combination” mean? What are the “seven relations of compatibility”? Illustrate the “seven relations of
compatibility” with examples.
2. Summarize the “seven relations of compatibility” from the point of view of efficacy. How do you use the
knowledge of the “seven relations of compatibility” in the clinic?
3. What is incompatibility? Give the patterns of incompatibility.
4. ■xplain “incompatibility between patterns and herbs” with examples.
5. ■xplain “incompatibility between patterns and foods” with examples.
6. G ive the concepts and contents of “prohibited combination” and “cautions and contraindicated herbs for
pregnancy”. How do you understand them?
7. Give examples to illustrate how one determines the dose of herbs according to their nature.
8. Give examples to illustrate how administration methods affect the dose of herbs.
9. How to determine the dose of an herb according to the patient’s status？Give some examples.
10. Give examples to illustrate how climate and environmental factors affect the dosage amount.
11. Give some examples to show how the dose in■uences the effects of an herb.
12. Why should pottery utensils be used for decoction? Why are metal pots prohibited?
13. How to decide the amount of water for decoction? Give some examples.
14. Why do herbs need to be soaked before decoction?
15. How do you control the temperature and duration of a decoction? Give some examples.
16. How many times is the decoction process usually repeated for one pack of herbs? What should one do when the
decocting is done? Why?
17. ■xplain with examples why some herbs need to be decocted ■rst, decocted later, decocted wrapped, decocted
separately, melted, infused and decocted with decoction.
18. ■xplain the administration methods of herbs with examples.
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29
CHAPTER 3
Chinese Medicinal Processing
Most Chinese medicinal substances originate from plants, animals or minerals; before use
they need to be processed simply according to the theories of Chinese medicine for more effective
decoction or in preparation for further pharmaceutical manufacturing. Primary processing methods
include cleaning, cutting, grinding, baking and so on.
Originally the Chinese term for “processing” (炮制) meant baking, burning, toasting or sun
drying using heat or ■re, but now it involves more complicated processing techniques.
Some medicinal substances are harsh, overly potent or toxic. In such cases processing is able to
reduce the unwanted effects and increase the safety of Chinese herbal medicine.
Section 1 Purposes of Processing

The purposes of processing include:
1. To improve the effect of herbs
Most processing methods aim at improving the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicinal
substances by increasing extraction of their active components. For example, if the herb is sliced,
the area exposed to the solvent is increased, facilitating the extraction of the active components.
The effects of some other herbs can be improved by processing with a special assisting material.
For example, honey-frying can increase the effects of băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and zĭ wăn (Radix et
Rhizoma Asteris) in moistening the lung and relieving cough, wine-frying can increase the effect of
chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) in warmly activating
blood, vinegar-frying can increase the effect of yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and xiāng fù
(Rhizoma Cyperi) in relieving pain, ginger juice-frying can increase the effect of bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) in inhibiting vomiting, while sheep fat-frying can
improve the effects of yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) in tonifying the kidney and invigorating yang.
Some substances simply need to be calcined or fried directly to improve their effects. For example,
míng fán (Alumen) can be calcined into kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and then its effectiveness in
drying dampness and healing ulcers is improved, and dry-fried huái huā (Flos Sophorae) is more
effective in stanching bleeding than is the fresh herb.
2. To reduce the adverse effects of herbs
Adverse effects here include toxicity, side effects and allergic reactions. Through different kinds
of processing, adverse effects can be reduced or eliminated. For example, chuān wū (Radix Aconiti),
fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), tiān
nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and mă qián zĭ (Semen Strychni) are all rather toxic when used raw,
but much milder when the processed herbs are used. For example, bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) and qiān
jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae) are both drastic purgatives with strong toxicity, but the defatted seeds are
much milder both in toxicity and action; also, wine-fried cháng shān is much milder in emetic effect
than its raw counterpart.
3. To change the properties of herbs
The properties of many herbs can be changed by processing and can be adapted to ■t different
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clinical conditions. Some examples are as follows. Dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) when fresh is
cool in nature and effective at cooling blood, but when steamed as shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) it is slightly warm and good at nourishing blood. If fresh ginger, shēng jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Recens), is well-roasted, its dispersing property is reduced but its interior-warming
action is increased. Tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) is usually warm in property, but when
processed with cow bile it takes on the cold property of the bile, and at the same time the actions
of extinguishing wind and relieving spasm are improved. Dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) is
naturally descending and purging in property, but wine-processing allows it to act in the upper body
and to take on a better action of invigorating blood. Raw hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) acts
as a purgative, whereas the processed herb is tonifying for the liver and kidney.
4. To allow for proper storage of herbs
Some medicinal substances, especially plant and animal products, need to be dried to prevent
them from deteriorating and becoming moldy. Sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) additionally needs
to be steamed to kill the ova and prevent incubation during storage.
5. To maintain ef■cacy of herbs
Seed-based medicinal substances, such as zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) and lái fú zĭ (Semen
Raphani), sprout easily during storage; processing with steaming or dry-frying can interrupt this
sprouting to prevent any changes in ef■cacy. Substances rich in glycosides, such as huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) and kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), need to be heated before storage to
destroy their own enzymes and prevent enzymolysis in order to maintain their ef■cacy.
6. To prepare for further processing
Minerals, shells and some seeds, such as zì rán tóng (Pyritum), cí shí (Magnetitum) and zhēn
zhū mŭ (Concha Margaritiferae Usta), need to be crushed, ground or cut for further preparation or
clinical administration. Many plants also need to be cut into segments, slices, pieces or cubes for
clinical decoction or pharmaceutical preparation.
7. To clean the herbs
Herbs should be cleaned before storage or clinical use for accurate weighing and for maintenance
of good quality. The cleaning process includes washing away clods, dirt and sand, and clearing
away the non-medicinal portions of the plant or other foreign substances; for example, cutting off
the residual part of the stem from the plant, separating the cork from the bark, brushing off the hair
from the leaf of the loquat, and removing the head and feet from the body of the cicada for better
medicinal application.
8. To remove unpleasant odors
Some animal and botanical products, such as hăi zăo (Sargassum) and ròu cōng róng (Herba
Cistanches), may have distinctive unpleasant odors, which can be removed by such processes as
rinsing, wine-frying, vinegar-frying or dry-frying.
Section 2 Commonly Used Processing Methods

Preparatory Processing
1. Cleaning
Selecting, sorting, winnowing, sifting, scraping and brushing all can be utilized to remove
impurities and non-medicinal portions of the herb. For example, the stems and leaves of hé huān huā
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Chapter 3 Chinese Medicinal Processing 31
(Flos Albiziae) should be picked off, the hair on the back surface of pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae)
and shí wéi yè (Folium Pyrrosiae) should be scraped off, and the cork of hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae
Of■cinalis) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) should be peeled off.
2. Breaking into pieces
Pounding, grinding, ■aking or ■ling can all be utilized to make some medicinal substances (especially
minerals and shells) smaller or even rendered into fine powder for further pharmaceutical preparation
or clinical administration. For example, mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) are normally
pounded for better extraction in decoction, hŭ pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and zhēn zhū (Margarita)
are ground for convenient oral administration, and líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae) is ■aked into
slices or ■led into powder for pharmaceutical purposes or easy oral administration.
3. Cutting
Cutting applied to plant-origin medicinal substances facilitates drying, storage, weighing,
extraction of active components and further processing of the herbs. There are several different
ways of cutting is accomplished. For example, tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and bīng láng
(Semen Arecae) are generally cut into thin slices, zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) into thick slices, huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and jī xuè téng (Caulis
Spatholobi) into tapering slices, bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae) into round slices, ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae
Officinalis) into round plate-slices, sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae)
into small stick-pieces, bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) into
segments, and fú líng (Poria) and gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) into cubes.
Processing with Water
Water processing refers to processing methods in which water or other liquids are involved.
Water is applied to clean or soften the herbs, or to moderate the properties of herbs. Commonly used
methods include washing, sprinkling, moistening, rinsing, soaking and re■ning with water.
1. Washing
Washing is immersing herbs quickly in water to clean them and prevent the loss of the
ingredients.
2. Sprinkling
Sprinkling is spreading clean water to soften dried solid herbs in order to facilitate cutting.
Generally, sprinkling should be done 2-3 times, but this depends on the texture of the particular herb.
3. Moistening
Moistening is the application of water or other liquids to herbs, facilitating cutting and
preventing the potential loss of ingredients. There are quite a few moistening techniques being used,
such as sprinkling-moistening, washing-moistening, soaking-moistening, open-moistening, sealed-
moistening, covered-moistening, shadow-moistening, wrapped-moistening, and double-moistening.
The texture of the herbs, the surrounding temperature and available utensils normally determine
the moistening technique used. For example, jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) is better moistened by
sprinkling, bīng láng (Semen Arecae) by soaking, dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) by washing
with wine, and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) by soaking with ginger juice. Tiān má (Rhizoma
Gastrodiae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) should be moistened in a sealed container.
4. Rinsing
Rinsing is putting the medicinal substances into frequently-refreshed or recycled water for
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thorough soaking to remove unpleasant odors, salt used as an assisting material or toxic components.
For example, kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae), hăi zăo (Sargassum) and salt-prepared fù zĭ (Radix
Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) should be rinsed to remove the salt before use, and zĭ hé chē (Placenta
Hominis) is rinsed to remove the odor of blood.
5. Re■ning with water
Re■ning with water is repetitiously grinding and ■ltering with water in order to re■ne the powder
of mineral- or shell-source medicinal substances. The resultant very ■ne powder is normally used in
the manufacture of ophthalmologic or skin preparations. For example, zhū shā (Cinnabaris), lú gān
shí (Calamina), xióng huáng (Realgar) and huá shí (Talcum) are often re■ned in this way for speci■c
pharmaceutical purposes.
Processing with Fire
1. Stir-frying
Stir-frying is putting the cleaned and cut herbal materials into a container, placing the container
over ■re and then stir-frying the herbs continuously until the herb color changes. Sometimes assisting
material is needed for better frying.
Stir-frying without assisting material is also termed as “simple dry-frying”. Depending on the
fire temperature and frying duration, herbs can be fried to yellow, to brown and to scorched. If
processed by dry-frying to yellow, the herbal effects are improved, while the properties and side
effects are moderated. For example, by dry-frying, niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) becomes less cold in
property, its original potential side effect of causing diarrhea is moderated and the extraction during
decoction is improved. Dry-fried yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) is more effective in invigorating the spleen
and relieving diarrhea than the unfried herb. If processed by dry-frying to brown, the herbal effects
can also be improved and some of the properties can be moderated. For example, by dry-frying to
brown, the cold-bitter property of zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) is reduced and the effects on digestion
of bīng láng (Semen Arecae) are improved. If processed by dry-frying to scorched—also called
carbonization—the effects of herbs on checking bleeding are improved. For example, if carbonized,
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and wū méi (Fructus Mume) show better effectiveness in stanching
bleeding.
Some herbs need to be fried together with dry and solid materials like sand, earth and mineral
powder to keep temperatures even from the inside to the outside of the herbs. In this way, the
herbs become crispy and easy to crush, the active substances of the herbs are easily extracted in
decoction, the toxicity of the herbs is reduced, the properties of the herbs are moderated and the
effects are improved. Soil, wheat bran, rice, sand, the powder of gecko shell and talcum powder are
commonly used as assisting materials for stir-frying. For example, bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) is stir-fried with soil, zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) with bran, bān máo (Mylabris) with
rice, chuān shān jiă (Mylabris) with sand and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) with talcum powder.
2. Frying with liquids
Frying with liquids means frying herbs together with liquid substances such that some of the
liquid is absorbed by the herbs. In this way the effects of the herbs are improved, the side effects are
reduced and the properties of the herbs are changed. The commonly used liquid substances include
honey, wine, vinegar, ginger juice, saline solution and also, in ancient times, baby urine. If fried
with honey, the qi-nourishing effects of huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae), and the lung-moistening and cough-relieving effects of kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae)
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are improved; if fried with wine, the channel-unblocking effects of chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci)
and the kidney-strengthening effects of niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) are improved; if fried
with vinegar, the liver-soothing and pain-relieving effects of qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
Viride) are improved; and if fried with saline solution, the kidney-nourishing effects of dù zhòng
(Cortex ■ucommiae) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis) are improved as well.
3. Calcining
Calcining is a method of processing by which minerals or shells are heated in a f ire to the point
where they are easily crushed. Calcining can be classi■ed as either open or sealed.
Open calcining is also known as direct calcining. The minerals or shells are placed directly into
the f ire or into a non-sealed container to be heated. Calcining can make the minerals and shells lose
their moisture content so that they can be crushed and decocted easily. For example, such substances
as bái fán (Alumen), dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), zĭ shí yīng (Haematitum) and hăi gé qiào (Concha
Meretricis seu Cyclinae) are often calcined before use. Through calcining, the drying and astringing
effects of some minerals and shells are enhanced. Lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae)
and chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) are often calcined for this purpose.
Sealed calcining actually means carbonizing or heating to a high temperature in a sealed
container without oxygen, which is generally reserved as a processing method for plants. Through
this method, plant-based medicinal substances attain better effectiveness in checking bleeding,
reducing toxicity or modi■cation of properties. Xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus), zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus
Trachycarpi Carbonisatus), dēng xīn căo tàn (Medulla Junci Carbonisatus) and gān qī tàn (Resina
Toxicodendri Carbonisatus) are all carbonized plant products.
4. Roasting
Roasting is a method of processing by which herbs are roasted directly or packed with wet ■our
or wet paper and put into a heating talcum powder or bran for roasting. In ancient times, the herbs
were packed with wet paper or ■our and roasted in a ■ring ash until the paper or ■our burnt up and
the herbs were well done. Through roasting, the harsh properties and side effects of the herbs are
reduced. Hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) and ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) are often processed by this
method to achieve a certain purpose.
5. Baking
Baking is directly or indirectly heating some animal medicinal substances with low temperature
in order to make them thoroughly dry for grinding, better storage or reduced toxicity. Méng chóng
(Tabanus) and wú gōng (Scolopendra) normally need to be baked in this way.
Processing with both Fire and Water
1. Decocting
Decocting means boiling herbs with water or other liquids. Through decocting, harsh properties
or toxicity are reduced. For example, yuán huā (Flos Genkwa) is often decocted with vinegar, and
chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i) are decocted with water to reduce
their toxicity. Decocting can also improve the medicinal effects of some herbs. For example, if huáng
qín (Radix Scutellariae) is decocted with wine, its power to clear lung heat is increased. Moreover,
decocting can also clean impurities. For example, decoction with tofu can facilitate removal of
impurities from pearls.
2. Steaming
Steaming is a method of processing by which herbs are steamed directly or indirectly with
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heated water. Through steaming, the nature, properties and some therapeutic effects of herbs are
transformed. For example, if dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) is steamed with wine, its purging
effect is reduced; if hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multiflori) is processed by repetitious steaming
and drying, it can nourish the liver and kidney and enrich the blood-essence instead of purging the
large intestine. Sometimes steaming serves to maintain the original effect of the herb, or is used
in preparation for storage or further slicing. For example, huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) is often
wine-steamed or water-steamed and sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) is water-steamed for these
purposes.
3. Quenching
Quenching means heating an herb until red hot and then immediately plunging it into cold liquid,
in order to make minerals and shells more brittle and easy to be crushed and decocted. For example,
zì rán tóng (Pyritum), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) should be quenched
by vinegar, and lú gān shí (Calamina) should be quenched by a decoction of huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis).
4. Scalding
Scalding means quickly blanching seeds or juicy plant-origin herbs in boiling water to facilitate
the removal or breaking of the skin for quicker and more thorough drying. For example, xìng rén
(Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) need to have their skin scalded off for
storage and use, and mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae) and tiān mén dōng (Radix Asparagi) are scalded
for easy drying.
Other Processing Methods
1. Pulverization
Pulverization means crushing and defatting seeds, and crystallization refers to crystallizing
minerals. For example, bā dòu (Semen Crotonis) and qiān jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae) can be defatted
to prepare bā dòu shuāng (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum) and qiān jīn zĭ shuāng (Semen ■uphorbiae
Pulveratum), respectively, and xī guā shuāng (Mirabilitum Praeparatum) is partly made from the
crystal of máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas).
2. Fermentation
Fermentation means mixing herbs and assisting materials together and putting the mixture into
an environment with appropriate temperature and moisture for chemical decomposition by mold
and enzymes. Through this process, the original properties of the herb can be partly or completely
changed into a new pharmaceutical form. For example, shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata), dàn
dòu chĭ (Semen Sojae Praeparatum) and bàn xià qū (Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata) are all fermented
products.
3. Sprouting
Sprouting means putting ripe fruit or seeds into an environment with appropriate temperature
and moisture to make them sprout. The sprouted fruits or seeds have their own actions which are
different from the original; for example, gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus), mài yá (Fructus Hordei
Germinatus) and dà dòu juăn (Semen Sojae Germinatum) are all sprouted products.
4. Repetitive processing
Repetitive processing is a method by which herbs are processed many times repetitively with
one or more kinds of assisting materials, in order to moderate their properties, reduce or remove their
toxicity, and improve their medicinal effectiveness. For example, bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) can
9-9◎01.indd 34 2014-12-17 14:02:19

be processed with the assisting materials of fresh ginger and bái fán (Alumen), and tiān nán xīng
(Rhizoma Arisaematis) can be processed with the assisting materials of fresh ginger, bái fán (Alumen)
and cow (or pig) bile.
In addition, distillation is also used in herbal processing. For example, zhú lì (Succus Bambusae),
yolk oil and black bean oil are all prepared by using this method.
Review Questions
1. Give examples to explain the purposes of processing.
2. Give examples to explain the preparatory processing methods and the processing methods with water.
3. Give examples to explain the processing methods with ■re and the processing methods with both water and ■re.
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36
CHAPTER 4
Storage of Chinese Herbs
Properties and actions of Chinese herbs are influenced by how well they are stored. Proper
storage is one of the important steps in maintaining the therapeutic quality of Chinese herbs and is
therefore an essential skill for practitioners of Chinese medicine to learn.
Section 1 Storage of Chinese Herbs

The storage of Chinese herbs requires skill to maximize the therapeutic qualities and potency
of the herbs. The topic of storage includes not only the condition, method and length of storage, but
also standards of quality before entering into storage and preparation of Chinese medicinal materials
and herbal pieces for decoction.
Both raw herbs and prepared Chinese medicinal products are included in this study.
In■uence on Medicinal Nature
Storage affects the quality and clinical effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicinal materials,
herbal pieces prepared for decoction and prepared Chinese medicinal products. Proper storage is
essential to maintaining quality and effectiveness during collection, processing, manufacture of
prepared products and clinical application. During storage, Chinese medicinals can easily lose
potency or go bad through the influence of external factors such as vermin, insects, microbes,
humidity, improper temperature, sunlight, air and prolonged storage time. Without good storage
practices, not only are the quality and effectiveness of the materials dif■cult to maintain, but patients
may suffer harm as well. Ancient Chinese doctors long ago recognized the relationship between
storage practices and the quality and effectiveness of Chinese herbs, and thus have always paid close
attention to it.
Classi■cation of Qualitative Change and Damage

Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces
1. Insects, worms, pests
Insects, worms and other pests can damage Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces. Pests
and their eggs can attach to the herbal materials while they are stored, and can also enter or hide in
storehouses, containers or wrappers. Once in a suitable environment, they may multiply enormously
and severely damage the medicinal materials.
Storage pests can cause great damage to both herbal and animal materials. Those materials with
a signi■cant amount of starch, sugar, fat or protein are particularly susceptible due to their nutritional
value. ■xamples include shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), bái zhĭ (Radix
Angelicae Dahuricae), bĕi shā shēn (Radix Glehniae), kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum),
jīn qián bái huā shé (Bungarus Parvus), etc. When the herbal materials are infested, quality and
effectiveness decrease, or their medical nature is completely lost. In mild cases, herbal materials are
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Chapter 4 Storage of Chinese Herbs 37
hollowed out by pests boring into the material, causing decay; in serious cases of worm infestation,
herbal materials degrade into powder. In addition, the herbal materials can be polluted with crumbled
pieces of dead pests. These, along with the excretions and secretions of the pests, introduce an
adulteration to the materials, which can seriously influence or completely spoil their original
medicinal nature.
2. Mildew
Mildew causes deterioration of medicinal herbs under certain conditions of temperature and
humidity. Mycotic spores, abundant in nature, may scatter on the surfaces of herbs and then grow
and develop in a warm and damp environment. At the beginning, they have the appearance of whitish
hairs, netlike threads or stains and later become yellow or green mycelia. Their enzyme secretions
can erode the internal tissues of herbal materials, leading to deterioration.
Damage caused by mildew is somewhat less than that caused by pests. Materials can still lose
their ef■cacy in mild cases, but can carry toxicity in serious conditions. For example, gān zhé (sugar
cane), with sweet ■avor and a cold nature, usually functions to generate body ■uids and relieve
thirst. Drinking the juice pressed from the sugar cane can aid in the treatment of damaged body
■uids due to heat syndrome. However, if the sugar cane is moldy because of unsuitable storage, it
can produce a neurotropic toxin that is highly poisonous to the human nervous system. Disability
and death caused by drinking moldy sugar cane juice have been repeatedly reported. Recent
research has found more than ten types of mildew toxin that can lead to cancer, such as ■avacol
B1, B2, G, M, versicolorin and penicillic acid. All of these strains can be found in moldy herbal
materials.
3. Change of color and luster
Color and luster serve as standard indicators of quality. All materials and herbal pieces, dry
or fresh, have their own inherent color and luster. Without good care, or if stored too long, their
pigments may undergo chemical changes due to the effects of various factors (enzymes, heat,
mildew, etc.), causing corresponding changes in their inherent color and luster. For example,
some materials change color from light to dark, e.g., zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis), bái zhĭ (Radix
Angelicae Dahuricae), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis);
some change from dark to light, e.g., huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis); and some change from bright to lusterless, e.g., hóng huā (Flos Carthami), yĕ jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi Indici), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and là méi huā (Flos Chimonanthus
Praecox).
Change of color and luster indicates alteration of the intrinsic nature of a medicinal material. In
case of a mild or partial change, the original quality and effectiveness are decreased, but in serious
cases, the quality changes completely and the medicinal material no longer has an effect. Some
changes even enhance toxicity. For example, shēng yào (Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum), which
should be stored in a dark, sealed condition with low temperature, is easily reduced to mercury if
it is exposed to high temperature or bright light. The darkened color in this case indicates greater
toxicity.
4. Oil exf iltration
Oil ex■ltration, also termed “oil escaping”, affects medicinal materials and herbal pieces that
are rich in volatile oils, fat and glucide. When exposed to heat, humidity or other inappropriate
conditions, the interior oil easily diffuses to the surface and takes on a soft, tacky, muddy appearance,
with an oil-like substance on the exterior and a rancid odor.
In the case of herbs containing rich volatile oils, such as dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and
9-9◎01.indd 37 2014-12-17 14:02:23

dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli), oil ex■ltration is caused by the volatile oil rapidly moving outward
and aggregating on the surface, leading to oil deterioration in certain storage conditions. In the case
of other herbs containing fatty oils, such as băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi), táo rén (Semen Persicae)
and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), the oil ex■ltration is due to the chemical process that
shifts the fatty acids into free fatty acids, which separate and effuse outward to the exterior, where
oxidative decomposition occurs. In addition, some herbal materials and pieces such as niú xī (Radix
Achyranthis Bidentatae), mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), tiān mén dōng (Radix Asparagi), shú
dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and huáng jīng (Rhizoma Polygonati), which are rich in
sticky glucide, will soften when exposed to moisture. This process also belongs to the category of oil
ex■ltration in TCM.
Herbal oil exfiltration may damage the components, decrease the quality and potency of
medicinal materials or even change the components of a material completely, thereby leading to the
loss of the original quality and effectiveness.
In addition, inappropriate storage of Chinese herbs also can lead to the phenomena of odor
dissipation, weathering, dissolution, spontaneous combustion, adhesion, etc., such that the herbs
become less effective or ineffective, or even harmful to the human body.
Prepared Chinese medicinal products

Similarly, inappropriate storage may lead to a partial or complete change in quality of prepared
Chinese medicinal products. Different kinds of quality changes affect different kinds of medicinal
forms (e.g., capsules vs. pills). The most common factors in quality deterioration are moth damage,
mildew, rancidity, volatilization and precipitation. Whatever the qualitative changes, the therapeutic
effectiveness may be reduced or completely lost, even to the point of being harmful to the human
body. (Table 4-1)
Table 4-1 Factors Inducing Most Common Deteriorations in Quality

Factors Affected Forms of Prepared Medicinal Products
Moth damage Honeyed pills, water-paste pills, powders, medicinal teas and herbal leavens
Mildew Honeyed pills, extracts and tablets
Rancidity Mixtures, wines, extracts, syrups and ointments
Volatilization Aromatic agents and tinctures
Precipitation Medicinal liquors, oral liquids and injections
Basic Requirements for Storage Conditions
■xcept for some medicinal minerals that only need a clean and dry environment, most Chinese
medicinals require certain basic conditions for successful storage and preservation. These can be
summarized as follows:
Storage containers need to be lightproof when used to store Chinese medicinal materials, herbal
pieces, and prepared products that easily decompose when exposed to light. For example, colorless,
transparent or translucent containers should be shaded by black packing material; optionally,
lightproof brown containers can be employed.
Sealed methods of storage are classified in three grades: closed, airtight and sealed. Closed
9-9◎01.indd 38 2014-12-17 14:02:25

containers can prevent dust and foreign matter from entering. Airtight containers can prevent
weathering, moisture absorption, volatilization or the entrance of foreign matter. Sealing by fusing
containers closed or tight sealing with appropriate materials can prevent the intrusion of air and
water, or pollution.
Storage temperature is also de■ned by three grades: shade, cold, and room temperature. “Shade”
refers to a storage temperature not exceeding 20℃ (68℉). “Cold” refers to a storage temperature
maintained between 2-10℃ (35-50℉). “Room temperature” refers to a storage temperature
maintained between 10-30℃ (50-85℉).
In addition, some Chinese medicinals must be stored in a dark place and at a temperature not
exceeding 20℃ (68℉).
Basic Measures of Quality Conservation

Basic measures of quality conservation of medicinal materials and herbal pieces
1. Traditional methods
The storage area for Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces should be moisture-proof,
insulated from heat, easy to seal, rat-proof and pest-free. It is also necessary to maintain a clean, dry,
ventilated and cool environment below the required temperature and with a relative humidity below
70％.
Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces have to be cleaned and dried using appropriate
techniques before being placed into storage. Dryness is the most important measure—the absolute
moisture content should be strictly controlled to within 7％-13％. During storage, materials and
herbal pieces should be checked regularly. Sunlight and heat can lower humidity as well as kill pests
in the medicinals. They can be stored with lime, charcoal or plant ash to drive out dampness.
Chinese medicinal materials and herbal pieces that are prone to mildew, oil ex■ltration, change
in color and luster, or moth and worm infestation, along with some valuable or expensive medicinals,
should all be stored in sealed jars, bottles, boxes, cabinets or metal containers in order to avoid the
impact of air, humidity, light, microbes and pests from the outside. For example, shè xiāng (Moschus)
should be sealed in a bottle to prevent the loss of ■avor; niú huáng is best stored in a bottle, and
during the rainy season this bottle should be put in a vat ■lled with lime (from limestone) to avoid
dampness and mildew.
In small amounts, some medicinal materials and herbal pieces can be stored by a method called
“storing herbs with opposite natures together”. This helps to inhibit moths and worms, mildew and
oil ex■ltration. For example, rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and animal medicinals that are
attractive to moths can be protected by being stored together with huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli)
or xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari). When mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis)
are stored together, mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) can more readily maintain its color while zé xiè
(Rhizoma Alismatis) is less palatable to moths.
Animal medicinals, herbal materials and pieces rich in fat, glucide and volatile oils, along with
some valuable medicinals such as rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and lù róng (Cornu Cervi
Pantotrichum) can be sprayed and sealed with 95％ medicinal alcohol or 100-proof (50％) liquor to
protect against moth infestation and mildew.
Storage of some flammable medicinal materials, such as liú huáng (Sulfur) and zhāng năo
(Camphora), must follow requirements for ■re management and should be stored in safe places away
from heat. In the summer, excessive stacking of materials and herbal pieces should be avoided, as
9-9◎01.indd 39 2014-12-17 14:02:26

this may produce heat and induce spontaneous combustion.

2. Modern technology
The following advances in modern technology have contributed to improved storage of
medicinal materials. Moisture control technology, such as an “air curtain” installed above the door
to the storage area, prevents damp and hot air from entering. Drying technology such as far infrared
radiation or microwave drying technology can insulate materials from heat and moisture. Aseptic
packaging technology can prevent moisture and mildew. Controlled atmospheric storage technology
creating a sealed condition and filling the container with carbon dioxide or nitrogen in order to
reduce oxygen concentration—can cause pests to suffocate and die as well as inhibit growth of
microorganisms. Refrigeration technology can indirectly kill pests and inhibit growth of microbes.
Steam heating technology, gas (such as epoxy ethane, etc.) sterilization technology, 60Co -γ ray radiation
technology, ■-J insecticidal technology (the process of increasing CO2 to a greater pressure, and
then rapidly decompressing to kill insects) and fumigation technology using volatile oils of Chinese
medicinals [such as dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) and bì chéng qié (Fructus Litseae)] can directly
kill pests and microbes. These various technologies can be chosen in accordance to appropriate
conditions.
Basic measures of quality conservation with respect to prepared Chinese medicinal products
Since there are many forms of prepared Chinese medicinal products with very complicated
compositions and natures, different measures of conservation are applied to the storage of different
forms of products in order to ensure product quality. Unless otherwise specified, the following
storage methods are applied to the respectively-noted varieties of prepared forms. (Table 4-2)
Table 4-2 Measures of Quality Conservation for Prepared Herbal Products

Forms of Prepared Chinese Medicinal Products Storage Measures
Honey pills, water-paste pills, paste pills, concentrated pills, Sealed for storage
micropills, gelcaps, tablets, capsules, plasters, ointments, lotions,
coated plastics, teas and powders containing volatile components
and subject to be moisture absorption, etc.
Soft extracts, mixtures, syrups, wines and distilled medicinal Sealed and stored in a cool place
water, plasters, suppositories and extracts
Powders, glues, teas, nasal preparations and granules Sealed and stored in a dry place
Wax-wrapped pills and pastilles Sealed and stored in a cool and dry place
Injection material Stored in lightproof containers
Ointments Sealed in lightproof containers
Tinctures, liquid extract agents, ophthalmic preparations, aerosols, Sealed in lightproof containers and stored in
and sprays a cool place
Gels Sealed in lightproof containers and protected

from freezing temperatures
In addition, the storage area for prepared Chinese medicinal products should be moisture-proof,
insulated from heat, easy to seal, rat-proof and pest-free. It is also necessary to maintain a clean, dry
and ventilated environment, with room temperature and relative humidity controlled to a specific
standard.
9-9◎01.indd 40 2014-12-17 14:02:27

Section 2 “Xīn Chén” (Fresh-Aged)

Concept of Chinese Medicinals
According to the preface of Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn
Căo Jīng, 神农本草经), composed during the Han Dynasty (202 B.C.-220 A.D.), one should pay
attention to medicine’s curing periods. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-581 A.D.),
the preface to the Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù,
本草经集注) noted: “As for the quality of láng dú (Radix ■uphorbiae Fischerianae), zhĭ shí (Fructus
Aurantii Immaturus), jú pí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), má huáng
(Herba ■phedrae) and wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), storing for a long time is good; as for the quality
of the other kinds of medicinals, fresh is good.” During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), the six
herbs mentioned above are summarized as “Six-Chén (Aged)”. Poems were compiled to facilitate
their memorization. From the Jin and Yuan Dynasties (1115-1368 A.D.) to the modern era, various
herbal texts and physicians either passed down or complemented this doctrine, so that the theory of
“Xīn Chén” (fresh-aged) has been continuously improved.
Introduction of “Xīn Chén”
“Xīn Chén” refers to fresh and aged medicinal materials and mainly denotes the length of storage
time. Generally, Xīn (fresh/new) medicinal materials include fresh materials being used without
storage or stored at a low temperature for a short period of time after collection, or dry materials
collected recently and stored for less than one year. If collected in previous years, and the storage has
lasted for more than one year, the materials are called Chén (cured/aged) medicinal materials.
“Xīn Chén” Affects Medicinal Actions
Whether the original source is plants, animals or minerals, storage time in■uences ef■cacy of
herbs; as time goes by various components in materials undergo changes, which inevitably affect
their quality and ef■cacy.
Generally, the ef■cacy is higher for materials which have been collected and dried recently or
stored for a short time. The opposite applies to materials in long-term storage; their ef■cacy may be
greatly reduced, or even lost. Thus fresh herbs are preferable clinically. For example, jīng jiè (Herba
Schizonepetae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) may lose their volatile oils
during storage and become less effective or even ineffective. Zhāng năo (Herba Agastachis), bīng
piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and shè xiāng (Moschus) may partly lose their volatile components,
which are easily oxidized, decomposed or spontaneously volatilized and, as such, they become less
effective with long-term storage. Xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), táo rén (Semen Persicae),
huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) are rich in fatty oils so that long
storage may induce oil ex■ltration, resulting in a deeper color and diminished ef■cacy.
Some herbs are more effective fresh, but less effective or ineffective dried. This is because
effective chemical components may break down or change during the drying process. For example,
shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and ŏu jié (Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis)
9-9◎01.indd 41 2014-12-17 14:02:29

all clear heat and generate ■uids; however, these herbs’ actions are more effective while fresh and
juicy. Máo gèn (Herba Ranunculi Japonici) contains protoanemonin, a volatile and irritant chemical
component with the ability to produce blistering. When the fresh herb is crushed and applied to the
skin it produces a blister, sometimes also called “dressing acupuncture”. Protoanemonin is richly
abundant in the fresh juicy herb but gradually transforms into anemonin during the drying process
and lengthy storage. This new chemical component is not an irritant any more and is unable to cause
blistering, hence losing its clinical effectiveness.
Conversely, some medicinal materials benefit from long-term storage by virtue of chemical
changes of components that develop a more effective potency with less toxicity. For example, má
huáng (Herba ■phedrae), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and yuán huā
(Flos Genkwa) all bene■t from long-term storage, in that their toxicities and aggressive properties
can be moderated and relieved. Aged zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus) is much more
effective than fresh young zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi Carbonisatus). Newly picked shēng bàn
xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) is not able to dispel phlegm, but it shows obvious ability to dispel phlegm
after one year of storage.
Importance of the Correct Understanding of “Xīn Chén”
The theory of “Xīn Chén” in TCM is summed up as a relationship between storage and ef■cacy.
It correlates the in■uence of storage time to the degree of ef■cacy. Relieving toxicity and maintaining
or increasing ef■cacy are basic principles for choosing fresh or aged materials.
As to clearly stated periods of storage that are the most effective, it depends on the quality and
property of the herbs. If their property is strong and dry, long-term storage is necessary in order
to moderate their aggressive dryness while maintaining their efficacy; on the other hand, if their
property is mild, then long-term storage is not necessary because it may reduce the potency of the
medicinals. For example, according to the experience of ancient practitioners, chén pí (Pericarpium
Citri Reticulatae) should have one-year storage but má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and dà huáng (Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei) should be stored for at least three years.
Questions
1. Why is it said that proper storage conditions are necessary for maintaining quality and medicinal properties of
medicinal materials in TCM?
2. What are the changes that can occur during storage to damage the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and
herbal pieces prepared for decoction?
3. Describe the basic requirements and measures taken for storing Chinese medicinal materials, herbal pieces prepared
for decoction and prepared Chinese medicinal products.
4. Describe how the in■uence of “Xīn” and “Chén” relates to the ef■cacy of medicinal materials and how the theory
of “Xīn Chén” is understood in TCM.
9-9◎01.indd 42 2014-12-17 14:02:31

43
CHAPTER 5
Collection of Chinese Medicinals
Most Chinese medicinals originate from plants, animals or minerals, though a few are arti■cial
products. Since collection time and method directly affect the quality and ef■cacy of the medicinals,
it is important to learn when and how to gather them properly.
Correct collection means collecting the proper part of the plant or animal at the correct time
and using the correct method. The proper part refers to the part of the plant or animal suitable for
medicinal use; e.g., leaf, ■ower, bark, stem, root, fruit or whole plant in the case of plants, or horn,
egg, bone or hair in the case of animals. The correct time refers to the season or period most suitable
for collecting the various medicinal materials; e.g., spring, summer, autumn, winter or whole year,
or morning, noon or evening in a day. The correct method means that each different material has its
own proper way to be collected; e.g., how to pluck, to shoot, to harvest, to peel, to dig, to cut down,
to catch or to gather.
Collection Time In■uences Effectiveness
Thousands of years of clinical experience have shown that the amount of effective components
in the medicinal substance (termed “essence” in ancient times), which determines the quality and
effectiveness of the substance, is closely related to the place of origin and collection time. As early
as the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 A.D.), Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica—Preface (Shén
Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng—Xù Lù, 神农本草经·序录) emphasized “the time for collection and processing
should follow natural law (采造时月)”. Supplement to ‘Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold
Pieces’—Collection Time (Qiān Jīn Yì Fāng—Căi Yào Shí Jié, 千金翼方·采药时节) in the Tang
Dynasty (682 A.D.) listed various collection times for 234 types of medicinals, and emphasized
that “the herbs which are not collected at the proper time would work as deadwood without any
medicinal benefits”. In the north of China, there is an old saying “yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae
Scopariae) should be collected in the spring, qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) in the summer,
zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) dug in the autumn and spring,
jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) picked in the middle of September, and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae)
collected on mountains in October (春采茵陈夏采蒿，知母黄芩秋春刨，九月中旬摘菊花，十
月上山采连翘)”. In the south, however, the spring and summer come earlier, so “yīn chén (Herba
Artemisiae Scopariae) should be collected in the f irst month of the lunar year (normally February
on the Western calendar) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) in the second month. When qīng
hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) is left until the third month to be harvested, it can only be used as
f irewood (正月茵陈二月蒿，三月蒿子当柴烧)”. Modern research has also shown strong evidence
that in different stages of growth the quality and quantity of the effective components are different in
different parts of the plant.
In■uence on medicinal plants

All the medicinal parts of a plant in its growing or maturing stage—roots, stems, leaves, ■owers
and fruits—contain different amounts of effective components in different seasons or periods; e.g.,
glycyrrhizic acid in 3- or 4-year-old gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) is almost twice that
9-9◎01.indd 43 2014-12-17 14:02:32

in one-year-old plants, and the amount of general ginsenoside in ginseng is highest in 6- or 7-year-
old plants. Some vary according to month; e.g., dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae)
has the highest amount of essentials in July, and berberine of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) is at
its highest level in July and can last for 6 years at this level in the harvested plant. Some changes
manifest day by day; e.g., rutin is found both in huái mĭ (Flos Sophorae Immaturus) and huái huā
(Flos Sophorae Immaturus), but the quantity of rutin is 28％ greater in the buds than in the ■owers.
Some vary with hours; e.g., the alkaloid level of màn tuó luó (Flos Daturae) is high in the leaves in
the morning and high in the roots in the evening. In a word, quality and ef■cacy of herbs are closely
related to the season and growing time.
In■uence on medicinal animals

As with herbs, animal medicinal substances also have their own rules concerning time of
collection, since animal products for medicinal purposes can be tissues or organs of various animal
bodies, physiological secretions or excretions and pathological products, which change every day
along with body growth and development. For example, lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and lù
jiăo (Cornu Cervi) share the same source, but lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) is normally sawn
off 45-60 days after Qingming (Tomb-sweeping Day), and lù jiăo (Cornu Cervi) is the completely
matured antler, which is normally shed naturally. They are different, not only in reinforcing power,
but in other actions.
To summarize, collection time and method are important factors in■uencing clinical ef■cacy, so
general knowledge in this area is essential in order to ensure the quality of the medicinal substance.
Collection Time
Physicians and pharmacists throughout history have focused on researching collection time and
have accumulated abundant experience. Generally, all Chinese medicinals should be collected at the
time that their effective components are at their peak in terms of quantity, but each plant has its own
rules to follow.
Medicinal plants
Following long clinical practice, collection is carried out depending on the different period of
growth. According to the different part of the plant, rules for collection time are given as follows:
1. Leaves
Leaves are usually gathered when the buds are in bloom or about to bloom, since at that time
the plants are at their utmost luxuriance with good quality in properties, tastes and effects, such as
with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis), ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and
pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae). There are some exceptions; e.g., sāng yè (Folium Mori) needs to be
harvested between the end of autumn and the ■rst frost of winter.
2. Flowers
Flowers are generally harvested when they start to bloom. In some plants, such as jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi), xuán fù huā (Flos Inulae) and yuè jì huā (Flos Rosae Chinensis), ■owers should be
plucked after they bloom, but in others, such as jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), huái mĭ (Flos
Sophorae Immaturus) and xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae), buds should be collected before ■owering. Hóng
huā (Flos Carthami) is an exception to this as it needs to be collected when the color of its petals
9-9◎01.indd 44 2014-12-17 14:02:34

Chapter 5 Collection of Chinese Medicinals 45
turns from yellow to orange. Also, the pollen of pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) is collected when the
■ower is in full bloom.
3. Bark
Tree bark, such as huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae
Of■cinalis) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), is often harvested between the spring and summer,
since the plants at that time are growing luxuriantly with plenty of juice inside, the bark is easy to
peel off and the wounds to the tree heal easily. Root bark, such as mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and
sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), is normally collected from the end of autumn to the early spring, same as
the roots themselves. There are also exceptions; e.g., wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) is generally
collected during the late summer to the early autumn; ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), xiāng jiā pí
(Cortex Periplocae) and qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) are collected in the spring or autumn; whereas dì gŭ
pí (Cortex Lycii), kŭ liàn gēn pí (Cortex Meliae) and hăi tóng pí (Cortex ■rythrinae) can be collected
the whole year round.
4. Fruits
Fruits or fruit peels for medicinal purposes, such as guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae), huà jú hóng
(■xocarpium Citri Grandis) and jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), are normally harvested when
the fruits are ripe or nearly ripe, and then either the whole fruit or only the peel is collected. There
are a few exceptions to this; e.g., wū méi (Fructus Mume), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
Viride) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) are collected when the fruit is still immature; shān
zhū yú (Fructus Corni) is harvested when the fruit is completely ripe and turning red after frost; and
similarly chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) but with yellow color after frost. Harvesting must be
done just on time—if too early, the pulp will be thin with low yield; if too late, the pulp will be dry
and loose with low quality, as with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis).
In addition, berries spoil easily, so they should be harvested in the early morning or in the
evening. During collection, one should be very careful to protect the skin, since the broken ones rot
easily; e.g., gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), sāng shèn (Fructus Mori) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi).
5. Seeds
Seeds are extracted when fruits are ripe. Some dry fruit seeds should be harvested when the fruits
are nearly ripe; otherwise the fully ripe fruits fall off or crack off very quickly and the seeds scatter;
e.g. xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) and qiān niú zĭ (Semen
Pharbitidis).
6. Whole plant
The whole plant is generally harvested when the plant is ■ourishing or when the ■owers start
blooming. In some plants, such as bò he (Herba Menthae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), yì mŭ
căo (Herba Leonuri) and zĭ sū (Herba Perillae), the part above ground needs to be cut off at the
root. Similarly, with yè jiāo téng (Folium et Caulis Perillae) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae
Japonicae), the leaves and vine are collected together. Some others, such as zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba
Violae), chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) need to be collected
together with the root. Still others, such as yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and xià kū căo
(Spica Prunellae) need to be harvested a little early when the plant is very young with tender leaves.
7. Stems and woody materials
The best collection time is generally in the autumn and winter; e.g., shŏu wū téng (Caulis
Polygoni Multi■ori), rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae),
jī xuè téng (Caulis Spatholobi) and tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis). There are some exceptions;
9-9◎01.indd 45 2014-12-17 14:02:35

e.g., hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) is collected from the summer to the autumn, sāng zhī
(Ramulus Mori) from the end of spring to early summer and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) from
March to July. Some woody materials are harvested the whole year round; e.g., the heartwoods of
sū mù (Lignum Sappan), jiàng xiāng (Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae) and chén xiāng (Lignum
Aquilariae Resinatum) and wooden thorn stems such as zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae).
8. Roots and rhizomes
The best harvesting time for these is generally the late autumn or early spring. By that time, the
plants are withering or the new sprouts are growing and the effective components in the roots or
rhizomes are at their highest level; e.g., dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), jīn qiáo mài (Rhizoma
Fagopyri Dibotryis), huái niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae),
cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and yù zhú (Rhizoma
Polygonati Odorati). For some plants, such as tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), better quality roots
can be obtained during winter. There are a few exceptions—bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) can be
harvested in the summer as well as late autumn or early spring, yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) is
collected in the summer, xià tiān wú (Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis) from the end of spring to the
early summer and míng dăng shēn (Radix Changii) only in the spring.
9. Algae, fungi, and lichen
The collecting time varies—fú líng (Poria) is collected in the early autumn, mă bó (Lasiosphaera
seu Calvatia) is collected when its fruiting body has just matured, dōng chóng xià căo (Cordyceps)
is collected in the early summer when the fungus has just emerged and the spores have not yet
scattered, hăi zăo (Sargassum) is collected from the summer to the autumn and sōng luó (Chinese
Usnea) can be collected the whole year round.
Animal products
In the collection of animal products, maintenance of efficacy and ease of collection are the
preconditions, and it is necessary to follow the natural rhythms of development in order to choose
the best time.
1. Insects
Generally collection time is determined in accordance with their natural hatching time and
development process. Insect eggs are normally gathered before hatching; e.g., sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca
Mantidis) is collected from the late autumn to the following spring before the eggs start to incubate,
since the longer the eggs are incubated the less medicinal effectiveness they have. To get the whole
insect or the molted skin, the best time is when they are alive; e.g., tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu
Steleophaga), méng chóng (Tabanus) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) should be collected in the
summer and autumn.
2. Amphibians
Amphibians are generally collected in the summer and autumn; e.g., hoptoads and their
secretions chán sū (Venenum Bufonis). There also is an exception—há ma yóu (Oviductus Ranae)
comes from the Chinese forest frog, which is caught after the ■rst frost but before winter sets in.
3. Reptiles
The best collection time generally is in the summer and autumn; e.g., qí shé (Agkistrodon), wū
shāo shé (Zaocys) and gé jiè (Gecko).
4. Other vertebrates
Most vertebrate products can be collected the whole year round; e.g., guī jiă (Carapax et
Plastrum Testudinis), jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli), gŏu shèn (Peni et Testes
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Chapter 5 Collection of Chinese Medicinals 47
Canitis), zĭ hé chē (Placenta Hominis), wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), yè míng shā (Faeces
Vespertilionis) and cì wei pí (Corium ■rinacei). However, donkey skin processed for ē jiāo (Colla
Corii Asini) is an exception as it is collected only after the Winter Solstice, since the donkey skin by
that time is thick with good quality.
Minerals
Minerals, such as shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), huá shí (Talcum), zì rán tóng (Pyritum) and liú
huáng (Sulfur) can be collected at any time. This includes fossils such as lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and
hŭ pò (Succinum), as well as artificial mineral products such as qiān dān (Minium), mì tuó sēng
(Lithargyrum), qīng fĕn (Mercurous Chloride) and shēng yào (Mercuric Oxide).
Questions
1. Why do Chinese medicinal plants and animals need to be collected at the right time?
2. ■xplain the collection time of medicinal plants with examples.
3. ■xplain brie■y the in■uence of collection time on the medicinal actions of animals and plants.
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48
CHAPTER 6
Habitat of Chinese Medicinals
The habitat of Chinese medicinals, whether plant, animal or mineral, is an important factor
in■uencing quality and ef■cacy, as has been proved by thousands of years of clinical experience and
numerous works of modern research.
Section 1 In■uence of Habitat on

Medicinal Ef■cacy
In the past thousands of years of clinical practice, physicians and pharmacists have gradually
realized the importance of habitat to the quality and efficacy of the medicinals. The same herb
displays different levels of quality and ef■cacy when grown in a different place. As early as the Tang
Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), this was pointed out by Kong Zhi-yue in the preface of Newly Revised
Materia Medica (Xīn Xiū Bĕn Căo, 新修本草).
In■uence on Plant Products
The distribution and growth of plants depend on the local ecological environment, which is
determined by factors such as landform, quality and composition of the soil, climate, sunshine and
rainfall. Plants of the same species can present different appearance, quality, properties and actions
when grown in different environments. For example, as recorded in Enlightening Primer of Materia
Medica (Bĕn Căo Méng Quán, 本草蒙筌), written by Chen Jia-mo in the Ming Dynasty (1368-
1644 A.D.), dāng guī grown in Sichuan (called chuān guī, 川归) has the properties of invigorating
blood and purging, while the same plant grown in Gansu (called qín guī, 秦归) has the property
of nourishing blood. Newly published studies show that chuān xiōng grown in Sichuan normally
appears as an irregular f ist-like nodal lump with a yellow-brown surface, and is excellent in quality
and actions. When grown in Gansu, on the other hand, it looks like găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici),
presenting as an irregular cylindrical lump with brown color on the surface and having poorer quality
and actions. If grown in a cold region, ōu wū tóu (Aconitum Napellus) is non-toxic, whereas the
same plant is strongly toxic if grown in a warm mediterranean climate.
In■uence on Animal Products
As with plant products, habitat can also affect the quality and actions of animal products. For
example, compared with that from other places, ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) produced in Shandong
Province shows better quality and actions, since the water used in processing is naturally good.
In■uence on Mineral Products
Mineral products show no exception to the general rule—their quality and actions often vary
9-9◎01.indd 48 2014-12-17 14:02:39

Chapter 6 Habitat of Chinese Medicinals 49
according to place. For example, modern research shows that lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) varies in quality
and actions depending on the chemical composition, the age of the original fossil, the embedded
condition and the local environment, and that those coming from the Nihe Sinus, Sanggan Ancient
Lake, are the best.
In a word, knowledge about the habitat of medicinal substances is a necessary component of
quality control.
Section 2 Genuine Regional Medicinals

“Dào Dì Yào Cái” (道地药材), sometimes written as “Dì Dào Yào Cái”, is commonly translated
as “genuine regional medicinals”. It is a special term utilized to label those medicinals which possess
perfect quality and have a long history of being produced in a particular area. Generally, the place
information is attached to the name of the medicinal.
The term “Dào Dì Yào Cái” is a compound phrase which is composed of two component parts
in Chinese—“Dào Dì” and “Yào Cái”. The phrase “Dào Dì” appeared ■rst in Essentials of Materia
Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要) written by Liu Wen-tai in the Ming
Dynasty (1505 A.D.). “Dào” was an administrative partition in ancient China, while “Dì” means
“region” or “area”; the phrase “Dào Dì” came to have the meaning of “true” and “genuine”, implying
the best quality and excellent ef■cacy. “Yào Cái” simply means “herb” or “medicinal substance”.
How to De■ne “Dào Dì Yào Cái”

Species
The quality of herbs is highly dependent on the species. Botanically, one plant may have many
species, but only one or two of them may be chosen for medicinal application, after many years of
observation or cultivation. For example, as medicinal herbs from the family Leguminosae, Astragalus
membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.
and several others can serve as huáng qí (Radix Astragali) in Chinese medicine, yet only the ■rst
one, normally grown in Inner Mongolia, is considered “Dào Dì Yào Cái ”. Many species of dà huáng
(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) belong to the family Polygonaceae botanically, yet only Rheum palmatum
L.and Rheum tanguticum Maxim ex Balf., which grow respectively in Qinghai and Gansu provinces,
are considered the best, whereas Rheum franzenbachii Münt. and Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Chang ex C.
T. Kao both also called dà huáng and grown respectively in Northern China and the coastal area of
the Yellow River, are poor in quality.
Bio-ecological environment
■cologically, such factors as the quality of the soil, climate, amount of sunshine, environmental
trace elements and microorganisms influence plant growth, blooming, dormancy, external
appearance, internal structure, physiological functions and synthesis of effective ingredients, all
of which contribute to the quality of herbs. If a medicinal plant can adapt gradually in a particular
environment, the environment could transform the plant genetically through the factors mentioned
above. For example, gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) produced in Ningxia Province is regarded as a “genuine
regional medicinal” because of the unique biological environment, consisting of loose, weakly
alkaline soil, highland climate with a lot of sunshine and a big variation in temperature over the
9-9◎01.indd 49 2014-12-17 14:02:41

course of a day. Huáng qí (Radix Astragali) produced in Inner Mongolia is regarded as a “genuine
regional medicinal” partly because the trace element selenium in the soil is much higher there than in
other areas where it is cultivated.
Bio-ecological changes in the environment can also cause the degeneration of plant quality.
For example, huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), which has an appearance resembling chicken feet, is
regarded as a “genuine regional medicinal” in its normal habitat along the north bank of the Yangtse
River. If it is transplanted to the south bank, however, the amount of berberine, which is an indicator
of its quality, decreases to less than half of that of its counterparts grown on the north bank.
Cultivation
Most herbs are cultivated though a few are collected from the wild. Animal products come mostly
from domesticated animals. In addition to the issues of species and ecological environment, the quality
of the medicinal substances also relies on skill in cultivation and domestication. Fortunately, for
thousands of years people have accumulated rich experience in cultivation in order to guarantee the
quality of the effective medicinal ingredients. For example, huái dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae from
Huaiqing) and chuān fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis from Sichuan) need to be cultivated skillfully.
Collection and processing

Time of collection and processing technology also affect herbal quality.
For example, mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), which comes mainly from the Feng Huang Mountain
area of Tongling in Anhui Province, should generally be collected during the first ten days of
October every year after 3-5 years plantation. At that time both the yield of the plant and the content
of the effective ingredients are higher than if collected during the first ten days of August. Such
herbs should of course be processed by authentic methods to preserve the high quality and ef■cacy.
Another example is lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), which should be collected 45-60 days after
Qingming Day (from the middle of May to the last ten days of July) in order to get the best product.
Examples
Through long clinical application, people have come to know what qualifies as a “genuine
regional medicinal”. According to statistics, about 200 herbs are commonly accepted as “genuine
regional medicinals”. Some examples—most of which are produced in China—are shown in the
following table.
Chinese name Latin Name Producing region

rén shēn (人参) Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng
wŭ wèi zĭ (五味子) Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis
xì xīn (细辛) Radix et Rhizoma Asari
lóng dăn (龙胆) Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae
shēng má (升麻) Rhizoma Cimicifugae
Northeast China
fáng fēng (防风) Radix Saposhnikoviae
xiè bái (薤白) Bulbus Allii Macrostemi
cì wŭ jiā (刺五加) Radix et Rhizoma seu Caulis Acanthopanacis Senticosi
găo bĕn (藁本) Rhizoma Ligustici
há ma yóu (哈蟆油) Oviductus Ranae
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Continued　　
ròu cōng róng (肉苁蓉) Herba Cistanches
Inner Mongolia
huáng qí (黄芪) Radix Astragali
zhī mŭ (知母) Rhizoma Anemarrhenae
huáng qín (黄芩) Radix Scutellariae
băn lán gēn (板蓝根), Radix Isatidis Hebei
dăng shēn (党参) Radix Codonopsis
lián qiào (连翘) Fructus Forsythiae
yín yáng huò (淫羊藿) Herba ■pimedii
zhū líng (猪苓) Polyporus Shaanxi
shā yuàn zĭ (沙苑子) Semen Astragali Complanati
dāng guī (当归) Radix Angelicae Sinensis
suŏ yáng (锁阳) Herba Cynomorii Gansu
qín jiāo (秦艽) Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae
dà huáng (大黄) Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Qinghai
gŏu qĭ zĭ ( 枸杞子) Fructus Lycii Ningxia
zĭ căo (紫草) Radix Arnebiae

Xinjiang
ā wèi (阿魏) Resina Ferulae
hú huáng lián (胡黄连) Rhizoma Picrorhizae Tibet
chuān bèi mŭ (川贝母) Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae
chuān xiōng (川芎) Rhizoma Chuanxiong
chuān wū (川乌) Radix Aconiti
fù zĭ (附子) Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata
huáng lián (黄连) Rhizoma Coptidis
mài dōng (麦冬) Radix Ophiopogonis
xiān máo (仙茅) Rhizoma Curculiginis
xù duàn (续断) Radix Dipsaci Sichuan
hòu pò (厚朴) Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis
shĭ jūn zĭ (使君子) Fructus Quisqualis
bā dòu (巴豆) Fructus Crotonis
chuān liàn zĭ (川楝子) Fructus Toosendan
dù zhòng (杜仲) Cortex ■ucommiae
pí pá yè (枇杷叶) Folium ■riobotryae
huā jiāo (花椒) Pericarpium Zanthoxyli
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Continued　　
sān qī (三七) Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng
fú líng (茯苓) Poria

Yunnan
mù xiāng (木香) Radix Aucklandiae
hē zĭ (诃子) Fructus Chebulae
huái dì huáng (怀地黄) Radix Rehmanniae
huái shān yào (怀山药) Rhizoma Dioscoreae
huái niú xī (怀牛膝) Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae

Henan
huái jú huā (怀菊花) Flos Chrysanthemi
tiān huā fĕn (天花粉) Radix Trichosanthis
hé shŏu wū (何首乌) Radix Polygoni Multi■ori
xióng huáng (雄黄) Realgar Hunan
tiān dōng (天冬) Radix Asparagi
tiān má (天麻) Rhizoma Gastrodiae

Guizhou
bái jí (白及) Rhizoma Bletillae
zhū shā (朱砂) Cinnabaris
ròu guì (肉桂) Cortex Cinnamomi
jīn chāi shí hú (金钗石斛) Caulis Dendrobii

Guangxi
luó hàn guŏ (罗汉果) Fructus Momordicae
gé jiè (蛤蚧) Gecko
guăng huò xiāng (广藿香) Herba Pogostemonis
shā rén (砂仁) Fructus Amomi

Guangdong
chén pí (陈皮) Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
huà jú hóng (化橘红) ■xocarpium Citri Grandis
bīng láng (槟榔) Semen Arecae
yì zhì rén (益智仁) Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Hainan
gāo liáng jiāng (高良姜) Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum
ē jiāo (阿胶) Colla Corii Asini
bĕi shā shēn (北沙参) Radix Glehniae

Shandong
guā lóu (瓜蒌) Fructus Trichosanthis
bái wēi (白薇) Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati
bò he (薄荷) Herba Menthae
cāng zhú (苍术) Rhizoma Atractylodis Jiangsu
tài zĭ shēn (太子参) Radix Pseudostellariae
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Continued　　
zhĭ qiào (枳壳) Fructus Aurantii
xiāng rú (香薷) Herba Moslae Jiangxi
wū gŭ jī (乌骨鸡) Black-bone Chicken
bó bái sháo (亳白芍) Radix Paeoniae Alba
fèng dān pí (凤丹皮) Cortex Moutan
chú jú (滁菊) Flos Chrysanthemi
Anhui
gòng jú (贡菊) Flos Chrysanthemi
xuān mù guā (宣木瓜) Fructus Chaenomelis
huò shān shí hú (霍山石斛) Caulis Dendrobii
zé xiè (泽泻) Rhizoma Alismatis
jiàn shén qū (建神曲) Massa Medicata Fermentata Fujian
qīng dài (青黛) Indigo Naturalis
zhāng năo (樟脑) Camphora Taiwan
háng bái sháo (杭白芍) Radix Paeoniae Alba
háng jú huā (杭菊花) Flos Chrysanthemi
zhè bèi mŭ (浙贝母) Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii
háng bái zhĭ (杭白芷) Radix Angelicae Dahuricae
tái wū yào (台乌药) Radix Linderae Zhejiang
yú bái zhú (于白术) Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae
yán hú suŏ (延胡索) Rhizoma Corydalis
shān zhū yú (山茱萸) Fructus Corni
mŭ lì (牡蛎) Concha Ostreae
dōng chóng xià căo (冬虫夏草) Cordyceps Qinhai-Tibet Plateau
ròu guì (肉桂) Cortex Cinnamomi Vietnam
fān xiè yè (番泻叶) Folium Sennae India or ■gypt
xī hóng huā (西红花) Stigma Croci Spain
fāng ér chá (方儿茶) Catechu
xuè jié (血竭) Sanguis Draconis
méi huā bīng piàn (梅花冰片) Borneolum Syntheticum Indonesia
pàng dà hăi (胖大海) Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae
ān xī xiāng (安息香) Benzoinum
mò yào (没药) Myrrha
Somalia
rŭ xiāng (乳香) Olibanum
sū hé xiāng (苏合香) Styrax Turkey
xī yáng shēn (西洋参) Radix Panacis Quinquefolii U.S. or Canada
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Transition of the Habitat
Generally, the habitats of medicinals are rather stable. For example, as early as the Song Dynasty
(960-1127 A.D.), practitioners had already realized that niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae)
produced in the area of Jiaozuo, Henan Province was the best. This kind of niú xī, also known as huái
niú xī (incorporating the old place name), is still widely accepted as a “genuine regional medicinal”.
Wū yào (Radix Linderae) from the Zhejiang area has also been regarded as the best throughout
history.
However, the natural environment changes and human behavior may cause habitat transition,
so that sometimes plants or animals may ■nd a new better place to grow. For example, the classics
of materia medica before the Qing Dynasty (1644 A.D.) all noted that the best rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng) was from the Shangdang area (today’s Changzhi area in Shanxi Province), but
during the Qing Dynasty (1644 A.D.), the virgin forest was cut down to a great extent and ■nally
the local ginseng became extinct because of the disappearance of suitable environmental conditions.
Subsequently the ginseng from the northeast of China was found to be excellent. Another example
is sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng), which was originally produced in Tianzhou (today
the Tianyang and Baise areas) of Guangxi Province (so it was also called tián qī). Later it was
transplanted successfully to Wenshan in Yunnan Province, where its quality is excellent and the yield
is large, so that Yunnan has come to be a famous place for production of sān qī.
Habitat Protection and Development
Habitat protection is the prerequisite for good herbal quality.

Because “genuine regional medicinals” are not plentiful enough to satisfy the demands of
clinical use, transplantation and artificial cultivation have become necessary. Since changes in
the ecological environment must result in changes in herbal quality, the study of how to establish
a similar ecological environment has become very important. For example, xī yáng shēn (Radix
Panacis Quinquefolii), originally from North America, has been transplanted successfully into China.
Antler and musk for medicinal purposes, which used to be taken from wild deer and musk deer, are
now acquired from domestically raised deer. Chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), originally from
Sichuan Province, has been transplanted to Gansu, but has poor quality compared to the original
product. The amount of volatile oil in Vietnamese ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) reaches 6.4％, yet
that of its transplanted counterpart in China is only 2.3％.
There remains a lot be studied concerning transplantation and cultivation, such as how to best
preserve and protect the ecological environment to maintain quality, and how to understand the
relationship between environment and quality.
Review Questions
1. Why does the habitat of herbs affect medicinal actions?
2. Describe the meaning of “Dào Dì Yào Cái” (genuine regional medicinal).
3. What factors are supposed to affect the quality and yield of “Dào Dì Yào Cái”?
4. How to understand the concept of “genuine regional medicinal”?
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Part Two
Speci■c Discussion
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56
CHAPTER 1
Herbs that Release the Exterior
Section 1 Herbs that Disperse Wind Cold / 57 Xīn Yí 辛夷 / 81

Má Huáng 麻黄 / 57 Cōng Bái 葱白 / 83
Guì Zhī 桂枝 / 59 Section 2 Herbs that Disperse Wind Heat / 84
Zĭ Sū Yè 紫苏叶 / 61 Bò He 薄荷 / 84
Zĭ Sū Gĕng 紫苏梗 / 63 Niú Bàng Zĭ 牛蒡子 / 86
Shēng Jiāng 生姜 / 63 Chán Tuì 蝉蜕 / 88
Shēng Jiāng Pí 生姜皮 / 65 Sāng Yè 桑叶 / 89
Shēng Jiāng Zhī 生姜汁 / 65 Jú Huā 菊花 / 91
Wēi Jiāng 煨姜 / 65 Màn Jīng Zĭ 蔓荆子 / 92
Xiāng Rú 香薷 / 65 Chái Hú 柴胡 / 94
Jīng Jiè 荆芥 / 67 Shēng Má 升麻 / 96
Fáng Fēng 防风 / 69 Gé Gēn 葛根 / 98
Qiāng Huó 羌活 / 72 Gé Huā 葛花 / 100
Bái Zhĭ 白芷 / 73 Fú Píng 浮萍 / 100
Xì Xīn 细辛 / 76 Mù Zéi 木贼 / 101
Găo Bĕn 藁本 / 78 Dàn Dòu Chĭ 淡豆豉 / 102
Cāng Ěr Zĭ 苍耳子 / 79
［Definition］ Herbs in this chapter are able to disperse exterior pathogens and release the
super■cial part of the body.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ These herbs are mostly pungent and mainly enter the lung and bladder
channels. They are effective at expelling pathogens from the skin, muscles and super■cial tissues
through perspiration to release the exterior. Some herbs can also disperse lung qi, help excrete water,
promote rash eruption and dispel wind dampness.
［Indications］ This group of herbs is mainly used for exterior syndromes arising from invasion
of wind cold or wind heat and marked by aversion to cold, fever, headache, body aches and pain,
abnormal sweating, ■oating pulse, etc. Some of the herbs are also used for coughing, asthma, edema,
cutaneous rashes with diminished eruption and joint pain due to wind-damp obstruction, etc.
［Modifications］ For practical applications, prescriptions are made according to the type of
pathogenic factors involved. In addition, the patient’s physique and climate changes are also taken
into consideration. For example, exterior syndrome can sometimes be complicated with yang
deficiency, qi deficiency or yin deficiency. Therefore, herbs for invigorating yang, replenishing
qi or nourishing yin should be used in combination for strengthening the healthy qi to suppress
the pathogen. When exterior syndromes occur in the summer, herbs that expel summerheat and
dampness are often used in combination because the summer is mostly hot and rainy. Moisting herbs
are used in autumn because of the cool and dry weather. If the exterior syndrome emerges in the
early stage of febrile diseases, herbs that clear toxic heat should be used as well.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ The dosage of herbs that have strong perspiration effects needs
to be carefully controlled in order to avoid over-sweating and consumption of yang qi and body ■uid.
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Chapter 1 Herbs that Release the Exterior 57
These herbs are prohibited for cases with spontaneous sweating, body ■uid consumption resulting
from febrile diseases, chronic sores and ulcers, urinary infection and serious anemia. Most herbs in
this chapter cannot be boiled for a long time because their aromatic active ingredients may evaporate
during the decoction. In addition, the dosage of the herbs changes along with seasonal shifts and
different regions. For example, in warm areas during the spring and summer, herbal dosage should
be decreased appropriately because the body surface is more porous in summer. In cold areas during
winter, the herbal dosage should be increased appropriately because the body surface is less porous.
Herbs in this chapter are divided into two groups:
· herbs that disperse wind cold
· herbs that disperse wind heat
Section 1 Herbs that Disperse Wind Cold

Herbs in this group are mainly pungent, warm or slightly warm, though some of them are bitter
or slightly sweet. The pungent and warm herbs specialize in dispersing the wind cold by causing
heavy perspiration in order to release the exterior. Some of them are also effective at dispersing the
lung qi, relieving dyspnea, excreting water and eliminating dampness.
Má Huáng 麻黄
HERBA EPHEDRAE
Ephedra
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo
Jīng, 神农本草经) in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about
200 A.D.). Its original name was lóng shā (龙沙). It is
the herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra
equisetina Bge. and Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A.
Mey., shrubs of the Ephedraceae family.
［■xplanation of Name］ Má, “rough”; huáng,
“yellow”. The stems and branches are greenish-yellow
and rough.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Inner Mongolia,
Gansu and Shanxi of China.
［Collection］ The herbaceous stems are collected
in late autumn and dried in the shade or sun. The best quality are those with light green or greenish-
yellow surface, brownish-red center, bitter and astringent ■avor, and a strong and ■exible stem.
［Processing］ The woody stems, root base and impurities are removed and it is then cut into
segments. It can be used raw, honey-fried or ground.
［Properties］ Acrid, slightly bitter; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Its acrid property enables it to disperse the lung and its warm property enables
it to dredge the channels with strong potency. It enters the lung and bladder channels and is effective
at inducing sweating to release the exterior, dispersing lung qi to relieve asthma, promoting diuresis
9-9◎01.indd 57 2014-12-17 14:02:51

to subside edema and dissipating cold to unblock the collaterals.

［Actions］ Induces sweat to release the exterior, disperses lung qi to relieve dyspnea and
promotes urination to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For exterior excess wind-cold syndrome, it can quickly release the
exterior by strongly inducing perspiration.
It is particularly effective for exterior excess syndrome with aversion to cold, fever, headache
without sweating and a ■oating and tight pulse due to excessive wind and cold attack. When applied,
it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), such as in the formula Má Huáng Tāng
(■phedra Decoction).
For exterior excess wind-cold syndrome with yang de■ciency, which is manifested by chills,
fever, headache without sweating and deep pulse, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti
Lateralis Praeparata) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to warm the kidney yang and disperse
wind cold, such as in the formula Má Huáng Fù Zĭ Xì Xīn Tāng (■phedra, Aconite and Asarum
Decoction).
2. For excess cough and asthma, it can relieve asthma by dispersing lung qi. It is widely used for
asthma that is induced by cold, heat, or phlegm and ■uid retention.
It is particularly effective for cough and asthma that are induced by wind cold with constrained
lung qi when combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and gān cǎo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Sān Ào Tāng (Rough and Ready Three Decoction).
For wind-cold induced asthma with thin phlegm, it is combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma
Asari) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the lung and relieve cough and asthma, such as
in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction).
For acute asthma with high fever and rapid respiration induced by heat retention, it may also
be combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and gān căo
(Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot
Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction).
3. For exterior excess edema manifested by aversion to wind, difficult urination and floating
pulse, it is combined with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Gān
Cǎo Má Huáng Tāng (Licorice and ■phedra Decoction) to reduce edema by dispersing lung qi and
inducing perspiration and diuresis.
It may also be combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Yuè Bì Jiā Zhú Tāng (Maidservant From Yue
Decoction plus Atractylodes Macrocephala)
4. It also can dissipate cold and unblock the channels and is used for treating wind-cold-damp
arthralgia, cold necrosis and subcutaneous nodules.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1.5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or
powder. For external use: it is ground into powder for nasal inhalation or topical application. The
raw herb is effective in causing perspiration and diuresis. The honey-processed herb is effective at
moistening the lung and relieving cough and dyspnea, but has weak perspiration effects. The ■ne
■oss has milder perspiration effects, so is used for children, the elderly and weak patients.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for people with spontaneous sweating due
to qi de■ciency, night sweating due to yin de■ciency, or wheezing due to failure of the kidney to
grasp qi.
［Ingredients］ The major components of Ephedra sinica Stapf are ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
and volatile oils. Ephedra equisetina Bge. mainly contains ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, tannin
9-9◎01.indd 58 2014-12-17 14:02:52

and flavonoid glycosides. Among these, ephedrine is the principal component, followed by
pseudoephedrine.
［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils can induce perspiration and relieve fever.
■phedrine and pseudoephedrine can ease convulsions of the smooth bronchial muscles.
Pseudoephedrine also has strong action in diuresis. ■phedrine can also excite the heart, contract
blood vessels, raise blood pressure and excite the central nervous system. In addition, it has effects of
anti-in■ammation, anti-anaphylaxis, anti-thrombus, anti-tumor, antibiosis and antivirus, promoting
red blood cell and bone marrow production, and in■uencing the metabolism of sugar, proteins and
lipids. It is reported to clinically treat allergic rhinitis and bradycardia.
GuìZhī桂枝
RAMULUS CINNAMOMI
Cassia Twig
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was guì. It
is the twig of Cinnamomum cassia Presl., an evergreen
tree of the Lauraceae family.
［■xplanation of Name］ Guì (equal to “guī, 圭”
in ancient China) “jade utensils pointed on top and
square on the bottom, particularly used for imperial
ceremonies” and zhī “twig” or “branch”. It is called guì
zhī because it has two vertical lines in the center forming
a shape similar to jade utensils, while most plants only
have one vertical line in the center of the leaf, stem or
branch. It is also known as liŭ guì (柳桂), where liŭ
means “willow”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong
and Fujian of China. Some can also be found in Yunnan
Province of China.
［Collection］ The twigs are collected in the spring and summer. After the leaves are removed,
the twigs are dried in the shade or the sun. The best quality are those that are young, evenly shaped,
aromatic and reddish-brown.
［Processing］ After the residual leaves and impurities are removed, it is soaked in water for a
short while, rinsed again, and then cut into thin slices and dried for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, sweet; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart, bladder.
［Characteristics］ It has acrid and warm properties that have dispersing effects and sweet and
warm properties that assist yang. It enters the heart, lung and bladder channels and works on the
exterior as well as the interior. It does not have as strong perspiration effects as má huáng (Herba
■phedrae), but it is effective at invigorating yang to move water circulation and at warming channels
and the middle to dissipate cold. It is often used not only for exterior excess wind-cold syndrome,
but also de■ciency wind-cold syndrome. In addition, it is used for yang de■ciency, blood stagnation
due to cold, edema and phlegm-■uid retention.
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［Actions］ Releases the exterior, assists yang, warms the channels, promotes blood circulation,
activates yang, transforms qi, dissipates cold and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For exterior wind-cold syndrome, it can disperse the pathogenic
wind cold to release the exterior, ease the muscles and assist yang. Therefore it is used for exterior
excess and exterior de■ciency wind-cold syndromes.
For exterior de■ciency with spontaneous sweating, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Alba) to harmonize the nutrient and defensive qi levels and mildly release the exterior, such
as in the formula Guì Zhī Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction).
For exterior excess with lack of sweating, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to
disperse lung qi and wind cold, such as in the formula Má Huáng Tāng (■phedra Decoction).
2. For cold arthralgia and epigastro-abdominal pain, it warmly dredges the channels and
collaterals, dissipates cold and relieves pain.
For arthralgia with cold pain, it is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata)
and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to dissipate cold and relieve pain, such as in the
formula Guì Zhī Fù Zĭ Tāng (Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Decoction).
For arthralgia with blood de■ciency, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and bái
sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to nourish qi and blood, dissipate cold and dredge the channels, such
as in the formula Huáng Qí Guì Zhī Wŭ Wù Tāng (Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five Substances
Decoction).
For epigastro-abdominal cold pain, it is often used with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and
yí táng (Saccharum Granorum) to ease the middle and relieve pain, such as in the formula Xiăo Jiàn
Zhōng Tāng (Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction).
3. For dysmenorrhea, irregular menses, amenorrhea and abdominal masses, it is effective
at warmly dredging the channels, dissipating cold, relieving pain, breaking blood stasis and
transforming abdominal masses.
For irregular menses and dysmenorrhea due to cold retention and blood stasis, it is often
combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and wú
zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to warmly activate blood circulation and regulate menstruation to relieve
pain, such as in the formula Wēn Jīng Tāng (Channel-Warming Decoction).
For amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Salviae Miltiorrhizae), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to activate blood to
promote menstruation.
For abdominal masses with blood stasis, it is combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), fú
líng (Poria) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to activate blood and transform the masses, such as in the
formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill).
4. For chest oppression and heart palpitations, it is effective at warming the heart yang, activating
blood circulation and relieving pain.
For heart pain and chest oppression due to yang de■ciency and phlegm stagnation, it is often
combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) to invigorate
yang, dissipate phlegm and ease the chest, such as in the formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Guì Zhī Tāng
(Trichosanthes Fruit, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig Decoction).
For heart palpitations with intermittent pulse due to qi and blood deficiency, it is often
combined with zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle), rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish qi and blood and invigorate yang, such
as in the formula Zhì Gān Căo Tāng (Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction).
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5. For phlegm-■uid retention, edema and dif■cult urination, it is effective at warmly transforming
yang into qi, promoting urination and treating water retention due to yang de■ciency.
For heart palpitations with shortness of breath and cough due to yang de■ciency and phlegm-
■uid retention, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria)
to invigorate yang and improve water circulation, such as in the formula Líng Guì Zhú Gān Tāng
(Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction).
For edema and dif■cult urination with yang de■ciency, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria)
and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis), such as in the formula Wŭ Líng Săn (Five Substances Powder with
Poria).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder.
For external use: it can be ground into powder and applied topically, or decocted for topical steaming
and rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for those with febrile diseases, yin de■ciency,
yang excess, bleeding due to heat, menorrhagia or pregnancy because its acrid and warm properties
may assist heat, provoke bleeding and damage yin.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic
acid, cinnamyl acetate and small amounts of phenylpropyl acetate. It also contains mucoid substances,
tannin, resins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can induce sweating and relieve fever. It shows
inhibitory effects on staphylococcus ■avus, salmonella typhosa, dermatophytes, in■uenza virus and
orphan virus. Cinnamic aldehyde has effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, analgesia and anti-tumor.
Cinnamic oil can relieve coughing, improve diuresis, reinforce heart function, invigorate the stomach
and inhibit tubercle bacillus. It can also dilate blood vessels, improve blood circulation and resist
myocardial ischemia and allergic reaction.
ZǐSūYè 紫苏叶
FOLIUM PERILLAE
Perilla Leaf
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié Lù,
名医别录) in the Liang Dynasty of the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was
sū (苏). It is the leaf of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an annual herb of the Labiatae family.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple”, sū “herb” and yè “leaf”. It is an herb with purple stems and
leaves. It is also known as xiāng sū yè (香苏叶), where xiāng
means “fragrant”.
［Habitat］ Produced everywhere in China. The best quality
are those produced in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and Hebei
of China.
［Collection］ The leaves are collected in the summer when
plentiful and dried in the shade. The best quality are those with
purple complete leaves and pleasant fragrance.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned
with water, cut into pieces and dried for use.
［Properties］ Acrid; warm.
9-9◎01.indd 61 2014-12-17 14:02:57

［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen.

［Characteristics］ It has acrid, warm and dispersing properties and enters the lung and spleen
channels. It not only disperses wind cold from the lung channel, but also moves qi in the spleen and
stomach. It is often used for common cold and is particularly effective for gastric distension. It can
also be applied for abortion prevention and seafood poison relief.
［Actions］ Induces perspiration to release the exterior, moves qi to ease the middle and relieves
seafood poisoning.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-cold exterior syndrome, it is effective at ventilating the
lung and dispersing wind cold.
For common cold with aversion to cold, fever, headache, nasal congestion, lack of sweating
and cough, it is often combined with qián hú (Radix Peucedani), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and
xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to disperse the cold, disperse lung qi, dissipate phlegm and
relieve coughing, such as in the formula Xìng Sū Săn (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder).
For exterior wind-cold syndrome with chest and stomach fullness due to qi stagnation, it
is used together with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and gān
căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Xiāng Sū Săn (Cyperus and Perilla
Powder).
2. For qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, it can move qi, ease the middle, calm the stomach
and relieve nausea.
For chest fullness, nausea and vomiting due to dysfunction of the spleen and stomach, it is
combined with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae) to move qi, calm the middle and descend the adverse qi, such as in the formula
Huò Xiāng Zhèng Qì Săn (Agastache Qi-Correcting Powder).
For plum-stone qi (globus hystericus), which is generally caused by stagnation of qi and
phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae
Of■cinalis) to regulate qi and transform phlegm, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Hòu Pò Tāng (Pinellia
and Of■cinal Magnolia Bark Decoction).
3. For seafood poisoning, it can counteract symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and
vomiting. In these cases, it can be used alone in a large dose, or it can be combined with shēng
jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) to enhance the effects. It can also be used in daily cooking to mildly improve digestion
and prevent seafood poisoning.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g normally, at most 30-60 g in decoction
for seafood poisoning. It can also be made into pills or powder. It should be decocted for a short
time or decocted later when used together with other herbs to avoid volatilization of its volatile
oils. For external use: the fresh or the dried herb is ground into powder or decocted and applied
topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with qi de■ciency and exterior de■ciency need to be
cautious because the acrid and warm properties may consume qi.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of perilla aldehyde,
laevoclination limonene and small quantities of α-pinene and isoegomaketone. It also contains
arginine, cumic acid, pigments, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction and alcohol extraction can relieve fever by dilating
cutaneous blood vessels and stimulating secretion of the sweat glands to induce perspiration. It can
reduce phlegm secretion of the bronchi, relieve coughing and wheezing by relieving the smooth
9-9◎01.indd 62 2014-12-17 14:02:58

muscular spasms of the bronchi, stimulate digestive juice secretion, increase gastrointestinal motility
and inhibit uterine contraction to calm the fetus. Its water infusion has the effects of bacteriostasis
and antisepsis. The volatile oils can increase blood glucose. The hexahydrothymol has the effects
of relieving itching, local anesthesia and antisepsis. The extraction has an anti-oxidant effect. The
rosmarinci acid has the effect of anti-in■ammation. In addition, it has the effects of antibiosis, anti-
anaphylaxis, anti-virus and increasing blood cholesterol. It can also improve intrinsic coagulation.
Clinically, it is reported to treat cervical hemorrhage and chronic renal failure.
Attachment: ZǐSūGěng 紫苏梗

Caulis Perillae
［Source］ It is the stem of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

［Actions］ Regulates the ■ow of qi and preventes miscarriage.
［Clinical Applications］ It is commonly used for chest fullness, epigastric and abdominal distension and
threatened abortion.
For chest fullness and epigastric and abdominal distension, it is combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi),
chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii).
For morning sickness, it is often combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to improve the effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction. It should be decocted only for a short time.
Shēng Jiāng 生姜
RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS RECENS
Fresh Ginger
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang

Dynasty of the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.).
It is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc., a
perennial herb of the Zingiberaceae family.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shēng “fresh” and jiāng
“defense”. The fresh rhizome can defend against the
attack of wind and cold pathogens.
［Habitat］ Widely produced throughout China.
［Collection］ The rhizomes are collected in late
autumn when the stems and leaves wither. The stems,
leaves and ■brous roots are cleared away before use.
［Processing］ It should be sliced before use, and
used fresh.
［Properties］ Acrid; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and slightly warm in order to disperse cold. It enters the lung
channel, can disperse wind cold to release the exterior by inducing sweat, and can warm the lung
to dissipate phlegm and relieve coughing; therefore it is often used for common cold and cough
9-9◎01.indd 63 2014-12-17 14:03:00

triggered by exterior wind and cold. It also enters the spleen and stomach channels to warm the
middle and stop vomiting, so it is called the “holy herb for vomiting”. In addition, it can relieve
seafood-induced food poisoning.
［Actions］ Releases the exterior by inducing perspiration, warms the middle and arrests
vomiting, and warms the lung to relieve coughing
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-cold exterior syndrome, it shows a mild effect on inducing
sweat and releasing the exterior; therefore it is often used for those cases with milder symptoms. It
can be decocted alone and then taken with brown sugar, or decocted together with cōng bái (Bulbus
Allii Fistulosi) for oral administration. For more serious cases, it is often used together with other
acrid and warm herbs as an accessory ingredient in the formula in order to enhance the effect on
perspiration, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction).
2. For emesia, it is good at easing the stomach and relieving vomiting. It is effective for vomiting
due to different causes, but particularly effective for vomiting triggered by cold retention. It can
be used alone or combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to enhance the effects, such as in the
formula Xiăo Bàn Xià Tāng (Minor Pinellia Decoction).
For vomiting triggered by stomach heat, it is combined with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in
Taenia), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear stomach heat and
relieve the vomiting.
3. For cough triggered by wind cold, it not only disperses the wind cold, but also warms the lung
and reduces phlegm to stop coughing.
For mild cases, it can be used alone in decoction for oral administration, or chewed and
swallowed raw.
For severe cases, it is often combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), zĭ sū yè
(Folium Perillae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to reinforce the effects.
For chronic cough in cold pattern, it also can be used together with malt sugar or honey.
4. In addition, if used together with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae), it can invigorate the stomach, whet
the appetite and improve digestion. If used alone in decoction or crushed to make juice, it can relieve
the poisoning reaction from seafood or from fresh bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) or tiān nán xīng
(Rhizoma Arisaematis).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; or made into juice, pills
or powder. For external use: it is pound into paste for topical application or the slices fried for hot
compresses.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is acrid and warm, and thus not suitable for persons with yin
de■ciency or internal heat accumulation.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, which are composed of zingiberol, zingiberene,
phellandrene, limonene, aromatic alcohol, methylheptenone, nonanal and α-borneol. It also contains
zingiberone, which causes a hot sensation.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can invigorate the stomach, improve digestion, arrest vomiting,
relieve fever and pain, relieve in■ammation, stop coughing and relieve convulsions. It also shows
effects of hepatoprotection, promotion of gallbladder function, excitation of the vasomotor center
and respiratory center, raising blood pressure, promoting blood circulation, anti-oxidant, antiplatelet,
resisting 5-HT, anti-anaphylaxis, decreasing cholesterol, anti-mutagenesis, antisepsis, anti-fungus
and killing trichomonas vaginalis.
9-9◎01.indd 64 2014-12-17 14:03:01

Attachment: Shēng Jiāng Pí 生姜皮

Cortex Zingiberis Rhizomatis
［Source］ It is the outer skin of the rhizome of Zingiber of■cinale Rosc.

［Properties］ Acrid; cool.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach.
［Actions］ Regulates the middle and induces diuresis to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ ■dema, inhibited urination.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction.
Shēng Jiāng Zhī 生姜汁

Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis
［Source］ The fresh juice of Zingiber of■cinale Rosc.

［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, stomach.
［Actions］ Improves the discharge of phlegm and arrests vomiting.
［Clinical Applications］ Severe nausea and vomiting, or phlegm syncope.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ 3-10 drops for oral administration after mixing with water, or for nasal spray. It
also can be applied topically.
Wēi Jiāng 煨姜
Roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis
［Processing］ The fresh ginger is packed in rough paper after cleaning and the pack is soaked in water. The
packs are then roasted by ■re until the paper is burned black and the ginger is fully cooked.
［Actions］ It is inferior to fresh ginger in the effect of dispersing, but superior in its effect of relieving cold-
pattern vomiting.
［Clinical Applications］ Vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea due to cold.
Xiāng Rú香薷
HERBA MOSLAE
Aromatic Madder

Dynasty of the North and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the above-ground part of Mosla chinensis
Maxim. and Mosla chinensis (jiāng xiāng rú), perennial herbs of the Labiatae family.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xiāng means “aromatic”, and rú “slender”. The plant is aromatic, and
the leaf is lanceolate and slender.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangxi, Anhui, Hebei and Henan provinces of China.
［Collection］ The above-ground parts are collected on sunny days in summer and early autumn
9-9◎01.indd 65 2014-12-17 14:03:02

when the ■owers are blossoming and then dried in the shade. Aromatic plants with tender branches
and many tassels are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities and residual
roots are removed, the plants are cut into segments
for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, slightly warm, aromatic
and dispersing, it enters the lung, stomach and spleen
channels. It not only can induce perspiration to release
the exterior, transform dampness and regulate the
middle, but also can disperse lung qi and induce
diuresis to alleviate edema. It is similar to má huáng
(Herba ■phedrae) in its ways of offecting, yet is
particularly suitable for yin summerheat and wind
edema, which earns it the title of “summer má
huáng”.
［Actions］ Induces perspiration to release the exterior, transforms dampness and harmonizes the
middle, and induces diuresis to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For yin summerheat syndrome, it can induce perspiration to release
the exterior while transforming dampness and harmonizing the middle inside.
For yin summerheat syndrome, which is basically due to the interior dispersion of summerheat
and dampness along with an exterior attack by wind cold, and manifested by aversion to cold,
fever, headache, lack of sweating, fullness sensation in the chest, nausea, and vomiting and diarrhea
in severe cases, it is often combined with biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album) and hòu pò (Cortex
Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Xiāng Rú Săn (Mosla Powder).
For severe cases with symptoms such as fever, aversion to cold, headache without sweating
and thirst with ■ushed face, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián
qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Xīn Jiā
Xiāng Rú Yĭn (Newly Supplemented Mosla Beverage).
For vomiting and diarrhea due to food poisoning, it is used together with huò xiāng (Herba
Agastachis), pèi lán (Herba ■upatorii) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis).
2. For edema and dif■cult urination, it can raise yang qi, induce perspiration and excrete water
to alleviate edema. It is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such
as in the formula Rú Zhú Wán (Mosla and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill). It also can be combined
with fú líng (Poria), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) to strengthen the
spleen and promote water excretion.
3. In addition, the ground fresh plant can be used for baldness in children.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder,
or decocted for gargling. For external use: it is ground and applied topically. The decoction drunk
cold is used for relieving summerheat, while the decoction cooked to a thick consistency or its pills
are used for promoting the excretion of water and relieving edema.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for persons with spontaneous sweating
because of its strong action on perspiration.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of oxyzymol, thymol, cymene, etc.
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［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of inducing sweating and relieving fever, relieving
pain, antisepsis, anti-virus, reinforcing immunity and stimulating gastrointestinal motility. Its tincture
can induce diuresis by stimulating the kidney vessels to cause glomerular congestion and further
increase the ■ltration of urine. It can also expel phlegm, relieve coughing and inhibit dermatophytes.
Jīng Jiè 荆芥
HERBA SCHIZONEPETAE
Schizonepeta
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jiă
sū (假苏). It is the above-ground part of Schizonepeta
tenuifolia Bria., an annual herb of the family
Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jīng is a mispronounciation
of jiāng, “ginger”, and jiè means “mustard”. It is
aromatic and smells like mustard or ginger, so it is
also known as jiāng jiè (姜芥). Its aroma is also like
that of zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae), so it is sometimes
called jiă sū, where jiă means “false” and sū is the
abbreviated form of zĭ sū yè.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Jiangsu,
Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan provinces of
China. The above-ground parts produced in Jiangxi are regarded as the best, whereas the plant tassels
produced in Hebei are reputed to be the best.
［Collection］ The above-ground parts are harvested when the ■owers are blooming during the
summer and autumn, and then dried in the shade. Alternately, the tassels are collected only. Big and
solid tassels with light yellowish-green color and strong fragrance are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, water is used for cleaning and softening the plants.
They are then baked for 1 hour at 50℃, cut into segments, and dried directly in the sun or carbonized
for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, aromatic, slightly warm and mildly dispersing, it enters the lung
and liver channels. When used raw, it is good at dispersing to release the exterior and promoting
eruptions to alleviate itching, so is commonly used for exterior syndrome and rashes both in wind-
cold or wind-heat types. When used carbonized, it becomes astringent to check bleeding.
［Actions］ The raw herb expels wind to release the exterior, promotes rash eruption and
alleviates itching, whereas the carbonized herb stops bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For exterior syndromes of wind-cold or wind-heat type, it relieves
the syndromes mainly by dispersing.
For exterior syndrome in wind-cold type, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae) and qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) to reinforce the potency, as in the
formula Jīng Fáng Bài Dú Săn (Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia Toxin-Resolving Powder).
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For exterior syndrome in wind-heat type, it is often used together with jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae), as in the formula
Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).
2. For diminished measles eruption, rubella and urticaria, it can dissipate the measles toxin by
dispersing and arrest itching by dispelling wind.
In the early stage of measles eruption, it can be used in combination with bò he (Herba
Menthae), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), such as in the formula Tòu
Zhĕn Tāng (Rash-Dissipating Decoction).
For rubella and urticaria, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), kŭ shēn
(Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), such as in the formula Xiāo
Fēng Săn (Wind-Dispersing Powder).
For rashes due to damp heat, it is combined with dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), kŭ shēn (Radix
Sophorae Flavescentis) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) to clear damp heat and alleviate itching.
3. For dermatic sores in the initial stage but with exterior syndrome, it can disperse exogenous
wind from the surface and dissipate toxins from the blood.
For those in wind-cold type, it is generally combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), such as in the formula Jīng Fáng Bài Dú Săn
(Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia Toxin-Resolving Powder).
For those in wind-heat type, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and
lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), such as in the formula Yín Qiào Bài Dú Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia
Toxin-Resolving Powder).
4. For bleeding, its astringent carbonized form is applied to arrest bleeding.
For bleeding due to heat, it is combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), bái máo
gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to cool blood and arrest bleeding.
For bleeding in yang de■ciency type, it is combined with páo jiāng tàn (carbonized Rhizoma
Zingiberis Praeparatum), ài yè tàn (Folium Artemisiae Argyi Carbonisatum) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra
Flava Usta) to warm and arrest bleeding.
For epistaxis, it is combined with jiāo zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae Praeparatus) and bái máo gēn
(Rhizoma Imperatae).
For hematemesis, it is often combined with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and cè băi yè
(Cacumen Platycladi).
For acute rectal bleeding, it is often combined with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huái huā
(Flos Sophorae).
For abnormal uterine bleeding, it is combined with zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi
Carbonisatus) and xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus).
5. In addition, for acute postpartum hemorrhage it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng) to reinforce qi and arrest bleeding. For postpartum lochiorrhea, it is combined
with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to resolve blood stasis and arrest
bleeding as well. It can also be used topically for in■ammation and urticaria.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction (it is generally boiled for 5-10
minutes only), or made into pills or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of it is boiled
first and the warm decoction is then used for steaming and topical washing, or the fresh herb is
pounded and applied topically, or the dry powder can be applied topically with some liquid adjuvant.
Compared to other parts, the tassels are much stronger in affecting perspiration. For the purposes
of releasing the exterior, facilitating rash eruption and releasing sores, it should be applied directly,
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but for stopping bleeding it must be carbonized ■rst. For patients without sweating, the fresh herb or
the simply dried herb is used directly. For patients with sweating, it should be slightly stir-fried ■rst
before decoction.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for persons with spontaneous sweating or
headache due to yin de■ciency, because its acrid, warm and dispersing properties may consume qi
and yin.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are mainly composed of d-menthone, r-menthone,
d-limonen, etc. It also contains schizonepetoside A, B, C, D, hesperetin, diosmetin, and apigenin-7-
O-glucoside.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving fever, antibiosis, anti-virus,
hemostasis, analgesia, anti-in■ammation, resisting allergic reaction and anti-oxidation. The decoction
can slightly relieve fever, and strongly inhibit staphylococcus ■avus and diphtheria bacillus. It also
shows some inhibitory effects on bacterium typhosum, dysentery bacilli, blue-pus bacillus and
tubercle bacillus. The volatile oils show the effects of sedation, expelling phlegm and antiasthma.
The methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract can both relieve pain and reduce in■ammation, but the
latter also shows a strong inhibitory effect on LPO and the activity of lipid-oxidase. The carbonized
herb shows the effect of hemostasis.
Fáng Fēng 防风
RADIX SAPOSHNIKOVIAE
Saposhnikovia Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Saposhnikovia
divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., a perennial herb of the
family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fáng means “barrier” or
“defense” and fēng “wind”. It acts like a barrier or screen
to protect the body from the invasion of wind.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Hebei,
Shanxi and the northeast area of China. The best quality is
produced in the Heilongjiang Province.
［Collection］ The root of the plant is collected in
spring and autumn. After fibrous roots and sediment are
cleared away, it is dried in the sun. Big roots with light brown colored skin and light yellow colored
wood are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and moistened until soft,
then cut into thick slices for direct use or carbonized ■rst.
［Properties］ Acrid, sweet; slightly warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, liver, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, sweet and slightly warm to disperse in a mild way, it enters the bladder,
liver and spleen channels. It is good at releasing the exterior by dispelling wind and dampness,
relieving pain, alleviating itching and relieving convulsions, and thus it is considered a general
choice for all wind-caused problems no matter whether the wind is exogenous or endogenous, or is
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complicated with damp, cold or heat.

［Actions］ Dispels wind to release the exterior, expels dampness, and relieves pain and convulsions.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For exterior syndrome in cold, cold-damp or heat pattern with or
without qi de■ciency, it is able to release the exterior by dispelling wind and damp.
In cases of wind-cold type, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and zĭ sū
yè (Folium Perillae) to enhance the effect on dispersing wind cold.
For wind-heat type, it is used together with bò he (Herba Menthae), lián qiào (Fructus
Forsythiae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to reinforce the effects on dispersing wind heat and
clearing heat.
For wind-cold-damp type manifested as aversion to cold with fever, lack of sweating,
headache with neck rigidity and aching pain in the joints and muscles, it is used with qiāng huó (Radix
et Rhizoma Notopterygii), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to
relieve pain and enhance the effects on expelling wind, cold and damp, such as in the formula Jiŭ
Wèi Qiāng Huó Tāng (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction).
For exterior syndrome in excessive wind-heat type complicated with excessive heat congested
in the internal organs and manifested as fever, aversion to cold, constipation and difficulty in
urination, it is combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and
lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the effect on releasing the exterior and to simultaneously
purge the large intestine, such as in the formula Fáng Fēng Tōng Shèng Săn (Ledebouriella Sage-
Inspired Powder).
For common cold in de■ciency type, it is often used together with huáng qí (Radix Astragali)
and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to reinforce healthy qi and consolidate the
exterior.
2. For rheumatic arthralgia and recurrent headache due to exterior wind attack, it is good at
expelling wind, dissipating cold and dampness, and relieving pain.
For rheumatic pain in wind-cold-damp type, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et
Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis
Kadsurae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Relieving Impediments
Decoction).
For rheumatism due to wind-heat-damp invasion, it is often used together with rĕn dōng téng
(Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae
Macrophyllae) to enhance the effects of dispelling wind, clearing heat and relieving pain.
For recurrent headache due to wind-cold invasion, it is combined with bái zhĭ (Radix
Angelicae Dahuricae) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) to enhance the potency.
For recurrent headache due to wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi)
and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to improve the effects of expelling wind and clearing heat. For
headache due to blood stasis, it is combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and cì jí lí
(Fructus Tribuli) to activate blood circulation and assist dispelling the wind.
For headache due to dampness stagnation, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et
Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and other similar herbs to improve
the effects.
3. For urticaria and eczema, it can expel wind and eliminate dampness to alleviate itching.
For urticaria, it is often used together with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), kŭ shēn (Radix
Sophorae Flavescentis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to alleviate itching by expelling
wind, activating blood and drying dampness, such as in the formula Xiāo Fēng Săn (Wind-Dispersing
9-9◎01.indd 70 2014-12-17 14:03:09

Powder).
For eczema, it is combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), dry-fried cāng ĕr
zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) to dispel wind and eliminate dampness to
relieve itching.
For either urticaria or eczema accompanied with blood heat and stasis, jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and yì mŭ căo
(Herba Leonuri) can also be used.
4. For tetanus and infantile convulsions, it can dispel wind and arrest convulsions.
For tetanus, it is often combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma
Arisaematis) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to reinforce the actions, such as in the formula Yù
Zhēn Săn (True Jade Powder).
For chronic infantile convulsions due to deficiency of the spleen, it is combined with bái
zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and tiān má (Rhizoma
Gastrodiae).
For acute infantile convulsions with liver heat, it is often combined with dăn nán xīng
(Arisaema cum Bile), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) and chán tuì (Periostracum
Cicadae).
5. For diarrhea with abdominal spastic pain relieved after bowel movement due to disharmony
between the liver and spleen, it can soothe the liver and regulate the spleen to check diarrhea and
stop pain. For such cases, it is often combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), bái
sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the
spleen and move the liver qi to relieve pain and diarrhea, such as in the formula Tòng Xiè Yào Fāng
(Important Formula for Painful Diarrhea).
6. Additionally, it can also be applied for mouth ulcers, bad breath, and thirst and hunger due to
heat retention in the spleen and stomach, since it can disperse ■re if combined with shēng shí gāo
(Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), such as in the formula Xiè Huáng Săn (Yellow-
Draining Powder). Its carbonized product can arrest bleeding, so it is also applied for intestinal
hemorrhage and vaginal bleeding.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or brewed in alcohol, or
made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted for steaming and rinsing. For the purpose
of releasing the exterior and relieving convulsions it is used raw, but for stopping bleeding it should
be carbonized ■rst.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for persons with dry heat, or yin de■ciency
with fire, or convulsions due to blood deficiency, since it is acrid and slightly warm and so may
consume yin and blood and assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which mainly include capryl aldehyde, β-bisabolene,
nonylaldehyde, β-eudesmol, etc. It also contains chromone, coumarins, polysaccharide, β-sitosterol,
daucosterol, mannitol and phenols.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving fever and pain, sedation, anti-
convulsion, anti-in■ammation, anti-blood coagulation, anti-anoxia, antibiosis, anti-in■uenza virus,
anti-dermatophytes, inhibiting smooth muscle contractions and in■uencing the immune function. It
also can remarkably inhibit lipid peroxides.
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Qiāng Huó 羌活
RADIX ET RHIZOMA NOTOPTERYGII
Notoptetygium Root and Rhizome
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome and
root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang or
Notopterygium forbesii Boiss., perennial herbs of the
family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qiāng is an old name of
the Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan area of China, and huó
means “making somebody alive ”. Qiāng huó means “an
herb produced in this area which is like a miraculous
cure”. Those produced in Sichuan province are called
chuān qiāng (川羌), while those produced in the
northwest are called xī qiāng (西羌). The medicinal part
looks like a silkworm, the Chinese name of which is cán
(蚕), so it is also called cán qiāng (蚕羌).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Gansu,
Qinghai and Yunnan provinces, but those from Sichuan and the northwest of China are the best
quality.
［Collection］ The rhizome and root are collected in spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots
and sediment are cleared away, they are dried in the sun. Large roots with horizontal nodes looking
like a silkworm, brown surface, dense cross-section, many cinnabar-colored spots and strong aroma
are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they are washed with water and left moistened, cut
into thick slices and then dried in the sun.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, kidney.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic and warm and presents ascending, ■oating and dispersing
effects. It is warmly bitter to dry up dampness. It enters the bladder and kidney channels, but acts
more on the upper jiao and surface of the body to dispel wandering wind and cold-damp from the
exterior, unblock the channels and relieve joint pain. It is effective for exterior syndrome complicated
by dampness, taiyang headache and rheumatic arthralgia in the upper part of the body.
［Actions］ Disperses wind cold, eliminates dampness and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For exterior syndrome, it is good at dispelling wind, cold and
dampness pathogens from the surface and relieving pain.
For exterior wind-cold syndrome complicated by dampness manifested as chills and fever
without sweating, aching pain in muscles and joints, and heavy sensation in the limbs, it is often
combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and
găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici), such as in the formula Qiāng Huó Shèng Shī Tāng (Notopterygium
Dampness-Drying Decoction).
For exterior wind-cold syndrome complicated by yang de■ciency manifested as chills and
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fever, and headache without sweating, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae),
rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) to support
healthy qi to eliminate pathogens, such as in the formula Zài Zào Săn (Renewal Powder).
If combined with băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and jīn yín huā
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), it can also be used for exterior wind-heat syndrome complicated by
dampness, manifested as fever without sweating, aversion to wind and cold, aching limbs and sore
throat, to release the exterior and clear toxic heat.
2. For recurrent headache, it is effective at dispelling wind, cold and dampness pathogens and
relieving pain.
◆ For taiyang headache due to wind-cold attack, it is often used in combination with chuān
xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae
Dahuricae) to enhance the effects.
◆ For headache appearing around the supra-orbital bone due to wind heat, it is used in
combination with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) and shí
gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum).
3. For arthralgia in wind-cold-damp type, it is commonly used for dispelling wind, dampness
and cold pathogens, unblocking the channels and alleviating joint pain. It is particularly effective for
arthralgia in the shoulder, upper back and arms. For such cases, it is often combined with fáng fēng
(Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jiāng huáng (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) to enhance its effects, such
as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediments-■xpelling Decoction).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should not be applied for patients with vulnerable stomach
since it has a strong odor and bitter taste, which may irritate the stomach to induce vomiting. It also
should not be used for those cases with blood and yin de■ciency or internal heat because it is warm
and dry in property and thus may consume yin and blood.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of limonene, α-pinene,
β-pinene, β-ocimene, borneol acetate, etc. It also contains β-sitosterol, ammidin, nodakenin, psoralen,
monosaccharides, amino acids, organic acids and alkaloids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving fever, analgesia, anti-in■ammation,
anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-arrhythmia and antisepsis. It also can inhibit dermatophytes and
brucella. The volatile oils can stimulate the sweat glands, relieve fever and pain, dilate the cerebral
vessels, increase cerebral blood ■ow, and show effects of anti-allergy, anti-shock, anti-arrhythmia,
anti-thrombogenesis, anti-epilepsy, anti-oxidant and anti-cervical cancer.
Bái Zhǐ白芷
RADIX ANGELICAE DAHURICAE
Angelica Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook f.
and Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. f. var. formosana (Boiss.) Shan et Yuan,
perennial herbs of the family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái means “white” and zhĭ “aromatic”. The root is white and
aromatic, and can make skin moist and lustrous. It is also called xiāng bái zhĭ (香白芷), where
9-9◎01.indd 73 2014-12-17 14:03:13

xiāng means “fragrant”.

［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Zhejiang,
Henan, Hebei and Anhui provinces of China. The best
specimens are produced in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province,
Suining of Sichuan Province and Yuzhou of Henan
Province.
［Collection］ The root is collected when the leaves are
turning yellow during the late summer to the early autumn.
After the fibrous roots and sediment are removed, it is
dried in the sun or in a low-temperature oven. Single
roots which are solid, big, heavy and aromatic with a powdery feeling are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is moistened with water and cut into thick slices
for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Aromatic, warm, drying and dispersing, it enters the lung and stomach
channels and is particularly good at expelling pathogens from the yangming channel. It can
dispel wind cold from the superficial part of the body to release the exterior, relieve itching
and relieve headache—particularly the pain around the forehead (yangming headache) —and
toothache. It can also relieve stuffy nose by dispersing pathogens, arrest leukorrhea by drying
up dampness and dissipating cold, assist in reducing swelling and expelling pus, and facilitate
tissue granulation.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and cold, relieves stuffy nose and pain in the head, reduces swelling
and expels pus, dries dampness and arrests leukorrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For common cold, headache and toothache, it dispels wind-cold
dampness and relieves pain, and serves as a key herb for treatment of forehead pain, pain around the
supra-orbital bone and toothache.
For fever accompanied by aversion to cold, headache, body heaviness and aching limbs due
to exterior wind, cold and dampness attack, it is used together with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), as in the
formula Jiŭ Wèi Qiāng Huó Tāng (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction).
For recurrent headache and pain around the supra-orbital bone in cold type, it is often
combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to reinforce
the actions of expelling wind and cold and relieving pain. For recurrent headache and pain around
the supra-orbital bone in heat type, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), jú huā
(Flos Chrysanthemi) and tea to expel wind heat.
For toothache in wind-cold type, it is often combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to
warmly dispel wind cold and relieve pain. For toothache in wind-heat type, it is used together with
shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum).
It is also used for arthralgia due to wind-cold dampness and cold pain in the back, in which
case it is combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae
Pubescentis), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and other herbs similar in actions.
2. For stuffy nose and sinusitis, it dispels wind and dries dampness, and relieves stuffy nose and
pain.
For stuffy nose with profuse thin discharge due to wind cold attacking the lung, it is generally
9-9◎01.indd 74 2014-12-17 14:03:15

combined with cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) and xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae), as in the formula Cāng Ĕr
Zĭ Săn (Cockleburr Fruit Powder).
For stuffy nose with yellow turbid discharge due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it is
generally combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae).
3. For sores, snake bites and other tissue infections, it is a commonly-used herb, since it can
effectively alleviate swelling, expel pus and relieve pain.
For sores and carbuncles before suppuration, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to clear toxic
heat and alleviate swelling.
When sores and carbuncles have suppurated but the abscess has not broken up, it is often
combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), chuān shān
jiă (Squama Manitis) and zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) to enhance the effects of clearing toxic heat,
alleviating swelling and assisting the breakup of abscesses, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó
Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage).
For snake bites, it is used together with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and xú cháng qīng
(Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati) for oral administration, and with dăn fán (Chalcanthitum)
and shè xiāng (Moschus) for external use.
4. For leukorrhea, it can dry up dampness to reduce the discharge of leukorrhea.
For cases with profuse, clear and thin leukorrhea due to cold dampness pouring down,
it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), cāng zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis) and fú líng (Poria) to invigorate the spleen and dissipate dampness.
For turbid yellow leukorrhea due to damp heat pouring down, it is combined with huáng băi
(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to
clear heat dampness.
5. Additionally, it also can dispel wind and dry dampness, alleviate itching and dissipate
ecchymoses to treat eczema, urticaria and pigmentation.
For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically, or mixed with another adjuvant
before use.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency with heat,
or headache due to yin de■ciency with yang hyperactivity, since it is acrid, warm and drying.
［Ingredients］ It contains byakangelicin, byakanngelicol, oxypeucedanin, ammidin, isoimperatorin,
phellopterin, xanthotoxin and angelicotoxin. The herb produced in Hangzhou also contains many
kinds of furan coumarins.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of relieving fever and pain, anti-in■ammation,
antibiosis, anti-dermatophytes, anti-virus and hemostasis. A small dose of angelicotoxin shows
effects of stimulating the vasomotor center, the respiratory center, the vagus nerve and the spinal cord
of animals, and raising blood pressure, slowing down the pulse, deepening breathing, and inducing
salivation and vomiting. A large dose of angelicotoxin induces convulsions and subsequently
paralysis. The furan coumarins show the effect of photosensitization. It also can relax the smooth
muscles.
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XìXīn 细辛
RADIX ET RHIZOMA ASARI
Manchurian Wild Ginger
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root and rhizome of
Asarum heterotropoides Fr.Schmidt var. mandshuricum
(Maxim.) Kitag., Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense
Nakai or Asarum sieboldii Miq., perennial herbs of the
family Aristolochiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xì means “thin”, and xīn
“hot and aromatic ”. The root is thin but with very strong
aroma. It is also known as xiăo xīn (小辛), where xiăo
means “small”.
［Habitat］ Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var.
mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. and Asarum sieboldii
Miq. var. seoulense Nakai are mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces of
China. Asarum sieboldii Miq. is mainly produced in Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces of
China.
［Collection］ The root and rhizome are collected when the fruits are ripe during the late summer
to the early autumn. After the above-ground parts and sediment are removed, they are dried in the
shade. Clean, gray-yellow roots with strong aroma and having a hot and benumbing taste are the
best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the roots are moistened with water, cut into
segments and dried in the shade.
［Properties］ Acrid; warm; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, kidney, heart.
［Characteristic］ Acrid, warm, aromatic and dispersing, it enters the heart, lung and kidney
channels and acts on the interior and the exterior, as well as the upper and the lower. It is quite
effective even though slightly toxic. It is good at expelling wind cold and relieving stuffy nose and
pain, and therefore is considered an essential herb for all cold pain and sinus headache, especially
shaoyin headache, stuffy nose and toothache. Since it can also effectively warm the lung and resolve
phlegm, it is often used for patients with cold ■uid retention in the lung.
［Actions］ Dispels wind to release the exterior, dissipates cold and relieves pain, warms the
lung and resolves cold phlegm, and relieves congested facial ori■ces.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-cold exterior pattern and yang deficiency, it not only
dispels cold from the exterior but also dissipates interior cold.
For common cold manifested as headache, aching pain all over the body and stuffy nose
with watery discharge, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and
fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), as in the formula Jiŭ Wèi Qiāng Huó Tāng (Nine Ingredients
Notopterygium Decoction).
For yang de■ciency with exterior pattern manifested as fever, aversion to cold and deep pulse,
it is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to
9-9◎01.indd 76 2014-12-17 14:03:18

warm yang and dissipate cold to release the exterior, such as in the formula Má Huáng Fù Zĭ Xì Xīn
Tāng (■phedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction).
2. For headache, toothache and arthralgia, it is a commonly-used essential herb.
For recurrent headache due to wind-cold attack, it is combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to enhance the
effect of dispelling wind cold.
For recurrent headache due to wind-heat invasion, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to disperse wind heat.
For sinus headache with watery discharge in wind-cold type, it is combined with xīn yí (Flos
Magnoliae), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) to enhance the
effects of dispersing wind cold and relieving congestion, while for that with yellow turbid discharge
in wind-heat type, in addition to the previously-mentioned three herbs, shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum),
huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) are normally used to clear heat and
enhance the effect of dispersing wind.
For toothache in wind-cold type, it is decocted with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae)
and huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) for mouth rinsing. For toothache due to wind heat, it is
decocted with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and shēng má (Rhizoma
Cimicifugae), or with an equal amount of huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) for mouth
rinsing.
For arthralgia, especially chronic cases accompanied by aching weakness of the loins and
knees due to wind-cold dampness invasion, it is combined with sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), dú huó
(Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì
Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction).
For those cases with serious joint pain and dif■cult movement, it is often combined with căo
wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and shēn jīn căo (Herba
Lycopodii) to expel cold, dredge the collaterals and alleviate pain.
3. For cough with wheezing due to cold ■uid retention, it disperses exterior cold, warms the lung
and resolves interior phlegm ■uid as well.
For those cases with clear phlegm triggered by exterior wind and cold, it is often combined
with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus
Schisandrae Chinensis) to release the exterior, help expel phlegm fluid, and relieve cough and
wheezing, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction).
For those chronic cases manifested by coughing with profuse thin phlegm, it is combined with
fú líng (Poria), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to
warm the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve coughing, as in the formula Líng Gān Wŭ Wèi Jiāng Xīn
Tāng (Poria, Licorice, Chinese Magnolivine Fruit, Dried Ginger and Asarum Decoction).
4. In addition, it can open the ori■ces to restore consciousness and thus be applied for the attack
of pathogenic factors or wind-stroke in bi pattern, manifested with lockjaw, suffocation and loss
of consciousness. For such cases, it is often ground into powder and applied in mixture with equal
amount of the powdered zào jiá (Fructus Gleditsiae), and inhaled into the nose to cause sneezing, as
in the formula Tōng Guān Săn (Resuscitation Powder).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction, or 0.5-1 g in powder. For
external use: it is ground into powder for nasal inhalation or application to the ear or umbilicus, or
topical application mixed with another liquid adjuvant. It also can be decocted ■rst for mouth rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with qi de■ciency accompanied
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by spontaneous sweating, yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity with headache, or cough with
lung heat or yin de■ciency, since it is acrid, aromatic and warmly dispersing. It is slightly toxic, so
overdose must be avoided, especially for the powder form. It is antagonized by lí lú.
If an overdose is taken or if it is decocted for too short a time, it may cause intoxication of
the patient. Toxic symptoms include headache and vomiting, as well as lockjaw, convulsions and
respiratory paralysis in critical cases.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of methyleugenol, shikimol and
asarone. It also contains N-isobutyl-dodecatetraeneamide and higenamine.
［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils, water extracts and alcohol extracts have
the effects of relieving pain and fever, bacteriostasis, anti-inflammation, cough prevention, anti-
histamine, anti-allergy and local anesthesia. Large dose of volatile oils can ■rst excite the central
nervous system and then depress it. The alcohol infusion of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt
var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. and Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai can strengthen
cardiac contractility, accelerate the heart rate and increase coronary blood ■ow. It also can expand the
visceral vessels, relax the smooth muscles, promote lipid metabolism and raise blood sugar. Shikimol
is more toxic and carcinogenic.
Gǎo Běn 藁本
RHIZOMA LIGUSTICI
Chinese Lovage Root
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome
and root of Ligusticum sinense Oliv. and Ligusticum
jeholense Nakai et Kitag., perennial herbs of the family
Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Găo “straw of grain” and
bĕn “foundation” or “root”. The medicinal part is the
root of the plant.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei,
Hunan, Hebei and Liaoning provinces of China.
［Collection］ The rhizome and root are collected
when the above-ground part of the plant is withered in
autumn or when the plant breaks in the following early
spring. After the soil and stem remnants are cleaned
away, the roots are dried in the sun or baked until dry. Big and ■rm roots with strong aroma are best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the roots are cleaned and moistened thoroughly
with water, and then cut into thick slices for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, liver.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, aromatic and warmly dispersing, it enters the bladder and liver
channels and can dispel cold to release the exterior, expel wind, dissipate dampness and alleviate
pain. It is effective for exterior syndrome and arthralgia in wind-cold-damp type, and headache
occuring particularly in the vertex.
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［Actions］ ■xpels wind, cold and dampness, and relieves pain.

［Clinical Applications］ 1. For headache due to wind-cold attack, it is good at dispelling wind
and cold to relieve pain.
For headache especially in the vertex and cheeks due to exterior wind-cold invasion, it is often
combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and xì xīn
(Radix et Rhizoma Asari), as in the formula Shén Zhú Săn (Atractylodes Macrocephala Powder).
If the headache is caused by external wind cold and dampness manifested as aching pain in
the head, dizziness and drowsiness, it is used in combination with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to enhance the
effects.
2. For arthralgia in wind-cold-dampness type, or for chronic arthralgia triggered by wind cold
manifested as aching pain and heavy sensation throughout the body, it is often combined with qiāng
huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and herbs with similar
actions to dispel wind, cold and dampness and relieve pain, such as in the formula Qiāng Huó Shèng
Shī Tāng (Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction).
3. In addition, if combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli) and
dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), it can dispel wind and resolve dampness to treat itching skin. If combined
with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), it can be
used for diarrhea with abdominal spastic pain due to cold dampness retained in the stomach and large
intestine.
For external use: it is decocted for topical skin washing, or ground into powder and applied topically
in mixture with a liquid adjuvant.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with headache in blood-de■ciency
pattern or heat syndrome, since it is acrid and warmly dispersing.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils which are composed of neocnidilide, cnidium
lactone, limonene and 4-terineol.
［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils show effects of sedation, analgesia, relieving
fever and anti-inflammation. It also can inhibit the smooth muscles of the intestines and uterus,
relieve asthma, lower blood pressure, dilate the coronary arteries, increase the coronary blood ■ow,
alleviate angiospasm, improve myocardial ischemia and increase the tissue tolerance to anoxia. The
decoction inhibits many kinds of pathogenic dermatophytes.
Cāng■
Er Zǐ苍耳子
FRUCTUS XANTHII
Xanthium Fruit
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ripe fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patr., an annual herb of the
family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Cāng means “dark green”, ĕr “earring”, and zĭ “seed-like fruit”. The
plant is dark green in color and the fruit looks like an earring in shape.
［Habitat］ Produced all over China.
［Collection］ The fruit is collected when it is ripe and the color turns from green to yellow in
9-9◎01.indd 79 2014-12-17 14:03:22

autumn. After the stalks, stems and leaves are removed,

it is dried in the sun. The big and full fruits with yellow-
brown color are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is
used directly, or the thorns are fried away first before
use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; warm; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, liver.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and dispersing, bitter
and drying, warmly unblocks the channels and is slightly
poisonous. It enters the lung, spleen and liver channels
and works best in the head, knees and feet, muscles and
tendons. It can disperse wind and cold, release nasal
stuf■ness, resolve dampness, relieve pain and alleviate itching. It is a commonly-used herb for sinus
headache, rheumatic arthralgia and dermopathic itching.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and releases the exterior, ventilates and dredges the nasal channels,
resolves dampness and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-cold exterior syndrome and sinusitis, it is good at
dispelling wind to release the exterior, and ventilating and dredging the nasal channels.
For sinus headache accompanied by aversion to cold and absence of sweating in wind-cold
exterior syndrome, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to reinforce the potency.
For rhinitis and sinusitis in wind-cold type manifested as stuffy nose and thin nasal discharge,
it is often combined with zĭ sū gěng (Folium et Caulis Perillae), xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae) and bái zhĭ
(Radix Angelicae Dahuricae).
For rhinitis or sinusitis in wind-heat pattern manifested as thick nasal discharge and loss of
smell, it is generally combined with xīn yí (Flos Magnoliae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and green tea to
disperse wind, clear heat and release the nasal stuf■ness, as in the formula Cāng Er Zĭ Săn (Xanthium
Powder).
For rhinitis manifested as yellow turbid foul-smelling discharge due to heat retention in the
lung, it is used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum).
2. For arthralgia, it dispels wind, dries dampness, activates the channels and alleviates pain.
For arthralgia in wind-cold-dampness pattern manifested as painful numbness throughout
the body and joint inflexibility, it is commonly combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma
Clematidis), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to disperse
wind and cold, remove dampness and alleviate pain.
For arthralgia in wind-heat-damp type manifested as in■amed joints, it is often combined with
qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi), rĕn dōng téng (Caulis
Lonicerae Japonicae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to expel wind and dampness, clear heat
and dredge the collaterals to relieve pain.
3. For dermopathic itching, scabies, tinea and leprosy, it can dispel wind, dry dampness, kill
mites and dispel fungus to relieve itching.
For dermopathic itching elicited by wind dampness, it is combined with fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) in decoction
for oral administration or topical washing.
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For scabies and tinea, it is combined with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), bái xiān pí (Cortex
Dictamni) and tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis), and decocted for topical washing.
For leprosy, it is used in combination with dà fēng zĭ (Semen Hydnocarpi) and kŭ shēn (Radix
Sophorae Flavescentis) and applied in decoction or pill form.
For external use: the fresh herb is pounded ■rst for topical compresses, or the fresh or the dried herb
is decocted ■rst for topical washing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for headache or arthralgia with blood
deficiency, since it is warm and drying in property. Since it is toxic, high dosage or long-term
application is not encouraged. High-dosage application may elicit the following reactions: tiredness,
lethargy, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, then
dizziness, headache, sleepiness or dysphoria, tachycardia or bradycardia, low fever, spontaneous
sweating, and flushed cheeks yet sallow color around the mouth and nose. Slight jaundice and
hepatomegaly may also be seen. In severe cases, loss of consciousness, convulsion, shock, urinary
blockage, acute alimentary tract hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, circulatory
failure, renal failure and even death could occur.
［Ingredients］ It contains strumaroside, xanthanol, alkaloids, volatile oils, fatty acids, lecithin,
saccharide, and many kinds of amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of preventing cough, anti-in■ammation, analgesia,
reducing blood sugar and white blood cells, immunosuppression, antisepsis, anti-hepatitis virus, anti-
oxidation, anti-thrombin, inhibiting heart function and reducing heartbeat, and inhibiting cancer of
the cervix. The poisonous ingredients include strumaroside, and alkaloids or toxic proteins, which
are water soluble and mainly damage the liver and kidney.
Xīn Yí辛夷
FLOS MAGNOLIAE
Blond Magnolia Flower
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ■ower bud of Magnolia
bionaii Pamp., M. ienudata Desr., or M. Sprengeri Pamp.,
deciduous shrubs of the family Magnoliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xīn “fragrant” and yí “tender
shoot”. The flower bud looks like a plant shoot but the
bract is covered by hairs and looks very much like the
head of a Chinese writing brush, so it is also known as
máo bĭ tóu (毛笔头) or mù bĭ huā (木笔花).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Sichuan,
Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Hubei and Anhui provinces of China.
［Collection］ The buds are collected in early spring
before the ■ower blooms. After the branches and stalks are cleared away, the buds are dried in the
shade. Fragrant and complete tightly closed buds are the best.
［Processing］ Impurities are cleaned away before use.
9-9◎01.indd 81 2014-12-17 14:03:25


［Characteristics］ It is acrid, warm, aromatic and loose in texture and so has ■oating, ascending
and dispersing actions. It enters the lung channel to disperse wind cold and relieve nasal stuf■ness. It
also enters the stomach channel to help the clear stomach qi ascend. Its ability to release the exterior
is relatively weak, but it is effective for rhinitis and sinusitis.
［Actions］ Disperses wind and cold, and relieves nasal stuf■ness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For headache and nasal stuffiness in the common cold, it can
disperse wind and cold, and relieve nasal stuf■ness and headache.
For headache and nasal stuf■ness due to wind and cold attack, it is often combined with bái
zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae) to
enhance the effects.
If combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and lián
qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), it can be used for headache and nasal stuf■ness due to wind-heat attack.
If combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae)
and dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), it can also be used for headache and nasal stuf■ness due
to wind-damp attack.
2. For rhinitis and sinusitis with headache, it can effectively release the nasal congestion.
For those cases with clear thin nasal discharge and frequent sneezing elicited by wind cold,
it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and
cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) to dispel wind and cold, release the nasal stuf■ness and relieve pain,
such as in the formula Xīn Yí Săn (Magnolia Powder).
For sinusitis triggered by wind heat and marked by yellow turbid foul-smelling discharge
which normally results from lung heat, it is often used in combination with bò he (Herba Menthae),
huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) to disperse wind, clear heat and
purge the lung.
If the heat transforms into chronic gallbladder heat, marked by purulent foul-smelling
nasal discharge, stuffy nose and damaged olfactory sensation, it is combined with chái hú (Radix
Bupleuri), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to purge the liver and
gallbladder, and to relieve the nasal congestion.
3. In addition, if combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and
shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), it can also be used for nasal polyps due to wind-heat-dampness
accumulation in the nose. If combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), it is used for nasal boils resulting from heat
retention in the lung.
For external use: the powder is stuffed into the nose, or the water extract is applied for nose drops. It
should be wrapped ■rst for decoction because the villi may irritate the throat.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and excessive
■re, since it is acrid and warm and may worsen their condition.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, flavones, alkaloids and lignanoids. The volatile oils
include citral, eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde and eucalyptole.
［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils can contract the blood vessels of the nasal
mucosa, improve the absorption of the mucus discharge to relieve inflammation, prohibit allergy,
relieve asthma, alleviate pain and induce sedation. The decoction can activate the smooth muscles of
the uterus and intestines. The water or alcohol extracts can decrease blood pressure and inhibit many
9-9◎01.indd 82 2014-12-17 14:03:26

kinds of pathogenic bacteria and in■uenza viruses.
Cōng Bái 葱白
BULBUS ALLII FISTULOSI
Spring Onion
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was cōng jīng (葱
茎). It is the squamous bulb near the root of Allium ■stulosum
L., a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Cōng originally meant “chimney”,
and bái means “white”. It grows straight and long like a
chimney, and the bulb is white.
［Habitat］ Produced everywhere in China and other
Asian countries.
［Collection］ The bulb is collected year round. The
■brous roots and leaves are cleared away before use.
［Processing］ After the outer layer is removed, it is used immediately.
［Characteristics］ Acridly dispersing and warmly dredging, it enters the lung and stomach
channels. It not only induces sweating and releases the exterior, but also dissipates cold, activates
yang and disperses heat to alleviate swelling. It is an edible medicinal plant and is mild in actions.
［Actions］ Induces sweating to release the exterior, disperses cold and activates yang, subsides
swelling and dissipates masses.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For common cold in light cases, it is combined with dàn dòu
chĭ (Semen Sojae Praeparatum), such as in the formula Cōng Chĭ Tāng (Scallion and Fermented
Soybean Decoction), or is used in combination with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens).
2. For the syndrome of exuberant yin repelling yang, manifested as diarrhea with undigested
food, severe coldness of limbs and faint pulse, it can actively move yang qi and warmly dissipate
cold coagulation. For such cases it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata)
and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to save yang from collapse, as in the formula Bái Tōng Tāng
(Scallion Yang-Freeing Decoction). For the syndrome of cold coagulation manifested as gastro-
abdominal cold pain or retention of urine, it is stir-baked warm ■rst and applied over the umbilicus
or the lower abdomen to warm yang.
3. For sores, carbuncles and acute mastitis, it can be pounded and applied topically as compresses
to disperse heat and subside swelling.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or taken fresh directly. For
external use: it is pounded and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with defensive qi de■ciency, since
it is acrid and warm and may induce perspiration. It is contraindicated for use with honey.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are mainly composed of allicin and diallyl sul■de.
It also contains mucoid substances, crude fats, crude proteins, crude ■ber, malic acid, vitamin B, C,
and iron salt.
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［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of diaphoresis, expelling phlegm, diuresis,

analgesia, sedation and insect disinfestation. Used fresh, it can promote the secretion of digestive
juices and can protect the gastric mucosa and skin. The volatile oils can inhibit bacillus diphtheriae,
tubercle bacillus, bacillus dysenteriae, staphylococcus, streptococcus and dermatophytes.
Section 2 Herbs that Disperse Wind Heat

Herbs in this group, generally cold or cool and pungent, though a few of them are sweet in
nature, can mainly disperse wind and heat by mildly inducing perspiration. They are normally
applied for wind-heat exterior syndrome or epidemic febrile diseases at the early stage (wei level
pattern). Some of them can also release the throat, promote the eruption of rashes, alleviate eye
problems to improve vision, and relieve coughing in order to treat sore throat, measles without
adequate eruption, rubella, urticaria and conjunctival in■ammation in wind-heat pattern.
Bò He 薄荷
HERBA MENTHAE
Field Mint
［Source］ Initially appeared in Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for
Emergency (Bèi Jí Qiān Jīn Yào Fāng, 备急千金要
方) in the Tang Dynasty (652 A.D.). Its original name
was fān hé cài (蕃荷菜). It is the above-ground part
of Mentha haplocalyx Briq., a perennial herb of the
family Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bò means “near” or
“similar”, and he “lotus leaf”. The leaf is round and
similar to the young lotus leaf in shape. It grows near
water like perilla, so is also named shuĭ sū (水苏),
where shuĭ means “water” and sū means “perilla”. It
is used to cook with chicken because of its pleasant
fragrance and therefore is also known as xiāng sū (香
苏) and jī sū (鸡苏), where xiāng means “fragrant”, sū means “perilla” and jī means “chicken”.
［Habitat］ Produced everywhere in China, but that produced in Jiangsu Province (simply called
sū bò he) is the best.
［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected two or three times a year on sunny days during
summer and autumn when the plant is ■ourishing. It is used fresh or dried ■rst before use. Green and
aromatic plants with ■ourishing leaves are best.
［Processing］ After overgrown stems and impurities are removed, it is moistened with water,
cut into short segments and dried at a low temperature immediately before use.
［Properties］ Acrid; cool.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic and cool so as to disperse and clear heat. It enters the
lung and liver channels, and is good at dispersing wind and heat in the upper jiao, and clearing away
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heat from the head and throat. It can also move stagnant liver qi and promote the eruption of measles
by dispersing. Therefore it is suitable for problems caused by wind heat or syndromes due to liver qi
stagnation transforming into ■re.
［Actions］ Disperses wind and heat, clears heat and eases the throat, promotes eruption of
rashes, soothes the liver and relieves stagnation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or febrile diseases at the early
stage, it is good at dispersing wind and heat, clearing the head and soothing the throat.
For those cases with coughing, sore throat and thirst, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), such as
in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).
For those cases with serious coughing, fever and slight thirst, it is often combined with sāng
yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), as in the formula
Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage).
2. For headache with in■amed eyes and sore throat due to wind heat, it is often combined with
jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to disperse wind and heat, clear the head
and release the throat, as in the formula Bò He Tāng (Mint Decoction).
For in■amed eyes complicated with headache and dizziness in the pattern of liver ■re ■aming
up, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae).
3. For diminished eruption of measles, rubella and urticaria, it is commonly used to promote
eruption by dispersing wind and heat.
For the diminished eruption of measles that may happen in the early stage of the disease, it
is combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and chéng liŭ
(Cacumen Tamaricis), as in the formula Jiā Jiăn Gé Gēn Tāng (Pueraria Variant Decoction).
For rubella and urticaria, it is often combined with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), dì fū zĭ
(Fructus Kochiae) and cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli) to alleviate itching by dispersing wind.
4. For liver qi stagnation manifested as hypochondriac pain or constraint in the chest, it is often
used in combination with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to soothe the
liver by moving the liver qi, such as in the formula Xiāo Yáo Săn (Free Wanderer Powder).
5. In addition, if combined with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae),
it can also be used for cholera marked by distension of the abdomen, painful watery diarrhea and
vomiting elicited by an accumulation of summerheat. If brewed as tea for rinsing the mouth, it serves
to refresh the mouth and to treat dental ulcers. For sores and small ulcers, the fresh herb is pounded
and applied topically.
For decoction, it should be added later and boiled for about 5 minutes. For external use: the fresh
herb is pounded ■rst for topical application or the juice is used in the same way, or it is decocted ■rst
for rinsing the skin or mouth. The leaf tends to induce perspiration, while the stem moves qi.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin and blood de■ciency
and spontaneous sweating, since its aromatic and dispersing nature may induce perspiration and
consume qi.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of menthol, menthone, camphene,
limonene and pinene.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can relieve fever by promoting dilation of the skin capillaries to
induce sweating. The peppermint oil can relieve gastrointestinal spasms and promote the secretions
of the respiratory tract gland. When the volatile oils are being applied onto the skin, there comes
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a cool feeling followed by a mild hot feeling and local blood congestion, which further causes
vascular changes of the deep tissue. Menthol and menthone applied topically show effects of anti-
in■ammation, analgesia and alleviating itching. The decoction inhibits herpes simplex virus, semliki
forest virus, epidemic parotitis virus, staphylococcus and streptococcus. It can also excite the central
nervous system, relieve convulsions, protect the liver, promote gallbladder function, resist early
pregnancy and implantation of the fertilized ovum, facilitate the expectoration of phlegm and arrest
coughing, and promote transdermic absorption of other medications.
NiúBàng Zǐ牛蒡子
FRUCTUS ARCTII
Great Burdock Achene
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and
South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was wù
shí. It is the fruit of Arctium lappa L., a biennial herb of
the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Niú “cattle”, bàng “by
the side” and zĭ “seed”. It is also known as wù shí (恶
实), where wù means “dislike” and shí means “fruit”.
The mature seed-like fruit has a lot of small burrs on the
surface that troublesomely stick to fur or cloth so that
people dislike it and even cattle prefer going to the side
rather than eating it.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in China, but mainly in
Zhejiang and the northeast. That produced in Zhejiang is the best in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn when the color of the fruit is turning brown and then
dried in the sun. The big and plump fruits with grayish-brown color are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and either stir-baked or
dried directly for use. For decoction, it should ■rst be crushed.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; cold.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, cold and bitter to disperse wind and purge heat. ■ntering the lung
and stomach channels, it can release the exterior and promote rash eruption by dispersing wind heat,
relieve hot swelling by purging toxic heat, dispel phlegm and relieve coughing by clearing lung heat,
and drain toxic heat by promoting urination and defecation. It is not as good as bò he in inducing
diaphoresis but is excellent in clearing toxic heat and promoting urination and defecation. Therefore
it is mainly used for all problems caused by wind heat or toxic heat, especially those accompanied by
dif■cult urination and defecation.
［Actions］ Disperses wind and heat, disperses lung qi and promotes rash eruption, eases the
throat and dissipates masses, clears toxic heat and relieves swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome manifested as fever, slight
aversion to cold and sore throat, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae),
lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to disperse wind and heat, clear
toxic heat and alleviate swelling, such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia
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Powder).
2. For cough due to heat, it can not only disperse lung qi, clear heat, resolve phlegm and relieve
coughing, but also can promote urination and defecation. Thus it is suitable for coughing with thick
yellow sputum or off-white sticky sputum with concentrated urine and constipation.
For coughing due to wind heat, it is often combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), sāng
yè (Folium Mori) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani) to arrest coughing by dispersing wind and heat.
For coughing due to interior lung heat, it is commonly combined with huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to clear the lung
heat, resolve phlegm and alleviate coughing.
3. For sore throat, it can ease the throat by clearing toxic heat.
For cases triggered by wind-heat attack, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae).
For those cases caused by excessive toxic heat attack, it is used together with băn lán gēn
(Radix Isatidis), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae).
4. For diminished measles eruption or dermatic itching due to wind-heat invasion, it dispels
pathogenic factors in two ways—dispersing and draining. Through dispersing, it improves rash
eruption by dispersing lung qi and wind and heat from the body surface; through draining, it drains
toxic heat by promoting urination and defecation.
For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), chán tuì
(Periostracum Cicadae) and gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), such as in the formula Jiā Jiăn Gé
Gēn Tāng (Pueraria Variant Decoction).
For dermatic itching due to wind heat, it is used together with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae),
bò he (Herba Menthae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to enhance the effects of dispersing wind heat
and alleviating itching.
5. For sore, hot swelling and mumps, it is good at clearing toxic heat and subsiding swelling.
For toxic-heat sores, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì dīng
(Herba Violae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis).
For mumps, it is generally combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), lián qiào (Fructus
Forsythiae) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis).
For acute mastitis, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), chì sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Rubra) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into powder. For
decoction, it should ■rst be crushed. Frying can reduce the cold property.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools in the spleen qi
de■ciency pattern because of its laxative properties.
［Ingredients］ It contains arctiin, alkaloids, fatty oils, vitamin A and B, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows the effects of anti-in■ammation, relieving
fever, diuresis, purgation, anti-tumor, and reducing blood sugar. It can also inhibit pneumococci,
staphylococcus aureus and many kinds of dermatophytes. Arctiin can paralyze the experimentally
isolated heart, uterus, intestinal canal, skeletal muscles and motor nerves. The extract has anti-AIDS
virus effects.
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Chán Tuì蝉蜕
PERIOSTRACUM CICADAE
Cicada Moulting
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North

and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was
chán ké (蝉壳) or kū chán (枯蝉). It is the moulting of
Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius, an insect of the
family Cicadidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chán “cicada” and tuì
“moulting”. It is also known as zhī liao (知了).
［Habitat］ Produced all over China, but mainly in
Shandong, Henan, Hebei and Jiangsu provinces.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and autumn,
washed with water and dried in the sun. The complete body
that is clean with bright yellow color is the best.
［Properties］ Sweet; cold.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, cold, dispersing, ascending, ■oating and ventilating. It enters the
lung and liver channels, and is good at expelling wind, relieving convulsions, improving eyesight
and easing up the voice. It is used mainly for problems triggered by wind heat, liver heat and liver
wind.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and heat, promotes rash eruption and alleviates itching, subsides
nebulae and improves eyesight, and expels wind and relieves convulsions.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or sore throat accompanied by a
hoarse voice, it is good at dispersing wind and heat, dispersing lung qi and easing the throat.
For fever and headache caused by wind-heat exterior syndrome or seasonal febrile disease
in the early stage, it is commonly combined with bò he (Herba Menthae) and lián qiào (Fructus
Forsythiae).
For sore throat and hoarse voice, it is used together with pàng dà hăi (Semen Sterculiae
Lychnophorae), as in the formula Hăi Chán Săn (Sterculia Seed and Cicada Moulting Powder).
2. For measles, rubella and urticaria, it promotes rash eruption and relieves itching by dispersing
wind and heat.
For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae) and zĭ căo
(Radix Arnebiae), as in the formula Tòu Zhĕn Tāng (■ruption-Promoting Decoction).
For rubella and urticaria, it is combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), jīng jiè (Herba
Schizonepetae) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), as in the formula Xiāo Fēng Săn (Wind-
Dispersing Powder).
3. For convulsions, epilepsy, infantile night crying and tetanus, it extinguishes internal wind and
arrests convulsions, and disperses wind and heat as well.
For fever accompanied by convulsions in the exterior syndrome, infantile night crying and
epilepsy with heat, it is usually applied in powder and taken with the decoction of bò he (Herba
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Menthae) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), such as in the formula Zhĭ Tí Săn (Cry-
Stopping Powder).
For acute infantile convulsions, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), huáng lián
(Rhizoma Coptidis), bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus), etc.
For tetanus in mild cases, the powder is mixed with yellow wine for oral administration, and
for severe cases, it is normally combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), bái jiāng cán (Bombyx
Batryticatus), quán xiē (Scorpio) and tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), such as in the formula
Wŭ Hŭ Zhuī Fēng Săn (Five-Tiger Wind-■xpelling Powder).
4. For bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it is able to dispel wind and heat, subside the nebulae and
improve the eyesight.
For bloodshot eyes with tears due to wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli), as in the formula Chán Huā
Săn (Cicada and Chrysanthemun Flower Powder).
For nebulae due to wind heat attacking the eyes, it is often combined with gŭ jīng căo (Flos
■riocauli), mì méng huā (Flos Buddlejae) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) to enhance its
effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills.
For external use: it is decocted for topical skin washing, or the powder is applied topically in mixture
with a liquid adjuvant. For the purpose of relieving convulsions, a large dose is suggested.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable to be taken during pregnancy.
［Ingredients］ It contains chitin, proteins, amino acids, organic acids and phenolic compounds, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of anti-convulsion, sedation, relieving fever,
analgesia, immuno-suppression, anti-anaphylaxis, anti-tumor, decreasing capillary permeability,
protecting erythrocyte membranes, slowing down the heartbeat and interrupting the conduction of
the sympathetic nerves. It can also selectively inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro.
Sāng Yè 桑叶
FOLIUM MORI
Mulberry Leaf
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the leaf of Morus alba L.,
a deciduous tree of the family Moraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sāng “mulberry” and yè
“leaf”. It is the leaf of the mulberry tree. For medicinal
purposes the leaf is collected after the ■rst frost in early
winter, so it is also called dōng sāng yè (冬桑叶) or
shuāng sāng yè (霜桑叶), where dōng means “winter”
and shuāng means “frost”.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in China—mainly in
Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Hunan provinces.
［Collection］ Collected after the ■rst frost, impurities
are removed from the leaves and they are then dried in
the sun. Big leaves with greenish-yellow color are the
9-9◎01.indd 89 2014-12-17 14:03:36

best.
［Processing］ The leaves are kneaded into small pieces, and the stalks are winnowed off and
impurities screened out. They can be used directly or stir-fried with honey ■rst.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter; cold.
［Characteristics］ It is loose in texture and honey-processed to disperse and moisten the lung,
and bitter and cold in property to clear heat. ■ntering the lung and liver channels, it is not only good
at dispersing wind from the upper and super■cial parts of the body, clearing heat and moistening the
lung, but also good at clearing ■re from the liver, slightly replenishing the liver yin to improve the
eyesight and cooling blood to arrest bleeding. It is used for problems caused by wind heat, dry heat
or blood heat.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and heat, moistens the lung to relieve coughing, and paci■es the liver
and improves eyesight.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or febrile diseases at the early
stage manifested as fever, headache, sore throat and cough, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), such as in the
formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage).
2. For cough with dry heat, it clears lung heat, moistens the lung yin and arrests cough at the
same time.
For dry cough or cough with scanty phlegm accompanied by dry nose and throat due to heat
impairing the lung, it is combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus
Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to enhance the effects of moistening the
lung and relieving cough, such as in the formula Sāng Xìng Tāng (Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel
Decoction).
For cough with thick yellow phlegm due to heat in the lung, it is combined with sāng bái pí
(Cortex Mori), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to
clear heat phlegm and relieve coughing.
3. For dizziness, red eyes and dim vision, it is able to pacify liver yang, clear liver fire and
replenish liver yin.
For dizziness with headache due to hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with jú
huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to
enhance the effect of pacifying the liver yang.
For red and dry eyes with sharp burning pain due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it can be
decocted and applied alone or in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) for eye rinsing, or is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen
Cassiae) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) for oral administration to clear heat from the liver system.
For dim vision in liver yin de■ciency pattern, it is used together with hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami
Nigrum) in pills, such as in the formula Sāng Má Wán (Mulberry Leaf and Black Sesame Pill).
4. In addition, it can cool blood to stop bleeding. For hematemesis and epistaxis due to heat, it is
often combined with herbs having similar actions to reinforce the potency.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or made into pills or
powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst for eye rinsing or the fresh herb is pounded for topical
application. For general purposes it can be used directly, while for moistening the lung and arresting
coughing it should be stir-fried with honey.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold de■ciency of the spleen
9-9◎01.indd 90 2014-12-17 14:03:38

and stomach because of its cold property.

［Ingredients］ It contains ecdysone, inokosterone, sitosterol, violaguercitrin, moracetin, isoquercitin,
scopoletin, choline, folacin, chlorogenic acid, volatile oils, muti-amino acids and vitamins, etc.
［Pharmacological research］ It shows effects of reducing blood sugar and cholesterol, antibiosis
and inhibiting leptospira. ■cdysone can promote cell growth and stimulate hypodermal cell division
and epidermis neogenesis to promote ecdysis in insects.
JúHuā 菊花
FLOS CHRYSANTHEMI
Chrysanthemum Flower
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ■owering head of
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., a perennial herb
of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jú “end” and huā
“flower”. After the Chinese lunar September every
year, other flowers wither but the chrysanthemum
■ower remains in bloom.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anhui, Henan,
Zhejiang, Shandong and Sichuan provinces of China.
The herb which is produced in Bozhou City of Anhui
and Woyang County and Shangqiu City of Henan
is specifically named bó jú (亳菊), that which is
produced in Chuzhou City of Anhui is called chú jú
(滁菊), that which comes from She County of Anhui
and Deqing County of Zhejiang is called gòng jú (贡
菊), that which is from Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining Cities and Wuxing District of Huzhou City of
Zhejiang is called háng jú (杭菊), and that which comes from Qinyang City of Henan is called huái
jú (怀菊). Generally bó jú and chú jú are considered the best.
［Collection］ It is collected when blooming in autumn. It is dried directly in the shade or in an
oven, or smoked or steamed ■rst then dried in the sun. Clean ■owers with complete shape, white or
yellow color and pleasant fragrance are the best.
［Processing］ Impurities, residual stalks and leaves are removed for direct use; it can also be
carbonized before use.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, fragrant and dispersing, bitter and cold in property to clear heat,
and sweet in ■avor to slightly nourish yin. It enters the lung channel to disperse wind and heat from
the upper jiao, and enters the liver channel as well to purge liver heat, pacify the liver yang and
replenish the liver yin. It can also clear toxic heat to cure sores and carbuncles. It is mainly applied
for problems caused by wind heat, liver heat and toxic heat.
［Actions］ Disperses wind and heat, paci■es the liver yang to improve eyesight and clears toxic
heat.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome or febrile diseases at the early stage
manifested as fever, headache and cough, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), lián qiào
(Fructus Forsythiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry
Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage).
2. For eye problems and headache, it functions in three ways by dispersing wind and heat from
the head, clearing heat from the liver and pacifying the liver yang.
For eye problems due to wind heat invading the liver channel or ■aming up of excessive liver
■re, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and chì sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Rubra) to clear liver heat.
For decreasing eyesight due to liver and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with gŏu
qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), such as in the formula Qĭ Jú
Dì Huáng Wán (Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill).
For recurrent headache elicited by wind heat attacking the upper jiao, it is often combined
with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and màn jīng zĭ (Fructus
Viticis) to disperse wind heat, clear heat and alleviate pain.
3. For the syndrome of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it can clear liver heat on one hand
and pacify liver yang on the other.
For dizziness in the pattern of ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often combined with
shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae
Cum Uncis) to reinforce the potency.
For distending pain in the head and around the eyes due to liver ■re disturbing the upper jiao,
it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae)
and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae).
4. For sores and carbuncles, it is often used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to reinforce the potency of clearing toxic
heat, such as in the formula Gān Jú Săn (Licorice and Chrysanthemum Powder), or its fresh juice is
applied orally or topically.
powder, or directly taken as tea. For external use: it is decocted for topical steaming and rinsing, or is
ground into paste and applied topically. For the purpose of dispersing wind heat the yellow ■ower is
preferred, while for pacifying liver yang and purging liver heat the white one is commonly used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold de■ciency of the spleen
［Ingredients］ It contains lavonoids, volatile oils, choline, coumarins and alkaloids.
［Pharmacological research］ It shows effects of relieving fever, anti-in■ammation, dilating the
coronary arteries, increasing the current capacity of the coronary arteries, decreasing blood pressure,
inhibiting capillary permeability, anti-aging, protecting erythrocyte membranes, antibiosis, anti-■u
virus and inhibiting leptospira.
Màn Jīng Zǐ蔓荆子

FRUCTUS VITICIS
Chastetree Fruit
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Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was

màn jīng shí (蔓荆实). It is the ripe fruit of Vitex
trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham. or Vitex trifolia L.,
deciduous shrubs of the family Verbenaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Màn means “vine”,
jīng refers to the shrub with branches, and zĭ
normally means “seed”. This plant is a kind of small
shrub with thin and tiny winding vines, and its fruit
is round and looks like a seed.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Jiangxi,
Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and Hainan of
China.
［Collection］ It is collected when the fruit is
ripe during summer and autumn. After removing
impurities, it is dried in the sun. Big, plump and fragrant fruits are the best.
［Processing］ It should be cleaned before use, and can also be stir-fried.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, liver, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor, and slightly cold in nature so has the actions of
descending and dispersing. It enters the bladder, liver and stomach channels. It is mainly applied for
problems in the head due to wind-heat invasion. It can also be used for arthralgia by expelling the
wind pathogen from channels and collaterals.
［Actions］ Disperses wind and heat to refresh the head and eyes.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For headache and gum inflammation, it is particularly good at
dispersing wind and heat in the head to alleviate headache.
For headache due to exogenous wind-heat attack, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi), bò he (Herba Menthae) and other herbs with similar actions to enhance the effects.
For recurrent headache due to wind invasion complicated with blood stasis, it is often
combined with jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān
xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects of dispersing wind and heat, and relieving pain
by expelling blood stasis, such as in the formula Jú Xiōng Săn (Chrysanthemum and Chuanxiong
Powder).
For headache with blood de■ciency, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)
and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to relieve pain by nourishing blood and dispelling wind.
For headache due to qi de■ciency failing to raise the clear yang, it is combined with huáng
qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and chái hú
(Radix Bupleuri) to relieve pain by elevating yang, replenishing qi and dispelling wind.
For gum in■ammation in wind-heat pattern, it is often combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum
Fibrosum) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to relieve pain by dispelling wind and heat.
2. For eye in■ammation and blurred vision, it can clear heat and refresh the head and eyes by
dispersing wind and heat.
For eye in■ammation with tears and blurred vision due to wind and heat affecting the upper
jiao, it is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) to relieve
the eyes by dispersing wind and clearing liver heat.
For nebulae, cataracts, tinnitus and deafness due to the clear yang failing to rise, it is often
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combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and bái sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Alba) to improve hearing and eyesight by boosting qi and raising yang, such as in the
formula Yì Qì Cōng Míng Tāng (Qi-Boosting Intelligence Decoction).
3. In addition, if combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix
Angelicae Pubescentis) and xú cháng qīng (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati), it can also be
applied for rheumatic arthralgia and limb spasms by dredging the collaterals and dispelling wind.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-12 g crushed for decoction, or made into pills,
powder and medicinal liquor. For external use: it is decocted for local steaming and rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with vulnerable stomachs since it
is acrid, bitter and cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ The single-leafed variant contains volatile oils, alkaloids, ■avones, vitamin A,
etc. The normal variety contains fatty oils, vitricin, etc.
［Pharmacological research］ Vitex trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham. shows effects of analgesia,
decreasing blood pressure, expelling phlegm, anti-asthma, antibiosis, anti-virus, anti-in■ammation,
anti-coagulation, inhibiting melanin, anti-anoxia and inhibiting the smooth muscles of the intestines
in vitro.
Chái Hú柴胡
RADIX BUPLEURI
Thotowax Root
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root
of Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium Willd., perennial herbs of the
family Umbelliferae. The former is called bĕi chái
hú (北柴胡) while the latter is called nán chái hú (南
柴胡).
［■xplanation of Name］ Chái means “f irewood”.
Growing in mountain areas, the young plant is
edible but the mature one is only usable as ■rewood.
［Habitat］ Bĕi chái hú is mainly produced in
Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan and
Shaanxi provinces of China. Nán chái hú is mainly
produced in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi,
Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu and Anhui of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in spring or late
autumn. The residual stems and sediment are first
removed and then it is dried in the sun. Big strong plants with soft texture and good fragrance are the
best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed and it is cleaned with water, it is moistened
thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or ■rst vinegar-fried.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, bladder.
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［Characteristics］ It is bitter, aromatic and slightly cold so displays the actions of dispersing
and moving. ■ntering the liver and bladder channels, it not only disperses pathogens in shaoyang
syndrome and harmonizes exterior and interior to relieve fever, but also soothes the liver, relieves
stagnation and regulates menses. In addition, it can also elevate the clear yang to inhibit the sinking
of middle qi.
［Actions］ Disperses exterior pathogenic factors and reduces fever, soothes the liver and
relieves stagnation, and elevates yang qi.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For alternating chills and fever in shaoyang syndrome, or fever in
exterior pattern, it is good at harmonizing shaoyang and relieving fever.
For shaoyang syndrome due to exterior cold invasion manifested as alternating chills and
fever, fullness and distress in the chest, bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat and dizziness, it is often
combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), such as in the
formula Xiăo Chái Hú Tāng (Minor Bupleurum Decoction).
For fever in exterior syndrome, it is combined with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), huáng
qín (Radix Scutellariae) and sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra), such as in the formula Chái
Gé Jiĕ Jī Tāng (Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Resolving Decoction).
2. For chest and hypochondriac pain, and irregular menses due to liver qi stagnation, it can
relieve the stagnation, adjust the menstrual cycle and alleviate pain by soothing the liver qi.
For chest and hypochondriac pain, it is often combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi),
chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii, stir-fried with bran), such as in
the formula Chái Hú Shū Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder).
For irregular menses accompanied by alternating chills and fever, breast distension or chest
fullness due to liver stagnation and blood deficiency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and bò he (Herba Menthae), such as in the
formula Xiāo Yáo Săn (Free Wanderer Powder).
For traumatic chest pain, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), tiān huā
fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to soothe the
liver, nourish the blood, dredge the collaterals and alleviate pain, such as in the formula Fù Yuán Huó
Xuè Tāng (Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction).
3. For the sinking of middle qi manifested by anal prolapse, gastroptosis, hysteroptosis or
general exhaustion, it is often combined with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and huáng qí (Radix
Astragali) to tonify qi, elevate yang and raise the prolapse, such as in the formula Bŭ Zhōng Yì Qì
Tāng (Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction).
4. For alternating chills and fever in malaria, it is good at relieving the fever. For this it is often
used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), cháng shān (Radix Dichroae) and căo guŏ
(Fructus Tsaoko) to disperse pathogens and clear heat.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or made into pills, powder
or injections. For relieving fever, it is generally applied in a large dose. For soothing the liver, it
should be prepared with vinegar and applied in a medium dose. For elevating yang, it is traditionally
prepared with honey before application, but the raw herb applied in a small dose is commonly used
now. Furthermore, the herb prepared with turtle blood is applied for steaming bone fever.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency, internal
stirring of liver wind or ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, since it may consume yin in the
process of dispersing. Clinical studies show that herbal injections may provoke allergic rashes and
shock.
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［Ingredients］ Bupleurum chinense D.C. contains saikoside, bupleuramol, volatile oils,

rutin, alkaloids, etc. Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. contains sailoside A, B, C, D, quercetin,
α-spinasterol, polysaccharides, volatile oils, etc.
［Pharmacological research］ It shows effects of relieving fever, analgesia, sedation, anti-
convulsion, anti-depression, anti-in■ammation, protection of the liver, improving biliation, exciting
the smooth muscles of the intestines in vitro, inhibiting gastric acid secretion, increasing the power
of hydrogen (PH) in gastric juices, anti-ulcer, reducing blood pressure, slowing down the heartbeat,
preventing cough, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-mutagenesis, exciting the uterus, adjusting the
pupils, preventing drunkenness, resisting radiation, antibiosis, inhibiting the viruses of influenza,
cowpox and hepatitis, anti-leptospira and anti-plasmodium. The crude saponin can decrease the
blood pressure and heart rate of rats, and shows obvious effects of hemolyzation.
Shēng Má 升麻
RHIZOMA CIMICIFUGAE
Black Cohosh Rhizome
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome of
Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., Cimicifuga dahurica
(Turcz.) Maxim. or Cimicifuga foetida L., perennial
herbs of the family Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shēng means “raising”
or “ascending”, and má means “hemp”. Its leaf looks
like that of hemp in shape, and it is ascending in
nature.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Heilongjiang,
Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces
of China.
［Collection］ It is collected when the above-
ground part has withered in autumn, and the sediment
is removed from it. The f ibrous roots are burned off when almost completely dried in the sun, after
which it is again placed in the sun until dried completely. Big and ■rm plants with blackish-brown
leaf surfaces are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is moistened with water and cut into thick slices.
It can be used directly or honey-fried ■rst.
［Properties］ Acrid, slightly sweet; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, slightly sweet in flavor and slightly cold in nature, it displays
ascending, dispersing and slight heat-purging actions. It enters the lung channel to disperse wind
and heat from the skin and lung so it is often used for headache or measles with wind heat in the
super■cial part of the body. It enters the stomach and large intestine channels to relieve headache by
dispersing wind and heat from the yangming channels. It also enters the spleen and stomach system
to raise the clear middle yang qi. It is also good at dispersing and clearing toxic heat to particularly
treat heat obstruction.
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［Actions］ Releases the exterior, promotes rash eruption, clears toxic heat and raises yang qi.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For headache or diminished measles eruption, it is good at dispersing
wind and heat from the exterior of the body and the head.
For yangming headache due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it is combined with shí gāo
(Gypsum Fibrosum), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to
relieve the pain by dispersing wind and clearing heat.
For yangming headache in wind-heat-dampness pattern, it is often combined with cāng zhú
(Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis) to relieve the pain by dispersing the wind
and drying the dampness, such as in the formula Qīng Zhèn Tāng (Thunder-Clearing Decoction).
For diminished measles eruption accompanied by fever and headache, it is often combined
with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra) and gān căo
(Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to release the exterior and promote measles eruption, such as in the
formula Shēng Má Gé Gēn Tāng (Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction).
2. For toxic heat problems, it is good at clearing toxic heat, particularly in the yangming channels.
For headache, swollen gums and dental ulcers due to excessive heat in the stomach or
yangming channels, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and shí gāo (Gypsum
Fibrosum) to clear heat from the stomach, such as in the formula Qīng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Clearing
Powder).
For sore throat due to wind heat invading the upper jiao, it is often used with jié gĕng (Radix
Platycodonis) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to dispel wind and heat, ease the throat and
subside swelling.
For mumps and erysipelas in toxic heat pattern, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to purge fire
and subside swelling, such as in the formula Pŭ Jì Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Universal Relief Toxin-Removing
Beverage).
For sores and ulcers, it is often used together with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to reinforce its potency.
For febrile diseases with ecchymosis, it is combined with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), shí
gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) to clear toxic heat and cool blood to dissipate
ecchymosis.
3. For the sinking of middle qi, it can raise yang qi if used in combination with nourishing herbs.
For chronic diarrhea with proctoptosis, gastroptosis or hysteroptosis with extreme qi
de■ciency, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) for mutual reinforcement, and huáng
qí (Radix Astragali) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to replenish the middle qi, such as in
the formula Bŭ Zhōng Yì Qì Tāng (Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction).
For uterine bleeding with extreme qi deficiency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to tonify qi and control bleeding.
For tiredness and mental fatigue due to extreme qi de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) to tonify qi
and elevate yang, as in the formula Shēng Xiàn Tāng (Raising the Sinking Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g honey-prepared or wine-prepared in
decoction for raising yang qi. 3-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder for releasing the
exterior, promoting measles eruption and clearing toxic heat. For external use: it is ground into ■ne
powder, mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically, or is decocted for mouth rinsing or skin
rinsing.
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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with patterns of yin-de■ciency-

based ■oating yang, qi counter■ow, excess in the upper jiao and de■ciency in the lower jiao, and
measles in normal eruption, because of its dispersing and ascending properties. Over-close may
cause symptoms of dizziness, tremors or limb spasms.
［Ingredients］ Cimicifuga foetida L. contains cimicifugine, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic
acid and tannin. Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom. mainly contains alkaloids. Cimicifuga dahurica
(Turcz.) Maxim. contains cimifugin, cimotin, cimifugol, cimigenol xyloside, isoferulic acid and
saponins.
［Pharmacological research］ It shows effects of relieving fever, decreasing body temperature,
analgesia, anti-inflammation, anti-convulsion, protecting the liver, anti-blood coagulation,
hemostasis, decreasing cholesterol, spasmolysis, antibiosis, anti-fungus and anti-virus.
Gé Gēn 葛根
RADIX PUERARIAE LOBATAE
Kudzuvine Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Pueraria lobata
(Willd.) Ohwi or Pueraria thomsonii Benth., perennial
herbaceous vines of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gé “vine”, and gēn “root”. It is
the root of a vine with bean-like leaves. It is also known as
lù huò (鹿藿), where lù means “deer” and huò means “bean
leaf”, since deer like to eat the leaf of the plant. Because the
root is white and starchy with cross-sectional rings and little
■ber, it is also called fĕn gé (粉葛), where fĕn means “starchy”
or “powder”.
［Habitat］ Produced all over China but mainly in Hunan,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Henan.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn and winter, cut
into thick slices or small cubes when fresh, and dried in the
sun. The big, white, solid and starchy roots with little ■ber are the best.
［Processing］ Impurities are removed before use, or it is roasted ■rst.
［Properties］ Sweet, acrid; cool.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and sweet in flavor, cool in nature, and good at ascending and
dispersing. It enters the spleen and stomach channels and can disperse pathogens from muscles and
channels to release the exterior and relieve fever. It is a key herb for the treatment of rigid painful
neck and back. It can also raise the clear yang qi of the spleen and stomach, promote ■uid production
to quench thirst, elevate yang to check diarrhea and facilitate measles eruption.
［Actions］ Releases muscles and relieves fever, promotes measles eruption, promotes fluid
production and elevates yang to check diarrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For fever, headache and rigid neck due to exterior syndrome, it can
not only disperse pathogens from the exterior, but can also release muscles and relieve fever.
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For common cold with signs of high fever, slight aversion to cold and headache without
sweating, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and
shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), such as in the formula Chái Gé Jiĕ Jī Tāng (Bupleurum and Pueraria
Muscle-Resolving Decoction).
For common cold with signs of aversion to cold, no sweating, and rigid and painful neck, it is
combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Recens), such as in the formula Gé Gēn Tāng (Pueraria Decoction).
2. For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae),
sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to release
muscles, relieve fever and promote measles eruption by dispersing the exterior, such as in the
formula Shēng Má Gé Gēn Tāng (Cimicifuga and Pueraria Decoction).
3. For thirst in febrile diseases or excessive thirst in heat pattern, it has the actions of slightly
clearing heat and promoting ■uid production to quench thirst.
For thirst in febrile diseases due to body ■uid consumption, it is generally combined with lú
gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects of clearing
heat and regenerating body ■uid.
For excessive thirst due to excessive internal heat, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix
Trichosanthis) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to clear heat, promote fluid production and
nourish yin.
4. For diarrhea or dysentery in heat pattern or chronic diarrhea with spleen qi de■ciency, it can
purge heat and separate clear yang from turbid yin to check diarrhea.
For diarrhea and dysentery in damp-heat or toxic-heat pattern with signs of exterior syndrome,
it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to
reinforce the power of clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Gé Gēn Qín Lián Tāng (Pueraria,
Scutellaria and Coptis Decoction).
For watery diarrhea with fever, thirst and scanty dark urine, it is combined with huáng lián
(Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), huá shí (Talcum)
and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to purge summerheat to check diarrhea.
For diarrhea with spleen qi deficiency, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to stop
diarrhea by nourishing qi and invigorating the spleen.
powder, or the fresh juice is taken. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically.
For the purpose of checking diarrhea it should be roasted ■rst, while for other purposes the raw herb
is used. For body ■uid regeneration, the fresh herb is the best.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains flavonoids such as daidzin, daidzein and puerarin. It also
contains β-sitosterol and starch.
［Pharmacological research］ It shows effects of relieving fever, decreasing blood sugar and
cholesterol, protecting the liver, regulating cardiac function, resisting myocardial ischemia, inhibiting
arrhythmia, dilating blood vessels, improving microcirculation, increasing organ blood flow,
preventing hypertension, atherosclerosis and platelet aggregation, blocking β-receptors, anti-anoxia,
anti-oxidant, anti-bacterium dysenteriae, relieving herbal toxicity and alcoholism, and anti-tumor. It
also induces the action of contraception and displays female hormone-like effects.
9-9◎01.indd 99 2014-12-17 14:03:50

Attachment: Gé Huā 葛花
Flos Puerariae Lobatae
［Source］ It is the ■ower bud of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi.

［Properties］ Sweet; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Stomach.
［Actions］ Fights against alcoholism by activating the spleen.
［Clinical Applications］ Overindulgence in alcohol.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: normally 3-12 g a day in decoction, or is made into pills or
powder.
FúPíng 浮萍
HERBA SPIRODELAE
Duckweed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was
shuĭ píng (水萍). It is the entire plant of Spirodela
polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid., a perennial aquatic herb of
the family Lemnaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fú means “■oating” and
píng, “water-dwelling plant”. Its alternative name is zĭ
bèi fú píng (紫背浮萍), where zĭ means “purple” and
bèi means “back”. It grows in ponds or paddy ■elds,
and the back of its leaf is purple.
［Habitat］ Produced all over China, but mainly
in Hubei, Fujian, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang
provinces.
［Collection］ It is collected from June to September, cleaned with water and dried in the sun.
［Processing］ Can be used dried or fresh. Green plants with purple leaf backs are the best.
［Properties］ Acrid; cold.
［Characteristics］ Acrid in flavor, cold in nature and dispersing in action, it enters the lung
channel. It can release the exterior and promote measles eruption to arrest itching by dispersing wind
and heat to induce perspiration. It also enters the bladder channel to promote urination and alleviate
edema by dredging and regulating the water passages. It is particularly effective for rubella, urticaria
and edema manifesting with exterior syndrome.
［Actions］ Induces perspiration, promotes measles eruption, relieves skin itching and excretes
water to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome manifested by fever without
sweating, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and jīng
jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to release the exterior by dispersing wind and heat in the super■cial part of
the body and inducing perspiration.
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2. For diminished measles eruption, rubella and urticaria, it can improve measles eruption and
alleviate skin itching by dispersing wind and heat.
For diminished measles eruption, it is often combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), chán tuì
(Periostracum Cicadae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to enhance the effects.
For rubella and urticaria, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), chán tuì
(Periostracum Cicadae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to enhance the effect of relieving itching.
3. For edema, especially when manifested with exterior syndrome, it can be applied alone or in
combination with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae) to promote
urination by dispersing lung qi.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g (dried) or 15-30 g (fresh) in decoction, or
made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst for topical warm rinsing or is ground
into powder for topical application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with spontaneous sweating in
de■ciency pattern because of the dispersing effect.
［Ingredients］ It contains ■avonoids, orientin, vitexin, β-carotene, lutein, many kinds of fatty
acids, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, iodine, etc.
［Pharmacological research］ It shows effects of relieving fever, promoting urination, strengthening
the heart, anti-infection and anti-blood coagulation.
MùZéi 木贼
HERBA EQUISETI HIEMALIS
Common Scouring Rush
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉祐本
草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). It is
the above-ground part of Equisetum hiemale L., a
perennial herb of the family Equisetaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mù means “wood” and
zéi means “kill” or “remove”. It is also named bĭ gān
căo (笔杆草), where bĭ gān means “writing brush
handle” and căo means “grass”, since the stem is
tubular, straight and hollow in shape, looking like the
handle of a writing brush.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northeastern and northern regions of China, Inner Mongolia
and the Yangtze River basin.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and autumn. After foreign materials are removed, it
is cleaned with water and dried in the shade or sun. Plants with big green stems and with thick stem
walls and nodes are the best.
［Processing］ After being drenched in clean water to soften it up, it is cut into segments and
dried naturally for use.
［Properties］ Bitter; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ Bitter in ■avor and slightly cold in nature, it enters the lung and liver channels
to treat nebulae and improve the eyesight by dispersing wind and heat from the upper jiao. It can also
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check bleeding by cooling the blood.

［Actions］ Disperses wind and heat, removes nebulae and improves eyesight, and stops
bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-heat exterior syndrome, bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it can
disperse wind and heat in the super■cial part of the body and eyes.
For bloodshot eyes, nebulae and tears with signs of fever and slight aversion to cold as
manifested in wind-heat exterior syndrome, it is often combined with chán tuì (Periostracum
Cicadae), gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) and shé tuì (Periostracum Serpentis) to disperse wind and heat
and clear liver ■re to improve eyesight, such as in the formula Shén Xiāo Săn (Marvelous Dispersing
Powder).
For those cases in the pattern of liver-blood de■ciency complicated with heat, it is combined
with mì méng huā (Flos Buddlejae), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and animal liver to improve the
eyesight and cure eye problems by clearing liver ■re and nourishing liver blood.
2. For hemafecia, hemorrhoidal bleeding and uterine bleeding in heat pattern, it is often
combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huái jiăo (Fructus
Sophorae) to reinforce the potency.
For external use: the powder is applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with qi and blood de■ciency since
its dispersing properties may consume qi and blood.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, alkaloids, ■avonoid glycosides, saponin, tannin, ferulic
acid, vanillic acid, vanillin and fruit sugar.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of decreasing blood pressure, sedation, anti-
convulsion, anti-malaria, inhibiting platelet aggregation, eliminating in■ammation, stopping bleeding,
diuresis, antibiosis and anti-virus.
Dàn Dòu Chǐ淡豆豉

SEMEN SOJAE PRAEPARATUM
Prepared Soybean
South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the product of the
fermented seed of Glycine max (L.) Merr., an annual
herb of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dàn means “bland,
without salt”, dòu “bean” and chĭ “favorite”. It is the
fermented soybean, originally used as a favorite salty
■avoring in Chinese food. When used for medicinal
purposes, the product is made without salt. Because
of its pleasant smell, it is also called xiāng chĭ, where
xiāng means “fragrant”.
［Habitat］ Produced widely in China, but mainly
in the northeastern region.
［Collection］ The black soybeans are collected in autumn and then, in summer, are cleaned with
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water and steamed well, spread on a mat and covered by sāng yè (Folium Mori) and fresh qīng hāo
(Herba Artemisiae Annuae) for fermentation. When the beans turn yellow the sāng yè and qīng hāo
are removed, and the beans are mixed with clean water and put into an earthen jar with the cover
closed. The jar is put in the sun for three weeks and then the beans are taken out and dried in the
sun. Sū yè (Folium Perillae) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) can also be used together with sāng
yè (Folium Mori) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) for fermentation. The plump beans with
black color are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed it can be used directly or first stir-fried over low
heat.
［Properties］ Sweet, acrid; cool.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and sweet in ■avor and cool in nature, displaying mild ascending
and dispersing properties. It enters the lung and stomach channels and is used particularly to disperse
wind and heat, or obstructed heat.
［Actions］ Releases the exterior and relieves anxiety.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For exterior syndrome of either wind-heat or wind-cold type, it can
effectively disperse exogenous pathogens.
For exterior syndrome of wind-heat type or febrile diseases at the early stage marked by
fever, slight aversion to cold and headache, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to disperse wind and heat and
clear toxic heat, such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).
For exterior syndrome of wind-cold type manifested as chills, fever and headache, it is often
combined with cōng bái (Bulbus Allii Fistulosi) to disperse wind and cold, such as in the formula
Cōng Chĭ Tāng (Scallion and Fermented Soybean Decoction).
2. For anxiety, it is generally combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to simultaneously
disperse and purge the obstructed heat, such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Chĭ Tāng (Gardeniae and
Fermented Soybean Decoction).
3. In addition, it also can be used together with minerals to protect the stomach and serve as a
medicinal adjuvant for more effective administration.
powder. The product fermented with sāng yè (Folium Mori) and fresh qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae
Annuae) is particularly applied for the treatment of wind-heat exterior syndrome, while that
fermented with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) is used for the
treatment of wind-cold exterior syndrome.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used cautiously for patients with vulnerable
stomachs.
［Ingredients］ It contains proteins, fats, enzymes, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It induces slight perspiration, invigorates the stomach and improves
digestion.
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Summary
1. Herbs that disperse wind cold
Má Huáng vs. Guì Zhī

Medicinal Má Huáng Guì Zhī
Properties Acrid; warm
Similarities
Entered channels Lung, bladder

Actions Disperses wind cold
Indications Common cold due to wind cold and wind-cold-damp arthralgia
Properties Slightly bitter Sweet
Entered channels — Heart
· Assists yang
Disperses
· lung qi and relieve cough and
Warms
· channels, warms the middle
Actions dyspnea
and dissipates cold and warms yang qi
· Promotes urination
to promote diuresis
Differences
■ xterior-excess
· syndrome without
sweating due to wind cold Wind
· cold of both exterior-excess type
· Cough and dyspnea due to lung qi failing
and exterior-de■ciency type
to disperse, or cold, heat, phlegm or ■uid · Dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularities,

Indications retention whether they have exterior amenorrhea and abdominal masses, chest
syndrome or not impediments and palpitations, vertigo
· Wind edema due to phlegm-■uid retention, edema and
· D orsal furuncles and subcutaneous
gastric cold pain
nodules
Special features Strongly promote sweating —
Zĭ Sū vs. Shēng Jiāng

Medicinal Zĭ Sū Shēng Jiāng
Properties Acrid
Similarities
Entered channels Lung, spleen

Actions Induces sweating to release exterior, relieves cough, neutralizes ■sh or crab poisoning
Indications Cough with copious phlegm due to affection of exotenous wind cold
Properties Warm Slightly warm
· Warms the lung to stop coughing
· Facilitates lung qi to stop coughing · Warms the stomach to stop vomiting
Actions · ■nlivens spleen to smooth the middle,
· Relieves the poisonous action of crude

Differences
arrests vomiting and calms fetus bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and tiān
nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis)
Super■cies
· cold combining qi stagnation
Moderate
· common cold due to wind cold
in the chest
or work as adjuvant
Indications · Dyspnea, nausea and vomiting due to

· All kinds of cough, especially vomiting

qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach
due to stomach cold
and threatened miscarriage
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Jīng Jiè vs. Fáng Fēng
Medicinal Jīng Jiè Fáng Fēng
Properties Acrid; slightly warm
Entered channels Liver

Similarities
Releases
· the exterior and promotes eruptions to alleviate itching
Actions
Stops
· bleeding (carbonized)
■xterior
· syndrome and rashes with itching of the wind-cold type or the wind-heat
Indications type
· Any kinds of hemorrhage (carbonized)

Properties — Sweet
Entered channels Lung Bladder, spleen
· D
ispels dampness
· ■
liminates dampness, stops pain and
Actions Promotes eruption and resolves sores
dispels wind to stop convulsion
· C
hecks diarrhea (stir-fried)
· ■
xterior syndrome with sweating or not,
Differences
or with dampness or not

Common
· cold without sweating
· R
heumatic arthralgia and recurrent
I ncomplete
· eruption during measles
headache and tetanus and infantile
and pyogenic infections of skin at their
convulsion
Indications initial stages accompanied with exterior
· D
iarrhea with abdominal pain and pain
syndrome
reduction after bowel movement due
· Used for postpartum convulsion by the

to disharmony between the liver and
ancients
spleen (stir-fried)
· ■
xcretion of arsenic toxicity
The potency of releasing the exterior of

Special features —
jīng jiè is stronger compared to fáng fēng
Qiāng Huó vs. Găo Bĕn
Medicinal Qiāng Huó Găo Bĕn

Similarities
Entered channels Bladder
Actions ■xpels wind and removes cold, eliminates dampness and relieves pain
Common cold due to wind cold, exterior syndrome complicated by dampness, recurrent
Indications
headache and wind-cold-dampness type of arthralgia
Properties Bitter —
Entered channels Kidney Liver

Differences
Disperses wind-cold-dampness in taiyang

Actions Rises straight up into the top of the head
channel
· V
ertex headache
Taiyang headache, rheumatic arthralgia
Indications · g
astric pain due to cold stagnation in
in the upper half of the body
liver channel
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Bái Zhĭ vs. Xì Xīn vs. Xīn Yí vs. Cāng Ěr Zĭ
Medicinal Bái Zhĭ Xì Xīn Xīn Yí Cāng Ěr Zĭ

Similarities
Entered
Lung
channels
Actions Disperses wind cold, dredges nasal cavity and alleviates pain
Indications Common cold due to wind cold and nasosinusitis with headache
Properties — Slightly toxic — Bitter; slightly toxic
Entered
Stomach Kidney Stomach Spleen, liver
channels
Dries dampness to stop Dispels dampness and

Warms the lung and reduces
Actions leukorrhagia and disperses — kills parasites to relieve
Differences
watery phlegm
swelling and expels pus itching
Shaoyin
· headache,
· S
upra-orbital bone toothache, common cold ■xterior syndrome plus
pain and toothache of yang deficiency and dampness, rheumatic
Indications · R
heumatic arthralgia, external contraction and Sinusitis headache arthralgia, itching rashes
leukorrhagia, eczema rheumatic arthralgia due to wind-dampness
and rubella · Cough and dyspnea due
and scabies
to cold-■uid retention
Cōng Bái vs. Shēng Jiāng
Medicinal Cōng Bái Shēng Jiāng
Properties Acrid
Similarities
Entered channels Lung
Actions Induces sweating to release exterior
Indications Common cold due to wind cold with light symptoms
Entered channels Stomach Spleen
Warms
· the middle to arrest vomiting
Warms
· the lung to stop coughing
· Removes dampness to promote appetite

Activates yang, subsides swelling and
Differences
Actions · Relieves the poisonous action of crude

dissipates masses
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and tiān
nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), fish
or crab
Many
· kinds of vomiting, specially due
■xuberant yin repelling yang, distending to stomach cold
Indications pain of breasts and milk stasis, and sores · Cough with copious phlegm due to wind-

and carbuncles cold
· Indigestion

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2. Herbs that disperse wind heat
Bò He vs. Niú Bàng Zĭ vs. Chán Tuì

Medicinal Bò He Niú Bàng Zĭ Chán Tuì
Similarities
Actions Dispels wind heat, clears the throat and promotes eruption to stop itching
■xterior syndrome due to wind heat or febrile diseases at the early stage, sore throat,
Indications
incomplete eruption of measles, rubella and pruritus
Properties Acrid; cool Acrid, bitter; cold Sweet; cold
Entered channels Liver Stomach Liver
· R
emoves wind heat from
the upper jiao, clears Disperses and removes heat
· Cools liver and extinguishes
·
head and throat Removes
· heat toxins and wind to stop convulsions
Actions · Induces sweating promotes urination and D ispels
· wind and heat,
· Soothes liver and relieves stools improves vision and
qi depression and avoids · Subsides swelling
removes nebula
Differences
■lthy air
All
· kinds of diseases due to
Hypochondriac pain due wind heat and heat toxins Convulsion,
· epilepsy and
Indications to liver depression and qi accompanied by difficult tetanus
stagnation and cholera urination and constipation · Red eyes and nebula

· Ulcers and mumps

The efficacy of inducing

The efficacy of inducing sweating of it is not as good
Have strong efficacy to
Special features sweating of niú bàng zĭ is as bò he, and the ef■cacy of
induce sweating
not as good as bò he removing heat is not as good
as niú bàng zĭ
Sāng Yè vs. Jú Huā

Medicinal Sāng Yè Jú Huā
Properties Sweet, bitter
Entered channels Lung, liver
Similarities
Actions Dispels wind heat and pacif ies liver to improve eyesight

Common cold due to wind heat or febrile diseases at the early stage, dizziness due to
Indications ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, red eyes with swelling due to wind heat in the liver
or ■aming-up of excessive liver ■re, and blurred vision due to liver-kidney yin de■ciency
Properties Cold Slightly cold
Clears
· lung heat, ventilates the lung and
Actions moistens lung dryness to relieve cough Clears heat and removes toxins
· Cools blood to stop bleeding

Differences
· H
eadache due to liver wind
Indications Hematemesis and epistaxis · C
arbuncles and pyogenic infection of
skin
· M
ainly acts on the liver channel
Special features Mainly acts on the lung channel · T
he ef■cacy of pacifying liver to improve
eyesight is better than sāng yè
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Chái Hú vs. Shēng Má vs. Gé Gēn

Medicinal Chái Hú Shēng Má Gé Gēn
Releases exterior and elevates yang
Actions ■levates clear yang to lift the drooping —

Similarities
— Promote eruption
Organ prolapse due to qi collapse —

Indications
— Inadequate eruption of measles
Acrid, slightly sweet; slightly

Properties Bitter, acrid; slightly cold Sweet, acrid; cool
cold
Entered Lung, spleen, stomach, large

Liver, bladder Spleen, stomach
channels intestine
D isperses
· pathogens from
Disperses
· pathogens in half- muscular striae and channels
exterior and half-interior of and releases the exterior to
· D
isperses and releases
lesser yang and harmonizes relieve fever
exterior
Actions exterior and interior to relieve · Promotes clear yang qi of the

· C
lears heat and removes
Differences
fever spleen and stomach ascending

toxins
· Soothes the liver and relieves
to check diarrhea
depression · Promotes ■uid production to

quench thirst
Chills
· and fever due to Fever
· due to exogenous
pathogens in shaoyang, · Y
angming headache wind pathogens, headache and
fever caused by exogenous heat invading the upper rigid neck
pathogens · S
ore throat, sores in the · Diarrhea and dysentery due

Indications · Liver depression and
mouth, mumps and erysipelas, to heat, chronic diarrhea due
qi stagnation, chest and pathopyretic ulcer and warm to spleen de■ciency
sypochondrium pain, disease with ecchymoses · Febrile disease with excessive

menoxenia thirst and internal heat with
consumptive thirst
Fú Píng vs. Xiāng Rú vs. Má Huáng
Medicinal Fú Píng Xiāng Rú Má Huáng
Properties Acrid
Similarities
Entered
Lung
channels
Actions Induces sweating to release exterior, promotes urination to alleviate edema
Indications ■xterior syndrome without sweating, edema and and dif■culty in micturition
Properties Cold Slightly warm Slightly bitter; warm
Entered
Differences
Bladder Stomach, spleen Bladder

channels
Dissipates dampness and Strongly

· promotes sweating
Promotes eruption and arrests
Actions regulates the middle to relieve Ventilates
· the lung to
itching
summerheat relieve cough and dyspnea
9-9◎01.indd 108 2014-12-17 14:04:03

continued　　
Medicinal Fú Píng Xiāng Rú Má Huáng
· A
ffection of exogenous wind
cold and interior summerheat Wind
· cold syndrome of
injury due to cool air and exterior-excess type without
· C
ommon cold due to wind
drinking cold in summer sweating
Differences
heat without sweating

characterized by fever, · Cough and dyspnea due to

Indications · Inadequate eruption of
aversion to cold, headache lung qi failing in dispersion
measles and rubella with
without sweating, dyspnea · Wind-cold-damp type of

itching
or abdominal pain, vomiting arthralgia, dorsal furuncle
and diarrhea and subcutaneous nodule
· B
eriberi
Review Questions
1. What is the concept of exterior-releasing herbs? According to the actions, how many groups of herbs are in this
chapter? What are the common characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of each group?
2. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: má huáng, guì zhī, zĭ sū, shēng
jiāng, jīng jiè, fáng fēng, bái zhĭ and xì xīn.
3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: bò he, niú bàng zĭ , chán tuì, gé
gēn, chái hú, and shēng má.
4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and clinical applications: má huáng
and guì zhī; zĭ sū and shēng jiāng; jīng jiè and fáng fēng; bái zhĭ and xì xīn; găo bĕn and qiāng huó; bò he, niú bàng
zĭ and chán tuì; sāng yè and jú huā; gé gēn, chái hú and shēng má; má huáng, xiāng rú and fú píng.
5. These ■ve herbs—má huáng, guì zhī, zĭ sū, jīng jiè and qiāng huó—can cure exterior syndrome, but what are the
differences among them?
6. These ■ve herbs—fáng fēng, xiāng rú, bò he, xì xīn and chán tuì—can cure exterior syndrome, but what are the
7. These five herbs—qiāng huó, găo bĕn, bái zhĭ, gé gēn and màn jīng zĭ—can cure headache, but what are the
8. These ■ve herbs—jīng jiè, bò hé, niú bàng zĭ, chán tuì and shēng má—can cure measles without adequate eruption,
but what are the differences among them?
9. ■xplain the dosage, administration, cautions and contraindications of má huáng, jīng jiè, fáng fēng, xì xīn, xiāng rú,
bò he, gé gēn and shēng má.
9-9◎01.indd 109 2014-12-17 14:04:04

110
CHAPTER 2
Herbs that Clear Heat
Section 1 Herbs that Clear Heat and Subdue Zĭ Huā Dì Dīng 紫花地丁 / 149
Fire / 111 Niú Huáng 牛黄 / 150
Shí Gāo 石膏 / 112 Tĭ Wài Péi Yù Niú Huáng 体外培育牛黄 / 151
Zhī Mŭ 知母 / 113 Rén Gōng Niú Huáng 人工牛黄 / 152
Lú Gēn 芦根 / 115 Tŭ Fú Líng 土茯苓 / 152
Tiān Huā Fĕn 天花粉 / 116 Yú Xīng Căo 鱼腥草 / 153
Dàn Zhú Yè 淡竹叶 / 118 Hóng Téng 红藤 / 154
Yā Zhí Căo 鸭跖草 / 119 Bài Jiàng Căo 败酱草 / 155
Zhī Zĭ 栀子 / 120 Shè Gān 射干 / 157
Xià Kū Căo 夏枯草 / 121 Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根 / 158
Jué Míng Zĭ 决明子 / 123 Bĕi Dòu Gēn 北豆根 / 159
Gŭ Jīng Căo 谷精草 / 124 Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁 / 159
Mì Méng Huā 密蒙花 / 125 Qín Pí 秦皮 / 160
Qīng Xiāng Zĭ 青葙子 / 126 Mă Chĭ Xiàn 马齿苋 / 161
Section 2 Herbs that Clear Heat and Dry Bái Huā Shé Shé Căo 白花蛇舌草 / 163
Dampness / 127 Section 4 Herbs that Clear Heat and Cool
Huáng Qín 黄芩 / 127 Blood / 164
Huáng Lián 黄连 / 130 Shēng Dì Huáng 生地黄 / 164
Huáng Băi 黄柏 / 132 Xuán Shēn 玄参 / 166
Lóng Dăn Căo 龙胆草 / 134 Mǔ Dān Pí 牡丹皮 / 168
Kŭ Shēn 苦参 / 136 Chì Sháo 赤芍 / 170
Bái Xiān Pí 白鲜皮 / 138 Zǐ Cǎo 紫草 / 171
Section 3 Herbs that Clear Heat and Relieve Shuǐ Niú Jiǎo 水牛角 / 173
Toxicity / 139 Shuĭ Niú Jiǎo Nóng Suō Fěn 水牛角浓缩粉 / 174
Jīn Yín Huā 金银花 / 139 Section 5 Herbs that Clear Heat from
Rĕn Dōng Téng 忍冬藤 / 141 De■ciency / 174
Lián Qiào 连翘 / 142 Qīng Hāo 青蒿 / 174
Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲 / 143 Bái Wēi 白薇 / 176
Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶 / 145 Dì Gǔ Pí 地骨皮 / 177
Băn Lán Gēn 板蓝根 / 146 Yín Chái Hú 银柴胡 / 179
Pú Gōng Yīng 蒲公英 / 147 Hú Huáng Lián 胡黄连 / 180
［Def inition］ Herbs with cold nature and a primary action of clearing interior heat are called
herbs that clear heat.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most of the herbs in this category are cold, and a few of them are
neutral or cool in nature. They are mostly bitter, but some are sweet, acrid or salty in taste. They
mainly can clear heat or toxic heat, purge fire, cool blood and suppress deficiency heat. Some of
them can also dry or drain dampness, nourish yin and release the exterior.
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Chapter 2 Herbs that Clear Heat 111
［Indications］ The herbs in this category are mainly used for patterns that result from heat
trapped in the interior. The heat here may have developed from exterior wind heat or epidemic
attack, or transformed from dampness retention or yin de■ciency, and could manifest as high
or low fever or just febrile sensation with dysentery, epidemic maculas, abscesses and sores, or
chronic tiredness. If the fever is complicated with serious constipation, herbs in this category are
not the best option.
［Modifications］ In case of interior heat complicated with exterior manifestations, herbs
particularly for releasing the exterior should be applied first to completely release the exterior;
alternately, herbs of the heat-clearing category could be used in combination with herbs for releasing
the exterior to treat the interior and exterior at the same time. If the heat exists both in the qi and
blood levels, herbs for purging heat and cooling blood are applied together. If the interior heat is
complicated by constipation or dyspepsia, herbs in this category should be used in combination with
herbs that purge the large intestine.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this chapter are basically cold or cool in nature and
can easily damage the spleen and stomach. As such, caution should be used in cases of spleen and
stomach weakness with poor appetite and loose stools; patients with exuberant yang repelling yin
and true heat with false cold should not use these herbs. Bitter herbs easily perform the effect of
drying dampness and may damage yin ■uid, so yin de■ciency patients should use these herbs with
care. Once the problem is cured, application of these herbs should be stopped immediately so as to
avoid possible serious damage to healthy qi.
Herbs in this category can be classi■ed into the following ■ve groups:
· herbs that clear heat and subdue ■re
· herbs that clear heat and dry dampness
· herbs that clear heat and relieve toxicity
· herbs that clear heat and cool blood
· herbs that clear heat from de■ciency
Section 1 Herbs that Clear Heat

and Subdue Fire
Most of the herbs in this section taste bitter, but some are also sweet or acrid. They are mostly
cold, with some neutral or cool in nature. They are mainly good at clearing heat and subduing ■re,
and applicable for the pattern of excess heat in the qi level, which usually manifests as high fever,
thirst, profuse sweating, irritability and surging pulse. They are also applicable for patterns of excess
heat in different zang-fu organs, such as the pattern of excess lung heat with a possible symptom
of cough, the pattern of excess stomach heat with a typical symptom of thirst, the pattern of excess
heart ■re with a possible symptom of irritability, or the pattern of excess liver ■re with the possible
symptom of bloodshot eyes.
Over-use of these herbs may cause damage to the spleen and stomach and to healthy qi, so
attention should be paid to those patients with interior heat complicated with deficiency. In these
cases, herbs for nourishment should also be used to protect the healthy qi from damage.
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ShíGāo 石膏
GYPSUM FIBROSUM
Gypsum
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is a kind of anhydrous
gypsum mineral mainly containing calcium sulfate
(CaSO4·2H2O).
［■xplanation of Name］ Shí “stone” and gāo “fat”. It
is a stone with pure white color and dense stripes, looking
like animal fat or wax.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan, Tibet
and Anhui provinces of China, and that produced in
Yingcheng, Hubei Province is of the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in winter and the
impurities are removed. White, translucent and soft ones with cross-sections shining like silk are of
the best quality.
［Processing］ It is rinsed clean, dried and crushed into pieces. After impurities are removed, it is
pounded into powder or calcined until brittle for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, sweet; extremely cold.
［Characteristics］ The unprocessed one is acrid, sweet and extremely cold in property and
enters mainly the lung and stomach channels to purge and ventilate excessive heat from the qi level,
the lung and the stomach. ■xcessive heat in the qi level generally presents as continued high fever,
but lung heat and stomach heat may not. The processed one is astringent and cool in property, and
only applied topically for sores, ulcers and skin problems to cool down the heat, dry up the dampness
and improve tissue regeneration.
［Actions］ Purges ■re, quenches thirst and improves tissue granulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of excessive heat in the qi level presenting symptoms
such as high fever, irritability, thirst, profuse sweating and surging pulse, it is often combined
with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Hŭ Tāng
(White Tiger Decoction). If the heat also affects the blood level presenting symptoms such as high
fever, maculas and papules, hematemesis or epistaxis, it is often combined with xuán shēn (Radix
Scrophulariae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to purge heat, clear heat
toxins and cool blood, such as in the formula Qīng Wēn Bài Dú Yĭn (■pidemic-Clearing Toxin-
Resolving Beverage).
2. For cough and asthma due to lung heat with manifestations such as high fever, it is often
combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and gān
căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to arrest cough and asthma by powerfully purging fire and
dispersing the lung qi, such as in the formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot Kernel,
Gypsum and Licorice Decoction).
3. For toothache with gum swelling pain, which is generally due to excessive stomach fire
■aming up along the channel, it is often combined with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), huáng qín
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(Radix Scutellariae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to enhance the effect of purging ■re from
the stomach channel. For toothache with frequent headache, irritability and thirst, which is basically
due to stomach heat and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae),
mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to nourish yin and clear
stomach ■re, such as in the formula Yù Nǚ Jiān (Jade Lady Decoction).
4. For chronic ulcers, skin lesions, eczema with profuse exudation and burns, the calcined one is
applied externally to cool heat, dry up dampness and improve tissue granulation.
For chronic ulcers, it is often combined with shēng yào (Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Crudum) for
counteracting the toxin to dry the dampness and improve the healing of tissue, such as in the formula
Jiŭ Yī Dān (Nine-One ■lixir).
For eczema with profuse exudation, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis) and kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum).
For burns, it is combined with qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-60 g crushed in decoction, and decocted for a
longer time. For external use: the re■ned powder is applied topically. The unprocessed one applied
internally is more effective in purging heat, while the calcined one is only used externally for drying
up dampness to improve tissue granulation. Therefore, the unprocessed one is mainly used for the
patterns of excessive heat in the qi level and excessive heat in the lung or stomach, and the calcined
one for ulcers, skin problems and burns.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold since it is
extremely cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O). It also contains
organic compounds, sulfur compounds and trace elements such as titanium, aluminum and silicon.
［Pharmacological Research］ The unprepared one reduces fever and relieves the thirst of
experimental animals. It also enhances the phagocytosis of rabbit alveolar macrophages and promotes
maturation of phagocytic cells, induces diuresis, lowers blood sugar and accelerates bone fracture healing.
ZhīMǔ知母
RHIZOMA ANEMARRHENAE
Common Anemarrhena Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome of Amenarrhena
asphodeloides Bge., a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhī “a legendary animal having
one head and two bodies” and mŭ “mother”. The rhizome,
cylindrical in shape, splits from the root, winds around and is
covered by yellowish-brown fibers. It looks like a snake with
one head and two bodies, one mother root with two son roots.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and
Inner Mongolia of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during spring and autumn.
After the residual leaves and fibrous roots are removed, it is
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dried in the sun, or the outer skin is peeled off when it is fresh and then dried again. Solid and easily
broken rhizomes with a light smell and a slightly sweet and bitter taste are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is rinsed clean, moistened completely, cut into
thick slices and dried for use, or salt water-fried ■rst for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, sweet and cold in property, and mainly entering the lung and stomach
channels but also entering the kidney, it basically performs the actions of purging ■re from the lung
and stomach and moistening the lung, stomach and kidney, and thus is used for heat problems of
either de■ciency or excess types.
［Actions］ Purges ■re, nourishes yin and moistens dryness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of excessive heat in the qi level presenting symptoms
such as high fever, irritability, thirst, profuse sweating and surging pulse, it can effectively purge ■re
and nourish body ■uid and yin, and is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to strengthen
the effects, such as in the formula Bái Hŭ Tāng (White Tiger Decoction).
2. For cough especially with little or no phlegm, it can partly purge the lung heat and nourish the
lung yin.
For cough due to the invasion of excessive heat to the lung with manifestations of yellow
sticky sputum, it is usually combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), huáng qín
(Radix Scutellariae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to purge the heat from the lung, reduce phlegm
and ■nally check the cough.
For cough due to dry heat affecting the lung with manifestations of yellow sticky sputum
which is difficult to expectorate, it is often combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae
Cirrhosae), guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae
Praeparata cum Melle) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Èr Mŭ Níng Sòu Wán (Fritillaria
and Anemarrhena Cough-Stopping pill).
For cough due to yin de■ciency with manifestations of little or no phlegm, and red tongue
with little or no coating, it is often combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), such
as in the formula Èr Mŭ Săn (Fritillaria and Anemarrhena Powder), or combined with băi hé (Bulbus
Lilii), băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to enhance the effects of nourishing
yin and moistening the lung to relieve cough.
3. For consumptive thirst in the pattern of yin de■ciency, it is generally combined with gé gēn
(Radix Puerariae Lobatae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae
Chinensis), such as in the formula Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction).
4. For steaming bone fever or tidal fever with the accompanying symptoms of seminal emission,
night sweats, and hot palms and soles, it can relieve the problems by nourishing yin and suppressing
■re. It is often used in combination with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), shú dì huáng
(Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae),
such as in the formula Zhī Băi Dì Huáng Wán (Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill); or
in combination with guī băn (Plastrum Testudinis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and
shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), as found in the formula Dà Bŭ Yīn Wán (Major Yin-
Supplementing Pill).
5. Additionally, it can be used alone or in combination with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and
shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to treat constipation by nourishing the yin and body ■uid.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction. The unprepared herb is good
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at purging ■re, while the salt water-fried herb nourishes yin. For patterns with excessive heat, the
unprepared herb should be used. For patterns with obvious yin def iciency, the salt water-fried herb is
the best option.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools, since it is cold,
moistening and acts as a laxative.
［Ingredients］ It contains multiple timosaponins, anemaran, chinonin, mangiferin, isomangiferin,
nicotinic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can reduce fever, lower blood sugar, decrease hormonal
side effects, inhibit activity of Na+,K+-ATPase, promote gallbladder function, inhibit bacteria,
antagonize in■ammation, dispel phlegm, reduce platelet aggregation and phosphoesterase, regulate
the activation of M receptor of the brain and β-adrenergic receptor, promote immunity and protect
ischemic myocardium. It also has many other functions, such as resistance to free-radical oxidization,
improving study and memory, antagonizing cancer and ulcers, and so on.
LúGēn 芦根
RHIZOMA PHRAGMITIS
Reed Rhizome
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern

and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the
fresh or dried rhizome of Phragmites communis Trin., a
perennial herb of the family Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lú gēn is also known as
lú wĕi gēn (芦苇根). Wĕi, “big”; the plant lives in water
and grows big. The tender plant before blooming is
named lú, while the grown-up one is named wĕi. Gēn
means “root”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anhui, Jiangsu,
Zhejiang and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ The underground part is collected the whole year round. The fresh herb can be
used directly after the shoots, ■brous roots and membranaceous leaves are removed, or it is dried
in the sun ■rst before use. Thick, evenly shaped and lustrous ones with yellowish-white color but
without ■brous roots are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The fresh herb is cut into segments or pounded to make juice for use. The dried
herb is rinsed clean quickly, moistened for a short while, cut into segments and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet in taste and cold in nature, it enters the lung and stomach channels to
purge and ventilate heat as well. It is good at purging heat from the lung and stomach, promoting
body ■uid to relieve thirst, calming the stomach to arrest vomiting, and draining dampness and heat
by inducing diuresis. It also can slightly disperse exterior wind-heat pathogens. It is mild in action
and easily absorbed by the body.
［Actions］ Purges heat, promotes ■uid production, arrests vomiting and promotes urination.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases with irritability and thirst, it is often combined
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with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and shí gāo (Gypsum
Fibrosum) to strengthen the effects. The fresh juice can be used alone internally.
2. For stomach-heat vomiting, it can be decocted alone and applied internally, or can be used in
combination with zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and fresh ginger juice to calm the stomach.
3. For heat cough and lung abscesses, it relieves the cough and abscesses by purging heat and
phlegm, including pus or purulent phlegm, from the lung.
For cough with profuse yellow sputum that is due to trapped lung heat, it is generally
combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus
Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough.
For lung abscesses with purulent bloody expectoration, it is often combined with yì yĭ rén
(Semen Coicis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to clear the lung of
heat and purulent sputum, such as in the formula Wĕi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites Stem Decoction).
For exterior wind-heat cough, or cough occurring in the initial stage of epidemic febrile
diseases with slight fever, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by dispersing the exterior wind
and heat, and dispersing lung qi as well, such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and
Chrysanthemum Beverage).
4. For heat stranguria and sluggish urination, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen
Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and shān zhī (Fructus Gardeniae) to relieve the problem by
draining heat via urination.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g generally and doubled for the fresh herb.
The fresh herb is better at purging heat and promoting ■uid production.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold, since it is
cold in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains many kinds of polysaccharides such as xylan, as well as polyhydric
alcohol, betaine, coixol, asparagine, proteins, fats, ■avonoids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It reduces fever, tranquilizes the mind and lowers blood pressure.
The polysaccharides can protect the liver and promote immunity.
Tiān Huā Fěn 天花粉

RADIX TRICHOSANTHIS
Snakegourd Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of
Trichosanthes Kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes
Rosthornii Harms., two kinds of perennial herbaceous
vines of the family Lagenariae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān huā “white
■ower” and fĕn “powder”. It is snow-white and of ■ne
powdery consistency. It is the root of guā lóu (Fructus
Trichosanthis), so is also known as guā lóu gēn (瓜
蒌根).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan and
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Shandong provinces of China, and that produced in Anyang, Henan Province is of the best quality.
Trichosanthes Rosthornii Harms. is mainly produced in Sichuan province of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn and winter. The root is removed along with the
outer skin, cut transversely or longitudinally into segments, and dried. The solid, starchy roots with
smooth surface and pure white cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is moistened completely, cut into thick slices and
dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, slightly sweet; cold.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold, and slightly sweet and moistening in property. It enters the
lung and stomach channels to purge heat from the lung and stomach, and promotes body ■uid regeneration
to moisten the organs as well. It also can effectively relieve swelling and improve tissue granulation.
［Actions］ Purges heat, promotes fluid regeneration, relieves swelling and improves tissue
granulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases with thirst or consumptive thirst, it is often
combined with lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects.
For excessive thirst in the pattern of abundant stomach heat, it is often combined with huáng
lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to enhance
the effects.
For de■ciency of both qi and yin, it is often combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae),
zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to replenish qi and
yin and promote ■uid production, such as in the formula Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction).
2. For heat cough or dry-heat cough, it effectively clears lung heat and moistens the lung by
promoting body ■uid production.
For cough with yellow sticky sputum due to trapped lung heat, it is often combined with shè
gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) and mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae) to clear the lung and relieve
cough, such as in the formula Shè Gān Dōu Líng Tāng (Belamcanda and Aristolochia Decoction).
For dry-heat cough with little sputum or bloody sputum, it is often combined with nán shā
shēn (Radix Adenophorae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae
Cirrhosae) to relieve cough by moistening the lung.
3. For abscesses, sores, ulcers and other in■ammatory swellings, it is often combined with jīn yín huā
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to
clear toxic heat, relieve in■ammation and improve tissue granulation, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng
Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). It also can be used externally.
powder. For external use: it is powdered, mixed with water or vinegar, and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with
de■ciency cold or diarrhea, since it is cold and laxative. It is contraindicated for use with chuān wū
(Radix Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata).
［Ingredients］ It contains a protein with abortifacient activity and also polysaccharides,
phytohemagglutinin, enzymes, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of antagonizing early pregnancy and inducing
abortion. It can inhibit the copy and propagation of HIV in the infected immunocyte, reduce ascites
of ■hrlich's ascites carcinoma mice, lower blood sugar and inhibit bacteria in vitro.
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Dàn ZhúYè 淡竹叶

HERBA LOPHATHERI
Lophatherum Herb
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty (1436 A.D.).
It is the dried leaf with stalk of Lophatherum gracile
Brongn., a perennial herb of the family Gramineae.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu,
Anhui and Hunan provinces of China; that which is
produced in Zhejiang Province is of the best quality.
［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected
before blooming during the late summer, and then dried
in the sun. Tender but ■rm leaves that are light green or
yellowish-green in color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the
leaves are cut into sections for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, bland; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, stomach, small
intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and bland in taste, and cold in nature. It mainly enters the heart and
stomach channels to clear ■re from the heart and stomach. It also enters the small intestine channel
to clear heart ■re via the small intestine by means of draining, and is commonly used for dark urine
or stranguria due to heat or damp heat.
［Actions］ Clears heat, relieves irritability and induces diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases with irritability and thirst, it is often combined with
shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to
2. For mouth ulcers, dark urine and stranguria, which are basically due to heart ■re ■aming up or
transmission of heart heat to the small intestine, it is often combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae),
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to purge fire and drain
pathogens by urination.
For stranguria with turbid urine due to damp heat, it is combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen
Plantaginis), qú mài (Herba Dianthi) and hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) to relieve the problems by
clearing heat and dampness.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold or yin
de■ciency and def iciency ■re, since it is cold in nature it could damage yang, and draining in action
it could consume yin ■uid.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains triterpenoids such as arundoin, cylindrin, taraxerol, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its aqueous extract has an antipyretic effect. The decoction
shows slight diuretic effects in healthy people. It also inhibits staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic
streptococcus in vitro.
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Yā ZhíCǎo 鸭跖草
HERBA COMMELINAE
Common Dayflower
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Shí Yí, 本草拾遗)
in the Tang Dynasty (about 720 A.D.). It is the dried
above-ground part of Commelina communis L., an
annual herb of the family Commelinaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ It is also named bì zhú
zĭ (碧竹子) or zhú yè cài (竹叶菜).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the southeast of
China.
［Collection］ The whole plant is harvested from
June to July when blooming. Those which are yellowish-
green in color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The plants are cleaned, rinsed in water, cut into segments and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet and bland in taste, and cold in nature, it mainly enters the lung
and stomach channels, and also the bladder channel. It is good at clearing toxic heat and dispersing
exterior pathogens, and is commonly used for exterior-pattern febrile diseases where pathogens
affect the defensive level or qi level. It also can induce diuresis, and thus is applicable for edema or
heat stranguria.
［Actions］ Purges ■re, clears toxic heat and induces diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases with fever, it is often combined with jīn yín huā
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to enhance
the effects on clearing toxic heat, and cooling and dispersing exterior pathogens.
For the above problem where pathogens have affected the qi level with typical symptoms such
as high fever and thirst, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to enhance the effects.
2. For sore throat, skin sores and abscesses, it acts to clear toxic heat, and is often used in
combination with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), pú gōng yīng (Herba
Taraxaci) and herbs with similar properties and actions to enhance the effects.
For skin sores and abscesses, it is often prescribed together with zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae)
and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) in decoction, or the fresh herb alone is pounded and applied
topically.
3. For edema and heat stranguria, it can clear heat and promote urination.
For edema with scanty urine, it is combined with dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae), fú
líng pí (Cutis Poriae) and chì xiăo dòu (Semen Phaseoli) to reduce edema by promoting urination.
For stranguria with dark urine, it is often combined with chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis), dàn
zhú yè (Herba Lophatheri) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to enhance the effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g generally and the fresh herb doubled in
decoction. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically.
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cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains delphinidin, delphinidin 3-glucoside, commelinin, amino acids,
phlegmatic substance, poly-peptides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction inhibits bacteria in vitro and signi■cantly reduces
fever.
ZhīZǐ栀子
FRUCTUS GARDENIAE
Cape Jasmine Fruit
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ripe fruit of Gardenia
jasminoides ■llis, an evergreen shrub of the family
Rubiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhī “wine container (used
in ancient times)”, zĭ “fruit”. The flower of this plant
looks like a wine goblet.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Hubei, Fujian and Sichuan provinces of China.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected during
September and November when ripe with reddish-yellow
color. The stalks and leaves are ■rst removed and the fruit is steamed or blanched slightly and left to
dry. The plump fruit with thin outer skin and reddish-yellow color is of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the fruit is crushed into pieces for use. It also can
be fried or deeply fried ■rst before use.
［Properties］ Bitter; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, sanjiao.
［Characteristics］ It is very bitter and cold in property so that it can drastically purge heat. It
enters the heart, lung and sanjiao channels to purge heat via urination, cool the blood, calm the mind
and clear toxic heat. Used externally, it can also relieve hot swelling and pain.
［Actions］ Purges ■re, calms the mind, drains heat and dampness, cools the blood and clears
toxic heat, and relieves swelling and pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases with irritability and thirst, it is commonly
combined with dàn dòu chĭ (Semen Sojae Praeparatum), such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Chĭ Tāng
(Gardenia and Prepared Soybean Decoction).
For high fever, irritability and delirium due to excessive heat, it is generally combined with
huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma
Rhei), such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction).
2. For damp-heat jaundice, it relieves the problem effectively by draining damp heat via
urination. For this purpose, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and dà
huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), as seen in the formula Yīn Chén Hāo Tāng (Virgate Wormwood
Decoction), or is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and gān căo (Radix et
Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Băi Pí Tāng (Gardenia and Phellodendron
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Decoction).
3. For heat bleeding, it checks bleeding mainly by purging heat and cooling blood.
For hematemesis, epistaxis and hemuresis due to heat, it is often combined with bái máo gēn
(Rhizoma Imperatae), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to
4. For toxic-heat sores and bloodshot or in■amed eyes, it purges ■re and toxic heat.
For toxic-heat sores, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), pú gōng
yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the ef■cacy, or the unprocessed
herb alone is powdered and applied topically.
For bloodshot or in■amed eyes, it is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), mù zéi (Herba
■quiseti Hiemalis) and gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) to relieve the problems by clearing liver heat.
5. For traumatic injury, it relieves swelling and pain by cooling blood and dispersing heat from
the tissue. The dried herb is powdered ■rst and mixed with wine, and applied topically.
For external use: the dry powder mixed with adjuvant and applied topically, or the fresh herb is
pounded and applied topically. The unprocessed herb is cold and good at purging heat, the ginger
juice-fried herb is better for checking vomiting and the deeply-fried herb better at arresting bleeding.
The seed is more effective at calming the mind via clearing heart ■re, while the fruit peel is more
effective at clearing heat from the surface of the body.
bitter and cold in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains gardenin, jasminoidin, geniposide, gardoside, caffeotannic acid,
saffron glucoside, crocetin, α-manicol, β-sitosterin and ursolic acid in the fruit peel.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, reducing body
temperature, relieving pain, improving bile secretion, lowering serum bilirubin and transaminase,
protecting hepatocytes, improving secretion of the pancreas, lowering blood pressure, serving as
a mild laxative, decreasing myocardial contractile force, preventing atherosclerosis, antagonizing
in■ammation, anti-bacteria and fungus, and killing leptospires and adult schistosomes.
Xià KūCǎo 夏枯草

SPICA PRUNELLAE
Common Self-heal Fruit-spike
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried spike of prunella vulgaris L., a perennial herb of the family
Labiatae.
［■ x p l a n a t i o n o f N a m e］ X i à “ s u m m e r ” , k ū
“withering” and căo “herb”. The herb withers gradually
during the summer.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang,
Anhui, Henan and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ The spikes are collected during the
summer when turning brownish-red, and then dried in the
sun. The big ones with brownish-red color are the best in
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quality.
［Processing］ Impurities and stalks are removed before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, acrid and cold in property, and entering the liver and gallbladder
channels, it is good at purging and dispersing heat from the liver and gallbladder, and lowering blood
pressure. It is an essential herb for dizziness triggered by the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang,
eye problems and nodules along the liver and gallbladder channels.
［Actions］ Purges heat, improves vision, relieves swelling and dissipates nodules.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For in■amed eyes and dizziness, it relieves the problems mainly by
means of purging heat from the liver.
For in■amed eyes, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jué míng zĭ (Semen
Cassiae) to strengthen the effects.
For dizziness due to either the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver ■re, it is combined
with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and mŭ lì (Concha
Ostreae) to clear liver ■re, pacify liver yang and extinguish wind.
For aching pain of the eyes due to yin and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae
Alba) to clear liver heat, nourish liver blood and relieve pain.
2. For scrofula, goiter, carbuncles and tumors, it dissipates nodules and resolves swelling, lumps
and tumors by purging and dispersing heat.
For scrofula transformed from phlegm ■re, it can be applied alone in decoction or extraction
internally, or can be used in combination with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), xuán shēn
(Radix Scrophulariae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to resolve phlegm and dissipate lumps.
For goiter, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae)
and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to soothe the liver, and dissipate masses and lumps.
For carbuncles and acute mastitis in the initial stage, which is normally due to toxic-heat
accumulation, it is generally used together with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), guā lóu (Fructus
Trichosanthis) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and relieve the
swelling.
For tumors, it is commonly applied in combination with other herbs to enhance the effects.
3. Additionally, it can effectively lower blood pressure, and is mainly applied for those cases in
the pattern of hyperactive liver ■re or yang.
powder, or extract. The dosage should be doubled if applied alone.
［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenoid saponins, free oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, eldrin, hyperin,
alkaloids, prunella polysaccharide and chloratum kalium, etc. Its spike contains delphinidin, ursolic
acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can de■nitely lower blood pressure and antagonize arrhythmia.
Its water-alcohol extractives show the effects of anti-in■ammation and relieving immunosuppression.
Its decoction can inhibit bacteria, kill skin fungus, inhibit tumors, lower blood sugar, excite the
uterus, increase gastro-intestinal movement, tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, induce diuresis, and
inhibit AIDS virus and fever blisters virus type I.
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Jué Míng Zǐ决明子

SEMEN CASSIAE
Cassia Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature seeds of
Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L., annual herbs of
the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jué “definitely”, míng
“brightening” and zĭ “seed”. The seed can definitely
brighten the eyes. It is also known as căo jué míng (草
决明), where căo indicates herbal origin, distinguishing
it from another similar one with the name of shí jué
míng (“mineral” jué míng) .
［Habitat］ Cassia obtusifolia L. is mainly produced
in Jiangsu, Anhui and Sichuan provinces of China, and
Cassia tora L. mainly in Guangxi and Yunnan of China.
［Collection］ The plants are collected in autumn,
dried in the sun, beaten to yield the seeds and the seeds are then cleaned. Plump ones with greenish-
brown color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The seeds are cleaned with water and dried before use, or they are dry-fried ■rst
and crushed before use.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter, salty; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold so that it can purge heat, and sweet and rich with botanical
fat so that it is able to lubricate the large intestine to cure constipation. It enters the liver and kidney
channels to clear ■re from the liver and replenishes kidney yin to improve vision. It always acts as
a chief herb when treating in■amed eyes and other eye problems with poor vision. It also enters the
large intestine channel to effectively moisten the bowels to relieve constipation.
［Actions］ Clears liver heat, improves vision and moistens the bowels to relieve constipation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For in■amed eyes and poor vision, it works by clearing liver heat, as
well as by replenishing kidney yin to improve vision.
For in■amed eyes with symptoms of photophobia and excessive tearing triggered by exterior
wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), gŭ jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) and mù
zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) to disperse the wind heat and purge ■re.
For in■amed eyes due to ■aming up of excessive liver ■re, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to strengthen the effects.
For poor vision or bluish blindness (optical atrophy) due to yin deficiency of the liver and
kidney, it is often combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and mì méng
huā (Flos Buddlejae) to tonify the liver and kidney and improve vision.
2. For headache and vertigo, it can be used alone or in combination with jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to clear ■re
from the liver, suppress yang and replenish yin.
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3. For constipation, it is used alone for light cases and in combination with guā lóu rén (Semen
Trichosanthis), yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii, dry-fried) for serious cases to
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g crushed in decoction, and 3-6 g in powder
generally, 30 g at maximum for reducing cholesterol. The unprepared herb is stronger than the stir-
fried one for clearing heat and lubricating the bowels.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency diarrhea or
hypotension, since it is slightly cold and laxative.
［Ingredients］ It contains chrysophanic acid, emodin, chrysophanol, obtusin, lactone, mucus,
proteins, fatty oils, pigments and carotene, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can remarkably lower blood pressure and induce diuresis. It
also can reduce plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides and inhibit staphylococcus aureus, bacillus
diphtheriae, bacillus typhi, bacterium entericum, etc. It shows inhibitory effects on different skin
fungi, and affects immunity, protects the liver, induces mild diarrhea, and improves secretion of
gastric juices and uterine contractions.
GǔJīng Cǎo 谷精草

FLOS ERIOCAULI
Pipewort Flower
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ in the Tang Dynasty (about
720 A.D.). It is the dried flower head with stalk of
Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern., an annual herb of
the family Eriocaulaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gŭ “rice”, jīng “essence”
and căo “herb”. It generally grows together with rice,
and it was supposed by ancient people that the herb
had absorbed the essence of rice.
Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ The herb is collected in autumn and dried in the sun. Big and firm ones with
grayish-white color, and with short yellowish-green stalks are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After it is cleaned, it is cut into segments for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, sweet; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and slightly cool in property, and ascending and dispersing in
action. It enters the liver and stomach channels to disperse wind and heat, and to effectively eliminate
eye nebulae. It is commonly used for in■amed eyes with nebulae in the pattern of exterior wind-heat
invasion of the liver channel.
［Actions］ Disperses wind, clears liver ■re and eliminates nebulae to improve vision.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For in■amed eyes triggered by exterior wind heat, and nebulae, it
is often combined with bái jí lí (Fructus Tribuli), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and mù zéi (Herba
■quiseti Hiemalis) to enhance the effects.
If the in■amed eyes are due to ■aming up of liver ■re, it is used together with xià kū căo (Spica
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Prunellae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and qīng xiāng zĭ (Semen Celosiae) to enhance the
effects on purging ■re.
2. For wind-heat headache and toothache, it relieves the pain by dispersing wind heat from the
head.
For wind-heat headache, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), sāng yè (Folium
Mori) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae).
For wind-heat toothache, it is often prescribed together with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae
Dahuricae), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15g in decoction, or made into pills or powder.
For external use: decocted for topical rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with eye problems due to blood
de■ciency, since it is dispersing and may consume yin and blood.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains eriocauli.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can inhibit bacteria. Its decoction shows inhibitory effects on
aeruginosus bacillus, staphylococcus aureus, shigella ■exneri, bacillus typhi and different skin fungi.
MìMéng Huā 密蒙花

FLOS BUDDLEJAE
Pale Butterfly Bush Flower
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng
Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Northern and Southern
Dynasties (about 400 A.D.). It is the dried buds or ■ower
clusters of Buddleja of■cinalis Maxim., a deciduous bush
of the family Loganiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mì “dense”, méng “covering”
and huā “■ower”. The ■owers are covered by small fuzzy
hairs and grow densely into clusters.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Sichuan,
Henan, Shaanxi and Yunnan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in spring before blossoming,
and dried in the sun. Grayish-brown ones covered by soft hairs are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned before use.
［Properties］ Sweet; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly cold in nature and entering the liver channel, it can gently
clear heat and nourish yin at the same time. It is used particularly for eye problems no matter whether
in de■ciency or excess pattern.
［Actions］ Clears liver heat, nourishes liver yin, improves vision and eliminates nebulae.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For in■amed eyes, it is combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi),
sāng yè (Folium Mori) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects. For in■amed eyes and
nebulae due to liver ■re ■aming up, it is combined with bái jí lí (Fructus Tribuli), chán tuì (Periostracum
Cicadae) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) to clear liver heat and eliminate nebulae.
2. For poor vision due to liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen
9-9◎02.indd 125 2014-12-17 14:05:34

Cuscutae), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to enhance the effect
particularly on tonifying.
［Ingredients］ It contains flavonoid glycosides like acaciin, triterpene glycosides like
mimengoside A and iridoid glycosides like aucubin and cotalposide.
［Pharmacological Research］ The acacetin it contains shows the effect of vitamin P, such as
reducing vascular permeability, improving blood vascular brittleness and counteracting isolated
intestinal spasms induced by antihistamine and acetylcholine. It also induces diuresis and relieves
in■ammation.
Qīng Xiāng Zǐ青葙子

SEMEN CELOSIAE
Feather Cockscomb Seed
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seed
of Celosia argentea L., an annual herb of the family
Amaranthaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qīng “dark green”, xiāng
“seventh month according to the Chinese lunar calendar
in ancient times” and zĭ “seed”. The stem of this plant is
dark green, and the blooming time of the flower and the
ripening time of the fruit are both in the seventh month of
the Chinese lunar calendar (around autumn).
［Habitat］ Produced in most areas of China.
［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected in autumn when the fruits are ripe, and the
spikes are beaten in order to yield the seeds. The plump ones with black lustrous color are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ The seeds are cleaned before use.
［Characteristics］ Rather bitter and cold in nature, and entering the liver channel, it is good at
purging ■re from the liver to effectively improve vision and eliminate nebulae, and effectively works
as an essential herb to treat in■amed eyes or nebulae in the pattern of liver heat.
［Actions］ Purges liver ■re, improves vision and eliminates nebulae.
［Clinical Applications］ For in■amed eyes and nebulae, it is often combined with jué míng zĭ
(Semen Cassiae), líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae) and mì méng huā (Flos Buddlejae).
cold in nature. It is prohibited for patients with glaucoma because it enlarges the pupil.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains fatty oils, kalium nitricum, β-sitosterin, nicacid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The fat it contains can enlarge the pupils. It also can lower blood
pressure and remarkably shorten the time of blood plasma recalci■cation in rabbits. Its decoction can
powerfully inhibit aeruginosus bacillus.
9-9◎02.indd 126 2014-12-17 14:05:35


and Dry Dampness
Most of the herbs in this category are very bitter and cold in property, and are very strong in
purging heat or toxic heat, and in drying dampness. They are mainly applied for problems that result
from excessive damp heat either from outside or inside, such as damp-heat febrile diseases, damp-
summerheat febrile diseases, problems due to damp heat obstructing the middle, damp-heat diarrhea,
dysentery, jaundice, leukorrhea, strangury, herpes, eczema or ulcers. They are also very effective for
problems that are due to excessive heat trapped in different zang-fu organs.
Herbs in this category are quite bitter and cold and could easily damage the stomach and spoil
the appetite; therefore, they should be carefully used for patients with vulnerable stomachs. They are
also rather drying in property and may damage the body’s yin-■uid. Therefore, herbs for protecting
the stomach, improving the appetite, and nourishing yin and ■uid should be used in combination to
prevent damage from these herbs.
Huáng Qín 黄芩
RADIX SCUTELLARIAE
Scutellaria Root
Han dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi., a perennial herb of the
family Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Huáng “yellow” and qín
“gold”. The root is golden yellow in color. The young
roots that are thin but ■rm are called tiáo (“stick”) qín (条
芩) or zǐ (“son”) qín (子芩). The old dry ones, colored
brownish-yellow or dark yellow, and hollow in the
middle, are usually named kū (“perish”) qín (枯芩) or
piàn (“sliced”) qín (片芩).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Henan,
Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia of China. The greatest quantity
of roots are produced in Shanxi Province, but the best
ones come from Hebei Province.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn when the leaves are beginning to wither. After stems and
leaves are removed, it is half dried in the sun, and then dried completely in the sun or in an oven after
the bark is removed. The long and solid roots with fresh yellow color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, steamed or boiled throughly, cut into thin slices and dried in the sun
for use. It also can be simply stir-fried, wine-fried or carbonized ■rst before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine.
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［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold, purging and drying in property, mainly entering the lung and
large intestine channels and also the stomach and gallbladder channels, it mainly works on the
upper jiao including the lung and its interior-exterior corresponding organ the large intestine,
and also on the middle jiao to purge ■re and dry dampness. Furthermore, it can cool blood to
arrest bleeding.
［Actions］ Purges ■re and toxic heat, dries dampness and cools blood to prevent abortion.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For damp-heat febrile diseases, damp-summerheat febrile diseases,
problems due to damp heat obstructing the middle, damp-heat diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice and
strangury, it is able to powerfully purge heat and dry dampness at the same time.
➢ For damp-heat febrile diseases or damp-summerheat febrile diseases with manifestations
such as unsurfaced fever, stuf■ness and fullness in the chest and epigastrium, nausea and vomiting,
it is often combined with huá shí (Talcum), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh) and dà fù pí
(Pericarpium Arecae) to clear heat and purge heat and dampness, move the stomach qi downwards
and calm the stomach to check vomiting, such as in the formula Huáng Qín Huá Shí Tāng (Scutellaria
and Talcum Decoction).
➢ For damp heat obstructing the middle with symptoms of fullness around the epigastrium,
nausea and vomiting, bitter taste in the mouth, poor appetite and dark urine, it is often combined with
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to purge heat, dry dampness and
calm the middle.
➢ For damp-heat jaundice, it is commonly combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae)
and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects of purging heat and dampness, and relieving
jaundice.
➢ For damp-heat dysentery in the acute stage in mild cases with manifestations such as
abdominal pain, fever, foul stools and burning pain around the anus, it is generally combined with
gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to relieve fever and enhance
the effects on toxic heat, such as in the formula Gé Gēn Huáng Qín Huáng Lián Tāng (Pueraria,
Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction).
➢ For damp-heat dysentery in more serious cases with manifestations such as tenesmus and
bloody purulent stools, it is commonly combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), huáng lián
(Rhizoma Coptidis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), such as in the formula Sháo Yào Tāng (Peony
Decoction).
➢ For damp-heat strangury, it is used with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma
Imperatae) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to relieve pain by clearing heat and dampness via
urination.
2. For cough due to lung heat, it is an essential herb for purging heat from the lung. It can be
used alone, as seen in the formula Qīng Jīn Wán (Golden-Clearing Pill), or in combination with guā
lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum
Bile) to relieve cough by clearing heat from the lung and effectively resolving phlegm, such as in the
formula Qīng Qì Huà Tán Wán (Qi-Clearing and Phlegm-Transforming Pill).
3. For febrile disease where the heat affects the qi level with manifestations such as high fever,
profuse sweating, strong thirst and surging pulse, it relieves the symptoms by powerfully purging the
heat. It is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and jīn
yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to enhance the effects.
➢ If the blazing fire affects both the qi and blood levels with symptoms such as high fever,
mania, delirium, maculas or heat bleeding, it is used together with dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae),
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shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), such as in the formula Qīng Wēn Bài Dú
Yĭn (■pidemic-Clearing Toxin-Resolving Beverage).
➢ If the heat is stagnated in the chest with symptoms such as heat sensation on the face, strong
thirst, dark urine and constipation, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), dà huáng
(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to purge ■re from the upper and the lower, such
as in the formula Liáng Gé Săn (Diaphragm-Cooling Powder).
➢ For shaoyang pattern with typical symptoms such as alternating chills and fever, it
is combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to harmonize
shaoyang and relieve the fever, such as in the formula Xiăo Chái Hú Tāng (Minor Bupleurum
Decoction).
4. For sore throat, skin sores, carbuncles and abscesses, it can effectively relieve swelling by
purging toxic heat.
➢ For sore throat due to trapped toxic heat, it is often combined with băn lán gēn (Radix
Isatidis), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to clear toxic heat
and ease the throat.
➢ For skin sores, carbuncles and abscesses, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to clear toxic
heat and relieve swelling, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving
Decoction).
5. For heat bleeding, it can cool blood and check bleeding at the same time, with the carbonized
herb showing better effects in checking bleeding.
➢ For heat-triggered bleeding, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), huái huā (Flos
Sophorae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to strengthen the effects.
6. For threatened abortion due to heat disturbance, it is often used in combination with zhú rú
(Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction. For purging heat and toxins,
and drying dampness, the unprepared herb is better. For heat-triggered threatened abortion, the fried
herb is better because the cold nature is milder. For heat trapped in the upper jiao, the wine-fried
herb is better. For checking bleeding, the carbonized one works well. Traditionally, the young solid
roots are good at clearing heat from the large intestine, while the old dry roots are better at clearing
heat from the lung.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with poor appetite, loose stools
and a vulnerable stomach, since it is bitter and cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains ■avonoid components such as baicalein, baicalin, chrysin, wogonoside
and neobaicalein. It also contains essential oils, many kinds of amino acids as well as β-sitosterin and
stigmasterine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction inhibits Gram-positive bacteria such as
staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus hemolyticus and diplococcus lanceolatus, as well as Gram-
negative bacteria such as bacillus coli, bacillus dysenteriae, bacillus aeruginosus and bacillus
tuberculosis in vitro. It also inhibits skin fungus, in■uenza virus and hepatitis virus B. The baicalein,
baicalin and wogonin it contains can reduce vascular permeability in mice. Baicalin can inhibit acute
and chronic in■ammation. Its water and alcohol extracts can de■nitely inhibit allergy typeⅠ. It also
can tranquilize the mind, lower blood pressure and cholesterol, protect the liver, promote gallbladder
function, and antagonize blood clotting, thrombogenesis and tumors.
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Huáng Lián 黄连
RHIZOMA COPTIDIS
Coptis
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of
Coptis chinensis Franch., Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et
Hsiao or Coptis teeta Wall., perennial herbs of the family
Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Huáng “yellow” and
lián “attaching”. The rhizomes are yellow in color and
attached to each other at the bottom. The best specimens
are produced in Sichuan Province, so it is also known as
chuān huáng lián (川黄连).
Shaanxi and Guizhou provinces of China. The ones
produced in Shizhu and Nanchuan of Sichuan Province,
and in Laifeng and ■nshi of Hubei Province are of
greatest quantity and best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. The ■brous
roots and leaves are cleaned from the rhzome and it is
dried in the sun. The clean, strong and solid rhizomes with reddish-yellow cross-sections are of the
best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned quickly with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and
dried in the shade for use. It also can be wine- or ginger-juice fried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Very bitter and very cold in nature, it mainly enters the heart and stomach
channels, and also the liver and large intestine channels. It is therefore able to powerfully purge heat
from the heart, stomach and liver, and dry dampness to treat damp heat in the stomach and large
intestine.
［Actions］ Purges heat and toxins, and dries dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of damp heat in the middle and the large intestine, it
is quite commonly used.
➢ For the pattern of damp heat harassing the middle with symptoms such as gastric fullness
sensation, nausea or vomiting, and dark or bloody urine with yellow greasy tongue coating, it
is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to transform and dry dampness, and move the stomach qi downward
to relieve the nausea and vomiting, such as in the formula Lián Pò Yĭn (Coptis and Officinal
Magnolia Bark Beverage).
➢ For mild cases of diarrhea and dysentery due to damp heat in the large intestine, it can be
used alone; for those cases with slight abdominal pain together with mild exterior pattern symptoms
such as fever at onset, it is combined with gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and huáng qín (Radix
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Scutellariae) to release the fever and dysentery by purging dampness and heat, such as in the formula
Gé Gēn Huáng Qín Huáng Lián Tāng (Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction).
➢ If the problem involves serious abdominal pain and tenesmus, it is commonly used in
combination with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to effectively purge heat, dry dampness and move
the qi of the large intestine, such as in the formula Xiāng Lián Wán (Radix Aucklandiae and Rhizoma
Coptidis Pill).
➢ If symptoms such as acute abdominal pain, bloody and purulent stools, and tenesmus are
seen, it is necessarily used in combination with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae), huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) and qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) to relieve dysentery by purging toxic heat, drying dampness
and cooling blood, such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Pulsatilla Decoction).
2. For febrile diseases with high fever, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae),
huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects,
such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction).
3. For problems due to heat, it is particularly good at purging heat or ■re from the heart, stomach
and liver.
➢ For irritability and insomnia due to exuberance of heart ■re, it is often combined with zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae) and zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) to effectively clear the heart ■re
and calm the mind.
➢ For irritability and insomnia in the pattern of yin de■ciency with de■ciency ■re, it is basically
combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish yin, clear
fire, and calm the heart and mind, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Ē Jiāo Tāng (Coptis and
Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction).
➢ For insomnia due to non-interaction between the heart and kidney, it is often prescribed
together with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to restore the coordination between the heart and kidney,
and tranquilize the mind, such as in the formula Jiāo Tài Wán (Grand Communication Pill).
➢ For vomiting triggered by stomach heat, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to clear
stomach heat and arrest vomiting, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Jú Pí Zhú Rú Tāng (Coptis,
Tangerine and Bamboo Shavings Decoction).
➢ For heartburn or stomach acid re■ux that may be due to liver ■re impacting the stomach, it is
often combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to clear liver heat and calm the stomach to arrest
vomiting, such as in the formula Zuŏ Jīn Wán (Left Metal Pill).
4. For abscesses, sores, toxic ulcers and in■amed swollen eyes, it acts well to cure problems by
purging toxic ■re and drying up dampness.
➢ For toxic-heat sores or ulcers, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng
băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects, such as in
the formula Huáng Lián Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction).
➢ For skin ulcers, it can be used alone or in combination with qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis), calcined
shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and lú gān shí (Calamina), made into paste and applied topically.
➢ For in■amed swollen eyes, the decocted liquid is applied alone as eye drops, or in combination
with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), sāng yè (Folium Mori) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) in
decoction, and applied orally.
5. For bleeding triggered by heat, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei)
and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to cool blood and enhance the effect on purging heat, such as in
the formula Xiè Xīn Tāng (Heart-Draining Decoction).
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6. Additionally, if combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and similar herbs for nourishing yin and body
fluid, it can be effectively used for hunger caused by rapid digestion, irritability and thirst, and
consumptive thirst that is basically due to the ■aring up of excessive stomach ■re.
For external use: the powder is applied topically. The unprocessed herb is more powerful in purging
heat and drying dampness. The wine-fried herb is less bitter and cold in nature, and more often used
for clearing heat from the upper jiao. The ginger juice- or wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae)-baked one is
less bitter and cold in nature, and more effective in arresting vomiting. Very small doses are applied
for improving appetite.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with spleen and stomach
weakness and body yin de■ciency because it is so bitter, drying and cold, and easily damages the
spleen and stomach, body yin and ■uid.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids, which are composed of berberine, coptisine,
worenine and palmatine, and also phenolic compounds like obacunone and obakulactone.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows strong inhibitory effects on shigella dysenteriae,
bacterium ■exneri, diplococcus lanceolatus, bacillus comma and bacillus anthracis, all kinds of ■u
virus, as well as many kinds of skin fungus. It also can reduce fever, antagonize in■ammation and
increase the phagotrophic activity of white blood cells and the reticuloendothelial system. Berberine
can antagonize arrhythmia, strengthen myocardial contractility and inhibit platelet aggregation.
It also can lower blood pressure and sugar, and antagonize tumors, antagonize gastric ulcers and
promote gallbladder function.
Huáng Bǎi 黄柏
CORTEX PHELLODENDRI CHINENSIS
Phellodendron Bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. or Phellodendron
chinense Schneid., two kinds of deciduous trees of the family Rutaceae. The bark of Phellodendron
amurense Rupr. is called guān huáng băi (关黄柏), while
the bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid. is called
chuān huáng băi (川黄柏).
［■xplanation of Name］ Huáng “yellow” and băi
“avoiding”. It is bright yellow in color and can be used
as a dye; paper dyed with the juice of this bark is used to
repel insects and avoid insect bites.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin,
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Hebei of China.
Phellodendron chinense Schneid. is mainly produced in
Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces.
［Collection］ Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is
harvested in July, and Phellodendron chinense Schneid.
during May and June. The bark is peeled ■rst, the crude
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outer skin of the bark is removed when fresh, and the remaining bark is pressed ■at and dried in the
sun. Thick bark with yellow cross-section is of the best quality.
［Processing］ After cleaning, it is moistened completely, cut into long slices and dried for use.
It also can be salt water-fried or carbonized for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, bladder, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in nature, it mainly enters the kidney, bladder and large
intestine channels and the lower jiao to purge damp heat or heat from the lower jiao. The effects are
not as good as those of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) in purging heat and damp heat, but it is more
effective for problems caused by de■ciency heat or damp heat in the lower jiao.
［Actions］ Purges heat and toxic heat, dries dampness and reduces de■ciency heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of damp heat in the lower jiao, it is an essential herb
that is widely used clinically.
➢ For leukorrhea with yellowish discharge and strong odor in the pattern of damp heat, it
is often used with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) to partly clear
dampness and heat, and check the profuse discharge as well, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng
(Yellow-Transforming Decoction).
➢ For damp-heat stranguria, it is often combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), huá shí (Talcum)
and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to relieve the problem by powerfully purging dampness and heat from
the lower jiao.
➢ For hot swelling in the lower part of the body that is due to damp heat pouring down, it
is often used in combination with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), such as in the formula Èr Miào Wán (Two Mysterious
Pill), Sān Miào Wán (Wonderfully ■ffective Three Pill) or Sì Miào Wán (Wonderfully ■ffective Four
Pill).
2. For damp-heat dysentery and jaundice, it can purge dampness and heat, and counteract toxic
heat as well.
➢ For dysentery with abdominal pain and bloody purulent stools due to damp-heat invasion of
the large intestine, it is often combined with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae), huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis) and qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) to cure it by clearing toxic heat and drying dampness, such as
in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Pulsatilla Decoction).
➢ For jaundice due to damp heat invading the liver and gallbladder, it is combined with zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as in
the formula Zhī Zĭ Băi Pí Tāng (Gardenia and Phellodendron Decoction).
3. For abscesses, skin sores and ulcers, and eczema, it acts to purge toxic heat and dry up
dampness.
➢ For toxic-heat skin abscesses and sores, internally it can be used together with huáng lián
(Rhizoma Coptidis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), whereas topically it is powdered and mixed with
pig bile.
➢ For skin ulcers and eczema, it is combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and
jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and applied internally in decoction, or it is combined with bái xiān
pí (Cortex Dictamni), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), and applied
topically for skin rinsing in decoction.
4. For yin-de■ciency fever or febrile sensation, and seminal emission that is basically due to ■re
■aming up from the lower jiao, it can effectively clear the heat.
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➢ For waist soreness, tinnitus, steaming bone fever, tidal fever or ■ushed face, and night sweats
due to kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), dì huáng
(Radix Rehmanniae) and guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) to particularly nourish kidney
yin and suppress deficiency heat, such as in the formula Zhī Băi Dì Huáng Wán (Anemarrhena,
Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill), and Dà Bŭ Yīn Wán (Major Yin-Supplementing Pill).
➢ For seminal emission due to stirring up of de■ciency heat, it was used alone in ancient times,
and now is more commonly used in combination with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and tiān dōng
(Radix Asparagi) to help it by nourishing yin.
5. Additionally, the carbonized one, which is slightly cold in nature, is more effective on
checking bleeding, and is suitable for heat-triggered bleeding. For better effect, it is often combined
with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction. For external use: ■exible.
The unprepared herb is strong in purging heat, toxins and drying dampness, while the salt-water
processed one is more effective for de■ciency heat, and the carbonized one for bleeding.
bitter and cold.
［Ingredients］ Phellodendron amurense Rupr. mainly contains berberine and a small amount
of magnoflorine, phellodendrine, palmatine and jateorhizine, etc. P. chinense Schneid. contains
berberine, magno■orine, phellodendrine, palmatine, internal esters, sterols, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows strong effects of antagonizing fungi and bacteria, and
inhibiting leptospire and hepatitis B virus. It also lowers blood pressure and sugar, antagonizes
inflammation, arrhythmia, gastric ulcers, platelet aggregation, hypoxia and oxidation, and kills
sperm. The phellavin contained by its leaves inhibits the activity of herpes virus.
Lóng Dǎn Cǎo 龙胆草

RADIX ET RHIZOMA GENTIANAE
Chinese Gentian
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root or rhizome of Gentiana manshurica Kitag., Gentiana
scabra Bge., Gentiana tri■ora Pall. or Gentiana rigescens Franch., four kinds of perennial herbs of
the family Gentianaceae. The first three species are
usually called lóng dăn (龙胆), and the last one jiān
lóng dăn (坚龙胆).
［■xplanation of Name］ Lóng means lóng
yào (龙曜), the name of the gallbladder spirit, dăn
“gallbladder” or “bile”, and căo “herb”.
In Taoism, every internal organ of the human
body has its own spirit, and the one for the gallbladder
is named lóng yào. The herb tastes bitter like bile.
Alternate names are dăn căo (胆草） and kŭ lóng dăn
(苦龙胆).
［Habitat］ The ■rst three species, which are better
in quality, are mainly produced in the northeast and in
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Inner Mongolia, and the last species mainly in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China.
［Collection］ The roots and rhizomes are collected during spring and autumn. After the residual
stems and leaves are removed, the roots and rhizomes are cleaned with water and then dried. The
plump ones with yellowish or yellowish-brown color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned and moistened throughly, cut into thick slices or segments, and
dried for use, or they are fried with rice wine for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder, bladder.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold in property, so that it can powerfully clear heat and dry
dampness, and it mainly enters the liver, gallbladder and bladder channels. It is good at purging heat
or damp heat from the liver and gallbladder and the lower jiao, and thus often acts as an essential
herb for treating the patterns of excessive heat or damp heat in the middle and lower jiao.
［Actions］ Purges heat and dries dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For problems caused by damp heat in the lower jiao and damp-heat
jaundice, it purges and drains dampness and heat from the lower jiao.
For swelling of genital organs and eczema, and leukorrhea with yellow sticky odorous
discharge, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), kŭ shēn (Radix
Sophorae Flavescentis) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) to relieve swelling and itching, and arrest
vaginal discharge by drying and draining dampness, and clearing heat.
For jaundice in the pattern of damp heat, it is often prescribed together with yīn chén (Herba
Artemisiae Scopariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to cure jaundice by clearing dampness and
heat.
2. For headache, bloodshot eyes and high fever due to liver ■re ■aming up, it can effectively
cure it by directly purging ■re.
For headache, bloodshot eyes, herpes zoster and hypochondriac swelling pain, bitter taste
in the mouth and acute deafness in the pattern of ■aming up of liver ■re, it is combined with zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to enhance the
effects, such as in the formula Lóng Dăn Xiè Gān Tāng (Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction).
For high fever with convulsions due to exuberant liver heat, it is often combined with gōu téng
(Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) to
extinguish wind and clear liver heat, such as in the formula Liáng Jīng Wán (Convulsion-Cooling
Pill).
Additionally, a small dose of it taken internally can invigorate the appetite.
For external use: the powder is applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold and yin
de■ciency because it is bitter and cold and can easily cause damage.
［Ingredients］ Gentiana scabra Bge. and Gentiana triflora Pall. mainly contain iridoid
glycoside, which is composed of gentiopicrin and swertiamarin. Gentiana scabra Bge. also contains
gentio■avine, erythricine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It induces diuresis, kills bacteria and worms, inhibits antibody
formation and delayed allergic reaction, and deactivates cortisol in the liver. A small dose taken
before meals can stimulate the secretion of gastric juice to improve appetite. However, a small
dose or overdose taken after meals can reduce the digestive function, and even cause headache,
facial blushing and dizziness in serious cases as side effects. Gentiopicrin can protect the liver,
9-9◎02.indd 135 2014-12-17 14:05:48

reduce glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, promote gallbladder function, antagonize in■ammation

and kill plasmodium. ■rythricine can tranquilize the mind, relax the muscles and lower blood
pressure.
KǔShēn 苦参
RADIX SOPHORAE FLAVESCENTIS
Light Yellow Sophora Root
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of
Sophora flavescens Ait., a deciduous shrub of the family
Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Kŭ “bitter” and shēn “ginseng”.
It tastes extremely bitter and is cylindrical in shape, looking
like ginseng root.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shanxi, Henan and
Hebei provinces of China.
After the above-ground part, the crown root and the branch
roots are removed, it is washed with water and then dried.
The ■at evenly formed roots with extremely bitter taste and
yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is washed, moistened throughly with water, cut into thick slices and dried for
use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, stomach, large intestine, bladder.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter enough to dry dampness and very cold in nature to purge heat. It
enters the heart, liver, stomach, large intestine and bladder channels. In addition to purging heat and
drying dampness, it also can effectively relieve itching, kill worms and drain dampness by urination.
It is commonly used for eczema, leukorrhea, jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery, bloody stools and
strangury in the pattern of damp heat.
［Actions］ Purges heat, dries dampness, relieves itching, kills worms and promotes urination.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For diarrhea, dysentery, bloody stools, jaundice, pruritus vulvae,
leukorrhea and other problems due to damp heat, it mainly relieves them by purging heat and drying up
dampness.
For dysentery, it is used alone or in combination with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and gān
căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Xiāng Shēn Wán (Common Aucklandia
and Sophora Pill).
For bloody stools due to damp heat injuring the blood vessels of the large intestine, it is often
used together with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, dry dampness, cool blood and
check bleeding, such as in the formula Kŭ Shēn Dì Huáng Wán (Sophora and Rehmannia Pill).
For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī
zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae).
For pruritus vulvae and leukorrhea due to the pouring down of dampness and heat, it is
9-9◎02.indd 136 2014-12-17 14:05:49

combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) and shé chuáng
zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), and applied orally or for topical skin rinsing to clear heat, dry dampness, check
leukorrhea and alleviate itching.
2. For skin problems, it can effectively relieve itching by drastically drying dampness either
internally or externally.
For skin itching, it is often applied orally in combination with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae)
and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), or used to topically rinse the skin in combination with chuān
jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae).
For damp-heat eczema, it is often combined with bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni), tŭ fú líng
(Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii) to drain dampness and heat to alleviate
itching.
For tinea and scabies, it can be applied alone or in combination with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus
Cnidii), jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) and bái fán (Alumen) in decoction to topically rinse
the skin, such as in the formula Kŭ Shēn Tāng (Sophora Decoction). It can also be prescribed
together with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and liú huáng (Sulfur) to make cream and apply
externally.
For leprosy, it is combined with dà fēng zĭ (Semen Hydnocarpi) and cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus
Xanthii).
3. For heat stranguria and dif■cult urination, it can drain damp heat through urination and also
induce diuresis.
For heat stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and huá shí
(Talcum) to enhance the effects on promoting urination.
For dif■cult urination with heat signs occurring in pregnancy, it is often combined with dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to nourish blood and purge heat and
dampness, such as in the formula Dāng Guī Bèi Mŭ Kŭ Shēn Wán (Chinese Angelica, Fritillary and
Sophora Pill).
For external use: it is powdered first and applied topically, or decocted for topical steaming and
rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold because
it is bitter and cold in property. It is contraindicated for use with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri
Nigri).
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids such as matrine and ammothamnine. It also has
■avonoids like kurarinol, quinines, triterpenoid saponins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can antagonize many kinds of experimental arrhythmias,
especially arrhythmia induced by aconitine. It shows some effects of increasing the coronary
blood ■ow, protecting the ischemic myocardium and lowering blood pressure. It also can inhibit
bacteria, infusorians, inflammation, allergy and radiation, increase the number of leukocytes,
relieve asthma, dispel phlegm, suppress immune reaction, kill pain, tranquilize the mind and
antagonize tumors.
9-9◎02.indd 137 2014-12-17 14:05:51

Bái Xiān Pí白鲜皮

CORTEX DICTAMNI
Dictamnus Root Bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root bark of
Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., a perennial herb of the
family Rutaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white”, xiān “fresh”
(the character is a combination of the characters for ■sh
and sheep) and pí “peel”. The root bark is pure white in
color and has a fresh smell.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Liaoning, Hebei and
Shandong provinces of China; that which is produced in
Liaoning is the best in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during spring and
autumn. After the fibrous roots and crude bark are
removed, the root is split lengthwise while still fresh,
the woody core is extracted and the bark is dried. Thick
bark that is moon white in color with layered cross-
sections is of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with water, moistened throughly, cut into thick slices and dried for
use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in nature, it enters the spleen and stomach channels to clear
toxic heat and dry dampness, and to dispel wind and alleviate itching. It is a chief herb for skin
itching, particularly in the type of damp heat. It also can activate the channels and joints, and relieve
damp-heat jaundice and arthralgia by clearing damp heat.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, dries dampness, dispels wind and alleviates itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For skin sores and toxic ulcers, eczema, urticaria, tinea and scabies
especially in the pattern of damp heat, it alone can effectively relieve itching, dry up dampness and
purge toxic heat.
For crusted tetter with oozing yellowish discharge in the pattern of damp heat, it is often
combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and lián
qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the effects.
For damp-heat eczema, it is often used together with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) to enhance
the effects on clearing toxic heat and drying dampness to alleviate itching.
For urticaria triggered by exterior wind heat and complicated by dampness, it is often
prescribed together with dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jīng jiè suì
(Spica Schizonepetae) to dispel wind heat and dry dampness to alleviate itching.
For tinea and scabies, it is often combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), shé chuáng
9-9◎02.indd 138 2014-12-17 14:05:52

zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis), and applied in decoction for local skin rinsing.
2. For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī
zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to drain heat and dampness to
■nally relieve jaundice.
3. For damp-heat arthralgia with inflamed joints, it is often combined with fáng jĭ (Radix
Stephaniae Tetrandrae), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and luò shí téng (Caulis
Trachelospermi) to dispel wind, drain dampness and heat, cool blood and dredge the channels.
For external use: it is decocted and applied for washing topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold because it is
bitter and cold.
［Ingredients］ It contains dictamnine, gynesin, choline, dictamnolactone, obakunone,
obacunonic acid, fatty acids, saponins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It inhibits skin fungi and immune reaction, reduces fever,
counteracts in■ammation and spasms, arrests bleeding, antagonizes cancer and contracts the uterine
smooth muscles. Its crude polysaccharides can protect the liver, increase immunity, antagonize
hypoxia and fatigue, and increase the number of leukocytes.

and Relieve Toxicity
Most of the herbs in this category are bitter, while some are acrid or sweet in taste, and all are
cold or cool in nature. They are good at purging toxic heat and thus are applicable for abscesses, skin
sores, erysipelas, mumps, sore throat, lung abscesses, intestinal abscesses, diarrhea or dysentery,
burns, snake or insect bites, warm febrile diseases and other problems caused by ■re toxins.
Over-use of herbs in this category may damage body yang and the stomach, so caution should
be used.
Jīn Yín Huā 金银花

FLOS LONICERAE JAPONICAE
Honeysuckle Flower
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous

Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and
Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the bud
or early ■ower of Lonicera japonica Thunb., Lonicera
hypoglauca Miq., Lonicera confuse DC., or Lonicera
dasystyla Rehd., four kinds of semi-evergreen woody
climbing shrubs of the family Caprifoliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jīn “golden yellow”, yín
“silver-white” and huā “■ower”. The ■ower is white in
the early blossoming, and turns gold-yellow 2-3 days
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later. It is also known as èr (“two”) huā (二花) and shuāng (“pair”) huā (双花). Its leaves never
wither during the winter, so it is honored with the name rĕn dōng huā (忍冬花), where rĕn means
“tolerating”, dōng “winter” and huā “■ower”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Shandong, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Zhejiang and
Hunan of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer before blooming, and dried in the shade. The
tender and soft ones with light color and nice fresh fragrance are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with the residual stalks and leaves removed for use, or it is deeply
fried ■rst for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, cold and fragrant in property, it enters the lung, heart and stomach
channels to disperse heat from the exterior and clear heat from the interior. It is a commonly used
essential and effective herb for in■ammatory problems, either interior or exterior, in the pattern of
toxic heat. It is also very effective for exterior wind-heat syndrome and febrile diseases.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, and disperses wind and heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For sores, carbuncles, gangrene and abscesses, it clears heat both by
purging and dispersing.
For sores and carbuncles in the early stage with symptoms such as red hot swollen and painful
local tissue, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae
Rubra) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to clear toxic heat, reduce swelling, relieve pain
and improve tissue granulation, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula
Life-Giving Beverage).
For deep-rooted furunculosis with hard swollen tissues, it is often combined with zĭ huā dì
dīng (Herba Violae), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to
enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Wèi Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Five Ingredients Toxin-Removing
Beverage).
For gangrene due to trapped fire toxins with symptoms such as dark reddish color of the
affected extremity, slight swelling, sensation of burning heat, ulceration with putrefactive odor and
acute extreme pain, it is generally prescribed with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to relieve pain and improve the
healing by powerfully purging heat and toxins and activating blood as well, such as in the formula Sì
Miào Yŏng Ān Tāng (Four Wonderfully ■ffective Heroes Decoction).
For intestinal abscesses with abdominal pain, it is often used in combination with yì yĭ
rén (Semen Coicis), bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae),
while for lung abscesses with coughing and expectoration of bloody purulent sputum, it is often
combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and lú gēn
(Rhizoma Phragmitis).
2. For wind-heat exterior syndrome, febrile diseases and sore throat, it works by dispersing wind
heat from the lung channel, and purging toxic heat from the heart and stomach channels.
For wind-heat exterior syndrome with obvious toxic-heat signs, or febrile diseases in
the initial stage, it is generally combined with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), bò he (Herba
Menthae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), all cold in nature, to disperse heat from the exterior
and to purge heat and toxins from the interior, such as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera
and Forsythia Powder).
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If the heat of febrile diseases has affected the nutrient level with symptoms such as fever
aggravated during the night and irritability, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dān shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) partly to clear heat from the nutrient level, and partly to nourish
yin and slightly activate blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-Clearing
Decoction).
For sore throat in mild cases mainly due to exterior wind-heat invasion, it is used together
with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi)
to particularly cure the throat problem; if the sore throat worsens, which is normally due to toxic
heat harassing, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis)
and shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) to relieve the pain and swelling by powerfully purging heat
and toxins.
3. For toxic-heat dysentery with bloody stools, it can be applied alone, or else in combination
with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae), qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis).
4. Additionally, its distillate is effective for sunstroke or summerheat syndrome, infantile boils
and heat rash.
powder. For external use: the fresh ■ower is pounded and applied topically. It also can be decocted
for mouth rinsing. Generally, the unprepared herb is used. The deeply-fried one is only used for
arresting bleeding. If the situation is serious then the dose should be reasonably larger.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold or sores with
clear pus that are considered to be due to qi de■ciency, since it is cold in nature and easily damages
yang.
［Ingredients］ It contains caffeotannic acid, isochlorogenic acid, luteolin and lonicerin, essential
oils, saponins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows definite inhibitory effects on staphylococcus aureus,
diplococcus lanceolatus, bacillus dysenteriae, diplococcus intracellularis, etc. The water extractives
inhibit many kinds of skin fungus. The extract has a strong effect of anti-endotoxin. The decoction
shows significant effects of anti-inflammation and relieving fever. It also improves leukocyte
phagocytosis and lymphocyte transformation, inhibits virus, increases gastrointestinal peristalsis
and the secretion of gastric juice and bile, lowers cholesterol, protects the liver, antagonizes early
pregnancy and excites the central nervous system.
Attachment: Rěn Dōng Téng 忍冬藤

Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae
［Source］ It is the stem and leaf of Lonicera japonica Thunb.. Also known as yín huā téng (银花藤).
［Properties, Actions, Indications, Clinical Applications ＆ Pharmacological Research］ It is quite similar to jīn
yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) in property, taste and actions but weaker in its effect of dispersing wind heat. It
is basically used for sores and abscesses. It also dispels wind and dredges collaterals, and can be used for damp-heat
arthralgia and skin itching. Research shows that its ingredients, composition and pharmacological effects are also
similar to those of jīn yín huā.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: generally 10-30 g in decoction.
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Lián Qiào 连翘
FRUCTUS FORSYTHIAE
Weeping Forsythia Capsule
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fruit of Forsythia
suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl., a deciduous shrub of the family
Oleaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lián “wagon” and qiào “a kind
of cart in ancient times”. The fruit is long, narrow and ovoid
in shape with two sharp ends. It splits into two parts from
the ends, looking like two kinds of ancient wagons.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi
and Shandong provinces of China.
［Collection］ The nearly ripe fruit with the skin still
greenish is called qīng (“green”) qiào (青翘), while the
well-ripened fruit is called lăo (“old”) qiào (老翘). Both are
collected during autumn. After collection, normally qīng qiào is steamed ■rst and dried in the sun for
use. Lăo qiào is directly dried in the sun for use. The best qīng qiào is green in color and not split,
while the best lăo qiào is plump and yellowish with big splits.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed quickly with water and dried in the
sun. The seeds are removed before use. Alternately, it is carbonized for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter, slightly cold and dispersing in property. It enters the lung, heart
and gallbladder channels to clear toxic heat, disperse wind and heat from the exterior and induce
diuresis. It is used as a “killer of sores”.
［Actions］ Clears heat and toxins, dissipates abscesses and lumps, and disperses wind heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For sores, abscesses, hot swelling and scrofula, it is able to
effectively clear toxic heat and improve granulation.
For sores and abscesses before suppuration with hard swollen tissue, it is often combined with
pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis)
to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Jiā Jiăn Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Toxin-Removing Variant
Decoction).
For sores and abscesses in the process of suppuration, it is prescribed together with tiān huā
fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and improve
the healing of tissue, such as in the formula Lián Qiào Jiĕ Dú Tāng (Forsythia Toxin-Resolving
Decoction).
For acute pharyngitis with painful throat, it is combined with shān dòu gēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Sophorae Tonkinensis), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) and shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) to clear
toxic heat and relieve the swelling and pain effectively.
For intestinal abscesses, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), mŭ dān pí
(Cortex Moutan) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to clear toxic heat, resolve stagnation and
9-9◎02.indd 142 2014-12-17 14:05:58

relieve pain.
For lung abscesses with coughing and purulent sputum, it is combined with lú gēn (Rhizoma
Phragmitis), dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) and jīn qiáo mài (Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis) to
clear lung toxic heat and improve the expectoration of phlegm.
For scrofula, it is often prescribed together with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix
Scrophulariae) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear toxins and dissipate lumps.
2. For wind-heat exterior syndrome, febrile diseases in the initial stage and high fever with
delirium, it is able to clear heat both by purging from the interior and dispersing from the skin.
For wind-heat exterior syndrome with obvious toxic-heat signs, or febrile diseases in the initial
stage, it is generally combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), bò he (Herba Menthae)
and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to clear toxic heat inside and disperse heat super■cially as well, such
as in the formula Yín Qiào Săn (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder).
If the heat of febrile diseases has affected the nutrient level with symptoms such as fever
aggravated during the night and irritability, it is generally combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dān shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) partly to clear heat from the nutrient level and partly to nourish
yin and slightly activate blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-Clearing
Decoction).
For high fever, irritability, coma or delirium that is supposed to be due to heat harassing the
pericardium, it is generally combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), lián zĭ xīn (Plumula
Nelumbinis) and zhú yè xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) to clear toxic heat and resuscitate the mind, such as
in the formula Qīng Gōng Tāng (Palace-Clearing Decoction).
3. Additionally, it induces diuresis and thus it can clear heat through urination.
For heat stranguria, it is used together with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects.
The seed of lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) is good at purging heart ■re.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold or sores with
clear pus considered to be due to qi de■ciency, since it is cold in nature and easily damages yang.
［Ingredients］ It contains forsythol, essential oils, triterpenoid saponins, oleanolic acid, ursolic
acid, alkaloid, saponins, eldrin, forsythin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It relieves fever and pain, widely inhibits many kinds of bacteria
and viruses, counteracts endotoxin and in■ammation, lowers blood pressure, dilates blood vessels,
increases cardiac output, improves microcirculation, arrests bleeding, inhibits liver injury, suppresses
vomiting, induces diuresis, antagonizes oxidation, inhibits the activity of elastase, de■nitely inhibits
in■ammatory exudates and enhances the ability of phagocytizing in■ammatory cells of mice. The
eldrin it contains can increase capillary density.
Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲

HERBA ANDROGRAPHIS
Andrographis
［Source］ Initially appeared in Records of Medicinal Harvest in Lingnan (Lĭng Nán Căi Yào Lù,
岭南采药录) in the republic period (1932 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Andrographis
9-9◎02.indd 143 2014-12-17 14:05:59

paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees., an annual herb of the family

Acanthaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān “going straight through”,
xīn “heart” and lián “lotus”.The flower, which looks very
much like a lotus flower, grows normally at the top of the
stem, looking like a ■ower coming out straight from the stem
pulp.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong and Fujian
provinces of China, but also in Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan and
Sichuan and around Shanghai.
［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected in the
early autumn when ■ourishing, and is dried in the sun for use.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean with water, cut into segments
and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, large intestine, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, it can purge heat, dry dampness and disperse heat
from the exterior as well. It mainly enters the lung, stomach and large intestine channels, and also the
bladder channel. It is widely used for problems caused by toxic heat or damp heat with or without
the complication of exterior pathogens. It also counteracts snake venom.
［Actions］ Clears heat and toxins, and dries dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For headache and fever occurring in the early stages of febrile
disease and for wind-heat exterior syndrome, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and bò he (Herba Menthae).
For cough due to lung heat, it is used together with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and guā lóu
(Fructus Trichosanthis).
For lung abscesses, it is often prescribed together with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), lú
gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis).
For sore throat, it is used alone or in combination with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae), niú
bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis).
2. For toxic-heat sores and carbuncles, it is often combined with yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi
Indici), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and zăo xiū (Rhizoma Paridis).
For venomous snakebite, it alone is ground into paste and applied topically, or decocted with
bái huā shé shé căo (Herba Hedyotis Diffusae) and zăo xiū (Rhizoma Paridis) and applied internally.
3. For damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, it is often decocted alone and applied internally, or in
combination with mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis).
For rashes and eczema due to damp heat, it alone is powdered first, mixed with glycerol
and applied topically, or is combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), dì fū zĭ (Fructus
Kochiae) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), and applied topically in powder.
For heat stranguria, it is used alone for mild cases, and in combination with chē qián zĭ (Semen
Plantaginis), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) for more serious cases.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into tablets, pills
or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is ground into paste or the dried herb is powdered and
applied topically.
9-9◎02.indd 144 2014-12-17 14:06:01

bitter and cold and can easily spoil the appetite.

［Ingredients］ It mainly contains diterpene-lactones, which are composed of deoxygenated
andrographolide, andrographolide, andrographoside, dehydrated andrographolide, etc. It also
contains ■avonoids, tannin, carbohydrates, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can inhibit pneumococcus, staphylococcus aureus,
aeruginosus bacillus and bacillus dysenteriae, and can increase the phagocytosis of leukocytes. It
can terminate pregnancy in any period. Its lactones show inhibitory effects in different levels on
inflammation. Flavonoids can protect the experimental myocardial damage. In addition, it also
can counteract snake venom and tumors, relieve fever, tranquilize the mind, improve gallbladder
function, protect the liver, lower blood pressure, protect vascular endothelial cells, regulate
cholesterol, and inhibit atherosclerosis, platelet aggregation and thrombosis.
Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶
FOLIUM ISATIDIS
Woad Leaf

dried leaf of Isatis indigotica Fort., a biennial herb of the
family Cruciferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dà “big”, qīng “blue-green”
and yè “leaf”. The stem and leaf are deep green in color,
and the leaf is big.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui
and Shaanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected 2-3 times during the
summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. The big leaves
with green color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and withered leaves are cleared away, the remaining leaves are
washed quickly with water, dried almost completely in the sun and then cut into segments.
［Properties］ Bitter; extremely cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and extremely cold in property, it can powerfully purge toxic heat, cool
blood and ease the throat. It enters the heart, lung and stomach channels, and works as an essential
herb for problems caused by excessive toxic heat and blood heat.
［Actions］ Purges heat and toxins, and cools blood.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For sores, carbuncles and erysipelas, it alone can be crushed into
paste and applied topically, or can be combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì dīng
(Herba Violae), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), and
applied orally in decoction.
For mouth ulcers due to toxic ■re ■aming up, it is used together with huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae).
For serious sore throat, its fresh juice can be used, or it is applied in combination with huáng
qín (Radix Scutellariae), shān dòu gēn (Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis) and shè gān
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(Rhizoma Belamcandae).
2. For wind-heat exterior syndrome and febrile diseases in the early stage, it is often prescribed
together with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and niú bàng zĭ
(Fructus Arctii) to clear heat and toxins, and to disperse the exterior wind and heat.
For febrile diseases with continuous fever, sweating, irritability and strong thirst resulting
from heat in the qi level, it is combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects.
For febrile diseases with fever higher during the night, loss of consciousness or delirium,
macular eruptions or subcutaneous bleeding resulting from heat having affected the nutrient and
blood levels, it is commonly combined with zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and
chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear heat and toxins, and cool blood.
powder. For external use: the fresh herb is ground and applied externally.
bitter and extremely cold and can easily damage yang and spoil the appetite.
［Ingredients］ It contains indigo blue, isatan B, indirubin, ethereal ingredients, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus, alpha
streptococcus, diplococcus lanceolatus, bacillus dysenteriae, bacillus pertussis, ■u virus and mumps
virus, and enhances the leukocytes’ phagocytic ability. Indirubin can inhibit transplanted tumors and
leukemia, protect the liver, inhibit in■ammation and relieve fever.
Bǎn Lán Gēn 板蓝根

RADIX ISATIDIS
Isatis Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica (Rì Huá Zĭ Bĕn Căo, 日华子本草)
in the Tang Dynasty (713 A.D.). It is the dried root of Isatis
indigotica Fort., a biennial herb of the family Cruciferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Băn “flat”, lán “name of
several similar plants of the same species” and gēn “root”.
The leaf of this plant is big and ■at with deep green color,
and the root is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anguo of Hebei Province,
and in Rugao and Nantong of Jiangsu Province of China. It is
also produced in Anhui and Henan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. After the stem
and leaves are removed, it is washed clean with water and
dried in the sun. Big, plump and solid roots are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried
for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, it enters the heart and stomach channels, and acts
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similarly to dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis). The difference: it is more commonly used for the prevention
and treatment of epidemic febrile diseases, and sore throat.
［Actions］ Purges heat and toxins, cools blood and eases the throat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For epidemic febrile diseases with maculas, high fever, headache
and sore throat due to heat harassing the blood level, it is able to relieve the problems by purging
toxic heat and cooling blood. It is often combined with dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to enhance the effects. Used alone or in combination
with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae), it can prevent epidemic
diseases.
2. For facial erysipelas, mumps and pharyngitis, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus
Forsythiae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to clear toxic heat
and disperse wind heat from the exterior, such as in the formula Pŭ Jì Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Universal Relief
Toxin-Removing Beverage). For erysipelas, which is basically due to toxic heat affecting blood, it
is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra)
and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear toxic heat from the exterior and from blood, and to
dissipate blood stasis.
3. Additionally, it is also combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and mă bó
(Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia) to treat scarlet fever, and combined with chán tuì (Periostracum
Cicadae), zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to treat chickenpox and measles.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, or made into powder.
［Ingredients］ It contains indigo blue, indirubin, isatan B, isatan C and isatan D. It also contains
vegetable proteins, resinoid, potassium myronate, many kinds of amino acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The water extractives inhibit bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus
aureus, bacillus coli, bacillus typhi, bacillus dysenteriae and strains of in■uenza virus PR2, enhance
immunity and inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP.
PúGōng Yīng 蒲公英

HERBA TARAXACI
Dandelion
［Source］ Initially appeared in the Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about
618-907 A.D.). It is the dried whole plant of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. Mazz. and Taraxacum
Sinicum Kitag., two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Pú gōng “neck feather
of a wild duck” and yīng “flower”. The dandelion seed
dispersal structures look like the neck feathers of a duck.
Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces.
［Collection］ The whole plant including the root is
collected during the summer and autumn, washed clean
and dried in the sun. The plants with green flourishing
leaves and long roots are the best in quality.
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［Processing］ It is cleaned ■rst and washed quickly with water, partially dried, cut into segments
and then dried completely for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; cold.
［Characteristics］ Bitter ■rst and sweet later in taste, and cold in nature, it mainly enters the
liver and stomach channels. It is good at counteracting toxic heat and reducing abscesses and hot
swelling, and also at draining damp heat. It is particularly effective for acute mastitis, toxic-heat sore
throat, infective in■amed eyes, damp-heat jaundice and heat stranguria. It is also applicable for other
kinds of heat abscesses and sores.
［Actions］ Purges toxic heat and drains dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For sores and carbuncles with hot swelling, the fresh herb alone
can be ground into paste and applied topically, or can be used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), and
applied in decoction orally to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Wèi Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Five
Ingredients Toxin-Removing Beverage).
For acute mammary abscesses, the fresh herb alone is ground into paste and applied topically,
or is used in combination with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and
rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), and applied in decoction orally.
For intestinal abscesses before purulence, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to purge toxic heat and transform stagnation and
swelling; after purulence, it is prescribed together with bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), yì yĭ rén
(Semen Coicis) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) to clear toxic heat, reduce swelling and
improve tissue granulation.
For lung abscesses in the early stage with cough and chest pain, it is combined with jié
gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to
disperse lung qi and clear toxic heat; in cases with cough and foul bloody purulent sputum, it is often
prescribed together with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and dōng guā
zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to purge toxic heat and improve expectoration.
2. For heat stranguria with sluggish urination, it is generally combined with jīn qián căo (Herba
Lysimachiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to improve urination and
drain damp heat via urination.
For damp-heat jaundice, it is combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to improve the effects on draining
dampness and heat, and purging heat.
3. Additionally, it can relieve sore throat, and is better if used in combination with dà qīng yè
(Folium Isatidis), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae). If combined
with mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae
Rubra), it is able to purge liver ■re, and thus is applicable for in■amed eyes due to ■aming up of
liver ■re.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-20 g generally in decoction, and doubled for
the fresh herb. It also can be made into pills or powder. For external use: the fresh herb is ground into
paste and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools in the pattern of
spleen de■ciency, because it is cold in nature and can easily cause diarrhea.
［Ingredients］ It contains taraxasterol, taraxacin, choline, alantin, pectin, etc.
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［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction or water extractives show strong inhibitory effect
on staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus, and some on diplococcus lanceolatus,
diplococcus intracellularis, bacillus aeruginosus and F's dysentery bacillus. It also inhibits skin
fungus, improves gallbladder function, protects the liver, invigorates the stomach, inhibits the
secretion of gastric juices, antagonizes gastric ulcers, tumors and oxidization, promotes urination and
promotes lactation. Its extract can antagonize endotoxins.
ZǐHuā DìDīng 紫花地丁

HERBA VIOLAE
Tokyo Violet
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (Jiù Huāng Bĕn Căo, 救荒
本草) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1406 A.D.). Its
original name was jĭn cài (堇菜). It is the dried whole
plant of Viola yedoensis Makino, a perennial herb of
the family Violaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple”, huā
”flower”, dì “underground (root)” and dīng “nail”.
The flower is purple in color, and the main root is
straight and long like a nail.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces of China.
［Collection］ The whole plant is collected during May to June when the fruit is ripe, washed
clean with water and dried in the sun. Green plants with yellowish roots are the best in quality.
［Processing］ It is quickly cleaned with water, dried slightly in the sun, cut into segments and
dried completely for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, it is good at purging toxic heat, cooling blood and
relieving swelling. It enters the heart and liver channels, and is used to treat furuncles, erysipelas,
acute mastitis, intestinal abscesses and in■amed eyes. It also can counteract snake venom.
［Actions］ Purges toxic heat, cools blood and relieves swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For furuncles and sores, it is often combined with lián qiào (Fructus
Forsythiae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae).
For sore swelling and carbuncles, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici), such as in the
formula Wŭ Wèi Xiāo Dú Yĭn (Five Ingredients Toxin-Removing Beverage).
For acute mastitis, it is often used in combination with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), and
applied either internally or externally.
For intestinal abscesses, it is often prescribed together with hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae),
bái huā shé shé căo (Herba Hedyotis Diffusae) and bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae).
2. For poisonous snakebite, the fresh juice is applied alone internally, or the fresh herb is
pounded together with fresh bàn zhī lián (Herba Scutellariae Barbatae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi Indici), and applied topically.
3. Additionally, it can also clear liver heat and is applicable for inflamed eyes, and is better
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used in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), bò he (Herba Menthae) and chì sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Rubra).
powder. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied externally.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency and cold because
it is bitter and cold in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains glycosides, ■avonoids, polysaccharides, palmitic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It inhibits bacteria and viruses including AIDS virus, kills
leptospires, relieves fever, alleviates in■ammation, tranquilizes the mind and enhances immunity. Its
extract can antagonize the effects of endotoxins.
NiúHuáng 牛黄
CALCULUS BOVIS
Cow Bezoar
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried gall or
hepatic stone of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin, an
animal of the family Bovidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Niú “cow” and huáng
“yellow”. The gall or hepatic stones of cows are
yellow in color. According to the twelve animals
corresponding to the twelve terrestrial branches,
cows correspond to chŏu (丑), and the gall or hepatic
stones are valuable medicinal substances, so it is also
named as chŏu băo (“valuable treasure”, 丑宝).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the north, northwest and northeast of China.
［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round. The stones are removed when the cows
are slaughtered, cleaned and dried in the shade. Those that are dry, light in weight and brittle with
smooth and shining surface, smelling lightly fragrant, tasting bitter followed by sweet, feeling cool
in the mouth, easily crushed and not sticking to the teeth are the best in quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again and ground into ■ne powder for use.
［Properties］ Bitter; cool.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cool in property, so that it can purge heat and toxic heat
from the liver and heart to relieve swelling, resuscitate the mind, calm the liver wind and arrest
convulsions. It is commonly used for problems due to toxic heat, phlegm heat and liver heat.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, extinguishes internal wind and arrests convulsions, resolves
phlegm and resuscitates the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For sore throat, mouth ulcers, carbuncles, abscesses and sores, it can
clear heat and toxins.
For sore throat, it is often combined with zhēn zhū (Margarita), bīng piàn (Borneolum
Syntheticum) and xióng huáng (Realgar) to purge toxic heat and effectively relieve hot swelling
and pain, such as in the formula Liù Shén Wán (Six-Spirit Pill); or it is used together with zhēn zhū
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(Margarita) in powder, and applied topically onto the throat, such as in the formula Zhū Huáng Săn
(Pearl and Bezoar Powder).
For mouth ulcers and gum swelling and pain, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to enhance its
effects, such as in the formula Niú Huáng Jiě Dú Wán (Bovine Bezoar Pill for Detoxi■cation).
For toxic-heat sores, carbuncles, furuncles, scrofula and cancer, it is often combined with rŭ
xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and shè xiāng (Moschus) to counteract toxic heat and transform
blood stasis, tumors and swelling, such as in the formula Xī Huáng Wán (Rhinoceros Bezoar Pill).
2. For convulsions with high fever, it not only can purge the heat from the liver and heart, but
also calm the convulsions and resuscitate the mind.
For convulsions occurring during febrile diseases with high fever, it is often combined with
zhū shā (Cinnabaris), quán xiē (Scorpio) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), such as in
the formula Niú Huáng Săn (Bovine Bezoar Powder).
For infantile high fever and convulsions, it is combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), zhū shā
(Cinnabaris) and tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae), as in the formula Niú Huáng Bào
Lóng Wán (Bovine Bezoar Dragon-■mbracing Pill).
3. For loss of consciousness and delirium which is generally due to heat harassing the heart or
heat phlegm blocking the heart channel, it resuscitates the mind by resolving phlegm and clearing
heat from the heart and pericardium.
For loss of consciousness and delirium with high fever occurring in febrile disease, or wind
stroke and epilepsy with loss of consciousness, lockjaw and phlegm wheezing, it alone is taken along
with zhú lì (Succus Bambusae), or is used in combination with shè xiāng (Moschus), zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae), and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán
(Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.2-0.5 g in pills or powder. For external use:
ground into powder and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with only a
little heat because it is powerful in purging heat, and some active ingredients for resuscitation may
affect the pregnancy.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains bile acid and bile pigment. Bile acid is mainly composed of
cholic acid and deoxycholic acid, and bile pigment is mainly composed of bilirubin. It also contains
cholesterol, lecithin, carotene, amino acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-convulsion, tranquilizing the mind,
relieving fever, anti-in■ammation and anti-allergy. It also enhances myocardial contractility of the
isolated frog, antagonizes arrhythmia and platelet aggregation, dilates the vessels and lowers blood
pressure. The cholic acid it contains can induce gall bile secretion. It also relieves cough, eliminates
phlegm, relieves asthma, antagonizes oxidation, increases the secretion of prolactin and antagonizes
cancer, bacteria and viruses, etc.
Attachment: TǐWài Péi YùNiúHuáng 体外培育牛黄

In Vitro Cultivated Ox Gallstone
Made from deoxygenated cholic acid, cholic acid and calcium bilirubinate combined with fresh cow bile. Its use
is the same as niú huáng (Calculus Bovis).
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Rén Gōng NiúHuáng 人工牛黄

Artificial Ox Gallstone
It is made from bilein, cholic acid, pig deoxygenated cholic acid, taurine, bilirubin, cholesterol, microelements
and so on. It is mainly used as an ingredient in compound medications.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.15-0.35 g per time. For external use: applied topically. It is only
suitable for patients with excessive heat.
TǔFúLíng 土茯苓
RHIZOMA SMILACIS GLABRAE
Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome
［Source］ Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù,
本草纲目) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1590 A.D.). It is the
dried rhizome of Smilax glabra Roxb., a perennial climbing
vine of the family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ It is irregular in shape and looks
very much like fú líng (poria).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei,
Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and autumn.
After the ■brous roots are removed, it is washed clean with water,
cut into slices and dried in the sun. Starchy rhizomes with light
brownish cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is used directly.
［Properties］ Sweet, bland; neutral.
［Characteristics］ Slightly cold in nature and bland in taste, it is good at draining dampness
and ■uid via urination. It is particularly used for syphilis, or for limb spasms from the side effects
of the amalgam which is traditionally used to treat syphilis. It is also applicable for problems due to
dampness pouring down to the lower jiao.
［Actions］ Counteracts toxins, drains dampness, and eases joints and muscles.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For syphilis, it can be used alone in a large dose, or in combination
with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and rĕn dōng
téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae) applied internally in decoction.
For limb spasms from the side effects of the amalgam used to treat syphilis, it is often
prescribed together with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae).
2. For sluggish urination with turbid urine, leukorrhea, ulcers with profuse effusion and eczema,
it mainly acts by draining dampness and counteracting toxins.
For sluggish urination with turbid urine, it is often combined with bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae
Hypoglaucae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) to clear heat and
improve the urination.
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For damp-heat leukorrhea, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), kŭ
shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to check leukorrhea by clearing
heat, and draining and drying dampness.
For acute eczema, it is combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), huáng băi
(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to clear heat and dry dampness.
For eczema particularly with serious itching, it is combined with cāng ĕr zĭ (Fructus Xanthii), bái
xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to clear heat, dry dampness and alleviate itching.
powder. For external use: ground into powder for external application, or decocted for mouth rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ If applied together with tea, it may cause hair loss.
［Ingredients］ It contains saponins, tannin, resin, astilbin, ferulaic acid, β-sitosterol, ■avones,
polysaccharides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The astilbin it contains shows effects of inducing urination and
alleviating pain. It inhibits staphylococcus aureus, beta streptococcus, escherichia coli, aeruginosus
bacillus and bacillus dysenteriae. It also inhibits tumors, counteracts the toxicity of gossypol and
hydrargyrism, protects the liver, antagonizes arrhythmia and atherosclerosis, protects the ischemic
myocardium and inhibits cellular immunological reaction.
YúXīng Cǎo 鱼腥草

HERBA HOUTTUYNIAE
Heartleaf Houttuynia

and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589 A.D.). Its
original name was jì cài (蕺菜). It is the fresh or dried
above-ground part of Houttynia cordata Thunb., a
perennial herb of the family Saururaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yú xīng “fishy smelling”
and căo “herb”. The plant smells like fresh fish. The
plant is also sometimes called jì cài, where jì is the name
of a mountain in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, and cài
means “vegetable”. The plant is also used as a vegetable
in some areas of China.
Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou and Henan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round, but mainly in summer. It is simply washed clean
and dried in the sun. Green and ■ourishing plants with spikes and strong odor are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is washed clean quickly for use, or cut into segments and dried at a low
temperature for use.
［Properties］ Acrid; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung.
［Characteristics］ Acrid and cold in property, and entering the lung channel, it is good at
clearing toxic heat, improving phlegm expectoration, dissipating abscesses and inducing diuresis. It
is an essential herb for the treatment of lung abscesses, cough due to heat, heat stranguria and other
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infective problems like carbuncles, sores and boils.

［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, dissipates abscesses, improves phlegm expectoration and induces diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For lung abscesses, cough and wheezing with purulent sputum, it
is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and yì yĭ rén (Semen
Coicis) to enhance the effects.
For cough and wheezing with yellow sticky sputum, it is often combined with sāng bái pí
(Cortex Mori), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) to strengthen the
effects on clearing heat from the lung and dissolving phlegm.
2. For toxic-heat carbuncles, sores and ulcers with hot swelling pain, it is often used with pú gōng
yīng (Herba Taraxaci), yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) in
combination and applied internally in decoction, or the fresh herbs are pounded and applied topically.
3. For heat stranguria, it is combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), hăi jīn shā (Spora
Lygodii) and jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) to drain heat and relieve the urinary pain.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction for a short time, and the
dosage is doubled for the fresh herb. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded or decocted and
applied externally.
slightly cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils which are mostly composed of
decanoylacetaldehyde, dodecyl aldehyde and myrcene. It also contains quercetin, quercitroside,
chlorogenic acid, linoleic acid, kalium chloratum, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus, diplococcus
pneumoniae, tubercle bacillus, bacillus dysenteriae and leptospira. It shows protective effects on
virus-infected mice. It remarkably inhibits formaldehyde-induced foot swelling in rats, showing
the effect of anti-in■ammation. The quercitroside it contains induces diuresis, and its volatile oils
can significantly inhibit cough and wheezing. It also counteracts cancer and allergies, reinforces
immunity and resolves phlegm.
Hóng Téng 红藤
CAULIS SARGENTODOXAE
Sargent Gloryvine Stem
［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Tú Jīng Bĕn Căo, 图
经本草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). Its
original name was dà xuè téng (大血藤). It is the dried vine
of Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils., a woody
climber of the family Lardizabalaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hóng “red” and téng “vine”.
The vine’s sap is red. It is also called dà xuè téng, where dà
means “big”, xuè “blood” and téng “vine”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anhui, Zhejiang, Henan,
Hubei and Guangxi of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. After the branches
and leaves are removed, it is washed clean, cut into sections and
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dried in the sun. Vines that are thumb-thick and even in circumference are the best in quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned ■rst, washed again, moistened throughly, cut into thick slices and
dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine, liver.
［Characteristics］ Bitter in taste, dispersing in action and slightly cold in nature, it mainly enters
the large intestine channel, and also the liver channel. It is good at clearing toxic heat, activating
blood and dredging the channels and collaterals. It is very effective for abscesses and intestinal
abscesses in particular. It is also applicable for gynecological diseases, traumatic injuries and joint
problems as well.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, activates blood and dredges the collaterals.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For intestinal abscesses, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to clear toxic
heat and transform blood stasis to relieve swelling and pain, such as in the formula Hóng Téng Jiān
(Sargent Gloryvine Decoction).
For toxic-heat sores and ulcers, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), yĕ
jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) to purge toxic heat and relieve
swelling and pain.
2. For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), niú xī (Radix
Achyranthis Bidentatae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci).
For dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae).
3. For wind-damp arthralgia with in■exible joint movement, it is used together with luò shí téng
(Caulis Trachelospermi), wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis
Piperis Kadsurae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 30 g occasionally in
decoction, or wine-medicated. For external use: pounded for external application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for use during pregnancy since it activates
blood and may cause bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains tannin, emodin, 3-methylchrysazin, sargentgloryvine polysaccharides,
etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows inhibitory effects on staphylococcus aureus, escherichia
coli, beta streptococcus and aeruginosus bacillus. The water extractives inhibit platelet aggregation
and thrombosis, increase coronary flow, dilate the coronary artery and modify the injury of
myocardial infarction.
Bài Jiàng Cǎo 败酱草

HERBA PATRINIAE
Patrinia
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried whole plant of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. and Patrinia
villosa Juss, two kinds of perennial herbs of the family Valerianaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bài “putrid”, jiàng “soy bean sauce” and căo “herb”. The plant smells
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like putrid soy bean sauce. It is also called bài jiàng

for short.
［Habitat］ Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. is mainly
produced in the northeastern area, Inner Mongolia,
Hebei and Shandong of China, while Patrinia villosa
Juss is mainly produced in Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian
and Henan provinces of China.
［Collection］ Wild plants are collected during
summer and autumn, and the cultivated ones in
summer before blooming. They are washed clean and
dried in the sun.
［Processing］ It is cleaned quickly with water, moistened slightly, cut into segments and dried
for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, aromatic, slightly cold and dispersing in property, it is good at clearing
toxic heat, dissipating swelling, transforming blood stasis and relieving swelling pain. It is commonly
used for either interior or exterior abscesses and swelling pain, but especially for internal abscesses.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, dissipates abscesses, transforms blood stasis and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For intestinal abscesses before suppuration, it is often combined
with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to relieve the swelling by
clearing toxic heat and transforming blood stasis; during suppuration, it is often combined with yì yĭ
rén (Semen Coicis) to clear toxic heat, expel pus and improve granulation, such as in the formula Yì
Yĭ Fù Zĭ Bài Jiàng Săn (Coix, Aconite and Patrinia Powder).
For lung abscesses with cough and expectoration of purulent sputum, it is combined with yú
xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to
facilitate better phlegm expectoration.
For liver abscesses with hypochondriac pain, it is often prescribed together with xià kū căo
(Spica Prunellae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear toxic
heat from the liver, transform blood stasis and relieve in■ammation.
For skin sores with hard swelling, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci)
and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and applied internally in decoction, or the fresh herb is
pounded and applied topically.
2. For postpartum abdominal pain and inflammation, it is commonly used together with wŭ
líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) to relieve
swelling pain by clearing toxic heat and transforming blood stasis.
For external use: the fresh herb is pounded for external application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with a weak stomach.
［Ingredients］ The root of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. mainly contains patrinene, isopatrinene,
isopentoic acid (the source of the smell), and many kinds of glycosides (hydrolysis aglucone is
oleanolic acid). The root and rhizome of Patrinia villosa Juss contain villoside, morroniside, loganin,
volatile oils, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The ethanol extractives or volatile oils of Patrinia scabiosaefolia
Fisch. show effects of tranquilizing the mind and promoting hepatocyte regeneration. The infusion
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can slightly inhibit staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus albus and corynebacterium diphtheroides.
The extract of Patrinia villosa Juss can inhibit in■uenza virus.
Shè Gān 射干
RHIZOMA BELAMCANDAE
Blackberry Lily Rhizome
Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC., a perennial herb of
the family Iridaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shè “shooting” and
gān “stick”. The stem of this plant is solid and long,
like a gun.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan,
Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of China. Compared
with the other provinces, the production quantity
from Henan is the greatest, and the quality from
Hubei is the best.
［Collection］ The rhizome is collected during spring and autumn. After the sediment is washed
away and the ■brous roots are removed, the rhizomes are dried in the sun. Strong and solid ones with
yellowish cross-sections are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are cleaned away, it is washed clean with water, moistened
thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; cold.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter in taste so that it can purge pathogens downwards. It is acrid and
cold in property and enters the lung channel so that it can disperse heat from the lung. It is good
at purging heat and toxins, dispelling phlegm, relieving sore throat and dissipating lumps. It is
particularly effective for problems caused by heat-phlegm accumulation like sore throat, cough,
wheezing, carbuncles, lumps and scrofula.
［Actions］ Purges toxic heat, expels phlegm and relieves sore throat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For sore throat, it is can be used alone or in combination with huáng
qín (Radix Scutellariae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and băn lán
gēn (Radix Isatidis).
2. For cough and wheezing with yellow and turbid sputum, it is used together with sāng bái pí
(Cortex Mori), mă dōu líng (Fructus Aristolochiae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve the
problems by dispersing the lung qi, and purging heat and phlegm, such as in the formula Shè Gān
Dōu Líng Tāng (Belamcanda and Fructus Aristolochiae Decoction).
For cough and wheezing with cold watery sputum, it is combined with warm herbs such as
xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to
warmly disperse the lung qi, expel phlegm and relieve cough, such as in the formula Shè Gān Má
Huáng Tāng (Belamcanda and ■phedra Decoction).
3. Additionally, it can transform blood stasis and dissipate hard lumps, and thus is applicable for
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toxic swelling, lumps, scrofula, splenomegaly and tumors.

For external use: powdered for topical application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with diarrhea due to de■ciency or
pregnant women, because it is bitter and cold and may cause diarrhea and bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains belamcandin, tectoridin, irisflorentin, tectorigenin, sheganone,
belamcanidin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows remarkable inhibitory effects on pathogenic skin
fungus. The decoction can inhibit influenza and herpes viruses. It also can relieve fever, expel
phlegm, kill pain, antagonize in■ammation, anaphylaxis, blood coagulation and thrombosis, and
induce diuresis.
Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根

RADIX ET RHIZOMA SOPHORAE TONKINENSIS
Subprostrate Sophora Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo开宝本草)
in the Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the dried root and
rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep., a small shrub
of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shān “mountain”, dòu
“soybean” and gēn “root”. The plant originally grew
in mountain areas, its vine is similar to that of the
soybean, and the root and rhizome are used medicinally.
The ones produced in Guangxi are the best in quality,
so it is also named guăng dòu gēn (广豆根).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi of China,
but also in Guangdong, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn, cleaned
and dried in the sun. Strong, solid and bitter ones with
brownish outer skin are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and remnant stalks and stems are removed, it is moistened
thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter; cold; toxic.
［Characteristics］ It is extremely bitter and cold, and toxic. It enters the lung channel to clear toxic
heat and powerfully relieve swelling and pain. It is an essential herb for serious toxic-heat sore throat. It
also enters the stomach channel to purge heat from the stomach and corresponding organs and tissue.
［Actions］ Purges toxic heat, and relieves swelling and sore throat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For serious toxic-heat sore throat, it alone is decocted for drinking
or mouth rinsing, or used in combination with lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), jié gĕng (Radix
Platycodonis) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), such as in the formula Liáng Gé Săn (Diaphragm-
Cooling Powder).
2. For painful and swollen gums, it can purge heat from the stomach to relieve gum problems.
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It alone can be decocted for mouth rinsing, or is used with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), shí gāo
(Gypsum Fibrosum) and shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) in combination, and applied internally in
decoction.
3. Additionally, it also is effective for lung cancer in the early stage, cancer of the larynx and
bladder carcinoma by virtue of its ability to purge toxic heat.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction. For external use: decocted for
mouth rinsing, or powdered for topical application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with deficiency cold and loose
stools. Over-use may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and chest constriction.
［Ingredients］ It contains sophocarpine, matrine, ammothamnine, anagyrine, laburnine,
dauricine, etc. It also contains sophoranone, sophoradin and sophoradochromene.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its infusion can antagonize cancer. The total alkali can increase
myocardial contractile force, and obviously increase coronary blood flow. The water extractives
inhibit delayed hypersensitivity. The matrine and ammothamnine it contains increase the number
of peripheral white blood cells in rabbits. It inhibits bacillus tuberculosis, bacillus comma and skin
pathogenic fungus. It also counteracts in■ammation and protects the liver.
Attachment: Běi Dòu Gēn 北豆根

Rhizoma Menispermi
［Source］ It is the dried rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC., a plant of the family Menispermaceae.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, dispels wind and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ It is used for sore throat, toxic-heat diarrhea and dysentery, and damp-heat arthralgia.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Over-use of it may cause dizziness, nausea, vomiting, chest constriction and
palpitations, as well as decrease in blood pressure.
［Ingredients］ It contains menispermine, dauricine, coculine and cepharanthine.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of lowering blood pressure, killing pain, protecting the heart and
cerebral ischemia, preventing cough, eliminating phlegm, inhibiting bacteria, local anesthesia, and counteracting
arrhythmia, in■ammation, platelet aggregation and muscular ■accidity.
Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁

RADIX PULSATILLAE
Chinese Anemone Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel, a perennial herb
of the family Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white”, tóu “head” and wēng “old man”. The seeds of the plant
gather together in the shape of a crown, and its interlobules are hairy, long and white, looking like
white hair falling down. The whole plant looks like a white-haired old man.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northeast, the north and the east of China.
［Collection］ The plant is collected during spring and autumn. The above-ground part is
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removed but the white ■oss on the root head is retained. It is washed
clean and dried in the sun. Long, strong and solid roots are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ After the impurities are cleaned away, it is washed
clean with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried
for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold in property and enters the
large intestine channel to clear toxic heat from the large intestine,
cool blood and arrest dysentery. It is an essential herb for toxic-heat
dysentery with bloody stools, and for amoebic dysentery.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, cools blood and relieves dysentery.
［Clinical Applications］ For serious toxic-heat dysentery, it can be used in combination with
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and qín pí (Cortex
Fraxini) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Anemone Decoction).
If dysentery occurs in postpartum patients complicated with yin and blood deficiency or
just yin de■ciency, it is combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to check the dysentery by clearing toxic
heat, cooling blood and nourishing yin and blood, such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Jiā Gān Căo
Ē Jiāo Tāng (Anemone, Licorice Root and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction).
Additionally, modern research has discovered that it is effective for amoebic dysentery.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For
external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. It is also used for irrigation of the colon.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with chronic diarrhea or dysentery
in the pattern of de■ciency cold because it is bitter and cold and may damage yang and qi.
［Ingredients］ It contains protoanemonin, triterpenoid saponins, daucosterol, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction and saponins can remarkably inhibit the growth of
amoebic protozoa. The fresh juice, decoction and alcohol extractives inhibit staphylococcus aureus,
aeruginosus bacillus, bacillus dysenteriae, bacterium typhosum, trichomonas vaginalis and viruses.
The alcohol extract tranquilizes the mind, kills pain and inhibits tumors. It also shows effects of anti-
inflammation, anti-convulsion, anti-oxidation, improving immunity and lowering blood sugar. Its
saponins kill sperm in vitro.
Protoanemonin contained in the fresh herb is volatile. If it contacts the body, it can strongly
irritate the skin and mucus membranes, inducing skin inflammation, blistering, tearing, sneezing,
coughing, salivating, gastro-intestinal in■ammation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, nephritis,
hematuria, heart failure, and even respiratory failure and death. However, if the fresh herb is heated
or stored for a long time, its protoanemonin transforms into anemonin, which is not irritating.
Qín Pí秦皮
CORTEX FRAXINI
Ash Bark
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Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried bark of Fraxinus

rhynchophylla Hance, Fraxinus chinensis Roxb., Fraxinus
szaboana Lingelsh. and Fraxinus stylosa Lingesh., four kinds of
deciduous trees of the family Oleaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qín is the old name of
Shaanxi province, and pí means “bark” or “peel”. These
four kinds of trees originally grew in Shaanxi, and the bark
is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northeast and in
Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Henan of China.
［Collection］ The bark is collected during spring and
autumn, and dried in the sun. Grayish-white bark with spots is of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and washed with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into long narrow
slices and dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, astringent; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine, liver, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold, drying and astringent in property, it mainly enters the large
intestine, but also the liver and gallbladder channels. It clears toxic heat, dries dampness and purges
heat from the liver. It is an essential herb in the treatment of toxic-heat dysentery and damp-heat
leukorrhea. It is also applicable for in■amed eyes caused by ■aming up of liver heat.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, dries dampness and purges liver heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For toxic-heat dysentery with tenesmus, it is often combined with
huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and bái tóu wēng (Radix
Pulsatillae), such as in the formula Bái Tóu Wēng Tāng (Anemone Decoction).
For damp-heat leukorrhea, it is combined with chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) and huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis) to enhance the effects.
2. For inflamed eyes, it is combined with jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae), jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), and applied in decoction internally. Or it is decocted
together with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) for eye compresses.
For external use: decocted for eye compresses.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with deficiency cold since it is
［Ingredients］ It contains fraxetin, fraxin, aesculin, esculin, tannin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli
and shigella dysenteriae, and improves uric acid excretion. Fraxetin, esculin and fraxin inhibit
inflammation. ■sculin can significantly inhibit coughing, expel phlegm, tranquilize the mind and
alleviate pain. Fraxin induces diuresis.
Mǎ ChǐXiàn 马齿苋
HERBA PORTULACAE
Purslane
［Source］ Initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica
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(Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经集注) in the Southern and

Northern Dynasties (494 A.D.). It is the dried whole plant
of Portulaca oleracea L., an annual herb of the family
Portulacaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mă “horse”, chĭ “tooth” and
xiàn “vegetable amaranth”. The leaves look like horse
teeth and grow in pairs. The fresh one is juicy, and the
cooked one is sticky like edible amaranth.
［Habitat］ Produced everywhere in China.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and
autumn, steamed or blanched slightly first, and then dried in the sun. The young, tender, and
■ourishing plants with pure green leaves are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned ■rst, slightly moistened, cut into segments and dried for use. The
fresh herb can be used directly also.
［Properties］ Sour; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly sour and cold in property, and feels smooth and sticky but not
bitter in the mouth, so that it is easily accepted. It mainly enters the liver and large intestine channels
and clears heat and toxins, cools blood and drains dampness via urination. It is particularly effective
for toxic-heat dysentery, and is also effective for stranguria, bleeding, and abscesses and sores in the
pattern of heat.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, cools blood, relieves dysentery and drains dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For toxic-heat dysentery with blood and mucus in the stool, it can be
used alone in decoction, or in combination with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis) and bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae). It also can be boiled together with rice
to make porridge and taken on an empty stomach.
2. For toxic-heat abscesses and sores, the fresh herb is pounded into paste or juice and applied
topically, or it is applied internally in decoction alone, or in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci).
3. For heat bleeding and hemorrhoidal bleeding with heat, it cools blood and astringently checks
bleeding as well.
For abnormal uterine bleeding due to heat, it is combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), zhù
má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) and xuè yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus) for internal application.
For hemorrhoidal bleeding with heat signs, it is used alone, or in combination with dì yú (Radix
Sanguisorbae) and huái huā (Flos Sophorae), and applied in decoction internally.
4. For heat stranguria and blood stranguria, it is able to relieve these by cooling blood,
astringently checking bleeding and draining heat by urination.
For heat stranguria, it is often prescribed together with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), qú mài (Herba
Dianthi) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to enhance the effects.
For blood stranguria, it is combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), chē qián căo
(Herba Plantaginis) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 9-15 g generally and 30-60 g for the fresh herb
decoction, or the fresh herb is pounded to juice for use. For external use: ground in a moderate
amount for external application. The fresh herb is pounded into paste or juice for application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools or diarrhea in
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the pattern of de■ciency cold, because it is cold and laxative.

［Ingredients］ It contains sylvine, dopamine, alkaloids, ■avones, saponins, amino acids, organic
acids and many kinds of vitamins, etc. The fresh herb also contains noradrenalin.
［Pharmacological Research］ The alcohol extractives and decoction can inhibit shigella
dysenteriae, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus, especially shigella dysenteriae. The water
extractives can constrict the aorta of rabbits, weaken cardiac muscular contractions, raise blood
pressure in rats, contract the uterus and increase blood kalium. The fresh juice and boiling water
extractives improve the ileac contractions of guinea pigs in vitro, and relax the isolated trachea.
The water extractives also can relax the skeletal muscles, induce diuresis, lower blood glucose and
cholesterol, and inhibit arteriosclerosis, oxidation, chronic ■uoride poisoning and aging.
Bái Huā Shé Shé Cǎo 白花蛇舌草

HERBA HEDYOTIS DIFFUSAE
Oldenlandia
［Source］ Initially appeared in Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica (Guăng Xī Zhōng Yào Zhì, 广
西中药志) in 1959. It is the dried or fresh plant of
Hedyotis diffusa Willd., an annual herb of the family
Rubiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white”, huā
“■ower”, shé “snake”, shé “tongue” and căo “herb”.
Its ■ower is white, and the leaf is narrow and long,
looking like a snake tongue shooting out.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Fujian, Guangdong
and Guangxi of China.
autumn, washed clean and dried in the sun for use.
The fully shaped plants with fruits and light green leaves are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned quickly with water, moistened slightly, cut into segments and dried
for use.
［Properties］ Slightly bitter, sweet; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, large intestine, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter and cold in property and thus can clear and descend, and is
sweet and thus can eliminate dampness. It enters the lung, stomach, large intestine and small intestine
channels. It is good at clearing heat and toxins, transforming abscess swelling, and counteracting
toxic snakebite, heat stranguria and cancer.
［Actions］ Clears heat and toxins, transforms abscess swelling and drains dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For toxic-heat sores, abscess swelling and snakebite, it alone is
pounded for topical application, or is used in combination with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), yĕ jú
huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) and zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae), and applied internally in decoction.
For toxic-heat sore throat, it is combined with niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), xuán shēn (Radix
Scrophulariae) and shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) to enhance the effects.
2. For lung abscesses, it is combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix
Platycodonis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to clear toxic heat from the lung and expel phlegm.
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For intestinal abscesses, it is often prescribed together with hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae),
bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to relieve the swelling and pain by
clearing toxic heat and transforming blood stasis.
3. For heat stranguria, it is often combined with shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae), chē qián căo (Herba
Plantaginis) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to enhance the effects.
4. Additionally, modern research has shown it has a positive effect on treating cancer, but is
better used in combination with bàn zhī lián (Herba Scutellariae Barbatae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-60 g generally and doubled for the fresh in
decoction, or the fresh juice is applied internally. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded for
topical application.
cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains organic acids such as oleanolic acid and malol, and flavonoid
glycosides, sterol, oldenlandia and P-coumaric acid.
［Pharmacological Research］ The highly concentrated water decoction inhibits aeruginosus
bacillus, bacillus typhi and bacillus proteus in vitro. The usual decoction enhances leukocyte
phagocytosis, showing the effect of anti-inflammation. The primarily prepared product inhibits
tumors in vitro, lowers temperature, tranquilizes the mind, relieves pain, counteracts experimental
gastric ulcers, adjusts bowel movements, protects the liver, improves gallbladder function, and
counteracts snakebite poisoning and mutagenesis.
Section4 Herbs that Clear Heat and Cool Blood

Herbs in this section are basically cold in nature, and taste bitter, sweet or salty. They mainly enter
the heart and liver channels, and are good at clearing heat and cooling blood, and also nourishing yin and
invigorating blood. They are mainly applied for heat in the nutrient or blood level with manifestations
such as high fever, loss of consciousness or delirium, and heat bleeding.
They are cold in nature so that patients with stomach cold should use them with caution.
Shēng DìHuáng 生地黄

RADIX REHMANNIAE RECENS
Unprocessed Rehmannia Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was gān
dì huáng (干地黄). It is the fresh or dried root tuber of
Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch., a perennial herb of the
family Scrophulariaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shēng “raw”, dì “earth” or
“bottom”, and huáng “yellow”. The outer bark of the fresh
root is yellow, and roots that easily sink to the bottom in
water are of the best quality. That which is produced in
Huaiqing, an ancient place of Henan Province, is supposed
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to be the best in quality, so it is also known as huái dì huáng (怀地黄).

［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan Province of China, and those which are produced in
Wenxian, Bo’ai, Wuzhi and Mengxian, Henan Province are of the largest output and best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during autumn. The root head, fibrous roots and sediment are
cleared from it before use, and that which is used directly is called xiān (“fresh”) dì huáng (鲜地黄).
Alternately, it is baked slowly until it is eighty percent dry and this variety is called gān (“dried”) dì
huáng. Big, solid and long roots are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The fresh root is cleaned and sliced for use, and the baked root is moistened and
sliced for use. The baked one also can be carbonized for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, kidney.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter and sweet, and cold and moistening in property. It enters
the heart, liver and kidney channels to nourish yin and purge heat at the same time. Xiān dì huáng is
more often used for clearing heat and cooling blood, while gān dì huáng is better at nourishing yin.
［Actions］ Clears heat, cools blood, nourishes yin and promotes ■uid production.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases with heat in the nutrient level with manifestations
such as temperature higher during the night, irritability, sleeplessness, thirst and papules, it is
combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and huáng
lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat from the nutrient and blood levels, nourish yin and activate
blood as well, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-Clearing Decoction).
For febrile diseases with heat in the blood level with manifestations such as high fever, loss of
consciousness, delirium, maculas, hematemesis, epistaxis and crimson tongue, it is often combined
with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali)
to clear toxic heat, cool blood and dissipate blood stasis.
2. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, it is often combined with xiān hé yè (Folium
Nelumbinis), cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to strengthen the
effects on cooling blood and checking bleeding, such as in the formula Sì Shēng Wán (Four Fresh
Ingredients Pill).
For hematuria due to heat, it is combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), bái máo gēn
(Rhizoma Imperatae) and zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) to arrest bleeding by cooling blood and
promoting urination.
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to heat, it is combined with cè băi yè (Cacumen
Platycladi), guàn zhòng tàn (Rhizoma Cyrtomii, carbonized) and qiàn căo tàn (Radix et Rhizoma
Rubiae, carbonized) to strengthen the effects on cooling blood and checking bleeding.
For hemafecia due to heat, it is often combined with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae), huái huā (Flos
Sophorae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to check bleeding by clearing heat and astringing the intestines.
For dark crimson skin maculas and papules due to heat toxins, it is often combined with dà
qīng yè (Folium Isatidis), zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear heat
toxins, cool blood and resolve blood stasis.
3. For febrile diseases in the late stage with manifestations such as night fever and no sweating,
which is generally due to yin-fluid consumption and heat still trapped in the yin level, it is often
combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă
(Carapax Trionycis) to nourish yin and clear heat, such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē Jiă Tāng
(Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction).
For febrile diseases with the body fluid consumed, marked by thirst with strong desire for
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drinking, and red tongue body, it is often combined with bĕi shā shēn (Radix Glehniae), mài dōng
(Radix Ophiopogonis) and yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) to promote ■uid production, such
as in the formula Yì Wèi Tāng (Stomach-Bene■ting Decoction).
For consumptive thirst due to chronic yin de■ciency and internal heat, it is used alone or in
combination with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and huáng
lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat, nourish yin and promote ■uid production.
For consumptive thirst in the pattern of both qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with
shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and huáng jīng (Rhizoma Polygonati) to
relieve thirst by boosting qi, nourishing yin and promoting ■uid production.
4. In addition, it can nourish yin and moisten the bowels to treat constipation, but better used in
combination with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to improve
the ef■cacy, such as in the formula Zēng Yè Tāng (Fluid-Increasing Decoction). It also relieves hot
swelling and is applicable for sores and abscesses.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g generally and increased for the fresh
herb in decoction, or highly concentrated into paste or made into pills or powder. Its juice also can
be used internally. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. Xiān (“fresh”)
dì huáng is stronger in cooling blood, while gān (“dried”) dì huáng is stronger in nourishing yin
and promoting ■uid production. The carbonized one is stronger in astringing to check bleeding, but
milder in nourishing yin and clearing heat.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with cold, loose stools and phlegm-
dampness retention, since it is moistening.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains iridoids, monoterpenes and glucosides. It also contains organic
acids like benzoic acid and alphatoluic acid, and sterols and amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its water extractives can significantly lower the blood pressure
of acute experimental hypertension, increase the number of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood,
improve the phagocytosis of the reticuloendothelial system, inhibit inflammation, tranquilize the
mind, induce diuresis, improve the heart function, arrest bleeding, tonify the blood, lower blood
sugar and protect the liver. The alcohol extractives shorten blood clotting time and antagonize
the concentration decrease of plasma corticosterone after continuously taking dexamethasone. In
addition, it inhibits lipid peroxidation, aging, radiation and fungus.
Xuán Shēn 玄参
RADIX SCROPHULARIAE
Figwort Root
dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., a perennial herb of
the family Scrophulariaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xuán “black” and shēn “ginseng”. The color of its dried root is black,
and its stem looks very much like ginseng but bigger in size.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Sichuan and Hubei provinces of China; that which is
produced in Zhejiang Province is of the largest output and best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in winter when the plant withers. The rhizomes, young buds, ■brous
roots, earth and sand are all cleared away and the roots are dried in the sun. Big and ■rm roots with
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black cross-sections are of the best quality.

［Processing］ After residual rhizomes and impurities are
removed, it is washed clean, moistened or steamed completely,
cut into slices and dried for use, or salt water-fried for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter, salty; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, kidney.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter cold so that it can purge heat,
sweet cold so that it can nourish yin and body ■uid and salty so
that it can soften hardness and lumps, and bene■t the kidney. It
enters the lung, stomach and kidney channels to relieve problems
due to blood heat, heat toxins, yin de■ciency and ■uid consumption.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, cools blood, nourishes yin, suppresses ■re and dissipates lumps.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases with heat in the nutrient level manifested
as temperature higher during the night, irritability, sleeplessness, delirium, thirst and papules,
it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat from the nutrient and blood levels,
nourish yin and activate blood as well, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-
Clearing Decoction).
For delirium due to heat harassing the heart, it is often combined with lián zĭ xīn (Plumula
Nelumbinis), zhú yè juăn xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to clear the
heart and purge toxic heat, such as in the formula Qīng Gōng Tāng (Palace-Clearing Decoction).
If the heat affects both the qi and blood levels, it is often combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum
Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and other similar herbs to enhance the effects, such as
in the formula Huà Bān Tāng (■cchymosis-Dissipating Decoction).
2. For sore throat, scrofula and lumps, gangrene and hard swelling, it can effectively counteract
toxic heat and soften the hardness and lumps.
For sore throat and facial erysipelas due to toxic-heat exuberance, it is often combined with
lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), such as
in the formula Pǔ Jì Xiāo Dú Yǐn (Universal Relief Decoction for ■liminating Toxin).
For scrofula and lumps, it is often combined with mǔ lì (Concha Ostreae) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus
Fritillariae), such as in the formula Xiāo Luǒ Wán (Reducing Scrofula Pill).
For gangrene, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Sì Miào
Yǒng Ān Tāng (Four Wonderful Herbs Resting Hero Decoction).
For hard swelling, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi Indici) to clear toxic heat and reduce the swelling.
3. For steaming bone fever, tidal fever and consumptive fever, it relieves fever by nourishing yin,
improving body ■uid production and suppressing ■re.
For cough with bloody sputum and steaming bone fever, it is often combined with băi hé
(Bulbus Lilii), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to relieve
cough by nourishing yin to moisten the lung.
For tidal fever and night sweating due to yin de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng băi
(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan)
to reduce fever by nourishing yin.
For consumptive fever or thirst, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis),
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mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to nourish yin, clear
heat and promote ■uid production.
For constipation due to yin deficiency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to relieve the constipation by nourishing yin to
lubricate the bowels, such as in the formula Zēng Yè Tāng (Humor-Increasing Decoction).
powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with dampness, de■ciency cold and
loose stools since it is cold and lubricates the bowels. It is antagonistic to lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma
Veratri Nigri).
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains iridoids, and also glycoside compounds, volatile oils,
phytosterols and alkaloids.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its water infusion or decoction shows effects of lowering blood
pressure and inhibiting bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and bacterium typhosum. Its extract
slightly lowers the blood glucose. The alcohol-water extract significantly increases the coronary
■ow. It also relieves fever, tranquilizes the mind, kills pain, antagonizes convulsions, dilates blood
vessels, activates the heart and counteracts in■ammation, oxidation, platelet aggregation and hepatic
cell injury.
MǔDān Pí牡丹皮
CORTEX MOUTAN
Tree Peony Bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was mǔ dān. It is
the dried root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., a deciduous
undershrub of the family Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Plants propagating vegetatively
were called mǔ in ancient times in China, and dān means
“cinnabar red color”. The plant propagates vegetatively
depending on the root instead of the seed, and only the single-
leaf red-■owered plant is used medicinally, so it is called mǔ
dān. The root bark of the plant is called mŭ dān pí, where pí
means “bark”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anhui, Hunan, Shandong,
Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ The root is collected during the autumn.
The ■brous roots, sediment and woody cores are cleared away while the roots are still fresh, and then
they are dried in the sun. Big, long, starchy and fragrant roots with plump skin, pinkish-white cross-
sections and bright shining spots are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is washed clean quickly, moistened slightly, cut into slices and dried directly for
use, or carbonized ■rst for use.
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［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, it can purge and ventilate heat at the same time.
It also acts in the blood and yin levels to clear heat from the deep layers and activate blood. It is
commonly used for the pattern of blood heat complicated by blood stasis, with febrile sensation in
the palms and soles without sweating occurring in the late stage of febrile diseases.
［Actions］ Clears heat, cools blood and activates blood to dissipate blood stasis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases due to heat invading the nutrient and blood
levels with manifestations such as maculas, papules or heat bleeding, it is often combined with shēng
dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to
effectively clear toxic heat, cool blood and dissipate blood stasis.
2. For night fever or febrile sensation in the palms and soles without sweating occurring in the
late stage of febrile diseases, which is generally due to yin-■uid damage and latent heat in the yin
level, it is often combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and
zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to nourish yin and clear heat, such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē
Jiǎ Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction).
For steaming bone fever, tidal fever or afternoon low fever due to chronic yin de■ciency with
internal heat, it is combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and huáng
băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to nourish yin and relieve fever.
3. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, and traumatic injuries, it mainly works by
activating blood and clearing heat.
For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dān shēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba
Leonuri) to strengthen the effects.
For lumps and tumors, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), táo rén (Semen
Persicae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects on activating blood, such as in
the formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill).
For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and
chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects on activating blood and relieving pain.
4. For sores, abscesses and hot swelling, it works by cooling blood, transforming blood stasis
and clearing heat.
For sores, abscesses and hot swelling, it is often combined with herbs that clear toxic heat
such as jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci).
For intestinal abscesses in the initial stage, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to purge heat, break
up blood stasis, relieve swelling and lubricate the bowels, such as in the formula Dà Huáng Mǔ Dān
Tāng (Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction).
The unprepared herb is used for the purpose of clearing heat and cooling blood, the wine-fried herb
for activating blood and the carbonized herb for stopping bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with
de■ciency cold or excessive menstruation, since it is cold in nature and has the action of activating
blood.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains phenols, and also peoni■orin, oxypaeoni■orin, benzoylpaeoni■orin,
benzoyloxypaeoni■orin, gallic acid, volatile oils and plant sterols.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction shows remarkable effects of inhibiting bacillus
subtilis, escherichia coli, bacterium typhosum, aeruginosus bacillus, hemolytic streptococcus and
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pneumococcus. It also can signi■cantly decrease the cardiac output and slightly decrease myocardial
oxygen consumption. Paeonol and water extractives inhibit platelet aggregation. The decoction
and paeonol lower blood pressure. Paeonol inhibits inflammation, allergic reaction, tumors,
dermatophytes, influenza viruses, convulsions, arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, ulcers, early
pregnancy, the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in experimental animals, and alleviates pain and
fever, tranquilizes the mind, induces diuresis, improves menstruation, protects the liver, lowers blood
glucose, clears free radicals and regulates immunity.
ChìSháo 赤芍
RADIX PAEONIAE RUBRA
Red Peony Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was sháo
yào (芍药). It is the dried root of Paeonia lacti■ora Pall.
or Paeonia veitchii Lynch., two kinds of perennial herbs
of the family Paeoniaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chì “red” and sháo
“beautiful and elegant”. The ■ower and root are reddish
and the root is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Paeonia lactiflora Pall. is mainly
produced in Inner Mongolia and the northeast of China,
while Paeonia veitchii Lynch. is mainly produced in
Sichuan Province.
［Collection］ It is collected during the late autumn
and early spring. The small rhizomes, fibrous roots and
sediment are cleared away, and it is dried in the sun. Big, long and starchy roots with pinkish-white
cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and slightly cold in property, it enters the liver channel and blood level
to purge ■re or heat from the liver and the blood, cool and activate blood, and transform blood stasis
to relieve pain. Thus it is commonly used for the patterns of liver fire and heat complicated with
blood stasis.
［Actions］ Purges heat, cools blood, transforms blood stasis and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases due to heat invading the nutrient and blood
levels with manifestations such as maculas, papules or heat bleeding, it is often combined with shēng
dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to
effectively clear toxic heat, cool blood and dissipate blood stasis.
2. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, traumatic injuries, sores and abscesses, it
mainly works by activating blood and clearing heat.
For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dān shēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba
9-9◎02.indd 170 2014-12-17 14:06:38

Leonuri) to strengthen the effects.

For lumps and tumors, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), táo rén (Semen
Persicae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to enhance the effects on activating blood, such as in the
formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill).
For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and
chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects on activating blood and relieving pain.
For toxic-heat sores and abscesses, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to clear heat
and toxins, and relieve swelling pain, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yǐn (Immortal
Formula Life-Giving Beverage).
3. For inflamed eyes or nebulae due to liver heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) to strengthen the
effects.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold since it is bitter
and slightly cold in property. It is prohibited for use together with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri
Nigri).
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains peoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorigenone,
benzoylpaeoni■orin and lacti■orin. It also contains gallic acid, volatile oils and proteins.
［Pharmacological Research］ The peoni■orin it contains can directly expand the coronary artery
and counteract acute myocardial ischemia. Its decoction and peoni■orin show effects of inhibiting
platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Peoni■orin also tranquilizes the mind, relieves pain and fever,
suppresses convulsions, inhibits ulcers, lowers blood pressure and antagonizes acetylcholine-
induced smooth muscle spasms. The root solution 0.7-3.3 mg/ml can significantly invigorate the
DNA synthesis of hepatic cells, and significantly promote the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into
hepatic cells. In addition, it relieves portal hypertension, improves blood ■ow and microcirculation,
alleviates respiratory distress syndrome and learning and memory disorders, lowers blood glucose,
protects the brain from injuries, and antagonizes tumors, inflammation, fungus, influenza virus,
herpes virus and enterovirus.
ZǐCǎo 紫草
RADIX ARNEBIAE
Arnebia Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Arnebia
euchroma (Royle) Johnst., Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Sieb. et Zucc. or Arnebia guttata Bunge, three kinds of
perennial herbs of the family Boraginaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zǐ “purple” and cǎo “herb”.
Its root and ■ower are purple, and the root can also serve as
a colorant.
［Habitat］ Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. is mainly
produced in Xinjiang and Tibet of China, Lithospermum
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erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. mainly in the northeast, Hebei and Henan areas, and Arnebia guttata
Bunge in Inner Mongolia and Gansu of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the spring and autumn. After sediment is cleaned away, it
is dried in the sun. Big, ■eshy and purple roots with thick skin and small woody core are the best in
quality.
［Processing］ Normally Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. is cut into thick slices or segments,
while Arnebia guttata Bunge is moistened completely ■rst, cut into thin slices and dried for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, salty; cold.
［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet and cold in property, it mainly enters the blood level to clear
heat and toxins from blood, and cool and activate blood as well. It also induces diuresis and
diarrhea, and thus it can be used to clear heat and toxins through urination and defecation. It
is very suitable for skin eruptions like rashes, maculas and pox, particularly dark-colored ones
normally due to excessive blood toxic heat and blood stasis. ■xternally, it is applicable for sores,
swelling and burns.
［Actions］ Cools and activates blood, and clears toxic heat to relieve skin eruptions.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For crimson-colored maculas and papules in epidemic febrile
diseases, it is often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis)
to cool blood, counteract toxic heat and activate blood to relieve maculas.
For sluggish measles eruption, it is often combined with chán yī (Periostracum Cicadae), bò
he (Herba Menthae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to facilitate the eruption by cooling blood and
clearing toxic heat.
If the measles eruption is accompanied by sore throat, it is often combined with lián qiào
(Fructus Forsythiae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) to
relieve the sore throat and facilitate the eruption at the same time.
For measles prevention, it is combined with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and
applied internally in decoction.
2. For abscesses with chronic ■uid effusion, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae), such as in the formula Shēng Jī Yù Hóng Gāo
(Granulation-Promoting Jade and Red Paste).
For eczema, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis).
For scalds and burns, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei).
For external use: it is processed into cream or oil infusion.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with loose stools in the type of
de■ciency cold, since it is cold in nature and laxative.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains anthraquinone which is composed of shikonin, acetylshikonin,
deoxyshikonin, isobutyryl shikonin, isovaleryl shikonin and alkannan. It also contains fatty acids and
polysaccharides.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction and shikonin inhibit staphylococcus aureus,
escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, and herpes simplex virus type I. The extractives by water,
ethylether or ethanol show some inhibitory effects on inflammation. Arnebia euchroma (Royle)
Johnst. significantly invigorates rabbit hearts in vivo and toad hearts in vitro. Shikonin also
antagonizes cancer, lowers blood glucose, inhibits smooth muscles of the uterus and ileum, and can
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reverse contraceptive effect.
ShuǐNiúJiǎo 水牛角
CORNU BUBALI
Buffalo Horn
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Southern

and Northern Dynasties (about 500 A.D.). It is the horn of
Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, a buffalo of the family Bovidae.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the south and east of
China.
［Collection］ The horn is collected, boiled in water to
remove the sclerotic marrow inside and dried for use.
［Processing］ It is washed clean, soaked in warm water
and machine-cut into extremely thin slices, or it is washed
clean, dried and ground into crude powder.
［Properties］ Bitter, salty; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold so that it can purge heat, and salty so that it can act at the
blood level. It is good at purging heat, cooling blood and counteracting toxic heat, and thus often
serves as an essential herb for the treatment of high fever with maculas and papules, delirium, blood-
heat triggered bleeding and serious pharyngitis, sores and heat swelling.
［Actions］ Counteracts toxic heat and cools blood to resolve maculas.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile disease with manifestations such as continuous high fever,
loss of consciousness or delirium, it is used together with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to relieve the problems by powerfully counteracting toxic
heat, cooling blood and resuscitating the mind, such as in the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán
(Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill). If the above occurs with convulsions, it is combined with líng
yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae).
2. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is used alone or in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to check bleeding by
cooling blood. For traumatic bleeding, its powder is applied topically.
3. For sores, abscesses and other inflammatory swelling, it is often combined with lián qiào
(Fructus Forsythiae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis). For toxic-heat
sore throat, it is combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and
shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g generally and 60-120 g sometimes, and
boiled more than 3 hours in decoction, or it is ground into powder and taken orally. For external
use: the powder is used alone or in mixture with other powders or liquid adjuvant and applied
topically.
cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains cholesterin, cardiotonic components, peptides, amino acids and many
kinds of microelements such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), etc.
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［Pharmacological Research］ Its extractives and decoction reinforce the contractility of toad
hearts in vitro. Its extract activates the hyperplasia of lymphatic and splenic nodes, shortens blood
clotting time, decreases capillary permeability, antagonizes in■ammation and infection, decreases
total cholesterol and excites the pituitary-adrenal system.
Attachment: ShuǐNiúJiǎo Nóng Suō Fěn 水牛角浓缩粉

Highly Concentrated Powder of Buffalo Horn
It has just the same characteristics as buffalo horn. For internal use: 1.5-3 g, twice a day.
Section 5 Herbs that Clear Heat from De■ciency

Herbs in this category are mostly sweet cold or bitter cold in property, and mainly enter the liver
and kidney channels. They are good at clearing heat from de■ciency and also cooling blood, clearing
summerheat and clearing heat from the lung. They can be used for yin de■ciency complicated with
fever or febrile sensation in the palms and soles that may occur in the late stage of febrile diseases,
adult chronic diseases and infantile malnutrition. Some of them also can be used for the patterns of
blood heat, summerheat and lung heat.
Qīnɡ Hāo 青蒿
HERBA ARTEMISIAE ANNUAE
Sweet Wormwood
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground
part of Artemisia annua L., an annual herb of the family
Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qīng “green” and hāo “tall
grass”. In ancient times, the taller herbs were called hāo
and the shorter ones căo, and the plant is green in color.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi,
Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu and Hainan provinces of China;
that which is produced in Hainan and in Youyang of
Sichuan contains most artemisinin.
［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn when the ■owers are blossoming. After the old
stems are removed, the plants are dried in the shade. Flourishing plants with beautiful green color
and strong aroma are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, slightly moistened with fresh water, cut into segments and dried for
use. Alternately, it is mixed with diluted turtle blood ■rst and then stir-fried until dry for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Slightly bitter, cold and aromatic in property and entering the liver, gallbladder
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and kidney channels, it is able to clear heat from the yin layer, exterior heat, blood heat, summerheat
and liver heat, and counteract malarial fever. It is widely used for either de■ciency or excess types.
［Actions］ Suppresses de■ciency heat, cools blood, clears summerheat and counteracts malaria.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For febrile diseases in the late stage where yin-fluid has been
consumed but heat has not been completely cleared, with manifestations such as night fever but
without sweating, it is generally combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax
Trionycis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to nourish yin and ventilate heat at the same time,
such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē Jiǎ Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction).
2. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever, ■ushed face or febrile
sensation in the palms and soles, it is combined with yín chái hú (Radix Stellariae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to suppress heat and nourish yin, such as in the
formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (Bone-Clearing Powder).
3. For common cold occurring in the summer with symptoms such as headache and fever, it is
generally combined with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), pèi lán (Herba ■upatorii) and hé yè (Folium
Nelumbinis) to clear summerheat and release the exterior.
For summerheat attack with symptoms such as extreme thirst and dark urine, it is combined
with huá shí (Talcum), shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and xī guā cuì yī (■xocarpium
Citrulli) to enhance the effects.
4. For malaria, the fresh juice in a large dose is applied alone, or it is used in combination with
căo guŏ (Fructus Tsaoko), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and the shēng hé shǒu wū (Radix
Polygoni Multi■ori) to strengthen the effects.
5. For alternating chills and fever with heat dominating and bitter taste in the mouth, which is
due to pathogens stagnating in the shaoyang system and complicated by damp-phlegm retention in
the middle, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae)
and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to clear heat from the gallbladder, drain dampness and
resolve phlegm, such as in the formula Hāo Qín Qīng Dǎn Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Skullcap
Gallbladder-Clearing Decoction).
For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), yīn chén (Herba
Artemisiae Scopariae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to increase the effects on clearing heat
and dampness.
6. In addition, applied topically it is effective for treating eczema and urticaria.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-12 g generally in decoction or made into pills or
powder, and up to 20-40 g for malaria, and should be decocted for a short time or just used fresh. For
external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically, or the dry powder is applied topically,
or decocted for topical rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with spontaneous sweating due to
de■ciency cold since it is aromatic and thus may induce sweating, and cold in nature and thus may
damage yang.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains sesquiterpenes such as artemisinin, arteannuic acid,
artemisilactone, artenimol, etc. It also contains flavones such as quercetin, campherol, patuletin,
cyanidenon, coumarin and volatile oils.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its neutral compounds extracted by ethylether and the diluted
alcohol infused extractives can signi■cantly counteract malaria. Artemisinin has a swift inhibitory
effect on plasmodium inside the red blood cells. Artemisinin and its derivatives inhibit blood
■ukes and clonorchis sinensis in animals, improve cellular immunity, inhibit in■uenza viruses and
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improve gallbladder function. Its volatile oils improve phlegm expectoration, and relieve cough
and asthma. Arteannuic acid antagonizes tumors. The alcohol or ether extractives can strongly
inhibit staphylococcus aureus. In addition, it also inhibits dermatophytes and leptospira, counteracts
endotoxins, relieves fever, antagonizes in■ammation, pain, allergic reaction, radiation, tumors,
arrhythmia and fertility, lowers blood pressure, protects the liver and improves gallbladder
function.
Bái Wēi 白薇
RADIX ET RHIZOMA CYNANCHI ATRATI
Swallowwort Root and Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root and
rhizome of Cynanchum atratum Bge. or Cynanchum
versicolor Bge., two kinds of perennial herbs of the
family Asclepiadaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and wēi
“tiny”. Its root is very small and thin, and white in
color.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anhui, Shandong,
Liaoning, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Hubei provinces
of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the spring and
autumn. After sediment is cleaned away, it is washed
clean and dried in the sun. Big, evenly shaped and thick roots and rhizomes with brownish-yellow
color are the best.
［Processing］ It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into segments or thin slices, and
dried for use. It also can be stir-fried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, salty; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, liver.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, salty and cold in property, it is good at purging heat, yet also is able to
cool blood, induce diuresis, clear toxic heat and slightly nourish yin. It is applicable for de■ciency
heat, febrile diseases due to heat invading the blood level, cough due to lung heat, heat stranguria,
toxic-heat sores and abscesses, and snakebite.
［Actions］ Clears de■ciency heat, cools blood, improves urination and clears toxic heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever,
■ushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to nourish
yin and suppress the heat.
For postpartum de■ciency heat with persistent low fever, it is often combined with dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to boost qi, nourish
blood and clear heat at the same time, such as in the formula Bái Wēi Tāng (Swallowwort
Decoction).
2. For exterior pattern with yin de■ciency, it is able to dispel the pathogens from the exterior and
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purge the heat from the interior.

If the heat is serious and yin is slightly damaged, it is usually combined with qīng hāo
(Herba Artemisiae Annuae), such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Bái Wēi Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and
Swallowwort Decoction).
If yin is seriously damaged, it is combined with yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) and bò
he (Herba Menthae) to nourish yin and release the exterior at the same time.
3. For high fever with irritability and crimson tongue body in the pattern of heat entering the
nutrient and blood levels, it is combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Rubra) and shuǐ niú jiǎo (Cornu Bubali) to clear heat from the nutrient and blood levels,
cool blood and purge toxic heat as well.
4. For heat stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián căo (Herba Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis
Akebiae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to relieve the pain and sluggish urination by clearing
heat.
For blood stranguria, it is often combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) to relieve the problem by clearing heat and cooling
blood.
5. For toxic-heat sores and abscesses, the fresh herb alone is pounded and applied topically, or
is used in combination with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) in
decoction and applied internally.
For sore throat, it is often combined with shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) and shān dòu gēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Sophorae Tonkinensis).
For poisonous snakebite, the fresh herb alone is pounded and applied topically, and
is used in combination with zăo xiū (Rhizoma Paridis), bàn biān lián (Herba Lobeliae
Chinensis) and xú cháng qīng (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Paniculati) in decoction and
applied internally.
6. Additionally, used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), sāng bái pí (Cortex
Mori) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), it is used for the treatment of cough due to lung heat.
For external use: the powder is mixed with other liquid adjuvant and applied externally, or the fresh
herb is pounded and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with deficiency cold since it is
bitter and cold and may irritate the stomach.
［Ingredients］ It contains cardiac glycosides such as atratoside, atratogenin, glaucoside,
glaucogenin, Japan cynanchol A, etc. It also contains volatile oils, which are mainly composed of
cynanchol.
［Pharmacological Research］ Atratoside shows effects of reinforcing cardiac contractility,
inhibiting pneumococcus, relieving fever, antagonizing in■ammation and inducing diuresis.
DìGǔPí地骨皮
CORTEX LYCII
Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was gŏu qĭ (枸杞). It is the dried root bark of
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Lycium chinense Mill. or Lycium barbarum L., two

kinds of deciduous shrubs of the family Solanaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dì “ground”, gǔ “bone”
and pí “bark”. Appearing like a pair of dog vertebrae,
the root is the underground part of the plant and the
root bark is medicinal. It is the root bark of Chinese
wolfberry (gŏu qĭ), of which the fruit (gŏu qĭ zĭ) is also
medicinal and edible.
［Habitat］ Lycium chinense Mill. is mainly
produced in Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang
provinces of China; that which is produced in Shanxi and Henan provinces is of the largest output
and that which is produced in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is of the best quality. Lycium barbarum
L. is mainly produced in Ningxia and Gansu of China.
［Collection］ The root is collected in the early spring or the late autumn. After it is washed
clean, the root bark is peeled off and dried in the sun. Plump bark without woody core is the best in
quality.
［Processing］ It is washed clean, cut into segments and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and cold in property and entering the lung, kidney and liver channels,
it is good at clearing deficiency heat, cooling blood and clearing lung heat. It also can slightly
replenish yin and body ■uid. It is very effective for steaming bone fever with profuse spontaneous or
night sweating and cough due to lung heat, and is applicable for heat-triggered bleeding.
［Actions］ Cools blood and clears lung heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon
fever, ■ushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with yín chái
hú (Radix Stellariae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to clear
de■ciency heat, relieve the fever and nourish yin, such as in the formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (Bone-
Clearing Powder).
2. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is used alone or in combination with other herbs that cool blood
and arrest bleeding to enhance the effects, and applied internally.
3. For cough and wheezing due to trapped lung heat, it is often combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex
Mori) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Xiè Bái Sǎn (White-
Draining Powder).
4. In addition, it can purge heat and promote ■uid production to relieve consumptive thirst, purge
heat from the lower jiao to relieve toothache due to de■ciency heat, and can be applied externally to
treat scalds and burns.
For external use: the powder or the fresh herb is applied externally.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools due to spleen
de■ciency, or for patients with exterior syndrome, since it is cold and slightly moistening.
［Ingredients］ It contains cinnamic acid, betaine, kukoamine A, lyciumin A, lyciumin B, linoleic
acid, linolenic acid and phenols.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its aqueous extract and alcohol extract can remarkably relieve
fever. Its decoction, extract, tincture and injection can lower blood pressure. Its decoction and
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extract lower blood glucose and cholesterol, and excite the uterus. Its decoction also inhibits
bacterium typhosum, paratyphosum A bacterium and bacterium ■exneri, and signi■cantly increases
the decreased splenocyte IL-2 induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. It also alleviates pain and
increases the number of leucocytes.
Yín Chái Hú银柴胡

RADIX STELLARIAE
Starwort Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù,
本草纲目) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1590 A.D.).
It is the dried root of Stellaria dichotoma L. var.
lanceolata Bge., a perennial herb of the family
Caryophyllaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yín is the short name
of Yinzhou, an old place in Shaanxi Province.
Its root appears like that of the herb chái hú
(Radix Bupleuri), and was mostly produced in the
Yinzhou area.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi,
Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the late spring
and early summer when the buds are sprouting, or in the late autumn when the plant is withering, and
is dried in the sun. Narrow, long, tender and soft roots with yellowish-white and lustrous surface, and
with the root head looking like a string of pearls, are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use.
［Characteristic］ Slightly sweet and slightly cold in property, and entering the liver and stomach
channels, it mainly purges heat, but also slightly replenishes yin. It is particularly effective for adult
de■ciency fever and infantile malnutritional fever.
［Actions］ Clears de■ciency heat and relieves infantile malnutritional fever.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For yin de■ciency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon fever,
■ushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex
Lycii), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to effectively
relieve these types of fever, such as in the formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (Bone-Clearing Powder).
2. For infantile malnutritional fever, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis)
and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency but without
any heat, since it is slightly cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains sterols such as α-spinasterol, ■avones such as wogonin, and volatile
oils.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its water-alcohol extract can relieve fever, lower serum cholesterol
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and the adipoid content of the aorta. In addition, it also kills sperm, antagonizes in■ammation and
alleviates pain.
HúHuánɡ Lián 胡黄连

RHIZOMA PICRORHIZAE
Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome
［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about
659 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza
scrophularii■ora Pennell or Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle, two
kinds of perennial herbs of the family Scrophulariaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hú “foreign” and huáng
lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) is a medicinal herb (recorded in
this chapter). It was produced originally in ancient Persia,
and is similar to huáng lián in nature, ■avor and actions.
［Habitat］ Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell is
mainly produced in Tibet of China, while Picrorhiza
kurrooa Royle is produced mainly in India.
［Collection］ The plant is collected in autumn when
the above-ground part is withering. The above-ground
part and sediment are removed from the plant, and the
rhizome only is retained and dried in the sun. Big, solid
and brittle rhizomes with strong bitter taste are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and washed, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, it can purge heat and dry dampness. It enters
the heart, stomach, liver and large intestine channels to purge heat or toxic heat, either excess or
de■ciency, and dry dampness as well. It is applicable for the patterns of de■ciency heat, damp heat
and toxic heat.
［Actions］ Clears de■ciency heat, relieves infantile malnutritional fever and clears damp heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For yin deficiency with chronic steaming bone fever, afternoon
fever, flushed face or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, it is often combined with qín jiāo
(Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis)
to relieve the fever, such as in the formula Qīng Gǔ Sǎn (Bone-Clearing Powder).
2. For infantile malnutritional fever, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis) to invigorate the spleen,
improve digestion and relieve the fever, such as in the formula Féi Ér Wán (Childhood-Malnutrition
Rectifying Pill).
3. For damp-heat dysentery, it is often combined with bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae) and mă
chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae).
For swollen hemorrhoids, it is ground into powder, mixed with goose bile and applied
topically. Alternately, it is used in combination with cì wei pí (Corium ■rinacei) and shè xiāng
(Moschus) and applied internally.
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For external use: its powder is mixed with other adjuvant and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with de■ciency cold in the middle
jiao since it is bitter and cold in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains catalpol, picroside, aucubin, alkaloids, phenolic acid, glycosides,
mannitol, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of protecting the liver, improving gallbladder
function, relieving asthma, antagonizing inflammation, oxidation and gastric ulcers, decreasing
cholesterol, and antagonizing tumors and fungus.
Summary
1. Herbs that clear heat and subdue ■re
Shí Gāo v.s. Zhī Mŭ

Medicinal Shí Gāo Zhī Mŭ
Properties Sweet, cold
Similarities
Entered channels Lung, stomach

· Purges heat and subdues ■re to relieve irritability and thirst

Actions
· Often used together in combination to reinforce the effects of each other

Properties Acrid Bitter
Differences
· More powerful in purging heat

· More powerful in nourishing lung yin,

Actions · The calcined one applied topically
stomach yin and kidney yin
can clear heat and contract ulcers · Less powerful in purging heat than shí gāo

For aggressive heat, shí gāo is necessarily used, while if yin-■uid de■ciency is
Notes
prevalent then zhī mŭ should be used in combination
Lú Gēn vs. Tiān Huā Fĕn

Medicinal Lú Gēn Tiān Huā Fĕn
Properties Cold
Similarities

Actions Purges heat and promotes ■uid production
Indications Fluid consumption and thirst in febrile diseases
Properties Sweet Bitter, slightly sweet
· ■ffectively moistens the lung to treat

· P romotes stomach fluid to relieve

Differences
cough with little yellow sputum or dry

irritability, nausea and vomiting due
cough
to stomach heat
Actions · ■ ffectively reduces hot swelling and

· Improves the expectoration of
improves tissue granulation
phlegm and induces diuresis to clear
· S erves as an essential herb in the

heat
treatment of sores and abscesses
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Dàn Zhú Yè vs. Zhī Zĭ

Medicinal Dàn Zhú Yè Zhī Zĭ
Properties Cold
Similarities
Entered channels Heart
Actions Purges heat and relieves irritability
Indications Irritability occurring in febrile diseases
Properties Sweet, bland Bitter
Entered channels Stomach, small intestine Lung, sanjiao

· Cures mouth ulcers due to excessive

Purges heat powerfully from the Heart,

Differences
·
stomach ■re
Actions lung and sanjiao
· Induces diuresis to relieve stranguria
· Cools blood and checks bleeding

· Drains heat via urination

Irritability due to heart ■re, bleeding due
to heat, sores and abscesses due to toxic
Indications Irritability, heat ulcers and heat stranguria
heat or damp heat, and jaundice due to
damp-heat stagnation
Xià Kū Cǎo vs. Jué Míng Zĭ vs. Gŭ Jīng Căo vs. Mì Méng Huā vs. Qīng Xiāng Zĭ
Qīng Xiāng
Medicinal Xià Kū cǎo Jué Míng Zĭ Gŭ Jīng Căo Mì Méng Huā
Zĭ
Entered
Liver
Similarities
channels
Actions Clears the liver to improve eye vision
Indications ■ye problems caused by liver ■re
Sweet, bitter,
Acrid, sweet; Sweet; slightly Bitter; slightly
Properties Acrid, bitter; cold salty; slightly
neutral cold cold
cold
Entered Kidney, large

Gallbladder Stomach — —
channels intestine
· P urges liver

· D isperses the
· Clears liver
Disperses heat slightly
trapped heat Strongly
Differences
■re exterior wind · Nourishes

Actions · Slightly
purges heat
· R eplenishes
heat from the blood and yin
nourishes liver from the liver
kidney yin liver channel to moisten the
blood and yin
eyes
Chronic eye
More effective Often serve as an
problems with Bloodshot
for dizziness Inflamed eyes, essential herb in
liver heat not eyes and eye
due to ascendant dark vision and the treatment of
Indications that serious but problems
hyperactive liver constipation bloodshot eyes
complicated with serious
yang, eyeball pain, with dry stools with nebulae due
by liver-yin in■ammation
scrofula and lumps to wind heat
de■ciency
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2. Herbs that clear heat and dry dampness
Huáng Qín vs. Huáng Lián vs. Huáng Băi

Medicinal Huáng Qín Huáng Lián Huáng Băi
Properties Bitter; cold
Entered
Similarities
Large intestine
channels
· Purges heat and toxic heat

Actions · D
ries dampness
· Often used in combination to reinforce the effects

Entered
Lung, stomach, gallbladder Heart, liver, stomach Kidney, bladder
channels
· P urges heat from the
Purges heat from the heart
Subdues deficiency heat
lung and large intestine and stomach to control high
Actions and damp heat in the
Differences
· C ools blood to arrest

fever, delirium, dysentery
lower jiao
bleeding and vomiting
Mainly acts on the lung and
Special large intestine channels and Mainly acts on the heart and Mainly acts on the kidney
features the upper part of the body, stomach channels, and also and bladder channels and
and also on the middle jiao on the lower jiao the lower part of the body
and blood level
Lóng Dǎn Căo vs. Kǔ Shēn

Medicinal Lóng Dǎn Căo Kǔ Shēn
Similarities

Actions Purges heat and dries dampness
Jaundice, dark bloody urine, genital swelling and itching, eczema in the lower part of
Indications
the body and leukorrhea
Entered channels Liver, gallbladder Heart, lung, stomach, large intestine
■xcellent in drying dampness
Differences
·
Actions Purges either excessive heat or damp heat
· Induces diuresis

Often used for sores and rashes,
Acts on the liver and gallbladder in particular,
Special features leukorrhea, jaundice, diarrhea and
and also the lower part of the body
dysentery due to damp-heat retention
3. Herbs that clear heat and relieve toxicity
Jīn Yín Huā vs. Lián Qiào

Medicinal Jīn Yín Huā Lián Qiào
Entered channels Lung, heart
Actions Clears toxic heat and disperses wind heat
Similarities
· Sores and abscesses in the initial stage with super■cial manifestations

· Sores and abscesses in the developing stage with exuberant heat and toxins
Indications
· Wind-heat exterior syndrome and febrile diseases in all stages with or without

high fever and delirium
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Continued　　
Medicinal Jīn Yín Huā Lián Qiào
Properties Sweet; cold Bitter; slightly cold
Entered channels Stomach Gallbladder
Differences
Better at dispersing wind heat, purging

Better at reducing hot swelling and
Actions toxic heat and cooling blood to arrest
resolving lumps
bleeding
More effective for sores, abscesses, scrofula
and phlegm lumps
Dà Qīng Yè vs. Băn Lán Gēn
Medicinal Dà Qīng Yè Băn Lán Gēn
Properties Bitter
Similarities
Entered channels Heart, stomach
Actions Clears toxic heat and cools blood
Indications ■pidemic or infective febrile diseases with high fever, macular eruptions or
subcutaneous bleeding, sore throat, toxic-heat sores and abscesses, and mumps
Properties ■xtremely cold Cold
Entered channels Lung —

Differences
Actions Stronger in purging heat and toxins and Milder in purging heat and toxins and
cooling blood cooling blood
Indications Toxic heat and blood heat in serious

■pidemic problems and sore throat
cases
Pú Gōng Yīng vs. Zĭ Huā Dì Dīng
Medicinal Pú Gōng Yīng Zĭ Huā Dì Dīng

Similarities
Actions Clears toxic heat to relieve swelling
Indications Sores and abscesses
Properties Sweet —
Entered channels Stomach Heart

Differences
· Cools blood

Actions Purges dampness and heat via urination
· C
ounteracts poisonous snake bites
More often used for abscesses, particularly

Furuncles, sores and erysipelas with
Indications mammary abscesses, and for damp-heat
more blood-heat signs
stranguria and jaundice
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Yú Xīng Cǎo vs. Chuān Xīn Lián

Medicinal Yú Xīng Cǎo Chuān Xīn Lián
Similarities
Actions Purges toxic heat

Indications Lung abscesses
Properties Acrid; slightly cold Bitter; cold
Differences
Entered channels — Stomach, large intestine, bladder

Actions Induces diuresis Powerfully dries dampness
· Lung abscesses and lung-heat cough
Indications Patterns of toxic heat or damp heat
· Heat stranguria
Hóng Téng vs. Bài Jiàng Căo vs. Bái Huā Shé Shé Căo
Medicinal Hóng Téng Bài Jiàng Căo Bái Huā Shé Shé Căo
Entered
Large intestine
Similarities
channels
Actions Clear toxic heat
Indications Intestinal abscesses
Properties Bitter; slightly cool Bitter; slightly cold Slightly bitter; cold
Entered
— Heart, liver, stomach Kidney, bladder
channels
· Dissipates abscesses · Transforms abscess

Differences
Activates blood to
Actions · T ransforms blood stasis and
swelling
relieve pain
relieves pain · Drains dampness
· Abscesses internally

Abscesses, sore throat,
or externally · ■specially internal abscesses

snake venom, heat
Indications · Traumatic swelling
· Postpartum abdominal pain and

stranguria, cancer and
and women’s in■ammation
tumors
problems
Bái Tóu Wēng vs. Mă Chĭ Xiàn

Medicinal Bái Tóu Wēng Mă Chĭ Xiàn
Properties Cold
Similarities
Entered channels Large intestine
Actions Clears toxic heat, cools blood and checks heat dysentery
Properties Bitter Sour
Differences
Entered channels — Liver

■ffectively relieve heat stranguria by
Actions More powerful in purging toxic heat
draining damp heat via urination
Indications Dysentery in serious cases Metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and hemafecia
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Shè Gān vs. Shān Dòu Gēn

Medicinal Shè Gān Shān Dòu Gēn
Similarities

Actions Clears toxic heat to relieve sore throat
Properties Pungent Toxic
Entered channels — Stomach
Differences
Actions ■xpels phlegm Relieves swelling

· More serious cases of sore throat

· Cough and wheezing due to excessive

Indications phlegm and heat Serious sore throat and swollen gums
· Abscesses and scrofula in the pattern

of phlegm heat
4. Herbs that clear heat and cool lood
Shēng Dì Huáng vs. Xuán Shēn

Medicinal Shēng Dì Huáng Xuán Shēn
Properties Sweet, bitter, cold, moistening
Similarities
Entered channels Kidney

Actions Clears heat, cools blood, nourishes yin, promotes ■uid production
Indications Nutrient and blood heat, and yin-■uid de■ciency
Properties — Salty
Entered channels Heart, liver Lung, stomach
· More effective in nourishing yin and

Differences
cooling blood More effective in purging toxic heat to reduce

Actions
· Aarrest bleeding triggered by heat
swelling and lumps
(carbonized)
· Febrile diseases
· Sore throat due to ■re and yin de■ciency

Indications · Hematemesis and epistaxis triggered
· Abscesses and sores

by heat · Scrofula and lumps due to heat stagnation

Mǔ Dān Pí vs. Chì Sháo

Medicinal Mǔ dān pí Chì Sháo
Properties Bitter
Similarities

Actions Clears heat and cools blood, activates blood and resolves blood stasis
Indications Blood heat or blood stasis
Properties Acrid; cold Slightly cold
Entered channels Heart, kidney —
Differences
More powerful in clearing heat especially

· Purges heat

Actions from the liver and blood, and in resolving
· Disperses heat

blood stasis to relieve pain
First choice for the treatment of steaming
Blood heat complicated with blood stasis
Indications bone fever with no accompanying
and excessive liver ■re
sweating
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Zǐ Cǎo vs. Shuĭ Niú Jiăo
Medicinal Zǐ Cǎo Shuĭ Niú Jiăo
Properties Salty; cold

Similarities
Entered channels Heart, liver
Actions Clears toxic heat and cools blood
■pidemic or infective febrile diseases with high fever, macular eruptions or

Indications
subcutaneous bleeding
Properties Sweet Bitter
· A ctivates blood to relieve blood

Cools blood and counteracts toxic heat
Actions eruptions
Differences
instead of activating blood

· Induces diuresis and defecation

· M aculas, pox and rashes due to

blood toxic heat, especially for dark Febrile diseases with high fever, loss
maculas and papules with difficult of consciousness or delirium, macular
Indications
urination and defecation eruptions or subcutaneous bleeding due
· Applied topically, it is used for scalds
to excessive blood heat
and burns, eczema, sores and abscesses
5. Herbs that clear heat from de■ciency
Qīng Hāo vs. Bái Wēi vs. Dì Gŭ Pí
Medicinal Qīng Hāo Bái Wēi Dì Gŭ Pí
Properties Cold
Similarities
Actions Clears heat from both de■ciency and excess
Indications Fever
Properties Bitter, pungent Bitter, salty Sweet
Entered channels Gallbladder, kidney Stomach Lung, kidney
· S
trongly cools blood and
· Cools blood
purges heat Clears heat based on
Actions · Clears summerheat
· Slightly nourishes yin
nourishing yin and
Counteracts malaria
C lears toxic heat and
cooling blood
Differences
· ·
promotes dieresis
· Fever complicated by qi
· Fever due to yin de■ciency,

de■ciency, blood de■ciency postpartum deficiency Steaming bone fever
and yin de■ciency heat, and heat entering the accompanied by
Indications · M alaria, summerheat,
nutrient and blood levels night sweats due to
postpartum fever, fever due marked by high fever, yin deficiency, heat
to heat in the blood, toxic- irritability and thirst bleeding and cough
heat sores and swelling, · Furuncles, sore throat, and
due to lung heat
and heat or blood stranguria heat and blood stranguria
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Yín Chái Hú vs. Hú Huáng Lián
Medicinal Yín Chái Hú Hú Huáng Lián
Entered channels Liver, stomach

Similarities
Actions Clears heat from de■ciency and from infantile malnutrition
Indications Fever or febrile sensation due to yin de■ciency and malnutrition
Properties Sweet; slightly cold Bitter; cold

Differences
Entered channels — Heart, large intestine
Actions Slightly nourishes yin Dries dampness and purges heat
Indications — Damp-heat dysentery
Review Questions
1. ■xplain the de■nition, properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the herbs that clear heat.
2. ■xplain the general categorization, properties, actions, cautions and contraindications of herbs in each category in
this chapter.
3. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: shí gāo, zhī mŭ, lú
gēn, tiān huā fĕn and zhī zǐ.
4. Describe the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: huáng qín,
huáng lián, huáng băi and kŭ shēn.
5. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: jīn yín huā, lián
qiào, pú gōng yīng and niú huáng.
6. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: yú xīng căo, bài
jiàng căo and tǔ fú líng.
7. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: mă chĭ xiàn, shè
gān and shān dòu gēn.
8. Give the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: shēng dì huáng,
xuán shēn, zĭ căo, qīng hāo, bái wēi and dì gŭ pí.
9. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: shí gāo and zhī mŭ; lú gēn
and tiān huā fěn; jué míng zĭ, lóng dăn căo and xià kū căo; huáng qín, huáng lián, and huáng băi; kŭ shēn and bái
xiān pí.
10. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: jīn yín huā and lián qiào;
dà qīng yè and băn lán gēn; shè gān and shān dòu gēn; pú gōng yīng and zĭ huā dì dīng; hóng téng and bài jiàng
căo; bái tóu wēng and mă chĭ xiàn.
11. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: shēng dì huáng and xuán
shēn; mŭ dān pí and chì sháo; qīng hāo and bái wēi; dì gŭ pí and mŭ dān pí; zĭ căo and niú bàng zĭ.
12. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of source, properties and actions, and indications: shān dòu gēn
and běi dòu gēn, chái hú and yín chái hú; huáng lián and hú huáng lián.
13. Mǔ dān pí and dì gŭ pí both can be used to eliminate steaming bone fever, but the former is particularly used for
cases without sweating, and the latter for cases with spontaneous or night sweating. Why?
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189
CHAPTER 3
Herbs that Drain Downwards
Section 1 Purgatives / 189 Lú Huì 芦荟 / 196

Dà Huáng 大黄 / 190 Section 2 Lubricant Laxatives / 197
Máng Xiāo 芒硝 / 193 Huŏ Má Rén 火麻仁 / 198
Xuán Míng Fěn 玄明粉 / 195 Yù Lĭ Rén 郁李仁 / 199
Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶 / 195 Sōng Zĭ Rén 松子仁 / 200
［De■nition］ Herbs with actions of either inducing diarrhea or lubricating the bowels to improve
defecation are called herbs that drain downwards.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category can improve defecation by different ways. They
are mainly applied for purging food accumulation, dry stools and other toxic or harmful substances
from the stomach and large intestine; purging excessive body heat by powerfully inducing diarrhea;
or purging body ■uid by inducing drastic diarrhea and diuresis to relieve serious edema and ■uid
retention. Some of these herbs can also transform blood stasis, resolve abdominal masses and kill
worms.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly applied for constipation, food retention,
problems due to excessive heat accumulation and fluid retention, and are also applicable for
abdominal masses or intestinal parasitosis.
［Modi■cations］ If the above problems are complicated with wind-cold or wind-heat exterior
syndromes, herbs in this category only can be used after the exterior syndromes have been released,
or in combination with herbs for releasing the exterior, in order to avoid worsening the patient’s
condition. If the above problems are complicated with de■ciency, herbs in this category should be
used together with nourishing herbs in order to avoid aggravating the de■ciency condition.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Purgatives and drastic purgatives can easily damage the
healthy qi, and some of them are even toxic. Therefore, they should be used with caution for aged
people, patients with chronic problems, pregnant and postpartum women, and women during
menstruation. Herbs in this category easily irritate the stomach and spoil the appetite, so over-use of
them should be avoided. For critical cases, a big dose internally in decoction is encouraged, while for
mild cases, a smaller dose internally in pill form is better. For toxic purgatives, the preparation and
dosage should be carefully controlled to guarantee safe usage.
· purgatives
· lubricant laxatives
Section 1 Purgatives
Herbs in this section are basically bitter and cold in nature, and enter the stomach and large
intestine channels. They can strongly promote bowel movement and induce diarrhea, and purge
9-9◎02.indd 189 2014-12-17 14:07:05

heat as well, and are applicable for constipation, food retention, problems due to excessive heat
accumulation and ■uid retention.
Purgatives in this section can also purge heat through defecation, and thus are applicable for
febrile diseases marked by high fever with loss of consciousness, delirium or mania, headache,
bloodshot eyes, serious sore throat, swollen gums, skin sores, carbuncles, abscesses, hematemesis
and epistaxis due to ■re ■aming up, no matter whether complicated with constipation or not. They
can also be used for damp-heat dysentery with apparent tenesmus, or discontinuous diarrhea due to
food retention, by completely purging pathogens through defecation. Herbs that expel parasites are
often used together with purgatives in order to improve their effectiveness.
Herbs in this section are often used in combination with herbs that move qi in order to improve
the effects on purging and relieving distension. They are also applicable for cold constipation if
combined with herbs for warming the interior.
According to Chinese medicine theory, the six fu organs are hollow and should be kept open;
pain arises from obstruction. Purgatives can effectively relieve pain by powerfully breaking up the
obstructions, especially if combined with other assistant herbs for clearing toxic heat, transforming
blood stasis and moving qi. Cholelithiasis, ascariasis of the biliary tract, cholecystitis, acute
pancreatitis, bowel obstruction and other acute abdominal problems with pain are considered by
Chinese medicine as acute obstructions, so purgatives are an effective primary treatment for patients.
Dà Huáng 大黄
RADIX ET RHIZOMA RHEI
Rhubarb Root and Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root and rhizome of
Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. or
Rheum officinale Baill., three kinds of perennial herbs of the
family Polygonaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dà “big” and huáng “yellow”.
It is big and yellowish. It acts determinedly, quickly and
drastically, like a commander, so is also called jiāng jūn (将军)
“commander”. Since it is mainly produced in Sichuan Province,
it is also called chuān (“Sichuan”) dà huáng (川大黄).
［Habitat］ Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum tanguticum
Maxim. ex Balf., also known as běi (“north”) dà huáng (北大
黄), are mainly produced in Qinghai, Gansu and other places
in the north of China. Rheum of■cinale Baill., also known as nán (“south”) dà huáng (南大黄), is
mainly produced in Sichuan province.
［Collection］ The roots and rhizomes are collected in the late autumn when the leaves are
withered or in the early spring before sprouting. The outer skin is peeled off, and the roots and
rhizomes are cut into segments and dried. Slightly bitter and dry ones, sticky to the teeth, yellowish
outside, solid, fragrant and oily, and with cross-sections having apparent silky stripes and aromatic
oil spots are of the best quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned quickly with water, sorted according to size, moistened
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Chapter 3 Herbs that Drain Downwards 191
completely, cut into thick slices or small cubes, and dried in the shade or in a low-temperature oven
for use. Alternately, they are wine-fried, carbonized, wine-stewed or steamed ■rst for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine, liver, heart.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, it mainly enters the stomach and large intestine
channels to purge the large intestine and induce diarrhea. It can not only purge food retention and
stools, but also dampness and heat. Furthermore, it acts to clear toxic heat from the blood, cool
blood, arrest bleeding, dredge the channels and activate blood to break up blood stasis.
［Actions］ Induces diarrhea, purges accumulation, heat, toxic heat and damp heat, cools blood,
arrests bleeding, activates blood and transforms blood stasis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For constipation, it is able to induce diarrhea very quickly and
effectively. Cold in nature, it is more suitable for heat constipation.
For mild cases it can be used alone, but for more serious cases often accompanied by
abdominal distension, it is combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and hòu pò
(Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Xiăo Chéng Qì Tāng (Minor Purgative
Decoction).
For constipation occurring during febrile diseases with very dry stools, high fever and
delirium, or constipation with dark yellow urine and thirst, it is combined with máng xiāo (Natrii
Sulfas), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to strengthen
the effect of purgation, such as in the formula Dà Chéng Qì Tāng (Major Purgative Decoction).
If the constipation is in the pattern of qi and blood deficiency, it is necessarily combined
with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and máng xiāo
(Natrii Sulfas) to nourish qi and blood, and improve the effect on purging, such as in the formula
Huáng Lóng Tāng (Yellow Dragon Decoction). If the constipation is in the pattern of yin and body
fluid deficiency, it is often combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) and xuán shēn (Radix
Scrophulariae) to nourish yin and body ■uid and moisten the bowels.
If the constipation is in the pattern of yang de■ciency, also known as cold constipation, it is
often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis)
to warm the interior at the same time, such as in the formula Wēn Pí Tāng (Spleen-Warming
Decoction).
For chronic heat constipation, it is better to be used in combination with huŏ má rén (Semen
Cannabis) and guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) to mildly clear heat and moisten the large intestine
to relieve the constipation.
2. For epigastric stuffiness, it can relieve the problem by draining pathogens downwards via
defecation.
For epigastric stuf■ness due to heat accumulated in the middle jiao, it is often combined with
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Dà Huáng Huáng Lián Xiè Xīn Tāng (Rhubarb
and Coptis Heart-Draining Decoction).
For epigastric and chest stuffiness sometimes complicated with dry stools and constipation
due to heat-■uid retention of the chest, it is combined with máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and gān suì
(Radix Kansui) to drastically purge the ■uid and stools by both urination and defecation, such as in
the formula Dà Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Major Chest Draining Decoction).
3. For damp-heat dysentery in the initial stage with apparent tenesmus, it is combined with
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to
arrest diarrhea by completely purging the pathogenic dampness and heat, such as in the formulas Mù
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Xiāng Bīng Láng Wán (Costus Root and Areca Pill) and Sháo Yào Tāng (Peony Decoction).
4. For bleeding triggered by heat and problems due to the ■aming up of excessive heat, it purges
the heat from the lower jiao, and cools blood and arrests bleeding as well.
For hematemesis, epistaxis and hemoptysis due to heat, it is often combined with huáng lián
(Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to strengthen the
effects, such as in the formula Xiè Xīn Tāng (Heart-Draining Decoction).
For in■amed eyes, sore throat, oral ulcers and swollen gums due to the ■aring up of ■re, it
is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae) to relieve swelling and pain by enhancing the effects on purging heat and heat
toxins, such as in the formula Zhī Zĭ Jīn Huā Wán (Gardenia and Honeysuckle Flower Pill).
In modern application, its powder is often used internally for hemorrhage of the upper
digestive tract.
5. For toxic-heat sores and erysipelas with hard swelling, it is often combined with lián qiào
(Fructus Forsythiae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) to improve
the effects.
For abdominal abscesses due to excessive heat, it is often combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex
Moutan) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to transform blood stasis and lubricate the bowels to facilitate
defecation, such as in the formula Dà Huáng Mŭ Dān Tāng (Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction).
For scalds and burns, the powder is mixed with honey or egg white and applied topically, or
mixed with the powder of dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and sesame oil and applied topically.
6. For problems due to blood stasis, it is used to invigorate blood and move blood stasis.
For blood accumulation complicated with heat in the lower jiao with symptoms of distending
pain on the two sides of the lower abdomen, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and máng
xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) to strengthen the effects on transforming blood stasis and clearing heat, such as
in the formulas Táo Hé Chéng Qì Tāng (Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction) and Dĭ Dāng Tāng
(Resistance Decoction).
For amenorrhea, delayed menstruation and postpartum abdominal pain in the pattern of blood
stasis, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), yì
mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) or other herbs that invigorate blood and transform blood stasis.
For traumatic injuries, it is combined with herbs that invigorate blood and improve the healing
of wounds, such as táo rén (Semen Persicae), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and chuān shān jiă (Squama
Manitis), as in the formula Fù Yuán Huó Xuè Tāng (Original Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving
Decoction).
7. For jaundice and stranguria, it purges heat and dampness by urination and defecation.
For damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Yīn Chén Hāo Tāng (Virgate
Wormwood Decoction).
For serious damp-heat stranguria, it is generally combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and
chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to purge dampness and heat and facilitate urination, such as in the
formula Bā Zhèng Săn (■ight Corrections Powder).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g generally and 15-20 g maximum in
decoction, and half this dosage for powder form. For external use: the powder is ■exible in dose and
applied topically. For stool purging purposes, the unprepared herb is the best choice, and it should
be decocted for a short time or just brewed in boiling water, or the powder taken directly to prevent
the reduction of ef■cacy. The wine-prepared one is more often used for problems occurring in the
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upper jiao, since the wine is supposed to improve the ascending property of the herb. The prepared
herb, including the wine-prepared one, is milder in the effect of purging, but stronger in invigorating
blood, and thus it is often used for blood stasis or for those problems where drastic purgation is not
necessary. The carbonized herb focuses more on arresting bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is used with great caution for pregnant women, and for
women during menstruation and the period of lactation, since it may cause diarrhea in both mother
and infant, and abnormal bleeding. It may also injure the stomach, healthy qi and blood, so patients
with a weak stomach, qi and blood de■ciency, or chronic ulcers and abscesses should be very careful
when using it.
The unprepared herb applied internally may cause side-effects like nausea, vomiting and
abdominal pain, but these will disappear when application ends.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains anthraquinone derivant, which includes a lot of combined
anthraquinone, the active components of which induce diarrhea, such as physcion-8- glucoside,
chrysophanol-8-glucoside, rhein-8-glucoside and sennoside A, B, C, D, ■, F, etc. It also contains
components of free anthraquinonerhein such as chrysophanic acid, chrysophanol aloe-emodin, and
physcione, and tannin, organic acid and estrogen-like product.
［Pharmacological Research］ It improves intestinal peristalsis, inhibits water absorption in
the intestines and improves defecation. It not only contains anthraquinones, active components for
purging, but also tannin, an active ingredient inducing constipation, so application of this herb may
cause constipation following the purgation. Its purgative effect can be reduced by heating, the longer
the heating the less the purgative effect. It also shows inhibitory effects on many kinds of Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially staphylococci, pneumococcus, dysentery bacilli, as
well as in■uenza virus. Besides this, it shows effects of anti-thrombosis, anti experimental gastric ulcer,
improving choleresis, protecting the liver, lowering blood pressure, hemostasis, anti-in■ammation, anti-
tumor and anti-fungus, as well as decreasing urea nitrogen and serum cholesterol.
Máng Xiāo 芒硝
NATRII SULFAS
Sodium Sulphate
South Dynasties (500 A.D.). It is the crystal made from mirabilite stone, a sulfate mineral.
［■xplanation of Name］ Máng “various” and xiāo
“dissolving”. It is easily dissolved in water and also is
commonly used to process many kinds of animal leather.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Henan,
Shandong, Jiangsu and Shanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round, yet
better in autumn and winter. The natural product is dissolved
in hot water, filtered and left aside for cooling to yield
the crystal, which is named pò xiāo (朴硝). Sliced white
radishes are boiled in water ■rst, then pò xiāo is added for
another boiling until the pò xiāo is completely dissolved.
The solution is ■ltered for several times, and then is left to
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cool in order to yield the crystal, the purer the better.

［Properties］ Salty, bitter; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold so that it can purge heat from the lower jiao, and it is salty
so that it can soften hard stools and swelling. Internally, it is particularly applied for constipation with
hard stools due to excessive heat trapped inside. ■xternally, it is mainly applied for hard swelling
such as sores, in■ammations and hemorrhoids in the type of heat.
［Actions］ Induces diarrhea, softens hardness and clears heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For constipation with hard stools and abdominal distending pain, it
is generally combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to greatly improve the effects, such
as in the formula Dà Chéng Qì Tāng (Major Purgative Decoction) and Tiáo Wèi Chéng Qì Tāng
(Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction).
For heat-fluid retention in the abdomen, it is combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma
Rhei) and gān suì (Radix Kansui) to strengthen the effects on purging heat and ■uid, such as in the
formula Dà Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Major Chest Draining Decoction).
2. For mouth ulcers, sore throat, bloodshot eyes, skin sores, abscesses and hemorrhoids, it is used
topically only to clear toxic heat and relieve swelling.
For sore throat and mouth ulcers, it is used in combination with bīng piàn (Borneolum
Syntheticum) and péng shā (Borax), and applied in powder topically, such as in the formula Bīng
Péng Sǎn (Borneol and Borax Powder). It also can be put into a watermelon to make frost, which is
applied topically.
For in■amed eyes, the crystals or the puri■ed powder is dissolved in water and applied as eye
drops.
For acute mastitis in the initial stage, intestinal abscesses, erysipelas, and other sores
and abscesses, it is ground together with bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and applied
topically.
For hemorrhoids with acute swelling pain, it alone 30-50 g every time is dissolved in warm
water for topical steaming and hip bath, or is used in combination with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma
Rhei), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), and applied in decoction or
pills internally.
3. Applied externally on the breast, it may cause termination of lactation.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g dissolved in decoction or boiling water,
or made into pills or powder. For external use: applied for skin spraying, mouth rinsing, eye drops or
hip bath.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is contraindicated in cases of de■ciency cold and pregnancy,
since it is salty and cold. For mastitis during lactation, it must be used with caution because it may
cause termination of lactation.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains hydrous sodium sulfate, as well as a small amount of sodium
chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ As a salt, it induces diarrhea by attracting ■uid from the surrounding
tissue. It also has the effects of anti-in■ammation, inducing diuresis and inhibiting colorectal cancer.
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Attachment: Xuán Míng Fěn 玄明粉

Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus
It transforms from máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) by drying and weathering, and mainly contains sodium sulfate
(Na2SO4). It is similar to máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) in property, channels entered, actions, clinical applications,
dosage, administration, and cautions and contraindications.
Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶

FOLIUM SENNAE
Senna Leaf
［Source］ Initially appeared in New Reference of Prepared Medicines (Yĭn Piàn Xīn Cān, 饮
片新参) in the Republic of China (1935 A.D.). It is the
dry leaf of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. or Cassia acutifolia
Delile, dwarf shrubs of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fān is a general name for
all foreign countries, xiè means “purging” and yè means
“leaf”. The leaf originally was imported from abroad and
has a great effect of purgation.
［Habitat］ Cassia angustifolia Vahl. is mainly produced
in India, ■gypt and Sudan, while Cassia acutifolia Delile
mainly in ■gypt. They are now also cultivated in Guangdong,
Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China.
［Collection］ The leaves of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. are collected before the flowers are
■ourishing and dried in the shade. The leaves of Cassia acutifolia Delile are collected when the fruits
are nearly mature and dried in the sun. Big, dry, greenish and clean leaves with regular shape are of
the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and used directly.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, slightly sweet and cold in property, it enters the large intestine to
simply induce diarrhea. Used in a large dose, it is applicable for excessive heat accumulation, serious
constipation and ■uid retention. Used in a small dose, it improves digestion.
［Actions］ Purges heat and stools and improves appetite and digestion.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat constipation in mild cases, it alone is brewed in boiling
water and taken as tea, while for serious cases it is generally used in combination with zhĭ shí (Fructus
Aurantii Immaturus) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to strengthen the effects. It is also
used to empty the intestines before surgery or physical examination.
2. For poor digestion or food retention, a small dose is used in combination with chén pí
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to
invigorate the stomach and improve digestion.
3. For ascites, it can purge ■uid through defecation. It can be used alone in tea, or in combination
with qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis) and dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae).
9-9◎02.indd 195 2014-12-17 14:07:14

［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1.5-3 g for mild cases and 5-10 g for serious ones,
brewed in boiling water and taken as tea, or decocted for a very short time, or made into pills or
powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in women who are breast feeding,
menstruating or pregnant. Overdose may cause side effects like nausea, vomiting and abdominal
pain, and it has been reported to cause dizziness, facial numbness, instability when walking, loss of
sensation of defecation and urination, and different degrees of hypoalgesia in the distribution area of
the trigeminal nerve. One case reported urinary retention after a large dose application.
［Ingredients］ It contains anthraquinone derivants, such as sennoside, rhein, aloe-emodin and
chrysophanol, glycosides and polysaccharides.
［Pharmacological Research］ Sennoside A and B, among the effective components it contains,
are absorbed by the stomach and small intestine and are decomposed in the liver. The decomposed
products induce diarrhea by exciting the pelvis ganglion to cause large intestinal contractions.
Its purgative effect is much stronger than that of other herbs containing anthraquinones and
furthermore it may cause abdominal pain. The anthraquinones it contains also inhibit bacteria and skin
dermatophytes.
LúHuì芦荟
ALOE
Aloe
［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Lùn, 药性论) in the
Tang Dynasty (19th century). It is the dried concentration
of the leaf juice of Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe ferox
Miller, two kinds of perennial ■eshy herbs of the family
Liliaceae, or other similar plants from the same botanical
family.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lú huì sounds like nú huì (奴
会), both of which are the Malay pronunciations of aloe.
It was originally produced in tropical areas like Malaysia,
and tastes bitter like bile, so it is colloquially called xiàng
dǎn (象胆), meaning “elephant bile”.
［Habitat］ Aloe barbadensis Miller is colloquially
named lǎo lú huì (老芦荟) “old aloe”, and is mainly
produced in Africa and in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian
of China. Aloe ferox Miller is colloquially named xīn lú
huì (新芦荟) “new aloe”, and is mainly produced in the south of Africa.
［Collection］ The plant is collected all year round. The leaves are cut to collect the juice, which
is then concentrated, cut into small pieces and dried. The concentrate with strong aroma and clear
water solution is of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is simply cleaned for use.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property and mainly entering the large intestine and liver
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channels, it is not only good at purging stools, but also purging the liver heat in particular and killing
worms, so it is applicable for heat constipation, problems caused by liver ■re, infantile fever with
convulsions and infantile parasitic malnutrition.
［Actions］ Purges heat and stools, clears liver ■re and kills parasitic worms.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat constipation complicated with heart and liver ■re ■aming
up with symptoms of irritability and insomnia, it is used in combination with zhū shā (Cinnabaris),
such as in the formula Gēng Yī Wán (Clothes-Changing Pill).
2. For irritability, hot temper, dizziness, headache, constipation and dark urine due to exuberant
■re in the liver channel, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), qīng dài
(Indigo Naturalis) and lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae), such as in the formula Dāng Guī
Lóng Huì Wán (Angelica, Gentian and Aloe Pill).
3. For infantile fever with convulsions in the pattern of excessive liver heat, it is often combined
with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and dàn zhú yè (Herba Lophatheri).
If in the pattern of phlegm heat, it is often combined with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile),
tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) and zhú lì (Succus Bambusae).
For infantile malnutritional fever and dyspeptic abdominal pain, it is often combined with
hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus
Quisqualis).
4. Additionally, it can be externally used for tinea and scabies.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.6-1.5 g in pills, powder or capsules. For external
use: the powder is applied topically alone or in combination with other adjuvant.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with
de■ciency cold because of its bitter, cold and purging property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains anthraquinone which is composed of barbaloin and aloe-
emodin. It also contains ■avonoids such as kaempherol and rutin, polysaccharides or carbohydrates,
sterols, amino acids, fatty acids and various vitamins.
［Pharmacological Research］ Aloe anthraquinone derivatives have a stimulatingly purging
action. Aloe-emodin-9-anthraquinone, transformed from aloe-emodin in the large intestine, can not
only attract ■uid from the surrounding tissue into the intestinal tract, but also stimulate intestinal
mucus secretion. The mucus stimulation is rather strong to the extent that it often causes abdominal
pain , pelvic congestion and even nephritis . Its extract inhibits the growth of S 180 sarcoma and
ehrlich ascites carcinoma, as well as isolated toad heart function. Aloin protects the experimental
chemically damaged liver. Aloin A resists stomach damage caused by attack of aggressive factors
( gastric acid and pepsin ). Its water infusion inhibits many dermatophytes and mycobacterium
tuberculosis hominis.
Section 2 Lubricant Laxatives

Lubricant laxatives are mainly of seed or kernel origin. They are mostly sweet, moistening,
neutral or warm in property, and rich in botanical fat, and thus they can easily lubricate the
large intestine to facilitate defecation or induce diarrhea. They are mainly applied for geriatric
constipation, constipation in deficiency types including qi, blood, yin and yang deficiency, and
chronic constipation. They can be used alone or in combination to increase the effects.
Lubricant laxatives can also be found in other chapters: e.g., guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis),
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băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), táo rén (Semen Persicae), jué
míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae), honey, dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni
Multi■ori), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), etc.
Huǒ Má Rén 火麻仁

FRUCTUS CANNABIS
Hemp Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was má zǐ (麻
子). It is the dry mature seed of Cannabis sativa L., an
annual herb of the family Moraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Huŏ “fire”, má “hemp” and
rén “kernel”. There are many species of hemp botanically,
but this one has a big fruit and thus is called dà má (大麻),
literally meaning “big hemp”. Its mature seed is oily to the
extent that it can easily be ignited, and thus it often served as
a candle in ancient times.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northeast, Shandong,
Hebei and Jiangsu provinces of China.
［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected in autumn,
cleaned, dried and crushed slightly to yield the kernels. Big,
plump and milky whitish kernels are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply for use, or dry-fried first for use. It is crushed into pieces
before application.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, neutral, oily and moistening. It lubricates the bowels to improve
defecation and slightly toni■es the body. It is commonly used for constipation due to yin, blood or
■uid de■ciency.
［Actions］ Moistens the large intestine to relieve constipation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For geriatric constipation, postpartum constipation or constipation
due to de■ciency, it alone can be cooked in porridge or used in decoction together with dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and xìng rén (Semen
Armeniacae Amarum) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Yì Xuè Rùn Cháng Wán
(Blood-Replenishing Intestines-Moistening Pill).
For heat constipation, it also can be used in combination with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma
Rhei), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to strengthen
the effect on lubricating, such as in the formula Má Zĭ Rén Wán (Cannabis Fruit Pill).
2. Additionally, it is pounded and applied topically for boils and erysipelas.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, crushed in decoction, in porridge, or
made into pills or powder. For external use: it is pounded, or baked to yield oil, or decocted and
applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools. Basically it
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is non-toxic, but a large dose application could cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, limb numbness,
disorientation, convulsions, confusion or pupil dilation.
［Ingredients］ It contains fatty oils up to 30％, which are composed of linoleic acid, linolenic
acid and oleic acid. It also contains trigonelline, proteins, vitamins, choline and sterols.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its fatty oils lubricate the bowels. When it meets alkaline intestinal
juices in the digestive tract the fatty oils produce fatty acid, which can stimulate the intestinal
wall to move faster, thus inducing defecation or diarrhea. It can greatly decrease blood pressure in
anesthetized cats and rats, and inhibit serum cholesterol increase in rats fed a high-fat diet.
YùLǐRén 郁李仁
SEMEN PRUNI
Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry mature seeds of
Prunus humilis Bge., Prunus aponica Thunb. or Prunus
pedunculata Maxim., three kinds of deciduous shrubs
of the family Rosaceae. The former two kinds of seed
are usually called xiăo (“small”) lĭ rén (小李仁), and the
latter one dà (“big”) lĭ rén (大李仁).
［■xplanation of Name］ Yù “fragrance”, lĭ “plum”
and rén “kernel”. Its flower and fruit are fragrant; the
branch, leaf, ■ower and fruit all look like those of a plum;
and the kernel is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Prunus humilis Bge. and Prunus aponica
Thunb. are mainly produced in the northeast, the east and
Hebei, Henan and Shanxi provinces of China. Prunus pedunculata Maxim. is mainly produced in
Inner Mongolia of China.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected during summer or autumn when mature. After the
■esh is removed from the seeds, they are washed clean, dried in the sun and crushed into pieces
to yield the kernels only. Plump, complete and whitish-yellow kernels are of the best quality.
Generally xiǎo lĭ rén are better than dà lĭ rén, and the ones with whitish skin are better than
those with reddish skin.
［Processing］ They are cleaned simply and crushed before use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter, sweet; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly acrid, slightly bitter and sweet, and neutral in property, and
performs the actions of dispersing and descending. It mainly enters the large and small intestine
channels to lubricate the bowels and induce diuresis. It is applicable for constipation with dry stools
and qi stagnation, and edema.
［Actions］ Lubricates the bowels to improve defecation and induces diuresis to relieve edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For constipation with dry stools and qi stagnation, it is often
combined with băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to improve
the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Rén Wán (Five Kernels Pill).
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For constipation with dry stools due to blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), the unprepared hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) and zhĭ
qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to relieve constipation by nourishing blood and moistening the large
intestine.
For constipation with dry stools due to heat dryness, it is often combined with dà
huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii
Immaturus).
2. For edema, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), chì xiăo dòu (Semen Phaseoli) and
jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as in the formula Yù Lĭ Rén Tāng (Chinese Dwarf Cherry
Seed Decoction).
For infantile facial edema with difficult urination, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex
Mori), sù mĭ (Semen Setariae) and shēng jiāng zhī (Succus Rhizomatis Zingiberis).
For foot edema with dif■cult defecation and urination, it is combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen
Coicis), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae).
3. Additionally, it relieves cough. It can be used alone or in combination with xìng rén (Semen
Armeniacae Amarum), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose
stools.
［Ingredients］ It contains amygdalin, fatty oils, volatile organic acids, saponins and phytosterol.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can lubricate the bowels and cause mild diarrhea. The prunuside
it contains can cause serious diarrhea in experimental animals, the working mechanism of which
is similar to the colorectal cathartic sennoside. Its water decoction can greatly shorten defecation
time and increase defecation frequency in experimental mice. It also lowers blood pressure, inhibits
in■ammation and kills pain.
Sōng ZǐRén 松子仁

SEMEN PINI KORAIENSIS
Pine Nut
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area in the Tang
Dynasty. Its original name was hǎi sōng zǐ (海松子). It is
the dry mature seed of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., an
evergreen tree of the family Pinaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sōng “pine tree”, zĭ “seed”
and rén “kernel”. It is the kernel of the pine tree seed. Its
alternative name is sōng zĭ.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin and
Liaoning provinces of China. It is also produced on the
Korean Peninsula.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected when mature.
The seeds are removed, dried in the sun and broken to yield
the kernels.
［Processing］ They are cleaned for use, or stir-fried
9-9◎02.indd 200 2014-12-17 14:07:21

■rst.
［Properties］ Sweet; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, warm, oily and moistening. It enters the lung, liver and large
intestine channels, and lubricates the bowels and moistens the lung to relieve cough. It is applicable
for constipation with dry stools and dry cough.
［Actions］ Lubricates the bowels to relieve constipation and moistens the lung to relieve cough.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For constipation with dry stools, it is often combined with huŏ má
rén (Semen Cannabis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to strengthen the effects on moistening.
2. For dry cough, it can be cooked together with rice, or decocted in combination with hú táo
rén.
3. Additionally, it is used for dizziness and arthralgia in the pattern of blood de■ciency.
For external use: the powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools or damp phlegm
inside, since it is moistening.
［Ingredients］ It contains 74％ of fatty oils, which are composed of olein and subolein. It also
contains palmatine, abscisic acid, proteins and volatile oils.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its fatty oils consist of unsaturated fatty acid, which can resist
experimental aortic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Its crude extractives can greatly dissolve cholesterol or
cholesterol-composed gallstones and slowly dissolve cholochrome-highly-composed gallstones, but
cannot dissolve cholochrome-composed gallstones.
Summary
1. Purgatives
Dà Huáng v.s. Máng Xiāo

Medicinal Dà Huáng Máng Xiāo
Similarities
Entered channels Stomach, large intestine

Actions Purges heat and stools
Indications Used in combination for heat accumulation, food accumulation and dry constipation
Properties — Salty
Entered channels Spleen, liver, heart —
Cools blood, activate blood and reduces Good at softening dry stools internally
Actions
heat swelling internally or externally and relieving hot swelling externally
Differences
· More applied for damp-heat diarrhea

and dysentery Dry stool constipation, sores, abscesses,
Indications · H eat bleeding, blood stagnation,
in■amed eyes, pharyngitis, mouth ulcers
damp-heat jaundice, heat stranguria, and terminating lactation
sores, abscesses, scalds and burns
Special features Stronger than máng xiāo in purging —
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Fān Xiè Yè vs. Lú Huì

Medicinal Fān Xiè Yè Lú Huì
Similarities

Actions Purges heat and stools
Indications Heat constipation
Properties Sweet, bitter —
Purges liver ■re
Differences
·
Actions Improves appetite and digestion
· Kills parasitic worms

Dizziness and headache due to liver ■re,
Indications Dyspepsia (in small doses), and ascites panic and convulsions due to heat and
infantile malnutrition
Special features Acts more strongly and quickly —
2. Lubricant laxatives
Huŏ Má Rén vs. Yù Lĭ Rén vs. Sōng Zĭ Rén

Medicinal Huŏ Má Rén Yù Lĭ Rén Sōng Zĭ Rén
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Actions Lubricate the bowels to improve defecation

Geriatric constipation, constipation in de■ciency types including qi, blood, yin and yang
Indications de■ciency, chronic constipation, and constipation during menstruation, pregnancy and
postpartum
Properties Neutral Acrid, bitter; neutral Warm
Entered Large intestine, small
Spleen, stomach Lung, liver, large intestine
channels intestine
Differences
· Induces dieresis

Actions Slightly toni■es the body Moistens the lung
· Relieves cough

Pounded and applied · Dry cough

· ■dema

Indications topically for boils and · D
izziness and arthralgia in the
· Cough

erysipelas pattern of blood de■ciency
Review Questions
1. How do you understand the concept of herbs that drain downwards?
2. How many categories are given in this chapter according to the action of the herbs? What are the common
characteristics, actions and indications of each group?
3. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions, and indications: dà huáng and máng
xiāo; fān xiè yè and lú huì; huŏ má rén, yù lĭ rén and sōng zĭ rén.
4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications and administrations of dà huáng.
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203
CHAPTER 4
Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp
Dú Huó 独活 / 204 Luò Shí Téng 络石藤 / 215

Fáng Jĭ 防己 / 205 Mù Guā 木瓜 / 216
Chuān Wū 川乌 / 207 Xī Xiān Căo 豨莶草 / 218
Căo Wū 草乌 / 208 Chòu Wú Tóng 臭梧桐 / 219
Cán Shā 蚕沙 / 209 Sāng Zhī 桑枝 / 220
Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤 / 210 Hăi Fēng Téng 海风藤 / 221
Hăi Tóng Pí 海桐皮 / 211 Wŭ Jiā Pí 五加皮 / 222
Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙 / 212 Sāng Jì Shēng 桑寄生 / 223
Qín Jiāo 秦艽 / 214
［Definition］ Herbs with primary actions of expelling exterior wind damp and alleviating
muscular and joint pain are called herbs that expel wind and damp.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are basically acrid, aromatic, bitter, dispersing
and drying in property, and good at expelling exterior wind and damp from the body surface, as well
as from channels and collaterals. Some of them also can alleviate muscular and joint pain, unblock
channels, and strengthen bones and muscles.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly applicable for wind-damp arthralgia (bi
syndrome), muscular spasms, limb numbness, hemiplegia, aching pain of the waist and knees, leg
■accidity, etc.
［Modifications］ Herbs in this category are chosen for application alone or combined
normally according to the cause, location and developmental stage of the disease. For the
pattern of wind-prevalent wandering arthralgia, in addition to herbs that disperse the wind,
herbs for dispelling the dampness and unblocking the channels are also necessary; for the
pattern of damp-prevalent fixed arthralgia, in addition to herbs that drain the dampness,
herbs that dry dampness and herbs that tonify the spleen should be used in combination; for
the pattern of cold-prevalent painful arthralgia, in addition to herbs that warmly dredge the
channels and relieve pain, warm herbs for expelling cold, reinforcing yang and improving
the effects on unblocking channels and collaterals are also necessary; for the pattern of heat-
prevalent arthralgia accompanied by joint swelling, in addition to cold herbs chosen from this
chapter for counteracting heat, other herbs for purging toxic heat and cooling blood should
also be used; for arthralgia in the chronic stage presenting with aching pain and weakness
in the waist and legs generally due to liver and kidney deficiency, the herbs in this chapter
for dispelling wind damp and strengthening the liver and kidney should be chosen first, but
other herbs for nourishing the liver and kidney and strengthening bones and muscles are
also necessarily used in combination to enhance the effects; if the wind-cold-damp invasion
remains on the body surface, or the arthralgia happens in the upper part of the body, herbs for
dispersing wind-cold-dampness should be used in combination; if the pathogens have affected
the blood flow and signs of blood stasis are seen in the pattern, herbs for activating blood and
unblocking channels should be used in combination; if qi and blood deficiency is present, herbs
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that nourish qi and blood should be used too in combination.

Arthralgia is basically a chronic disorder that takes a long time to control. Medicated wine or
pills are more acceptable, and wine-processed products always achieve better effects.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Some of the herbs in this chapter are drying in action and may
consume the body’s yin and blood, and therefore they are not suitable for patients with yin and blood
de■ciency.
DúHuó 独活
RADIX ANGELICAE PUBESCENTIS
Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Angelica
pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan, a perennial
herb of the family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dú “single” and huó
“living”. Its alternate names are dà huó (大活) and chuān
huó (川活). Collective Commentaries on the Classic of
Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù，本草经集注)
from the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 494
A.D.) explained the name in that the single stem of the
plant normally stands straight upright and does not wave
in the wind.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ The roots are collected during the end of autumn and early the following spring,
and dried with low heat. The big, solid and oily roots with rich aromatic fragrance are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and rotten roots are removed, they are washed quickly with
water, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried in the sun for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; slightly warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, bladder.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and slightly warm so that it can warmly dredge the channels, and
bitter so that it is able to dry dampness. Compared to qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), it
is milder in actions, and acts more on the inner and the lower part of the body. It is good at relieving
arthralgia by expelling wind, cold and dampness from the interior, and effectively dredging the
channels. It is applicable for disorders due to the invasion of exterior wind-cold-dampness either on
the body surface or deep inside, but particularly effective for those diseases occuring in the lower
part of the body and for chronic headache due to cold invasion.
［Actions］ Dispels wind dampness, alleviates arthralgia and releases the exterior.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of wind-cold-damp arthralgia, it expels wind,
cold and dampness and relieves pain, and is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis
Praeparata), wū tóu (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i Praeparata, Radix Aconiti Praeparata) and fáng fēng
(Radix Saposhnikoviae) to improve the effects.
For cold arthralgia, hemiplegia, cold pain in the waist and knees, limb weakness and
numbness, and joint inflexibility complicated with kidney deficiency, it is often combined with
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Chapter 4 Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp 205
sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae)
to strengthen the muscles and bones, and to enhance the effects on expelling wind and damp and
relieving pain, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe
Decoction).
2. For headache due to exterior wind cold or wind cold complicated with dampness, in addition to
expelling wind and damp and relieving joint pain, it also releases the exterior by inducing sweating.
For headache due to cold invasion, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae
Dahuricae), găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and other similar
herbs to enhance the effects.
For exterior wind cold or wind cold complicated with dampness, it is often combined with
qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) and fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae) to release the exterior by dispersing wind, cold and dampness, such as in the
formula Jīng Fáng Bài Dú Săn (Schizonepeta and Saposhnikovia Toxin-Resolving Powder).
It also can be brewed with wine and taken orally. For external use: it is decocted ■rst for local skin
rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with qi, yin or blood de■ciency because
of its acrid-dispersing and warm-drying properties.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils and coumarins, which are composed of
dihydrooroselol, osthole, bergapten, xanthotoxin, anpubesol and angelol.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows effects of anti-inflammation, analgesia,
sedation, dilating vessels, lowering blood pressure, activating the respiratory center and antibiosis.
Its alcohol extractives can inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Bergapton relieves spasms
and photosensitivity, γ-propalanine inhibits arrhythmia, and furan coumarins inhibit ulcers.
［Notes］ Qiāng huó was confused with dú huó up until the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Fáng Jǐ防己
RADIX STEPHANIAE TETRANDRAE
Four Stamen Stephania Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, a woody climber of the
family Menispermaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fáng “dam” and jĭ “earth” (corresponding
to the spleen in the five-element theory). It drains dampness to
relieve edema, just like a dam preventing a ■ood from drowning the
earth. Big roots which are rich in starch are of the best quality, and
are therefore named fěn (“starch”) fáng jĭ (粉防己). It was mainly
produced in the area of Hanzhong, so it is also known as hàn fáng jĭ (汉
防己), where hàn is the short name of Hanzhong.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei
and Hunan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn. The basal part of
the root is discarded and the remaining root is washed clean or scraped,
9-9◎03.indd 205 2014-12-17 14:10:51

cut into long segments and dried in the sun. The solid, starchy and clean roots are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is moistened completely, cut into thick slices and
dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, kidney, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold and draining in properties, it enters the bladder, kidney and spleen
channels, and is good at expelling wind and dampness, alleviating arthralgia, draining water and
clearing heat. It is particularly effective for wind-damp arthralgia or ■uid retention complicated with
heat. In addition, it is applicable for disorders occuring in the lower part of the body due to damp
heat pouring down.
［Actions］ ■xpels wind and dampness, alleviates pain and drains water to relieve edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For arthralgia, it is able to expel exterior wind and dampness, and
clear heat and relieve pain as well. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for heat as opposed to cold
arthralgia. For heat arthralgia with joint swelling, it is often combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen
Coicis), huá shí (Talcum) and cán shā (Faeces Bombycis) to reinforce the effects, such as in the
formula Xuān Bì Tāng (Painful Obstruction-Resolving Decoction). If combined with fù zĭ (Radix
Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae), it also can be applied for cold arthralgia, such as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Tāng
(Stephania Root Decoction).
2. For edema, dysuria and foot swelling and pain, it drains damp and heat by improving
urination.
For acute edema due to exterior wind invasion of the body surface manifesting as skin edema
which starts from the face and scanty urine, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali)
and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Huáng Qí Tāng
(Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction).
For skin edema, it is commonly combined with fú líng (Poria), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and
guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), such as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Fú Líng Tāng (Stephania Root and
Poria Decoction).
For ascites with heat signs, it is combined with jiāo mù (Semen Zanthoxyli), tíng lì zĭ (Semen
Descurainiae seu Lepidii) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to purge damp heat, such as in the
formula Jĭ Jiāo Lì Huáng Wán (Stephania, Pricklyash, Pepperweed and Rhubarb Pill).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or it is made into pills,
powder or tablets.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or de■ciency
cold of the spleen and stomach, because it is bitter and cold and may damage the stomach qi.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains hanfangchin a, hanfangchin b, hanfangchin c, cyclanoline,
■avonoid glycoside, phenols, organic acids, volatile oils, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of lowering blood pressure, dilating the coronary
arteries, increasing coronary blood flow, decreasing myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac
output, resisting arrhythmia, anti-inflammation, analgesia, relieving fever, anti-allergy, relaxing
muscles, anti-tumor, antibiosis, inhibiting amoebic protozoa, platelet aggregation, experimental
pneumosilicosis, fibration of the liver, lung and kidney, resisting immune reaction, as well as
protecting cerebral ischemia and inducing diuresis.
［Notes］ Fáng jĭ falls into two categories—fěn fáng jĭ and mù fáng jĭ (木防己). Fáng jĭ used
in history was Aristolochia heterophylla Hemsl. of the family Aristolochiaceae, but today it is
9-9◎03.indd 206 2014-12-17 14:10:53

Stephania tetrandra S. Moore of the family Menispermaceae. So-called mù fáng jĭ in fact includes at
least three botanicals, namely Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chow et S. M. Hwang of the
family Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia heterophylla Hemsl., and Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. of the
family Menispermaceae. Stephania tetrandra S. Moore is the best of these. Aristolochia heterophylla
Hemsl. and Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chow et S. M. Hwang are similar in property,
actions and indications, but the latter is slightly toxic, so it is strictly prohibited when there is renal
insuf■ciency or other renal diseases. Over-use is also not encouraged, since it contains aristolochic
acid, which is slightly toxic.
Chuān Wū川乌
RADIX ACONITI
Common Monkshood Mother Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was wū tóu. It is
the mother root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., a perennial
herb of the family Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān is the short name of
Sichuan Province and wū means “black”. It is sometimes
also called chuān wū tóu (川乌头), where tóu means “head”.
The mother root grows like a crow’s head in shape, and
sometimes even the beak can be seen on it. The best ones
are produced in Sichuan Province.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan and Shaanxi
provinces of China.
［Collection］ The plant is collected during summer and
autumn. The above-ground part of the plant, the lateral daughter roots and the ■brous roots are ■rst
removed, then the dirt is washed away and the mother roots are dried in the sun. The big and solid
roots with white cross-sections are best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and residual stems are removed, it is washed clean with water
and dried in the sun for use. Alternately, it is soaked in water and boiled completely until it produces
a slightly benumbing feeling to the tip of the tongue. It is left to dry naturally until only 30％-40％ of
the moisture content remains, and then cut into pieces. It is then dried again completely for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; hot; very toxic.
［■ntered channels］ Heart, spleen, liver, kidney.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in taste, and hot, drying and toxic in nature. It mainly
enters the heart, spleen, liver and kidney channels, and is good at dispelling wind, damp and cold,
and relieving pain. It is very effective for cold pain especially in critical cases, no matter whether
complicated with wind or with both wind and dampness. In addition, it can act as a local analgesic to
effectively kill pain.
［Actions］ Dispels wind dampness, dissipates cold and alleviates pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cold-damp headache and body aching pain, and wind-cold-damp
arthralgia, it is often combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba)
and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wū Tóu Tāng (Aconite
9-9◎03.indd 207 2014-12-17 14:10:54

Main Root Decoction).

For stroke with sequelae involving limb numbness, contractions and muscular spasms, it is
often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and dì lóng (Pheretima) to unblock the
channels, activate the collaterals and relieve pain, such as in the formula Xiăo Huó Luò Dān (Minor
Channel-Activating ■lixir).
2. For cold-damp pain, it can powerfully relieve pain by warming the channels.
For heart and abdominal pain due to cold attack and serious coldness of limbs, it can be
decocted alone densely and taken with honey, such as in the formula Dà Wū Tóu Jiān (Big Aconite
Main Root Decoction).
3. If applied topically alone or together with chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma
Arisaematis) and bàn xià (unprepared), it can work as a local anesthetic, and is applicable for operations
and trauma to kill pain, such as in the formula Wài Fū Má Yào Fāng (Topical Application Anesthetic).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1.5-3 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills.
■xcept for application in the formula Sān Shēng Yĭn (Three Unprocessed Toxic Herbs Decoction), it
should always be processed ■rst before use. For decoction, it should necessarily be cooked for 30-
60 minutes to reduce its toxicity. For external use: it is decocted ■rst, and the warm decoction is used
to steam and rinse the local skin; or the medicated wine is applied topically; or the powder is applied
topically with a liquid adjuvant.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and those patients with
yin de■ciency-based yang hyperactivity and heat pain, since it is hot in property and toxic. Over-
use is generally not allowed. It is contraindicated with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), guā lóu (Fructus
Trichosanthis), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhè
bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae).
Oral consumption of the medicated wine is not encouraged because its toxicity is remarkably
increased. The unprepared herb is only allowed for external application.
Toxic symptoms: hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, numbness
of limbs or of the whole body, slow pulse, dyspnea, tetanus, confusion, incontinent urination and
defecation, low blood pressure and body temperature, arrhythmia, premature ventricular contractions
shown bigeminy, or sinus rhythm but with multiple-source premature ventricular contractions and
sinoatrial node beat missing.
Antidote: a large dose of atropine application can relieve the toxic symptoms. Xylocaine can
signi■cantly reduce the death rate from aconite poisoning in animal experiments; gān căo, gān jiāng,
lǜ dòu, yí táng and honey can reduce its toxicity.
［Ingredients］ It contains higenamine, coryneine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, aconitine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of analgesia, sedation, anti-in■ammation, local
anesthesia and cold resistance. A small dose of aconitine can lower the heart beat, while a large dose
of it often induces arrhythmia, atrioventricular block and even ventricular ■brillation. Its double ester
alkaloids show strong toxicity; for example, the lethal dose of aconitine is only 3-4 mg. However,
processing and boiling can effectively reduce its toxicity (possibly down to 1/2000 of the original).
Attachment: Cǎo Wū 草乌
Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii
［Source］ It is the dry root tuber of Aconitum kusnezof■i Reichb., a perennial herb of the family Ranunculaceae.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; hot; toxic.
9-9◎03.indd 208 2014-12-17 14:10:55

［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, kidney, spleen.

［Actions］ Dispels wind dampness, warms the channels and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ Wind-cold-damp arthralgia, heart and abdominal cold pain, cold testalgia, trauma and
local anesthesia.
［Dosage ＆ Administration, Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Just the same as those of chuān wū (Radix Aconiti).
Cán Shā 蚕沙
FAECES BOMBYCIS
Silkworm Feces

and Northern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dried
larval feces of Bombyx mori Linnaeus, an insect of the
family Bombycidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Cán “silkworm” and shā
“sand”. It is the feces of silkworm and looks like sand. It
is also known as wăn cán shā (晚蚕沙), where wăn means
“later”. It was recorded that the second or the third (later)
batches are better than the ■rst one in quality.
［Habitat］ Produced all over the country, but mainly in
Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China.
［Collection］ From June to August, the second and third batches are collected. The big and
black ones without any impurities are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is dried in the sun for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, acrid; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and sweet in flavors, and slightly warm and drying in nature. It
works in the liver, spleen and stomach channels to dispel wind and dampness, and resolve turbid
dampness and harmonize the stomach as well. It can be widely used for all kinds of arthralgia either
in the types of cold or heat, acute or chronic, but it is more effective for the wind-cold-damp type. It
also can activate blood and relieve itching.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and dampness, relaxes muscles and activates collaterals, resolves
turbid dampness and harmonize the stomach.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia, it is commonly combined with fáng
jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) to release the joints
by mutually dispelling wind and clearing damp heat, such as in the formula Xuān Bì Tāng (Painful
Obstruction-Resolving Decoction).
For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, it is combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), wēi
líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and similar herbs.
It is also applicable for urticaria and eczema. For this purpose, it can be decocted ■rst alone
and used to warmly rinse the local skin, or can be decocted with other herbs in combination and
taken orally.
2. For muscular spasms resulting from serious acute vomiting and diarrhea due to dampness
trapped in the middle, it is often combined with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) and wú zhū yú (Fructus
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■vodiae) to harmonize the stomach, arrest vomiting and release the potential muscular spasms, such
as in the formula Cán Shĭ Tāng (Silkworm Droppings Decoction).
3. Used together with other herbs that can activate blood, it is also applied for amenorrhea,
metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, since it shares the same actions of activating blood.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g cloth-wrapped in decoction, or made
into pills or powder. For external use: it is dry-fried ■rst and compressed warmly and topically, or
the powder is applied topically in mixture with liquid adjuvant, or it is decocted ■rst for local skin
steaming and rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women, and patients with
hemiplegia or muscular spasms due to blood de■ciency.
［Ingredients］ It contains chlorophyll, phytol, amino acids, caritinoid, vitamins B and C, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can improve hematogenesis, resist radiation, inhibit bacteria
and viruses, protect the liver, inhibit bovine thrombin and remarkably prolong the condensation
time of human fibrinogen. The chlorophyll derivatives show effects of anti-cancer and anti-
photosensitivity.
Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤

RADIX TRIPTERYGII WILFORDII
Tripterygium Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn
Căo Gāng Mù Shí Yí，本草纲目拾遗) in the Qing Dynasty
(about 1765 A.D.). It is the dried root of Tripterygium
wilfordii Hook f., a deciduous climbing bush of the family
Celastraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Léi gōng “Thunder God” and
téng “climbing vine”. The plant is a bush with climbing
vines, tea leaves and great toxicity, and is normally used by
people to kill pests. This toxicity is seen as the power of the
Thunder God.
［Habitat］ Mainly cultivated and produced in Fujian,
Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan and Jiangsu provinces of China.
［Collection］ The roots are collected during autumn. After the dirt and the outer skin are cleared
away, the roots are dried in the sun.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the roots are washed, moistened completely, cut
into thick pieces and dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; cool; very toxic.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter, drying, acrid, dispersing and very toxic in properties. It enters the
liver and heart channels, and is good at expelling wind dampness, dredging channels, relieving pain
and swelling, activating blood, killing insects and pests, and counteracting toxins. It is generally
used for severe and dif■cult-to-control diseases, such as arthralgia, ulcers, sores, swelling, leprosy,
stubborn dermatitis and very chronic skin disorders.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and dampness, dredges collaterals, relieves pain and swelling, activates
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blood, kills insects and pests, and counteracts toxins.

［Clinical Applications］ 1. For obstinate wind-damp arthralgia, it is able to effectively relieve
pain and contractions of limbs. It can be used orally or topically alone, or in combination with other
herbs to enhance the effects.
2. For sores, ulcers, toxic swelling, leprosy and very chronic skin disorders, it is toxic enough to
counteract the toxins from the diseases or disorders.
For toxic-heat sores, ulcers and swelling, it can be used together with chán sū (Venenum
Bufonis) to reinforce its effects.
For herpes zoster, it is used topically with wū yào (Radix Linderae) in powder form.
For leprosy, it is used alone in decoction and taken orally.
For stubborn dermatitis and other skin disorders, its powder is mixed with a liquid adjuvant
and applied topically, or the fresh leaves are pounded into paste and applied topically.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-25 g without bark or 10-12 g with bark in
decoction. It should be decocted for at least 2 hours. It is also made into syrup and extractive tablets,
and can also be powdered ■rst and put into empty capsules and taken orally 0.5-1.5 g each time three
times a day. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded into paste and applied topically, or the dry
powder is applied topically with a liquid adjuvant. Its tincture and ointment forms are also seen in
pharmacy.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Applied internally, it is prohibited for pregnant women and
vulnerable patients, and is used with great caution in patients with leukopenia or organic diseases of
the heart, liver or kidney. For topical application, it cannot be used for more than 30 minutes; otherwise it
could cause skin blistering because of its strong toxicity which may greatly irritate the skin tissue.
The toxic reactions affect the digestive tract, mucus membranes, menses, liver, blood cells,
heartbeat and electrocardiogram (■CG).
［Ingredients］ It contains wilfordine, triptolide, tripdiolide, triptophenolide, triptolidenol, tripterine,
iso-evonymine, glucosides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-inflammation, anti-immunity, anti-
fertility, insect disinfestation, bacteriostasis, anti-tumor and uterine excitement. It also counteracts
blood agglutination, reduces blood viscosity, improves microcirculation, reduces peripheral vascular
resistance and decreases urine protein. The root bark decoction shows stronger toxicity.
Hǎi Tóng Pí海桐皮

CORTEX ERYTHRINAE
Erythrina Bark
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica from the [Southern] Seaboard Area (Hăi Yào
Bĕn Căo，海药本草) in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the dry tree bark of Erythrina
variegata L. var. orientalis (L.) Merr. or Erythrina arborescens Roxb., evergreen trees of the family
Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hăi “Hainan”, tóng “tung tree” and pí “bark”. It originally grew in the
valleys of Hainan and its yellowish-white bark is very much like the bark of the tung tree. There are
big thorns on the bark, so it is also named cì tóng pí (刺桐皮), where cì means “thorn”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou of
China.
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［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round, but

better in the spring when the bark is easier to peel off. It
is dried in the sun before use. Thin bark with thorns is of
good quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is soaked
for a short while, washed clean, moistened completely, cut
into long pieces and dried in the sun for use.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, bitter and neutral in
properties, and enters the liver channel. It is used especially for limb spasms and contractions due
to wind-damp arthralgia, because it can effectively dispel wind and dampness, and dredge channels.
Additionally, it can relieve itching by killing pathogenic microorganisms and dispelling exterior
wind. It is an essential herb for the treatment of scabies, tinea, urticaria and eczema.
［Actions］ ■xpels wind and dampness, dredges collaterals, relieves pain, kills worms and
relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For limb spasms and contractions due to wind-damp arthralgia either
with cold or heat, it can relax the muscles and tendons, and relieve joint pain by dredging collaterals
and expelling wind dampness. It is often combined with niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), wŭ
jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) and mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) to improve the effects.
2. For scabies, tinea, urticaria and eczema, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis), tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae
Flavescentis), and applied in decoction taken orally or used for topical rinsing.
Alternately, it is brewed in wine and the wine is taken orally. For external use: it is decocted and
applied as a topical rinse, or the powder is applied topically in a mixture with a liquid adjuvant.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin or blood deficiency,
because it is dispersing and drying and may consume the body yin and blood.
［Ingredients］ It contains different kinds of alkaloids, ■avones, amino acids, organic acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of analgesia, anti-dermatophytes and anti-
staphylococcus aureus. The alkaloids can relax striated muscle, tranquilize the central nervous
system, and inhibit the conduction system of the heart and cardiac muscles. A large dose of alkaloids
induces arrhythmia and hypotension.
Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙

RADIX ET RHIZOMA CLEMATIDIS
Chinese Clematis Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xīn Xiū Bĕn Căo，新修本
草) in the Tang Dynasty (about 659 A.D.). It is the dry root and rhizome of Clematis chinensis
Osbeck, Clematis hexapetala pall. or Clematis manshurica Rupr., herbaceous vines of the family
Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wēi líng xiān means “superpower god”. According to legend, it is a gift
from God that can bring people magical treatment. The root and rhizome is solid with dark brown
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outer skin, so it is also called tiĕ jiăo (“iron-footed”) wēi

líng xiān (铁脚威灵仙).
［Habitat］ Clematis chinensis Osbeck is mainly
produced in Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces of
China and is more commonly used, while the other two
species are mainly produced in the northeast and Shandong
Province of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during autumn. After
residual leaves, stems and sediment are cleared away, it
is dried in the sun and cut into segments. The even and
solid roots with moon white cross-sections are the best
in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they
are washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use, or wine-fried ■rst.
［Properties］ Acrid, salty; warm.
［■ntered channels］ Bladder.
［Characteristics］ Acrid and warm in properties, it can effectively relieve muscle and joint
pain by eliminating wind dampness and warmly activating and dredging the channels; thus it is
commonly used for arthralgia. It also can soften ■shbones, dilute phlegm and improve expectoration,
and therefore is used for ■shbones caught in the throat and phlegm or ■uid retention.
［Actions］ ■xpels wind and dampness, activates and dredges channels, reduces phlegm ■uid
and softens ■shbones.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For arthralgia with in■exible movement and numbness, the powder
is applied orally alone with warm wine, or in combination with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to
reinforce the effects.
2. For phlegm-■uid retention, it is commonly combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and
fresh ginger juice.
3. For bones caught in the throat, it is decocted with vinegar alone or together with sugar, and
taken slowly to soften the bone.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, 30 g for ■shbones caught in
the throat, or made into pills or powder, or brewed in wine for internal administration. For external
use: it is decocted and applied to rinse the local skin, or the fresh herb is pounded and applied
topically, or works as a blister agent.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with qi and
blood de■ciency since it may consume anti-pathogenic qi.
［Ingredients］ It contains protoanemonin, anemonine, hederagenin, oleanolic acid saponin and
other saponins.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can relieve pain, improve bile secretion, and counteract the
excitement induced by histamine and diuresis. Its alcohol extractives can relax smooth muscles. Its
diluted alcohol extractives can terminate pregnancy in mice. Its vinegar extractives soften ■shbone
and relax local muscles to enable the ■shbone to come out easily. The decoction can act remarkably
against bacteria including mold and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Qín Jiāo 秦艽
RADIX GENTIANAE MACROPHYLLAE
Large Leaf Gentian Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Gentiana
macrophylla Pall., Gentiana straminea Maxim., Gentiana
crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. or Gentiana dahurica Fisch.,
perennial herbs of the family Gentianaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qín is the ancient name of
Shaanxi Province, and jiāo means “spirally twisting”. It
was originally produced in Shaanxi and its root grows by
spirally twisting.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Gansu,
Inner Mongolia and Sichuan of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during spring or autumn,
and the roots collected during autumn are better in quality.
The solid and brownish-yellow roots with strong fragrance
are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is soaked for a little while, moistened completely,
cut into thick pieces and dried for use, or wine-fried ■rst.
［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, liver, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and dispersing, bitter but not drying, and slightly cold but not too
cold, so generally it is neutral and mild. It enters the stomach, liver and gallbladder channels, and
is able to release arthralgia especially in the wind-damp-heat pattern by dispersing wind, draining
dampness or damp heat through urination, and relaxing muscles and activating collaterals. It can
greatly clear deficiency heat, and relieve steaming bone fever, tidal fever and fever in infantile
malnutrition. It also can drain damp heat to relieve jaundice, particularly in the damp-heat pattern.
［Actions］ ■xpels wind and dampness, relaxes muscles, activates collaterals, relieves steaming
bone fever and clears damp heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia with inflexible movement, and
swollen hot painful joints, it is generally combined with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae),
hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to enhance
the effects.
For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, it is often combined with chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), qiāng huó
(Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to disperse wind and cold,
transform dampness and relieve pain.
2. For steaming bone fever and tidal fever or that complicated with wind-damp arthralgia, it is
often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and biē jiă (Carapax
Trionycis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Qín Jiāo Biē Jiă Sān (Large Leaf Gentian
Root and Turtle Shell Decoction).
For fever in infantile malnutrition complicated with wind-damp arthralgia, it is often combined
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with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) and yín chái hú (Radix Stellariae).
3. For damp-heat jaundice, it can be used alone or in combination with yī n chén (Herba
Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to
4. In addition, it can clear super■cial pathogens when applied for exterior syndrome complicated
with dampness.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g generally and 30 g maximum in decoction.
It should be decocted for a short time, or wine medicated, or made into powder or pills. For external
use: the powder is applied topically mixed with a liquid adjuvant.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with chronic pain, deficiency,
polyuria and loose stools, because it is bitter, acrid and slightly cold.
［Ingredients］ The root of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. contains erythricine, gentianidine, gentianal,
gentiopicrin, swertiamarin, etc. The roots of Gentiana straminea Maxim. and Gentiana crassicaulis
Duthie ex Burk. mainly contain gentiopicrin, sweroside, swertiamarin, gentianine and gentianal.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-inflammation, analgesia, sedation,
relieving fever, diuresis, anti-allergic shock, anti-histamine, lowering blood pressure and heartbeat,
raising blood sugar and inhibiting dermatophytes. The alcohol extractives can inhibit bacillus
anthracis, bacillus paratyphosus, bacillus dysenteriae, staphylococcus and diplococcus pneumoniae.
Luò ShíTéng 络石藤

CAULIS TRACHELOSPERMI
Chinese Star Jasmine Stem
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry vine with leaves
of Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindi.) Lem., an
evergreen woody climber of the family Apocynaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Luò “network”, shí “stone”
and téng “vine”. It is a climbing vine, and it climbs over
stones like a net.
［Habitat］ Produced throughout China, and mainly
in Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangxi, Hubei and Fujian
provinces.
［Collection］ The vines are collected during the
autumn before the leaves fall, and dried in the sun. The
green ones with plenty of leaves are of the best quality.
washed, moistened slightly, chopped into segments and
dried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter so that it can purge pathogens and is slightly cold so that it can
clear heat. It enters the liver and heart channels to expel wind, clear heat and activate collaterals, and
therefore is applicable for wind-damp-heat arthralgia and tendon spasms with heat signs. It cools
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blood and clears toxic heat as well, so that is applicable for sore throat, skin sores and abscesses that
are basically due to toxic-heat retention.
［Actions］ ■xpels wind, activates collaterals, cools blood and relieves swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia and tendon spasms with heat signs, it
can be used alone or in combination with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), mù guā (Fructus
Chaenomelis) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) to reinforce the effects.
2. For pharyngitis, it can be used alone in decoction and taken for rinsing slowly, or in
combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and băn lán
gēn (Radix Isatidis) to relieve swelling and soreness, and ease the throat by clearing toxic heat.
For sores and abscesses, it is commonly used in combination with zào jiăo cì (Spina
Gleditsiae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to improve pus discharge and
tissue granulation, such as in the formula Zhĭ Tòng Líng Băo Săn (Great Pain-Killing Powder).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g generally and 30 g maximum in decoction,
or made into powder or pills, or wine medicated. For external use: the powder is applied topically, or
the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yang de■ciency because it is
bitter and cold.
［Ingredients］ It contains arctinin, tracheloside, alkaloidal, ■avonoids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-inflammation, anti-gout, bacteriostasis,
anti-cancer, anti-oxygen and strengthening the heart. Arctinin improves blood circulation, dilates
vessels and lowers blood pressure.
MùGuā 木瓜
FRUCTUS CHAENOMELIS
Chaenomeles Fruit

and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original
name was mù guā shí (木瓜实). It is the dry mature
fruit of Cnaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai and
Cnaenomeles. Sinensis (Thouin) Koehne, two kinds of
deciduous bushes of the family Rosaceae. The former
one is called zhòu pí (“with wrinkles”) mù guā (皱皮木
瓜) and the latter one guāng pí (“without wrinkles”) mù
guā (光皮木瓜).
［■xplanation of Name］ Mù “wood” and guā
“melon”. The plant is woody and the fruit looks like a
melon but smaller. The ones produced in Xuancheng of
Anhui Province, Ziqiu of Hubei Province and Chun’an of Zhejiang Province are of the best quality,
so the products from those places are honored with the titles xuān mù guā (宣木瓜), chún mù guā (淳
木瓜) and chuān mù guā (川木瓜) respectively.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anhui, Sichuan, Hubei and Zhejiang provinces of China. The
solid fruits with sour ■avor are of the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn when the fruits are turning greenish-
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yellow. The fruit of Cnaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai is blanched in boiling water until the outer
skin is grayish-white, cut into halves and dried for use. The fruit of Cnaenomeles. Sinensis (Thouin)
Koehne is normally cut equally into two or four sections and blanched in boiling water, and then
dried for use.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened slightly, steamed
well, cut into thin pieces and dried for use.
［Properties］ Sour; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen.
［Characteristics］ ■ntering the liver and spleen channels, it can relax muscles, activate
collaterals, improve appetite, digestion and body fluid production, transform dampness and
harmonize the stomach. It is sour and warm in properties, so that it generates fluid but does not
astringe. It is warm but not drying. It is commonly used for arthralgia particularly with muscular
aching, heaviness, spasms and numbness. It is also effective for foot edema and pain, vomiting,
diarrhea and dyspepsia.
［Actions］ Relaxes sinews, activates collaterals, transforms dampness and harmonizes the
middle.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is one of the key herbs for chronic arthralgia.
For chronic arthralgia due to wind dampness, it is often combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et
Rhizoma Clematidis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and qí shé (Agkistrodon) to improve its
effects on eliminating wind dampness and relieving pain.
For spasms and neck rigidity, it is better to combine with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào
(Myrrha) so as to reinforce its action of activating blood circulation and relieving pain, such as in the
formula Mù Guā Jiān ( Chaenomeles Fruit Decoction).
For flaccidity of lower limbs with discomfort, wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and bīng láng
(Semen Arecae) should be in the combination to move qi, descend turbidity, dissipate cold and
remove dampness, such as in the formula Jī Míng Săn (Cock’s Crow Powder).
2. For muscular spasms from serious acute vomiting and diarrhea due to dampness trapped in
the middle, it is often combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae)
and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Mù Guā Tāng (Chinese Quince Fruit
Decoction) and Cán Shĭ Tāng (Silkworm Droppings Decoction).
3. In addition, it is also applicable for dyspepsia with poor appetite, and thirst due to fluid
consumption.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction, or made into powder or pills,
or wine medicated. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with damp-heat signs, stranguria
and excess stomach acid, because it is sour and warm.
［Ingredients］ It contains saponins, ■avonoids, vitamin C, hydroxysuccinic acid, tartaric acid,
citral acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can remarkably relieve the in■ammation of experimental animal
arthritis, and can slightly alleviate gastroenteric and limb myospasms. It also can protect the liver,
inhibit bacteria and promote phagocytosis of macrophages.
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XīXiān Cǎo 豨莶草

HERBA SIEGESBECKIAE
Siegesbeckia
［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 659
A.D.). Its original name was xī xiān. It is the above-
ground part of Siegesbeckia orientalis L., Siegesbeckia
pubescens Makino or Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino,
annual herbs of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xī, the ancient local name
for “pig” in Hubei, xiān locally means “bad taste and
smell”, and căo means “grass”. The herb smells like pig
feces, and tastes bad and harsh.
［Habitat］ Produced in most areas of China, but
mainly in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangsu provinces.
during the summer and autumn before the ■owers bloom. It
is half dried in the sun and left in a dry and ventilated place
to be completely dried. The young tender green ones with
dense leaves and strong odor are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened slightly, cut into
segments and dried for use. Alternately, it is steamed with yellow rice wine ■rst for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter so has drying action, acrid so has dispersing action and cold so
has heat-clearing action. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is good at dispelling wind and
dampness from the muscular level, dredging channels and activating collaterals, clearing toxic heat,
and relieving swelling. It is applicable for arthralgia, limb numbness, hemiplegia and flaccidity
of feet and knees no matter in the pattern of cold or heat. For heat pattern it can be used directly,
whereas for cold pattern it should be processed first. For sores, ulcers, abscesses, eczema, skin
itching and such disorders in the pattern of toxic heat or damp heat, the unprepared herb only can be
used. It also can lower blood pressure.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and dampness, dredges channels, activates collaterals and clears toxic
heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp-heat arthralgia, the unprepared herb is often
combined with chòu wú tóng (Folium Clerodendri), such as in the formula Xī Tóng Wán (Siegesbeckia
and Clerodendron Leaf Pill).
For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, hemiplegia and ■accidity of feet and knees, it also can be used
if processed properly to reduce the coldness property. For this purpose, it should be wine-steamed
■rst, made into pills and taken with warm wine, such as in the formula Xī Xiān Wán (Siegesbeckia
Pill).
2. For sores, ulcers, abscesses, eczema and skin itching, applied either internally or topically it
can effectively clear toxic heat and eliminate wind and dampness.
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or wine medicated or the fresh juice applied. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam
and rinse the local skin, or the powder is applied in combination with an adjuvant, or the fresh herb
is pounded and applied topically. For the cold pattern the processed herb is used, while for the heat
pattern the unprocessed herb is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with joint pain but without any
signs of wind dampness because of its dispersing and drying property. It works slowly, so a longer
application is required. A large dose of the unprepared herb may cause vomiting.
［Ingredients］ It contains glycoside and aglycone. Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino contains
siegesbeckioside, siegesbeckiol, siegesbeckic acid, sitosterol, daucosterol, etc. Siegesbeckia
glabrescens Makino contains darutoside and darutigenol.
［Pharmacological Research］ They all show effects of anti-inflammation, inhibiting immune
reaction, anti-thrombosis, anti-bacteria and anti-virus. They also can dilate vessels, lower blood
pressure, promote mesenteric microcirculation and inhibit rodent plasmodium. Siegesbeckia
glabrescens Makino also can act against early pregnancy.
Chòu WúTóng 臭梧桐

FOLIUM CLERODENDRI
Clerodendron Leaf
［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng，本
草图经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (about 1061
A.D.). It is the dry branch with leaves of Clerodendron
trichotomum Thumb., a deciduous bush or small tree
of the family Verbenaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chòu “bad smelling” and
wú tóng “phoenix tree”. The leaf is similar to that of
the phoenix tree in shape and smells bad, especially
when it is kneaded.
［Habitat］ Produced in most areas of China, but
mainly in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.
［Collection］ The young tender leaves and twigs are collected during the summer before the
blossom of the ■owers, and dried in the sun. The ones with beautiful green leaves are the best in
quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is soaked slightly, moistened completely, chopped
into segments and dried for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; cool.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and thus dispersing, bitter and thus drying, and cool so that it
produces the effect of clearing heat. It enters the liver channel and is good at dispelling wind and
dampness, dredging channels, activating collaterals and relieving pain. It is applicable for arthralgia
with limb numbness and hemiplegia, and, according to modern research, it can effectively lower
blood pressure.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and dampness, dredges channels and activates collaterals, relieves pain
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and lowers blood pressure.

［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp arthralgia, limb numbness and hemiplegia, it can be
used alone or in combination with xī xiān căo (Herba Siegesbeckiae) to improve the effects, such as
in the formula Xī Tóng Wán (Siegesbeckia and Clerodendron Leaf Pill).
2. For hypertension with limb numbness, it can be used alone in powder for long-term
application or in a formula to lower blood pressure.
3. In addition, if decocted and applied in a bath, it is applicable for eczema and skin itching.
For the purpose of lowering blood pressure, it should not be decocted for a long time. For external
use: the dried herb is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin, or the fresh herb is
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with vulnerable stomachs or
de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, since it is cold in nature and has a bad odor.
［Ingredients］ It contains clerodendrin, clerodendronin A and B, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, analgesia and lowering blood
pressure. The formulas Zhēn Tóng Hé Jì (Spanishneedles Herb and Clerodendron ■xtracted
Decoction) and Xī Tóng Wán (Siegesbeckia and Clerodendron Leaf Pill) show anti-inflammation
effects.
Sāng Zhī桑枝
RAMULUS MORI
Mulberry Twig
［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica in the Northern Song
Dynasty (about 1061 A.D.). It is the dry twig of Morus
alba L., a deciduous tree of the family Moraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sāng “mulberry tree” and
zhī “branch”. It is the twig of the mulberry tree.
Hunan, Hebei and Shandong provinces of China. Tender
ones with yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best
quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during the end of spring
and the beginning of summer. After the leaves are cleared away, the twigs are dried slightly, cut into
segments or diagonally-cut slices 30-60 cm long, and dried for use.
［Processing］ The segments are soaked slightly, then moistened completely and cut into thick
pieces for use, or dry-fried ■rst.
［Properties］ Bitter; neutral.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and neutral in properties, it is good at dispelling wind from the muscles
and channels, unblocking channels and easing joints. It is usually applied for wind-damp arthralgia
particularly affecting the four limbs. It also induces diuresis, so is applicable for edema. It is neutral
in nature and mild in action, and therefore a larger dose is necessarily used.
［Actions］ Dispels wind, dredges channels, induces diuresis and alleviates edema.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp arthralgia, limb spasms and in■exibility either in the
pattern of cold or heat, it alone can be decocted into cream and applied orally, or used in combination
with other similar herbs to enhance the effects.
2. For edema, it is often combined with fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae), dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae)
and zhū líng (Polyporus).
For flaccidity and edema of the legs, mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), cán shā (Faeces
Bombycis) and tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) can also be used in combination.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into powder or
pills. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin. The fresh herb can
also be applied.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains tannins, ■avonoids, saccharides, morin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-inflammation, and increasing the
lymphocyte conversion ratio and immunity. The morin it contains inhibits bacteria, viruses and
tumors, and induces diuresis. Its extractives bene■t diabetic nephropathy and cholesterol.
Hǎi Fēng Téng 海风藤

CAULIS PIPERIS KADSURAE
Kadsura Pepper Stem
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan (Diān Nán Bĕn Căo, 滇南本
草) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1436 A.D.). Its original
name was shí nán téng (石南藤). It is the dry vine of
Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi, an evergreen climber of
the family Piperaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ It is also known as fēng
téng (风藤) and dà fēng téng (大风藤).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Hainan,
Fujian and Taiwan of China.
［Collection］ The plant is collected from August to October. The roots and leaves are removed
and the remaining vine is dried in the sun. The ones with strong aroma are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After the impurities are removed, it is washed clean and water is sprayed on it to
gradually moisten it. It is then cut into thick slices and dried for use.
［Characteristic］ It is acrid and thus dispersing, bitter and thus drying, and warmly unblocking.
It enters the liver channel only. It is good at dispelling wind and dampness, and unblocking channels.
It is applicable for wind-damp-cold arthralgia and traumatic swelling and pain.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and dampness, unblocks channels and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ For wind-damp-cold arthralgia, muscular spasms, joint inflexibility,
and aching pain of the lower back and knees, it is often combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae
Macrophyllae), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance
the effects.
In addition, it is often combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and liú jì nú (Herba Artemisiae Anomalae) for traumatic swelling and pain.
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or wine medicated.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin or blood deficiency,
because it is warm and drying in property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains futoxide, ■avonoids, volatile oils, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It increases the coronary blood flow and collateral circulation
blood ■ow in the zone of myocardial ischemia, and reduces coronary vascular resistance. It has a
protective effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion damage. It also shows anti-platelet aggregation
and inhibiting thrombosis actions. It obviously inhibits the increase of pulmonary vessel wall
permeability induced by platelet activating factor and attenuates endotoxin-induced hypotension and
lung injury. In addition, it has antioxidant, antifertility and anti-tumor effects.
WǔJiā Pí五加皮
CORTEX ACANTHOPANACIS
Eleutherococcus Root Bark
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of
Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith, a deciduous
undershrub of the family Araliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wŭ “■ve”, jiā “attaching”,
and pí “bark”. The plant has one stalk growing five
leaves in attachment one to another, and the root bark is
medicinal. It is commonly named nán (“south”) wŭ jiā
(南五加).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan and
Anhui provinces of China.
［Collection］ The roots are collected during the
summer and autumn. After they are washed clean, the
bark is removed and dried in the sun. Big, thick and strong roots with grayish-white cross-sections
and woody core removed are of good quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they are washed clean, moistened completely, cut
into thick pieces and dried for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter, slightly sweet; warm.
［Characteristic］ It is acrid and thus dispersing, bitter and thus drying, and sweet and warm and
thus nourishing in actions. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is able to alleviate arthralgia
by dispelling wind and dampness, and strengthen muscles and bones by nourishing the liver and
kidney. It acts as an essential herb in the treatment of wind-damp-cold arthralgia, limb spasms
and joint in■exibility, and ■accidity of bones and muscles. It also induces diuresis and therefore is
applicable for edema, and for ■accidity and edema of the foot.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and dampness, nourishes the liver and kidney, strengthens muscles and
bones, and induces diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp arthralgia, especially cases in cold pattern
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complicated with kidney de■ciency, it can be wine medicated and applied orally, such as Wŭ Jiā Pí
Jiŭ (Acanthopanax Root Bark Wine).
It also can be used in combination with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) and sōng jié (Lignum Pini
Nodi) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ Jiā Pí Săn (Acanthopanax Root Bark Powder).
2. For ■accidity of bones and muscles in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often
combined with huái niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and yín
yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) to improve the effect on nourishing the kidney.
For pediatric walking retardation, it is often combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum
Testudinis), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to reinforce the effects.
3. For edema, it is often combined with fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) and dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) to move qi, transform dampness and promote
urination, such as in the formula Wŭ Pí Yĭn (Five-Peel Beverage).
For flaccidity and edema of the foot, it is combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis
Glabrae), dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) and mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis).
or wine medicated. For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin, or
the powder is applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is contraindicated for patients with yin de■ciency, de■ciency
f ire, and dry and bitter mouth because it is drying in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains syringin, eleutheroside, sesamin, palmitinic acid, palmitinic acid and
volatile oils.
［Pharmacological research］ It shows effects of anti-in■ammation, analgesia, anti-fatigue, anti-
stress (including high and low temperature resistance and anti-hypoxia), resisting diuresis, anti-tumor
and anti-radiation injury. It also inhibits experimental hyperglycemia, improves immunity, stimulates
the gonads and adrenal glands, increases the wet weight of the testes, prostate and seminal vesicle in
male experimental rats, eliminates phlegm and relieves cough.
Sāng JìShēng 桑寄生

HERBA TAXILLI
Chinese Taxillus
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was sāng
shàng jì shēng (桑上寄生). It is the dry twig with
leaves of Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser, an evergreen
undershrub of the family Loranthaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sāng “mulberry tree”
and jì shēng “parasite”. The plant is a parasite of the
mulberry tree. It is mainly produced in Guangdong
Province, and thus is also known as guăng jì shēng (广
寄生).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi
and Fujian of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the beginning of winter and the following spring. After the
9-9◎03.indd 223 2014-12-17 14:11:17

thick stem is removed, the twigs are chopped into segments and dried for use, or dried after steaming.
The best in quality are thin, young and reddish-brown twigs with many leaves.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the thin twigs are selected and cleaned with water,
moistened completely, chopped into segments or thick pieces, and dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; neutral.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter in taste so that it is drying in effect and sweet so that it can nourish
de■ciency. It is neutral, neither too cold nor too hot. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is
good at dispelling wind and dampness, relieving joint pain, nourishing blood as well as the liver and
kidney, strengthening bones and muscles, and preventing miscarriage. It works as an essential herb
in the treatment of wind-damp arthralgia complicated with liver and kidney de■ciency, aching and
weak lower back and knees, and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and threatened miscarriage that
are all due to liver and kidney de■ciency.
［Actions］ Dispels wind and dampness, tonifies the liver and kidney, strengthens bones and
muscles, and prevents threatened miscarriage.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wind-damp arthralgia and aching and weak lower back and
knees in the pattern of liver and kidney deficiency, it is often combined with dú huó (Radix
Angelicae Pubescentis), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)
to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and
Mistletoe Decoction).
2. For vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and threatened miscarriage due to liver and kidney
de■ciency, it is often combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and tù
sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), such as in the formula Shòu Tāi Wán (Strengthening Fetus Pill).
pills, or wine medicated. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically.
［Ingredients］ The major components are quercetin, quercitrin, avicularin and a small amount
of catechol.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can tranquilize the mind, induce diuresis, lower cholesterol and
blood pressure, dilate the coronary arteries, increase coronary blood flow, and remarkably inhibit
poliovirus, enterovirus, the growth of salmonella typhi and staphylococcus aureus, and hepatitis B
surface antigen.
Summary
Dú Huó vs. Qiāng Huó
Medicinal Dú Huó Qiāng Huó
Properties Acrid, bitter
Entered channels Kidney, bladder

Similarities
Dispels wind, dissipates cold, eliminates dampness, alleviates arthralgia and releases
Actions
the exterior
Wind-damp-cold arthralgia, exterior wind-cold syndrome, exterior wind-cold

Indications
syndrome complicated with dampness and headache due to cold invasion
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Continued　　
Medicinal Dú Huó Qiāng Huó
Properties Slightly warm Warm
■xpel wind and damp cold from the Disperse wind, cold and damp from the
Actions
interior surface
Differences
Wind-damp-cold arthralgia particularly

Wind-damp-cold arthralgia particularly
in the upper part of the body, headache
in the lower part of the body, and
Indications due to wind-cold invasion of the taiyang
chronic headache due to wind in the
channel, and stiffness and pain in the
shaoyin level
neck and upper back
Special features Mild in actions Strong in actions
Hàn Fáng Jĭ vs. Mù Fáng Jĭ
Medicinal Hàn Fáng Jĭ Mù Fáng Jĭ
Properties Acrid, bitter; cold

Similarities
Entered channels Bladder, kidney
Actions ■xpels wind and damp, alleviates arthralgia, drains water and relieves edema
Indications ■ither wind-damp-heat or wind-damp-cold arthralgia, edema or dysuria
Properties — Toxic
Differences
Good at expelling wind and alleviating

Actions Good at draining water to relieve edema
pain
Arthritis complicated with

Indications More effective for joint swelling and pain
hydrarthrosis, edema and ascites
Chuān Wū vs. Căo Wū
Medicinal Chuān Wū Căo Wū
Properties Acrid, bitter; hot; toxic
Entered channels Heart, spleen, liver, kidney
Actions ■xpels wind and damp, dissipates cold and acts like a narcotic analgesic
Similarities
Chronic wind-damp-cold arthralgia, cold-damp headache, heart and abdominal cold

Indications
pain and traumatic injuries in serious cases or stages
Should not be taken in large doses, and should be decocted ahead of other herbs or
Notes for a longer time to reduce their toxicity. The unprepared products are very toxic, so
that they are generally not applied internally
■ven more toxic and harsh in actions

than chuān wū
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Wēi Líng Xiān vs. Hăi Fēng Téng
Medicinal Wēi Líng Xiān Hăi Fēng Téng
Properties Acrid
Similarities
Actions ■xpels wind and dampness, unblocks channels and activates collaterals
Indications Arthralgia and limb contractions in cold pattern
Properties Salty; warm Bitter; slightly warm
Entered channels Bladder Liver

Differences
Actions Softens ■shbones and dissolve phlegm Relieves pain
Arthralgia in the cold type either in the

Indications Traumatic injuries
upper or the lower part of the body
Special features Strong in actions Mild in actions
Qín Jiāo vs. Luò Shí Téng
Medicinal Qín Jiāo Luò Shí Téng
Properties Slightly cold

Similarities
Actions ■xpels wind and dampness, activates collaterals
Indications Wind-damp-heat arthralgia
Properties Bitter, acrid Bitter
Entered channels Stomach, gallbladder Heart
· Relaxes muscles and activates collaterals

Differences
Actions · Counteracts de■ciency heat and clears Clears heat and cools blood
damp heat
· Wind-damp-cold arthralgia
· Steaming bone fever, fever in infantile · Heat arthralgia
Indications
malnutrition · Sore throat, sores and abscesses
· Damp-heat jaundice
Mù Guā vs. Cán Shā
Medicinal Mù Guā Cán Shā
Properties Warm
Similarities
Entered channels Liver, spleen
Actions Transforms dampness and harmonizes the stomach
Arthralgia and muscular spasms from serious acute vomiting and diarrhea due to
Indications
dampness trapped in the middle
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Continued　　
Medicinal Mù Guā Cán Shā
Properties Sour Sweet, acrid

· ■liminates dampness, benefits blood,
Differences
Actions relaxes muscles and activates collaterals Disperses wind

· Improve appetite and ■uid production
· Chronic arthralgia, spasms of the

muscles and foot edema Different kinds of arthralgia alone or in
Indications
· Thirst due to fluid consumption and combination
dyspepsia
Xī Xiān Căo vs. Chòu Wú Tóng

Medicinal Xī Xiān Căo Chòu Wú Tóng
Properties Bitter, acrid

Similarities
■liminates wind and dampness, dredges channels, lowers blood pressure and
Actions
alleviates itching
Applied in combination for wind-damp arthralgia, limb numbness, hemiplegia,

Indications
eczema and hypertension
Properties Cold Cool
Entered channels Kidney —

Differences
· Dispels wind and dampness from the

Actions muscular and bone level Mild in the action of clearing heat
· Clears toxic heat
Indications Sores, ulcers and abscesses Arthralgia either in heat or cold patterns
Wŭ Jiā Pí vs. Sāng Jì Shēng

Medicinal Wŭ jiā pí Sāng jì shēng
Properties Bitter
Entered channels Liver, kidney

Similarities
■xpels wind and dampness, tonif ies the liver and kidney, and strengthens muscles
Actions
and bones
Wind-damp arthralgia complicated with weak bones and muscles due to liver and
Indications
kidney de■ciency
Properties Acrid, slightly sweet; warm Sweet; neutral

Differences
· ■xcellent in nourishing blood

Actions Induces diuresis
· Prevents threatened miscarriage
· Pediatric walking retardation Arthralgia complicated with blood
Indications
· ■dema and dysuria de■ciency
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Review Questions
1. Give the de■nition of herbs that expel wind and damp, and their common characteristics.
2. Give the common actions, indications, modi■cations, cautions and contraindications of the herbs in this chapter.
3. Which herbs can expel wind and damp, dredge channels and activate collaterals as well? Give the individual
characteristics and actions of each herb.
4. W hich herbs can expel wind and damp, and strengthen bones and muscles as well? Give the individual
characteristics and actions of each herb.
5.Which herbs are particularly effective for joint pain? Give the individual characteristics and actions of each herb.
6. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: fáng jĭ, wēi
líng xiān, léi gōng téng, qín jiāo, mù guā, sāng jì shēng and wŭ jiā pí.
7. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: qiāng huó and dú huó; wŭ
jiā pí and sāng jì shēng; fáng jĭ and fáng fēng; qín jiāo and huáng băi; hàn fáng jĭ and mù fáng jĭ; chuān wū and căo
wū; wēi líng xiān and hăi fēng téng; qín jiāo and luò shí téng; mù guā and cán shā.
8. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: xī xiān căo and chòu wú
tóng; sī guā luò and sāng zhī.
9. Which herbs are very toxic, toxic and slightly toxic? Give the individual dosage, administration, cautions and
contraindications of each herb.
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229
CHAPTER 5
Herbs that Transform Dampness
Cāng Zhú 苍术 / 230 Shā Rén Ké 砂仁壳 / 238

Hòu Pò 厚朴 / 232 Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻 / 238
Hòu Pò Huā 厚朴花 / 233 Bái Dòu Kòu Ké 白豆蔻壳 / 239
Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香 / 234 Căo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻 / 239
Shā Rén 砂仁 / 236 Căo Guŏ 草果 / 240
［Definition］ Herbs with an aromatic acrid flavor and a primary action of transforming
dampness or drying dampness to activate the spleen are called herbs that transform dampness.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most of the herbs in this category are acrid, aromatic, warm and dry,
mainly entering the spleen and stomach channels. They are good at aromatically transforming
dampness and drying/eliminating damp turbidity. They also promote qi circulation to strengthen
the function of the spleen and stomach. Herbs with aromatic fragrance specialize in transforming
dampness to revive the spleen, whereas herbs with bitter taste strongly dry dampness to activate the
spleen. The herbs in this chapter can also harmonize the middle jiao and whet the appetite; some of
them are also able to eliminate summer pathogens and release the exterior.
［Indications］ The spleen mainly performs the functions of transformation and transportation
of water and food. It favors dryness, warmth and aromatic substances, and dislikes dampness. The
herbs in this category are mainly used for treating dampness which obstructs the spleen and stomach
internally and leads to dysfunction of the spleen’s capacity for transformation and transportation.
Dampness manifests with gastric and abdominal oppression and fullness, nausea and vomiting, acid
regurgitation, loose stools and diarrhea, poor appetite and sluggish limbs, and a greasy white coating
on the tongue. Dampness-resolving herbs are also used for treating damp heat that obstructs the
spleen, marked by a sweet taste in the mouth, excessive saliva and a yellow greasy tongue coating.
These indications are often seen in damp-heat febrile diseases and summerheat febrile diseases.
Dampness-resolving herbs also treat cold-damp obstruction which causes the yin type of summer
syndromes.
［Modifications］ Dampness syndrome can be separated into the patterns of cold dampness
and damp heat. Therefore, we use dampness-resolving herbs modified according to the different
types of damp syndrome. For cold dampness, combinations are made with herbs that warm the
interior and disperse cold; for damp heat, combinations are made with herbs that clear heat and dry
dampness. The character of dampness is sticky and stagnant; dampness obstruction often brings on
qi stagnation. Qi-regulating herbs assist in transforming dampness. Therefore, dampness-resolving
herbs are usually combined with qi-regulating herbs. Dampness may also be induced by spleen
de■ciency; if so, combination with spleen qi tonics is necessary.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Most of the herbs in this chapter have acrid, aromatic, warm
and dry properties that easily dissipate qi and impair yin. As such, caution should be used in cases
of yin or qi de■ciency, or blood dryness. When decocting these herbs, they should not be allowed
to boil for a long time because these herbs contain volatile oils that quickly evaporate, resulting in a
decrease of ef■cacy.
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Cāng Zhú苍术
RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS
Atractylodes Rhizome
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the Han Dynasty
(206 B.C.-220 A.D.). Its original name was zhú. It is the
dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. or
A. chinensis (DC.) koidz., perennial herbs of the family
Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Cāng “dark green”, and
zhú is the pictograph of this plant. The leaves of the plant
are dark green in color, and the plant—especially the
rhizome—grows to look like the Chinese character “术”.
It is also known as máo zhú (茅术), where máo is the
short name of Maoshan, a place in Jiangsu province of
China.
［Habitat］ Máo cāng zhú, Atractylodes lancea
(Thunb.) D.C., is mainly produced in Jiangsu, Hubei and Henan provinces of China, but that which
is produced in Maoshan, Jiangsu Province is of the best quality. Běi cāng zhú, A. chinensis (D.C.)
koidz., is mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and autumn. After sediment and residual stems are
removed, it is dried in the sun. The solid ones with numerous cinnabar oil spots in the cross-sections
and with thick aromatic fragrance are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is moistened thoroughly with plain water or
the washing water of rice, cut into thick pieces and dried in the sun for use. It can be fried at low
temperature until it turns yellowish. It also can be bran-fried, oven earth-fried (zào xīn tǔ), salt water-
fried, or deeply-fried (to dark brown) ■rst before use.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid so that it is dispersing, and bitter and warm so that it is drying in
actions. It enters the spleen and stomach channels, and is good at transforming interior dampness,
dispersing exterior wind and damp from the skin, muscles and joints, and tonifying the spleen as
well. It is widely used for both interior or exterior problems, either in the upper or the lower body,
as long as they are caused by dampness. For problems in the pattern of cold, it can be used directly
alone, and for those in the heat pattern it generally is used in combination with cold herbs in order to
purge the heat pathogens.
［Actions］ Dries dampness, toni■es the spleen, expels wind dampness and induces perspiration
to release the exterior.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dampness retention in the middle, it can directly dry dampness
and tonify the spleen to improve the transformation of dampness.
For cold-damp retention in the middle with manifestations such as epigastric fullness and
abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, diarrhea with tiredness and whitish greasy
tongue coating, it is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and chén pí
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Chapter 5 Herbs that Transform Dampness 231
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as in the formula Píng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Calming Powder).
For phlegm-■uid retention in the lung or in the skin (edema), it is often combined with chén pí
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), fú líng (Poria) and shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens).
For damp-heat patterns, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huáng lián
(Rhizoma Coptidis) and huá shí (Talcum).
For leukorrhea, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng
(Poria) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales).
2. For wind-damp arthralgia, especially those cases where dampness is dominant, it can warmly
expel wind and transform dampness.
For wind-cold-damp arthralgia, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma
Clematidis).
For damp-heat arthralgia, it is often combined with herbs that are cold in nature, such as
huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), shí gāo (Gypsum
Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), such as in the formula Sān Miào Săn (Wonderfully
■ffective Three Powder) and Bái Hŭ Jiā Cāng Zhú Tāng (White Tiger Decoction Plus Atractylodes).
It is also used for atrophy and ■accidity, skin ulcers, eczema and foot swelling pain due to the
pouring down of damp heat.
3. For exterior pattern complicated with dampness invasion, it can disperse the wind and
dampness from the body surface, and induce perspiration to release the exterior.
For wind-cold-damp exterior pattern, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and dú huó (Radix Angelicae
Pubescentis) to release the exterior by dispersing wind and cold, and transforming dampness.
For wind-heat-damp exterior pattern, it is often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae),
fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to release the exterior
by dispersing wind and heat, and transforming dampness.
4. Additionally, it improves eyesight to treat night blindness and poor vision resulting from
problems such as keratomalacia. It can be used alone, or cooked together with lamb liver or other
kinds of liver.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or also in pills or powder. For
external use: it can be burnt for fumigation. The unprepared herb is drier and more dispersing in property,
which is reduced in the dry-fried one. The unprepared herb is normally applied for dampness-dominant
problems or exterior patterns, the prepared one for dampness retention complicated by spleen de■ciency,
the deeply-fried one for diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency and excess dampness, and the salt water-fried
one for problems caused by the pouring down of damp heat.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, internal heat
or spontaneous sweating due to qi deficiency, because it is acrid, bitter, warm and dry and easily
induces sweating, qi and yin consumption, as well as exuberance of heat.
［Ingredients］ The rhizome of máo cāng zhú, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., contains
volatile oils which are composed of 2-carene, β-elemene, atractylone and hinesol. It also contains
small amounts of substances acting like vitamin A and various mineral elements. The rhizome of běi
cāng zhú, A. chinensis (DC.) koidz., contains volatile oils which are composed of β-eudesmol and
atractylin, which also contains β-selinene, elemene, atractylone and hinesol.
［Pharmacological Research］ It resists experimental gastritis and gastric ulcers, regulates
gastro-enteric movement, protects the liver, lowers blood sugar and signi■cantly increases the urine
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excretion of Na+ and K+. The decoction can signi■cantly increase the urine excretion of Na+and K+
in experimental rats. The β-eudesmol resists hypoxia. Burning with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi)
shows effects of anti-virus, anti-bacteria, anti-pathogenic fungus and anti-mycoplasma.
［Notes］ Cāng zhú and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
In ancient times, cāng zhú was confused with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
since they shared the same character zhú. Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica
written by Tao Hong-jing in the Southern Dynasty of the Liang period (494 A.D.) was first to
separate cāng zhú from bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae).
Hòu Pò 厚朴
CORTEX MAGNOLIAE OFFICINALIS
Magnolia Bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry bark of the trunk,
root or branch of Magnolia of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. or
M. of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. bilota Rehd. et Wils.,
deciduous trees of the family Magnoliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hòu “thick” and pò “woody
bark”. The bark is thick and purplish-red with intense
fragrance. It is also called liè pò (烈朴) and chì pò (赤朴).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei and
Anhui provinces of China; that which is produced in
Sichuan or Hubei Province is of the best quality.
［Collection］ The bark is peeled off and collected
during April and June, and dried in the shade. The dried bark is boiled in water for a short time, then
piled up and covered with fresh grass or sacks and left for some time in a damp place until the inner
surface turns purplish-brown or just brown. They are then rolled up individually into the shape of a
pipe and dried. Thick and oily bark with tender ■bers and purplish-brown cross-sections with small
bright spots, and with intense aromatic fragrance is the best in quality.
［Processing］ After the rough bark is scraped off, it is washed, moistened thoroughly with
water, cut into segments and dried for use, or stir-fried with fresh ginger juice ■rst.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; warm.
［■ntered channels］ Spleen, stomach, lung, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter so that it can dry dampness, and acrid and warm so that it can
disperse and move qi. It mainly enters the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels, yet also
works in the lung channel. It is able to dry dampness, improve qi movement and relieve asthma,
and is excellent in improving the qi movement of the stomach and large intestine. Accordingly, it is
applicable for food retention, dampness or phlegm accumulation, and qi stagnation, but preferably
used for those problems when cold is involved. It also can be used for the above problems with heat
if combined with cold or cool herbs.
［Actions］ Dries dampness, moves qi, improves digestion and relieves asthma.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dampness retention in the middle with manifestations
such as fullness sensation of the stomach and abdomen, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting,
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listlessness and loose stools, it is good at drying dampness and moving the qi of the stomach
and large intestine. It is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and chén pí
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as in the formula Píng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Calming
Powder).
2. For constipation, it activates qi movement of the stomach and large intestine to help
defecation, but better in combination with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and dà huáng (Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei), such as in the formula Hòu Pò Sān Wù Tāng (Officinal Magnolia Bark Three
Substances Decoction).
If the constipation presents as very dry stool which is due to excessive heat, it is
usually combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and zhĭ
shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), such as in the formula Dà Chéng Qì Tāng (Major Purgative
Decoction).
3. For cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm ■uid trapped inside, it is able to dry dampness
and transform phlegm, and move qi down to ■nally relieve the asthma.
For chronic asthma relapse due to exterior wind-cold attack, it is often combined with guì
zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), such as in the formula
Guì Zhī Jiā Hòu Pò Xìng Zǐ Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction Plus Of■cinal Magnolia Bark and
Apricot Kernel).
For chronic wheezing and cough with profuse phlegm ■uid, it is combined with sū zĭ (Fructus
Perillae), jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), such as in
the formula Sū Zĭ Jiàng Qì Tāng (Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction).
powder. For serious qi stagnation caused by dampness retention and marked by apparent abdominal
distension, the ginger juice-fried herb should be used.
de■ciency, since it is dispersing and may consume qi.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, which are mainly composed of β-eudesmol. It also
contains lignans, magnolol, honokiol, obovatol and a small amount of magnocurarine.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can relax striated muscles, prevent and treat gastric ulcers,
inhibit central nerves, lower blood pressure and resist bacteria. Its magnocurarine can reduce the
tension of the small intestine in vivo. The decoction can excite the intestines and the bronchial
smooth muscles in vitro, while a large dose of it is inhibiting. Magnolol shows anti-tumor
effects.
Attachment: Hòu Pò Huā 厚朴花

Flos Magnoliae Officinalis
［Source］ It is the dry ■ower of Magnolia of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. or M. of■cinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. bilota
Rehd.et Wils., deciduous trees of the family Magnoliaceae.
［Properties］ Aromatically fragrant, acrid; warm.
［Actions］ Moves qi and transforms dampness, but the action is milder than the bark.
［Clinical Applications］ Fullness or distension in the stomach and abdomen, and poor appetite due to dampness
retention.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g for decoction.
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Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香

HERBA POGOSTEMONIS
Cablin Patchouli
［Source］ Initially appeared in Southern Status of Vegetation (Nán Fāng Cǎo Mù Zhuàng, 南方
草木状) in the Western Jin Dynasty. Its original name
was huò xiāng. It is the above-ground part of Pogostemon
cablin (Blanco) Benth., a perennial herb of the family
Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Guǎng “Guangdong”, huò
“bean leaf” and xiāng “aroma”. The leaf resembles the
bean’s leaf, which has an intense fragrance, and it is
produced chie■y in the Guangdong region.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong and
Hainan provinces of China; that produced in Shipai,
a rural area outside of Guangzhou city, is of the best
quality.
［Collection］ The plants are collected in summer
and autumn when most flourishing. The best quality
plants have dense leaves and a strong fragrance.
［Processing］ After roots and impurities are removed, it is used fresh. Alternately, dried plants
can be used by ■rst removing roots and impurities, separating the leaves from the stems, sifting the
leaves well, washing the stems and moistening them well, chopping them into segments, drying them
and then mixing them with the leaves.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, lung.
［Characteristics］ It is aromatic, acrid and dispersing but is not violent in action; it is slightly
warm but does not result in pathological heat; it transforms dampness but is not too dry. It enters
the spleen, stomach and lung channels, and is good at transforming dampness, reviving the spleen,
harmonizing the middle jiao, stopping vomiting, relieving summer damp and releasing the exterior. It
is widely used for damp-turbidity obstruction combined with cold or heat, with or without an exterior
attack.
［Actions］ Transforms dampness, relieves summer pathogens, stops vomiting and releases the
exterior.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dampness obstructing the middle jiao, it is a chief aromatic herb
for transforming turbid dampness, and is used for damp turbidity which causes internal obstruction
leading to dysfunction of qi transportation in the middle jiao. Symptoms include oppression and
fullness in the epigastrium and abdomen, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, listlessness and
tiredness. Guǎng huò xiāng is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hòu pò
(Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), such as in the formula Bù Huàn Jīn Zhèng Qì Sǎn (Not Changing For
Gold Qi-Correcting Powder).
2. For summer damp syndrome and damp warm febrile disease in the early stage, it can both
transform dampness and release the exterior.
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For treating invasion of wind cold in summer, with internal injury by excessive cold and raw
diet, marked by chills and fever, headache, gastric oppression, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, it is
often combined with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae), etc., such as in the formula Huò Xiāng Zhèng Qì Săn (Agastache Qi-Correcting
Powder).
For treating damp-heat febrile disease in its early stage, when the pathogen is located
in sanjiao, it is often combined with bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh), xìng rén (Semen
Armeniacae Amarum) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae).
For treating damp-heat febrile disease, when an epidemic pathogen attacks the qi stage and
when both dampness and heat are dominant, it can be combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae),
huá shí (Talcum) and yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), such as in the formula Gān Lù Xiāo Dú
Dān (Sweet Dew Toxin-Removing ■lixir).
3. For vomiting, it can both transform dampness and harmonize the stomach. It is the most
appropriate herb for treating vomiting due to turbid dampness obstructing the middle jiao. It can be
used alone, but is more effective when combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae).
For vomiting due to cold dampness, it should be combined with dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli)
and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh).
For vomiting due to damp heat, it should be combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis)
and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia).
For vomiting due to morning sickness, it should be combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi)
and sū gěng (Caulis Perillae).
For vomiting due to spleen and stomach de■ciency, it should be combined with dăng shēn
(Radix Codonopsis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae).
4. Additionally, it can be combined with exterior-releasing herbs for treating exterior pattern with
dampness.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, double the dosage if using
the fresh herb; also used in pills or powder. The leaves of the herb can produce a greater effect of
dispersing pathogens from the exterior; the stems can produce a stronger effect for regulating the
middle jiao. In making a decoction, it should not be steeped for more than 15 minutes because it
contains volatile oils that quickly evaporate. In summer, the fresh plant is steeped in hot water and
drunk as a beverage. Because the fresh herb is more fragrant, it is remarkably effective in eliminating
dampness.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of yin deficiency with excessive
heat signs because its acrid, aromatic, warm and dispersing properties may injure the yin and assist
pathogenic ■re.
［Ingredients］ The major components are volatile oils, including patchouli alcohol, seychellene,
α-guaiene, δ-guaiene, α-patchoulene, β-patchoulene and pogostone; other components are eugenol,
cinnamic aldehyde, patchoulipyridine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils it contains can stimulate the gastric mucosa,
promote gastric secretion, enhance digestion, and inhibit automatic contraction of the stomach and
intestines to relax spasms. The decoction and the oil-free decoction also increase gastric secretion of
acid and activity of pepsin and amylase. The oil-free decoction demonstrates calcium antagonism.
Furthermore, the decoction and the oil-free decoction reduce the incidence of diarrhea induced by
senna. All three extracts relieve the gripping pain induced by abdominal administration of acetic
acid, and the effect of the decoction is more potent than the others. The decoction also provides
9-9◎03.indd 235 2014-12-17 14:11:34

anti-fungal, antiviral and anti-eptospira actions. Patchoulenone has antiseptic and broad spectrum
antibacterial actions.
［Notes］ 1. Guǎng huò xiāng and pèi lán are often combined as paired herbs for transforming
summer dampness.
2. Guǎng huò xiāng and xiāng rú both are used for transforming summer dampness and releasing
the exterior, but guǎng huò xiāng can regulate qi disturbance of the spleen and stomach marked by
frequent vomiting and diarrhea, and xiāng rú is used as a “má huáng in summer”, which means it can
disperse wind cold in the summer marked by chills and fever without sweating.
3. In several Asian countries, the plant and oil have a number of claimed health bene■ts in herbal
folklore, such as its scent being used with the aim of inducing relaxation. In Japan and Malaysia,
it is used as an antidote for venomous snakebite. In ■urope and the US, patchouli oil is used as an
aromatherapy oil, an all-purpose insect repellent, an air freshener and an aphrodisiac; it is also in
widespread use in modern industry as a popular component in perfumes.
Shā Rén 砂仁
FRUCTUS AMOMI
Villous Amomum Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Bĕn
Căo，药性本草) in the early Tang Dynasty (600
A.D.). Its original name was suō shā mì (缩砂密). It
is the ripe fruit of Amomum villosum Lour., Amomum
longiligulare T. L. Wu, or Amomum villosum Lour.
var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen, perennial herbs
of the family Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shā “sand” and rén
“kernel”. The fruit grows at the bottom of the plant
stem with kernels (like sand grains) crammed
into a fruit shell. The fruit produced in Yangchun,
Guangdong Province is the best in quality, so it is
also known as yáng chūn shā (阳春砂) or chūn shā
rén (春砂仁).
［Habitat］ Amomum villosum Lour. is mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan of
China, Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu mainly in Hainan and Guangdong of China, and Amomum
villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen in Yunnan of China, as well as Vietnam, Thailand
and Myanmar. Amomum villosum Lour. is the best in quality.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected during the late summer and the early autumn when ripe, and
dried in the sun or at low temperature. Big, solid and plump fruits with strong fragrance are the best.
［Processing］ Impurities and stalks are removed before use, or it is stir-fried with salt water or
fresh ginger juice ■rst.
［Characteristics］ It is aromatic, acrid, warm and dispersing in property. It enters the spleen
and stomach channels, and can improve appetite, arrest diarrhea and prevent threatened abortion by
9-9◎03.indd 236 2014-12-17 14:11:35

warmly transforming dampness, particularly that trapped in the middle, and regulating the spleen and
stomach qi. It is also applicable for fullness and distension in the stomach due to damp cold.
［Actions］ Transforms dampness, improves appetite, warms the middle to check diarrhea, calms
the stomach and prevents threatened abortion.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For fullness and distension along with poor appetite due to dampness
retention in the middle, it can warmly transform dampness, move qi and improve the appetite. It
is preferable for the above problems in the cold-damp pattern, and is often combined with hòu pò
(Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii
Immaturus).
For problems due to dampness retention and spleen qi deficiency, it is combined with mù
xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Xiāng Shā Liù Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Costusroot and Amomum Six
Gentlemen Decoction).
2. For vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen and stomach cold de■ciency, it can be used alone or
in combination with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and
dry-fried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warm the middle and arrest vomiting and
diarrhea.
3. For morning sickness or threatened abortion, it relieves vomiting and prevents abortion by
warmly calming the stomach.
For morning sickness, it alone is fried well and ground into powder and applied orally, or
combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae),
zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia), etc.
For threatened abortion due to severe vomiting, it is combined with sū gěng (Caulis Perillae),
chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), etc. If the pregnant woman is
weak, it should be used in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix
Astragali), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and other herbs for nourishment, such as
in the formula Tài Shān Pán Shí Sǎn (Rock of Mount Tai Fetus-Quietening Powder).
For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and decocted for a short time only to prevent the loss of
volatile oils. For the purposes of transforming dampness or moving qi, the unprepared herb or the
fresh ginger juice-fried herb should be used for better effectiveness, while for preventing abortion the
salt-prepared one is better.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and internal
heat, because it is warm and dispersing in property.
［Ingredients］ Amomum villosum Lour. contains volatile oils, which are composed of bornyl
acetate, camphene, borneol, limonene, α-Pinene, etc. It also contains saponins and many mineral
elements.
Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu contains volatile oils, which are composed of α-Pinene, β-Pinene,
eudesmol, P-cymene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate and camphor. It also contains mineral
elements.
Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides T. L. Wu et Senjen contains volatile oils, which are
composed of camphor, neroklidol, bornyl acetate, borneol, limonene, α-Pinene, etc., as well as many
mineral elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It inhibits platelet aggregation, ulcers and gastric acid secretion,
and enhances gastro-intestinal transportation.
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Attachment: Shā Rén Ké 砂仁壳

Pericarpium Amomi
［Source］ It is the shell of shā rén (Fructus Amomi), and is quite similar to the fruit but milder in nature, taste
and actions.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in general for decoction.
Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻

FRUCTUS AMOMI KRAVANH
Round Cardamom
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era (Kāi Băo Bĕn Căo, 开宝本
草) in the Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the ripe fruit of
Amomun kravanh Pirre ex Gagnep., a perennial herb of the
family Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái, “white” and dòu kòu,
which is the name of a seed. This fruit appears like that of
Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai, the Chinese name of which is
dòu kòu, but its shell and kernels are white.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Thailand, and also in
Yunnan and Hainan provinces of China.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected in autumn. The
big and plump fruits with thin and pure white shell and
strong aromatic fragrance are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The whole fruit is cleaned simply for use,
or the kernels only are taken for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic, warm and dispersing in property. It acts mainly on the
upper and the middle jiao, particularly in the lung, spleen and stomach channels, and is good at
transforming dampness and moving qi, and warmly calming the stomach to relieve vomiting. It is
mainly applied for fullness and distension due to cold-damp retention, but if combined with other
herbs which are cold in nature it also can be used for problems due to damp heat.
［Actions］ Transforms dampness, moves qi and warms the stomach to relieve vomiting.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For fullness, distension and poor appetite due to damp-cold retention
in the middle jiao, it can warmly transform dampness, move qi and improve the appetite. It is
preferable for the above problems in the cold-damp pattern, and is often combined with hòu pò (Cortex
Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae).
For damp-heat febrile disease in the early stage with symptoms such as constricting feeling
in the chest and poor appetite with thick and greasy tongue coating, it is often combined with huá
shí (Talcum), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), such as in the
formula Sān Rén Tāng (Three Kernels Decoction). If heat is dominating, it is combined with huáng
qín (Radix Scutellariae), huá shí (Talcum) and fú líng (Poria), such as in the formula Huáng Qín Huá
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Shí Tāng (Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction).

2. For vomiting and nausea especially in the damp-cold type, it can effectively check it by
transforming dampness, moving qi and warming the stomach. It can be used alone in powder form
or in combination with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and shēng jiāng
(Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens).
For infantile vomiting due to cold attack, it can be used together with shā rén (Fructus
Amomi) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) in powder form and applied topically inside
the mouth.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, and also made into pills or
powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and decocted for a short time only to prevent the
loss of volatile oils.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency, blood
de■ciency or internal heat, because it is warm, drying and dispersing in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, which include 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, α-pinene,
caryophyllene, borneol acetidin, α-terpineol, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It improves gastric juice secretion, activates intestinal movement,
moves the obstructed intestinal air out, inhibits intestinal abnormal fermentation, aromatically excites
stomach action and checks vomiting. The terpineol it contains can signi■cantly relieve asthma.
Attachment: Bái Dòu Kòu Ké 白豆蔻壳

Pericarpium Amomi Kravanh
［Source］ It is the husk of Amomun kravanh Pirre ex Gagnep.

［Clinical Applications］ It is quite similar to the fruit in nature, taste and actions but milder. It is preferable for
fullness of the stomach, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting due to dampness retention and qi stagnation.
Cǎo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻

SEMEN ALPINIAE KATSUMADAI
Katsumadai

Dynasty of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (500 A.D.). Its original name was dòu kòu. It is the
nearly ripe seed of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Căo “herb”, dòu “bean”
and kòu “great many”. It is an herb, and every fruit is
crammed with a great many seeds, each of which looks
very much like a bean.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan and Guangxi
of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and
autumn when the fruit is ripe, and dried almost completely.
The fruit peel is then removed and the seeds are extracted
and dried in the sun. The big, plump and solid seeds with
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strong fragrance are the best in quality.

［Processing］ Impurities and stalks are removed from the seeds before use, or they are stir-fried
with salt water or fresh ginger juice ■rst.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic, warm and drying in property, and enters the spleen and
stomach channels to transform dampness, move qi, warm the middle and calm the stomach to check
vomiting. It is widely used for problems caused by damp-cold retention, alone or in combination.
［Actions］ Transforms dampness, moves qi, warms the middle and calms the stomach to check
vomiting.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For fullness and distention, abdominal cold pain, nausea, and vomiting
due to damp-cold retention in the middle, it can relieve the pain, fullness and distention by warmly
drying dampness and moving qi, but is more effective if used in combination with bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens).
2. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of de■ciency-damp-cold, it is used in combination with bái
zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) (dry-fried), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) (roasted) and
hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) (roasted) to check diarrhea by warming the spleen and drying dampness.
For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and decocted for a short time only to prevent the loss of
volatile oils. Ginger juice or salt water-frying can increase the effects.
heat, because it is warm and dispersing in property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, which are composed of 1,8-cineole, α-humulene
and farnesol. It also contains ■avonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, and diarylheptanoids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-bacteria. The lower concentrated decoction
can excite the isolated intestinal smooth muscles, while the higher concentrated one has the opposite
effect. It also significantly enhances the activity of pepsase. The volatile oils inhibit the isolated
intestinal tract.
Cǎo Guǒ 草果
FRUCTUS TSAOKO
Tsaoko Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Essence of Materia Medica from the Baoqing Era (Băo Qìng
Bĕn Cǎo Zhé Zhōng, 宝庆本草折衷) in the Southern
Song Dynasty. It is the dry ripe fruit of Amomum tsao-
ko Crevost et Lemaire, a perennial herb of the family
Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Cǎo “herb” and guǒ “fruit”.
It is an herb which grows capsular fruits that are used as
food ■avoring.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Yunnan and Guangxi
of China.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected in autumn
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when ripe. The big and plump ones with brownish-red color and strong fragrance are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ After the fruit is browned and plumped up through frying, it is crushed and the
kernels are removed for use, or the kernels are ginger juice-fried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic, warm, drying and dispersing in property, and enters the
spleen and stomach channels. It is stronger than căo dòu kòu (Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai) in the
actions of drying dampness and warming the middle. It also can resolve phlegm and inhibit malaria.
Therefore, it can be used for all problems caused by cold dampness, and for malaria with signs of
damp or phlegm.
［Actions］ Dries dampness, dispels cold, resolves phlegm and inhibits malaria.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For damp-cold retention in the middle with manifestations of
epigastric or abdominal distension or distending pain, and vomiting and diarrhea with turbid
greasy tongue coating, it is often combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi), hòu pò (Cortex
Magnoliae Officinalis) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to dry dampness and warm the
middle.
2. For malaria with obvious damp-cold signs, it is combined with cháng shān (Radix Dichroae),
zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae), such as in the formula Cǎo Guǒ Yǐn
(Tsaoko Fruit Decoction).
For infection by epidemic pathogenic factors in mountain areas, with manifestations
showing dampness retention, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae).
Frying or roasting can make it milder in the actions of dispersing and drying.
or blood de■ciency, because its acrid, aromatic, warm and drying properties may injure the yin and
assist pathogenic ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, which are composed of α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole,
p-cymene, aromatic alcohol, camphor, geraniol, tsaokone, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows effects of relieving pain. α-pinene and
β-pinene it contains have the effects of relieving cough and resolving phlegm, and β-pinene also
shows remarkable effects of anti-in■ammation and anti-fungus. 1,8-cineole can relieve pain, fever
and asthma. Geraniol acts against bacteria, fungus and roundworms.
Summary
Cāng Zhú vs. Hòu Pò

Medicinal Cāng Zhú Hòu Pò
Properties Acrid, bitter; warm; drying
Similarities
Entered channels Spleen, stomach

Actions Dries dampness
Indications Problems due to dampness retention in the middle jiao
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Continued　　
Medicinal Cāng Zhú Hòu Pò
Entered channels — Lung, large intestine
Moves
· the qi of the stomach and large
· Tonif ies the spleen intestine to particularly relieve distension
· ■xpels wind dampness to alleviate
due to dampness retention
Actions wind-cold-damp arthralgia · Improves digestion and defecation by

· I nduces perspiration and improves
activating the movement of the stomach
Differences
vision and large intestine

· Calms wheezing
P oor
· appetite and loose stools in
the pattern of dampness retention
complicated with spleen qi de■ciency
· Wind-cold-damp exterior syndrome,
· Constipation
Indications
night blindness, poor vision and dry · Wheezing with profuse phlegm
eyes
· Leukorrhea, eczema, ulcers and foot

in■ammation and edema
Shā Rén vs. Bái Dòu Kòu

Medicinal Shā Rén Bái Dòu Kòu
Properties Acrid, aromatic; warm
Similarities

Actions Transforms dampness, moves qi, warms the middle and arrests vomiting
Fullness, distension, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting that are due to cold or cold-
Indications
damp retention in the middle jiao
Entered channels — Lung
Differences
Treats damp-heat febrile diseases in the

· Warmly arrests diarrhea and vomiting
Actions early stage, or problems due to dampness
· Prevents threatened abortion
trapped in the middle jiao
Special features Only work on the spleen and stomach Also works on the lung channel
Căo Dòu Kòu vs. Căo Guŏ

Medicinal Căo Dòu Kòu Căo Guŏ
Properties Acrid, aromatic; warm
Similarities

Actions Dries dampness, warms the middle and dissipates cold
Indications Problems due to cold-damp retention in the middle
Resolves phlegm and checks the attack of
Actions Moves qi and arrests vomiting
malaria
Differences
Abdominal distension in the pattern of

Indications Malaria in the cold-damp type
de■ciency cold
Căo guŏ has strong aromatic fragrance,
Special features — and also is stronger than căo dòu kòu in
actions
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Huò Xiāng vs. Xiāng Rú

Medicinal Huò Xiāng Xiāng Rú
Properties Acrid; slightly warm
Similarities
Entered channels Lung, stomach, spleen

Transforms dampness, calms the stomach, counteracts summerheat and releases the
Actions
exterior
Indications ■xterior cold syndrome occurring in the summer
Actions Stops vomiting Relieves edema by improving urination
Vomiting due to turbid dampness Skin edema complicated with exterior
Indications
Differences
obstructing the middle jiao syndrome

More effective in transforming dampness
More powerful in inducing sweating to
and calming the middle to arrest vomiting,
Special features release the exterior, especially the wind-
and thus applicable for vomiting as long
cold pattern in the excess type
as it is caused by dampness retention
Review Questions
1. Give the common properties of herbs that can transform dampness.
2. Give the common actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of herbs in this group.
3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: cāng zhú,
hòu pò and shā rén.
4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: huò xiāng and pèi lán;
cāng zhú and hòu pò; shā rén and bái dòu kòu.
5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics and actions: căo dòu kòu and căo guŏ; huò
xiāng and xiāng rú.
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244
CHAPTER 6
Herbs that Drain Dampness
Section 1 Herbs that Drain Dampness to Relieve Huá Shí 滑石 / 258
Edema / 245 Tōng Cǎo 通草 / 260
Fú Líng 茯苓 / 245 Qú Mài 瞿麦 / 261
Fú Líng Pí 茯苓皮 / 247 Biǎn Xù 萹蓄 / 263
Fú Shén 茯神 / 247 Dì Fū Zǐ 地肤子 / 264
Yì Yĭ Rén 薏苡仁 / 247 Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙 / 265
Zhū Líng 猪苓 / 249 Hǎi Jīn Shā Téng 海金沙藤 / 266
Zé Xiè 泽泻 / 251 Shí Wéi 石韦 / 266
Dōng Guā Pí 冬瓜皮 / 252 Dōng Kuí Zĭ 冬葵子 / 268
Dōng Guā Zǐ 冬瓜子 / 253 Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草 / 269
Chì Xiǎo Dòu 赤小豆 / 254 Bì Xiè 萆薢 / 270
Yù Mǐ Xū 玉米须 / 255 Section 3 Herbs that Clear Damp Heat and
Section 2 Herbs that Promote Urination and Relieve Jaundice / 272
Relieve Stranguria / 256 Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿 / 272
Chē Qián Zǐ 车前子 / 256 Jīn Qián Căo 金钱草 / 273
Chē Qián Cǎo 车前草 / 258
［De■nition］ Herbs that have a primary action of dredging water channels, promoting urination
and draining dampness are called herbs that drain dampness.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most herbs in this category are sweet, bland or bitter in flavor, and
cold, cool or neutral in nature. They mainly enter the bladder, spleen and small intestine channels,
and have as their main actions draining dampness, promoting urination, and relieving stranguria and
jaundice.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly used for dysuria, stranguria, abnormal
urination, edema, jaundice, watery diarrhea, leukorrhea, eczema, phlegm-■uid retention, etc.
［Modi■cations］ Appropriate herbs are combined according to the patterns. For acute edema
with symptoms of exterior syndrome, herbs in this category should be used together with herbs
that disperse the lung qi and cause perspiration to release the edema. For chronic edema in the
pattern of spleen and kidney yang deficiency, herbs that warmly tonify the spleen and kidney
should be used in combination. For disorders due to the interaction of damp heat, herbs for
purging heat should be used in combination. For hematuria triggered by heat, cool herbs that arrest
bleeding should be used in combination. Moreover, since proper water metabolism relies on ■uent
qi movement, herbs in this category are also often combined with herbs that move qi in order to
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this chapter may damage body fluid or yin in the
process of draining dampness.
Herbs in this chapter are divided into three groups:
· herbs that drain dampness to relieve edema
· herbs that promote urination to relieve stranguria
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Chapter 6 Herbs that Drain Dampness 245
· herbs that drain damp heat to relieve jaundice
Section 1 Herbs that Drain Dampness to

Relieve Edema
Most of the herbs in this section are basically sweet and bland, neutral or cold, and non-toxic,
and can relieve edema by inducing diuresis. They are widely used for edema, dysuria, diarrhea and
other disorders caused by phlegm-■uid retention.
FúLíng 茯苓
PORIA
Indian Bread
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fungal mass of
Poria Cocos (Schw.) Wolf, of the family Polyporaceae,
mostly parasitizing on the roots of Pinus Densiflora
Sieb. et Zucc. or Pinus Massoniana Lamb., of the family
Pinaceae. Both the wild and the cultivated herbs are used.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fú “crouching” and líng
“ball”. It parasitizes as if crouching on the roots of pines and
absorbs the essence of the tree, appearing round like a ball but
irregular. The cross-section is white and starchy so it is often
called bái fú líng (白茯苓) where bái means “white”.
［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Yunnan, Hubei,
Anhui and Sichuan provinces of China; that produced in
Yunnan, known as yún líng (云苓), is of the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected from July to September. After sediment is removed, the herbal
material is piled up and left for some time until the moisture evaporates, and then it is further dried
in the sun. This procedure is repeated several times until the moisture is almost gone and the surface
contracts, and then it is dried in the shade. Solid herbs with less cracks, and with white and starchy
［Processing］ The whole herb is soaked and washed with water. It is steamed when completely
moistened, the skin is removed quickly when it is soft, and then it is cut into thick slices or cubes,
and dried completely for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen, kidney.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and thus toni■es the body, and bland so that it drains water down.
It enters the spleen, heart and kidney channels, and is good at draining dampness, invigorating the
spleen and calming the mind. Draining dampness often causes consumption of body yin; however, its
neutral and tonifying nature prevents this from happening. It is widely used for dampness and ■uid
retention no matter whether in patterns of cold, heat, excess or de■ciency. It is also used for anxiety
9-9◎03.indd 245 2014-12-17 14:11:49

in the types of excess and de■ciency.

［Actions］ Drains dampness, promotes urination, invigorates the spleen and calms the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For edema, phlegm-■uid retention and dysuria, it is particularly good
at draining dampness and promoting urination. For edema and dysuria, it is often combined with
zhū líng (Polyporus), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sì Líng Săn (Four Substances Powder with Poria). If
such cases are complicated by mild yang de■ciency, guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) is also used in
combination to warm yang and increase the effect on promoting the water metabolism, such as in
the formula Wŭ Líng Săn (Five Substances Powder with Poria). For cases complicated by severe
yang de■ciency of the spleen and kidney, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis
Praeparata), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Recens) to greatly enhance the effects by tonifying the life gate ■re, and assisting the spleen and
kidney yang, such as in the formula Zhēn Wŭ Tāng (True Warrior Decoction). For cases complicated
by heat and with yin damage as a result, it is combined with huá shí (Talcum), zhū líng (Polyporus)
and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to partly drain heat and ■uid, and to nourish yin as well, such as in the
formula Zhū Líng Tāng (Polyporus Decoction).
For ■uid retained in the chest manifested as constriction, dizziness and heart palpitations in the
pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, it is combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to warmly activate ■uid
circulation, such as in the formula Líng Guì Zhú Gān Tāng (Poria, Cinnamon Twig, Atractylodes
Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction).
2. For loose stools or diarrhea accompanied by poor appetite, and frequent tiredness due to
spleen qi de■ciency, it can invigorate the spleen and drain dampness at the same time. But it is more
effective if combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and similar herbs for nourishing qi and
invigorating the spleen, such as in the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four Gentlemen Decoction) and Shēn
Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes Powder).
3. For palpitations and insomnia, it can calm the mind and slightly nourish the heart and the spleen.
For palpitations, panic attack, poor memory and insomnia in the pattern of heart blood and
spleen qi de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis) and yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Guī Pí Tāng
(Spleen-Restoring Decoction).
For panic attacks due to severe heart qi deficiency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis) to greatly nourish qi
and suppress panic, such as in the formula Ān Shén Dìng Zhì Wán (Spirit-Tranquilizing and Mind-
Stabilizing Pill).
For palpitations due to water qi intimidating the heart, it is used together with guì zhī (Ramulus
Cinnamomi), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Recens) to warmly dredge the channels and improve the circulation, such as in the formula Fú Líng
Gān Căo Tāng (Poria and Licorice Decoction).
powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with urinary incontinence or
spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney de■ciency, since it is draining and acting downwards
and thus may aggravate these problems.
9-9◎03.indd 246 2014-12-17 14:11:50

［Ingredients］ Mainly contains β-pachyman, acetyl-pachymic acid, pachymic acid, ergosterol,

choline, histidine, sylvite, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of diuresis, improvement of immunity, anti-
tumor, anti-bacteria, sedation, lowering blood sugar, protection of the liver and anti-gastric ulcer. The
decoction taken orally can alleviate damage by kanamycin.
Attachment: FúLíng Pí 茯苓皮

Cutis Poriae
［Source］ It is the skin of fú líng, and has the same ■avor and nature as fú líng (Poria).
［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］ It is only used for draining water, and thus accordingly to treat edema. It is
often combined with shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and dà fù pí (Pericarpium
Arecae).
FúShén 茯神
Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis
［Source］ It is the white part of fú líng (Poria) surrounding the pine root.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen.
［Actions］ Calms the heart and mind, and drains water.
［Clinical Applications］ Palpitations, panic attacks, poor memory, insomnia, epilepsy and dysuria.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains pachymic acid and polysaccharides.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effect of sedation.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, pills or powder form.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with urinary incontinence or spontaneous seminal
emission due to kidney de■ciency.
YìYǐRén 薏苡仁
SEMEN COICIS
Coix Seed
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature
seed of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.)
Stapf., a perennial herb of the family Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yì “best wishes”, yĭ
“termination” and rén “kernel”. It is said that Ma Yuan,
a person in the ■astern Han Dynasty, would have
introduced yì yĭ rén to China with good wishes, but
terminated the project because he was slandered. It is also
called mĭ rén (米仁), yì rén (薏仁) or yì mĭ (苡米).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Fujian, Hebei and
Liaoning provinces of China.
9-9◎03.indd 247 2014-12-17 14:11:52

［Collection］ The ripe fruits are collected in autumn and dried in the sun. The outer shell, seed
coat and impurities are removed, and the kernels are kept for use. The big, plump and white colored
seeds are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the seeds can be used directly or stir-baked with
bran ■rst.
［Properties］ Sweet, bland; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, bland and slightly cold in nature, it enters the spleen, stomach and
lung channels. It presents mild positive rather than adverse effects to the body. The raw herb is
slightly cold, so that apart from the common actions of draining dampness and water, it can clear
heat, relieve joint-bi syndrome and expel pus by improving granulation. It can also slightly invigorate
the spleen, and is suitable for treating damp-heat accumulation and abscesses. The stir-baked herb,
on the other hand, is slightly warm, so that it strengthens the spleen and checks diarrhea by draining
dampness, and is suitable for spleen de■ciency with excessive accumulated dampness.
［Actions］ Drains dampness, promotes urination, invigorates the spleen, arrests diarrhea, clears
heat, expels pus and relieves bi syndrome.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For edema, dysuria and leukorrhea and disorders due to fluid
retention, it acts like fú líng (Poria) but in addition can clear heat. It is more effective for edema and
dysuria particularly in the pattern of spleen qi deficiency. For mild cases, it is often simply used
together with rice, while for serious cases, fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and zhū líng
(Polyporus) are commonly used in combination to enhance the effects on draining ■uid.
For beriberi infection of the feet and edema in the pattern of damp heat pouring down, it is
often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis)
and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to drain damp heat in order to relieve edema, such as in
the formula Sì Miào Wán (Four Wonderful Herbs Pill).
For stranguria with turbid urine in the pattern of damp heat, it is combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to improve urination and
relieve stranguria by draining damp heat.
For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp-heat retention, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to arrest
the profuse discharge by draining damp heat and drying up the dampness. For leukorrhea in the
pattern of damp cold, on the other hand, it is combined with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), bái zhú
(Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to arrest the profuse
discharge by draining dampness and warmly drying up the dampness and cold.
2. For chronic diarrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency with an overabundance of dampness, it can
mildly increase the spleen qi and drain dampness to relieve diarrhea. It frequently works together
with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and shān yào
(Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to check diarrhea by strengthening the spleen qi and draining dampness, such
as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes Powder).
3. For lung and intestinal abscesses, it can reduce pus by clearing damp heat.
For lung abscesses marked by coughing with purulent thick sputum, it is usually combined
with wěi jīng (Caulis Phragmitis), dōng guā rén (Semen Benincasae) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to
relieve the abscesses by clearing damp heat in the lung, resolving phlegm and promoting granulation,
such as in the formula Wěi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites Stem Decoction).
For intestinal abscesses with abdominal pain, it can be used together with bài jiàng căo (Herba
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Patriniae), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear
toxic heat and relieve swelling.
4. For joint-bi syndrome, it mainly focuses on joint edema, especially when accompanied with
heat, because it is slightly cold in nature.
For joint heat-bi syndrome, it is often combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae),
huá shí (Talcum) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), such as in the formula Xuān Bì Tāng (Impediment-
Diffusing Decoction).
For rheumatic fever, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xìng rén (Semen
Armeniacae Amarum) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle), such
as in the formula Má Huáng Xìng Rén Yì Yĭ Gān Căo Tāng (■phedra, Bitter Apricot Seed, Coix Seed
and Licorice Decoction).
For joint cold-bi syndrome, it needs to be used in combination with guì zhī (Ramulus
Cinnamomi), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and such warm
herbs to warmly dredge the channels, such as in the formula Yì Yĭ Rén Tāng (Coix Seed Decoction).
5. Additionally, if combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), bái dòu kòu (Fructus
Amomi Kravanh) and huá shí (Talcum) to clear heat and drain dampness, it can be used for whole
body pain due to damp heat, often happening in febrile diseases during the early stage, such as in the
formula Sān Rén Tāng (Three Kernels Decoction).
powder. It can also be made into porridge or soup for dietary therapy. For damp-heat disorders, the
raw one is used, while for strengthening the spleen qi and checking diarrhea, the stir-baked one is
preferred.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ In order to be effective, it is necessary to administer it in a
large dose and over a long time period, because of its mild ef■cacy.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains coixenolide, coixol, coix seed oil, crude proteins, lipide, coixan,
carbohydrates, Vitamin B1, sterol glycoside, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its alcohol extract shows effects of anti-tumor and anti-bacteria,
and its coixenolide is the main component for anti-tumor. Coix seed oil can inhibit skeletal muscular
contraction in frogs, excite the isolated uterus in vivo, excite the isolated intestines of rabbits at
low concentration, and excite ■rst and inhibit later at high concentration. The aqueous extract can
enhance immunity, lower blood sugar, relieve fever, tranquilize the mind and relieve pain.
ZhūLíng 猪苓
POLYPORUS
Polyporus
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fungal mass of Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries, of the
family Polyporaceae. It generally parasitizes the rotten roots of birch, maple, oak and other kinds of
trees.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhū “pig” and líng “round shape”. It looks like pig dung, irregularly
round in shape with brownish-black outer skin.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi and Yunnan provinces, and also in Jilin, Hebei, Sichuan,
Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Guizhou and other areas of China.
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［Collection］ It is collected during spring or autumn.

Big ones with black outer skin and white cross-sections are
of the best quality.
with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick pieces and
dried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, bland and neutral in
properties and enters the kidney and bladder channels. It is
good at draining dampness and water through promoting
urination, and thus is widely used for dampness or water
retention in any pattern.
［Actions］ Promotes urination and drains dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For edema, phlegm-■uid retention and dysuria, it is often combined
with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sì Líng Sǎn (Four Substances Powder with Poria). For
cases in the pattern of yang de■ciency, guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) is used at the same time to
increase the ef■cacy by warming yang, such as in the formula Wǔ Líng Sǎn (Five Substances Powder
with Poria). For cases complicated by water heat retention and yin de■ciency, it is combined with
huá shí (Talcum), fú líng (Poria) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effects on draining
water, and on clearing heat and nourishing yin as well, such as in the formula Zhū Líng Tāng
(Polyporus Decoction).
2. For diarrhea, stranguria with turbid urine, and leukorrhagia.
For chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency with an overabundance of dampness, it is
often combined with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) (dry-fried) to activate the spleen, drain dampness and check diarrhea.
For diarrhea occurring during the summer and autumn due to cold attack, it is often combined
with fú líng (Poria), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae
Of■cinalis) to drain dampness, harmonize the stomach and check diarrhea, such as in the formula
Wèi Líng Tāng (Stomach and Poria Decoction).
For stranguria with turbid urine due to damp heat pouring down, mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae),
huá shí (Talcum) and shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) should be used in the combination to clear heat,
promote urination and relieve stranguria, such as in the formula Shí Wèi Dǎo Chì Tāng (Ten-Ingredient
Redness-Removing Decoction).
For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp heat, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and fú líng (Poria) in order to clear heat
and dry dampness to arrest leukorrhea. For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp cold, it is combined
with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) (dry-fried), prepared cāng zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis) and chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) in order to dissipate cold, dry dampness and stop
leukorrhea.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, also made into pills or
powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or for those
cases without dampness retention, since it may consume yin through draining dampness.
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［Ingredients］ Contains polyporus polysaccharides, polyporic acid, polyporic ketones,

ergosterin, biotin, crude proteins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of diuresis, anti-tumor, anti-radiation and anti-
bacteria, as well as the enhancement of the reticuloendothelial system. Its extracts can increase
platelet aggregation in vitro.
Zé Xiè 泽泻
RHIZOMA ALISMATIS
Water Plantain Rhizome
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried stem tuber of
Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep., a perennial herb of the family
Alismataceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zé “a place where water gathers”
and xiè “evacuation”. It is effective at evacuating water and
dampness retention of the body, and grows in marsh land. That
produced in Fujian Province of China is of the best quality and
is called jiàn (the abbreviation of Fujian) zé xiè (建泽泻).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Fujian, Sichuan and Jiangxi
provinces of China; that which is produced in Fujian Province
is the best in quality.
［Collection］ The stem tubers are collected in winter when the stems and leaves have withered,
then cleaned with water and dried with the hairy roots and coarse outer skin removed. Big ■rm ones
with starchy slices and light yellow color are the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and
dried for use. Alternately, it is bran-baked or salt water-fried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is cold and bland in property, so that it is able to clear heat and drain
dampness and water by promoting urination. It enters the kidney and bladder channels, so that it is
particularly effective in treating damp heat in the lower jiao and edema with heat.
［Actions］ Drains dampness and purges heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For edema, dysuria, diarrhea, dizziness and vertigo due to phlegm
■uid retention, it is good at promoting urination, and draining dampness and purging heat through
urination.
For edema, dysuria, and diarrhea, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng
(Polyporus) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) in order to drain dampness to
alleviate edema and dry stools, such as in the formula Sì Líng Sǎn (Four Substances Powder
with Poria). For the above disorders in the pattern of damp heat retention and yin de■ciency, it
is often combined with huá shí (Talcum), fú líng (Poria) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance
the effects on draining damp heat and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zhū Líng Tāng (Polyporus
Decoction).
For dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, palpitations, nausea and vomiting along with fullness in
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the epigastrium, it is commonly combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
to transform phlegm and dampness, such as in the formula Zé Xiè Tāng (Alisma Decoction). If
combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), fú líng (Poria) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Recens) in addition to the above herbs, it acts to transform phlegm dampness and descend qi to
relieve nausea and vomiting due to ■uid or dampness retention.
2. For leukorrhea and stranguria with turbid urine in the pattern of damp heat, it is commonly
combined with lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), and mù
tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to drain damp heat from the lower jiao, such as in the formula Lóng Dǎn Xiè
Gān Tāng (Gentian Heart-Draining Decoction).
3. For seminal emission complicated by night sweating, genital sweating, overactive libido,
tinnitus and soreness in the lower back, which are generally due to kidney yin def iciency and
def iciency heat, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān
yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to suppress fire and
nourish kidney yin, such as in the formulas Liù Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill)
and Zhī Băi Dì Huáng Wán (Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and Rehmannia Pill).
If stir-baked with bran, its coldness property is reduced, and thus it is suitable for central yang
de■ciency. If stir-baked with salt water, its effect on suppressing def iciency heat is increased, and
thus it is more suitable for cases with kidney yin de■ciency and def iciency heat.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with chronic cold diarrhea, yin
de■ciency but without damp heat retention, or spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney
qi de■ciency, since it is draining and descending.
［Ingredients］ It contains alisol, volatile oils, alkaloids, choline, lecithin, proteins, Vitamin B12,
potassium (147.5mg％), etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of diuresis, lowering cholesterol, anti-fatty liver,
anti-atherosclerosis, dilating the coronary artery, anti-coagulation, lowering blood pressure and sugar,
and increasing the urinary excretion of sodium, chlorine, potassium and urea. It also can inhibit
staphylococcus aureus, pneumococci and tubercle bacillus.
Dōng Guā Pí冬瓜皮

EXOCARPIUM BENINCASAE
Chinese Waxgourd Peel
草) in the Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the fresh or
dried peel of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., an
annual herb of the family Cucurbitaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dōng “winter”, guā
“melon” and pí “skin”. It is melon-shaped and ripens
in the early winter. When it is getting ripe, its skin is
whitish as if covered by white powder, and the ■esh,
pulp and seeds turn white too; therefore, it is also
called bái guā (白瓜) and the skin is called bái guā pí
(白瓜皮), where bái means “white”.
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［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces
of China.
［Collection］ The fresh peels are collected and dried in the sun. The grayish-green skins with
whitish powder on the surface, and sliced thin and long are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean and left to dry. It is cut into long
narrow pieces or patches, and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bland and slightly cold in property, and enters the lung and small intestine
channels, so that it particularly performs the effects of draining damp heat to alleviate edema and
dysuria with heat retention. It is also used for draining summerheat by improving urination.
［Actions］ Drains water and alleviates edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For edema and dysuria, especially with heat retention, it can be used
alone or in combination with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to
reinforce the effects.
2. Additionally, it can relieve summerheat.
For summerheat with excessive thirst, it is used alone or in combination with xī guā pí
(■xocarpium Citrulli), which is normally decocted and taken as tea.
For summerheat complicated with dampness, it is used together with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis),
huá shí (Talcum) and biǎn dòu huā (Flos Lablab Album).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency. Since it is not
too cold in nature, it can be used in a large dose.
［Ingredients］ Contains volatile components which include n-hexanal and n-hexyl formate,
etc., triterpenes, vitamins B and C, nicotinic acid, saccharides, organic acids, starch, and inorganic
elements such as sodium and potassium.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction applied internally can increase the volume of urine.
Attachment: Dōng Guā Zǐ 冬瓜子

Semen Benincasae
［Source］ It is the seed of this plant, and is also known as dōng guā rén (“kernel”).
［Actions］ Clears lung heat, resolves phlegm, drains
dampness and improves tissue granulation.
［Clinical Applications］ Cough due to lung heat, lung and
intestinal abscesses, turbid urine and leukorrheal diseases.
For lung abscesses, it is combined with wěi jīng (Caulis
Phragmitis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and yì yĭ rén (Semen
Coicis), such as in the formula Wěi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites
Stem Decoction).
For intestinal abscesses in the early stage, it is often
used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and mŭ
dān pí (Cortex Moutan), such as in the formula Dà Huáng Mǔ Dān Pí Tāng (Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction).
［Ingredients］ It contains fats, urea, citrulline, saponins, etc.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ The common dose is 10-15 g.
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ChìXiǎo Dòu 赤小豆

SEMEN PHASEOLI
Adzuki Bean
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seeds of
Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. or Phaseolus angularis
Wight., annual herbs of the family Fabaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chì “dark red”, xiăo “small”
and dòu “bean”. It is a small bean with dark red color,
also known as hóng dòu (红豆) or hóng xiăo dòu (红小
豆), where hóng means “red”.
［Habitat］ Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. is mainly
produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi, while
Phaseolus angularis Wight. is extensively cultivated
throughout China.
［Collection］ The seeds are collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe but before splitting, and
dried in the sun. The plump ones with crimson red to dark red color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the seeds are washed clean and dried before use.
［Properties］ Sweet, sour; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet in taste and neutral but slightly cold in nature to perform the
actions of detoxi■cation and draining. It enters the heart, spleen and small intestine channels and
is good at draining water, dampness and toxic heat; thus it is commonly applied to treat edema,
jaundice and abscesses internally or externally.
［Actions］ Drains water, dampness and toxic heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For edema, it drains water effectively by increasing urination.
For ascites, it can be used alone in decoction and taken frequently, or in combination with fú
líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to enhance the effects.
For foot edema, it is commonly combined with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), bīng láng
(Semen Arecae) and tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), or is decocted alone for warmly soaking
the feet.
2. For damp-heat jaundice, it can eliminate jaundice by effectively draining dampness and heat.
It is commonly combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and
dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to reinforce the effects. If the damp heat jaundice is complicated
with signs of exterior syndrome, it is commonly combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), lián
qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) to relieve jaundice by dispersing the exterior
and draining dampness and heat, such as in the formula Má Huáng Lián Qiào Chì Xiăo Dòu Tāng
(■phedra, Forsythia and Rice Bean Decoction).
3. For abscesses, erysipelas and mumps, it clears toxic heat by improving urination.
For abscesses, erysipelas, mumps and acute mastitis, its powder is mixed with vinegar or egg
whites and applied topically, or it is combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and similar herbs, and applied in decoction for
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internal administration.
For intestinal abscesses, it is commonly combined with yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis), hóng téng
(Caulis Sargentodoxae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to drain toxic heat and relieve
swelling.
4. Additionally, its powder can be used in mixture with egg whites or cool water and applied
topically for bruises to resolve blood stasis and relieve pain.
powder. Alternately, it is cooked with rice into porridge and taken at meals. For external use: it is
powdered or decocted and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ If overused, it may consume body ■uid and yin.
［Ingredients］ Contains saccharides, triterpenoid saponins, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, crude
■ber, vitamins B1 and B2, nicotinic acid, calcium, phosphorus, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can inhibit bacteria. The proteinase inhibitor it
contains can inhibit the activity of trypsin and human spermatic acrosin, and inhibit human sperm in
vitro.
YùMǐXū玉米须
STIGMA MAYDIS
Cornsilk
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty (1436
A.D.). Its original name was yù mài xū (玉麦须). It is
the silk of Zea mays L., a large annual herb of the family
Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yù mǐ “corn” and xū
“beard”. Its long silk threads look like a man’s beard.
［Habitat］ ■xtensively cultivated in most regions of
China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn when the
corn matures.
［Processing］ Impurities are removed for direct
use, or it is dried in the sun or baked in an oven before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, liver, gallbladder.
［Characteristic］ It is sweet, bland and neutral in property, and enters the bladder, liver and
gallbladder channels. It is good at draining water, dampness and heat by improving urination, and
thus is commonly applied to treat edema, dysuria, stranguria and jaundice. It is also taken as a
complementary treatment for diabetes and hypertension.
［Actions］ Drains water, dampness and heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For edema, dysuria and stranguria, it can effectively drain water and
heat by improving urination.
For edema and dysuria, it is decocted alone in large dose and applied internally, or combined
with dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and fú líng pí (Cutis
Poriae) to reinforce the effects.
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For stranguria triggered by damp heat in the bladder, it is often combined with jīn qián căo
(Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to enhance the
effects on clearing both heat and dampness.
2. For jaundice either in heat or cold pattern, it can improve the bile secretion and drain the
dampness of the gallbladder, yet is better used in large dose if taken alone as a tea.
For jaundice in heat pattern, it is commonly combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae),
yī n chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to clear heat and drain
dampness.
For jaundice in cold pattern, it is commonly combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis
Praeparata), yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and fú líng (Poria) to warm yang, dissipate cold
and drain dampness.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction usually, 60 g sometimes if
necessary; the dosage is doubled if the fresh herb is applied.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is mild, so application of a large dose is encouraged to
increase the ef■cacy.
［Ingredients］ Contains fatty oils, volatile oils, potassium nitrate, vitamins C and K, maize acid,
saponins, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, alkaloids, bitter glucoside, and cryptoxanthin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It is diuretic, anti-hypertensive, cholagogic and hemostatic.
Section 2 Herbs that Promote Urination

and Relieve Stranguria
Most of the herbs in this section are bitter, sweet or bland in taste, and cold, cool or neutral in
nature. Most of them enter the kidney and bladder channels. They can effectively relieve stranguria
by draining heat and dampness, so they are mainly applied for stranguria and dysuria, and such
complications as scanty dark urine with a hot sensation in the urethra, hematuria, urolithus, chyluria,
proteinuria and turbid urine.
Chē Qián Zǐ车前子

SEMEN PLANTAGINIS
Plantago Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the ripe seeds of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa Willd.,
perennial herbs of the family Plantaginaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chē “cart”, qián “before” and zǐ “seed”. The plants usually grow on
roadsides or in the feeding grounds of cows or horses, and are often seen in front of carts, commonly
used vehicles in ancient China. The whole plant is also medicinal and is known as chē qián căo
(“grass”) (车前草).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Henan and Jiangxi
provinces of China.
［Collection］ The spikes are collected during the summer and autumn when the seeds are ripe.
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They are dried in the sun and kneaded to yield up the

seeds. ■venly plump seeds with brownish-red color
seeds can be used directly or stir-baked with salt water
■rst.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, liver, lung.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and cold in property,
and enters the kidney, liver and lung channels. It not
only can drain damp heat to treat disorders caused by
damp heat retained in the lower jiao and edema with heat, but also can dry stools to check diarrhea
by secreting dampness from the stools to the urine. Furthermore, it can clear lung heat and resolve
phlegm to treat cough with phlegm heat, and clear liver heat to relieve in■amed eyes.
［Actions］ Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, drains dampness, checks diarrhea, clears
liver and lung heat to relieve in■amed eyes, and resolves phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For stranguria, edema, dysuria and leukorrheal diseases, it mainly
acts to drain dampness by promoting urination and counteracts heat to relieve stranguria.
For stranguria due to damp heat pouring down to the bladder, it is effectively used alone
or in combination with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), huá shí (Talcum) and biăn xù (Herba Polygoni
Avicularis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng Săn (■ight-Ingredient
Recti■cation Powder).
For edema and dysuria with heat signs, it is commonly combined with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè
(Rhizoma Alismatis) and dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae) to enhance the effects on draining
dampness.
For chronic edema in the lower part of the body complicated with kidney de■ciency, it is
generally combined with niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to invigorate the kidney yang and to enhance the
effect on promoting urination, such as in the formula Jì Shēng Shèn Qì Wán (Life-Saving Kidney
Qi Pill).
For leukorrhea due to profuse damp heat, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis), bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to check leukorrhea by
invigorating the spleen, draining and drying dampness, and clearing heat, such as in the formula Yì
Huáng Tāng (Transforming Yellow Decoction).
2. For diarrhea due to summerheat dampness, it can check it by secreting dampness from the
stools to the urine.
For watery diarrhea in the pattern of summerheat dampness complicated by scanty dark urine
and dysuria, it can be used alone in powder and taken with rice soup, or in combination with huá shí
(Talcum), shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and bái biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album),
and applied internally in decotion.
For watery diarrhea in the pattern of spleen de■ciency with abundant dampness, it is generally
combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and zé xiè (Rhizoma
Alismatis) (baked) to check diarrhea by strengthening the spleen and draining dampness.
3. For in■amed eyes and dark or blurred vision, it can clear heat from the liver and improve vision.
For inflamed eyes triggered by liver heat, it is generally combined with jú huā (Flos
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Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects.
For dark or blurred vision in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined
with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and chŭ shí zĭ (Fructus
Broussonetiae) to tonify the liver and kidney and improve vision, such as in the formula Zhù Jǐng
Wán (View-Keeping Pill).
4. For cough and wheezing with phlegm heat, it is able to clear lung heat and resolve phlegm effectively.
For cough with phlegm heat, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhè bèi
mǔ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to enhance the effects.
For cough with wheezing and phlegm heat, it is combined with tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu
Lepidii), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to enhance the effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-15 g wrapped by cloth in decoction, or made
into pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with sinking of the central yang qi
or spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney de■ciency without damp heat.
［Ingredients］ It contains plantenolic acid, plantainoside, plantago-mucoitin, mucilage, proteins,
succinic acid, choline, fatty oils, vitamins A and B, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows remarkable effects of diuresis, expelling phlegm, relieving
cough, anti-in■ammation, and preventing urinary stones and aging. It can also inhibit various kinds of
bacilli and staphylococci. Plantago-mucoitin can activate the reticuloendothelial system.
Attachment: Chē Qián Cǎo 车前草

Herba Plantaginis
［Source］ It is the whole plant of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa Willd., and also known as dāng dào
(当道) and niú yí (牛遗).
［Properties ＆ Actions］ It is similar to chē qián zǐ in taste, nature and actions except for the action of cooling
blood and clearing toxic heat.
［Clinical Applications］ ■dema, stranguria, leukorrheal diseases, inflamed eyes, damp-heat dysentery or
diarrhea, cough due to lung heat, epistaxis, hematuria and toxic heat sores.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction and doubled when the fresh herb is used. For
external use: the fresh herb is pounded into paste and applied topically.
Huá Shí滑石
TALCUM
Talcum
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is talcum, a silicate mineral stone.
［■xplanation of Name］ Huá “slippery” and shí “stone”. It is
a mineral stone with smooth and slippery cross-section. When used
in powder form, it is called huá shí fěn (“powder”), while the water-
ground re■ned powder is named fēi huá shí (飞滑石).
［Habitat］ The talcum stone is mainly produced in Laiyang of
Shandong, Yingtan of Jiangxi, and Benxi of Liaoning, while huá shí
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fěn is mainly produced in Qingdao of Shandong, Haicheng of Liaoning, Guangxi and other areas in
China.
［Collection］ It can be collected the whole year round. After collection, impurities are removed.
For the stone form, the clean, complete stone with white color and smooth cross-section is of the best
quality. For the powder form, clean, re■ned and purely white powder is of the best quality.
［Processing］ The stones are cleaned with water, dried and then crushed for use. If the powder
is crude, it is ground into ■ne powder or water-ground into re■ned powder for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, bland and cold in property, and enters the bladder and stomach
channels. It drains water and clears heat, and serves as a key herb for the treatment of stranguria
in the pattern of damp heat, and for fever, headache and nausea due to summerheat or summerheat
dampness. If applied topically, it can cool skin heat and dry up skin dampness, and thus is used for
skin heat ulcers, heat rashes and eczema.
［Actions］ Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, clears summerheat, drains dampness and
heals sores.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat or urolithic stranguria, it can effectively promote urination
and counteract heat to relieve urethral pain.
For stranguria due to dampness heat pouring down to the bladder, it is commonly combined
with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to
enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng Săn (■ight-Ingredient Recti■cation Powder).
For urolithic stranguria, it is combined with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), jīn qián căo (Herba
Lysimachiae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to clear heat, promote urination and resolve stones, such
as in the formula Èr Jīn Pái Shí Tāng (Two Gold Calculus-Discharging Decoction).
2. For summerheat and summerheat dampness syndromes, it can purge heat and dampness by
promoting urination.
For summerheat syndrome marked by excessive thirst, mental irritation, scanty dark urine, and
vomiting or diarrhea, it is generally combined with shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae),
such as in the formula Liù Yī Săn (Six-to-One Powder). If the syndrome is complicated by exterior
heat syndrome, it is combined with bò he (Herba Menthae) and shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Jī Sū Săn (Peppermint Powder). For the syndrome complicated
by high fever and restlessness, it is combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and gān căo (Radix et
Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Yì Yuán Săn (Original Qi-Boosting Powder).
For summerheat dampness syndrome in the early stage manifested as aversion to cold,
headache, heaviness and aching pain over the body, and chest distress, it is commonly combined
with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus
Amomi Kravanh) to disperse chest qi and drain dampness and heat, such as in the formula Sān
Rén Tāng (Three Kernels Decoction). For this syndrome with spleen and stomach manifestations,
it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), zhū líng (Polyporus) and tōng căo (Medulla
Tetrapanacis) to drain damp heat and harmonize the middle, such as in the formula Huáng Qín Huá
Shí Tāng (Scutellaria and Talcum Decoction).
3. For skin heat ulcers, eczema and heat rashes, applied topically it can clear heat, dry dampness
and improve the healing of sores.
For skin heat ulcers and eczema, it can be used alone or in combination with kū fán (Alumen
Dehydratum) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) in powder and applied topically.
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For heat rashes, it is commonly combined with bò he (Herba Menthae), gān căo (Radix et
Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), and applied topically in powder.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. The stone form should be
crushed into pieces ■rst and decocted for a longer time, and the powder form should be wrapped
in cloth ■rst, or the powder can be made into pills or used directly as powder. For external use: the
re■ned powder is applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with spleen qi de■ciency, spontaneous
seminal emission and ■uid de■ciency, since it is cold, descending and sinking.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2. It also contains iron, sodium, potassium,
calcium, aluminum, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ Mg 3(Si 4O 10)(OH) 2 is absorbing and astringing to chemical
stimuli and poisons; therefore, applied topically it can protect the skin and mucosa. Applied
internally, it can protect the in■amed mucus membranes of the stomach and intestines to check
vomiting and diarrhea, and significantly inhibit gastrointestinal uptake of poison. The powder
applied topically on wounded skin can serve as a thin layer to protect the wound surface, absorb
secreted substances and improve the healing. It also can inhibit salmonella typhi, salmonella
paratyphi A and meningococcus.
Tōng Cǎo 通草
MEDULLA TETRAPANACIS
Rice Paper Plant Pith
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’(Bĕn Căo Shí Yí，本草拾
遗) in the Tang Dynasty (720 A.D.). Its original name
was tōng tuō mù (通脱木). It is the dried stalk pith of
Tetrapanax papyriferus (Hook.) K. Koch, an evergreen
shrub or small tree of the family Araliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tōng “dredging”, tuō
“separate” and mù “wood”. The whole stalk pith can be
separated from the wooden stem when the plant is fresh.
It is also known as tōng căo (“plant”), since it is of plant
origin and effective at unblocking channels.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Yunnan,
Sichuan and Guangxi of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. After collection,
the fresh stem is cut into segments, the skin is stripped and the pith taken out, stretched straight and
dried in the sun. The big, white and elastic pith with segmentation is the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cut into thick pieces for use.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, bland and slightly cold in property, and generally induces mild
effects. It enters the lung channel to bring heat downwards and out through urination. It enters the
stomach channel to activate lactation by increasing qi and blood movement. It can quickly drain
heat and dampness out by promoting urination. Therefore, it is commonly used for milder cases of
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stranguria in the pattern of damp heat, and for poor lactation.

［Actions］ Drains damp heat, and promotes urination and lactation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For damp-heat stranguria and dark urine in febrile diseases with
damp heat, it mainly drains dampness and heat by promoting urination.
For stranguria due to damp heat pouring down, it is commonly combined with huá shí (Talcum),
bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), etc.
For febrile disease with damp heat in the early stage marked by headache, aversion to cold,
heavy and aching pain all over the body, chest constriction and dark urine, it is often combined with
xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi
Kravanh) to disperse the qi of the chest and drain damp heat, such as in the formula Sān Rén Tāng
(Three Kernels Decoction).
2. For agalactia and hypogalactia, it raises qi upwards and promotes lactation.
For agalactia and hypogalactia due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is usually cooked together
with pig’s feet or chicken to make soup, and the soup is taken daily. Chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong), chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) can
also be used to reinforce the effects.
For agalactia and hypogalactia due to liver qi stagnation resulting from blood de■ciency, it is
commonly combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and xiāng
fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to boost lactation by nourishing blood and dispersing liver qi.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnancy and disorders that are not
caused by damp heat, because it can effectively drain dampness and heat.
［Ingredients］ It contains uronic acid, fats, proteins and polysaccharides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of diuresis, increasing potassium excretion and
milk secretion.
［Note］ Mù tōng and tōng cǎo are totally different herbs today, but they were often confused
with each other in ancient books. Mù tōng was often called tōng cǎo, and the herb called tōng cǎo
nowadays was named tōng tuō mù.
QúMài 瞿麦
HERBA DIANTHI
Lilac Pink
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried
above-ground part of Dianthus superbus L. or
Dianthus chinensis L., perennial herbs of the family
Caryophyllaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qú “crossroads” and
mài “wheat”. The plant has a lot of accessory roots
which look like crossroads, and the fruit grows like
wheat. Its stem and leaf look extremely like bamboo
but stretch out from underneath mountain rocks, and
therefore it is also called shí zhú (石竹), which means “stone bamboo”.
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［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi and other provinces in
China.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and autumn. After impurities are removed, it is dried
in the sun. Yellowish-green plants with buds are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It should be cleaned, moistened until soft, cut into segments and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, small intestine, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, it enters the heart, small intestine and bladder
channels, and is good at draining heat and dampness by promoting urination. It is commonly used for
stranguria, or stranguria with bloody urine due to damp heat retention, or simply heat retention. It can
also break up blood stasis and dredge channels, so that is applicable for dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea
due to blood stasis.
［Actions］ Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, breaks up blood stasis and dredges
channels.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For damp-heat stranguria, it relieves urethral burning pain and clears
dampness and heat by increasing urination.
For heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ
(Semen Plantaginis) and biăn xù (Herba Polygoni Avicularis) to reinforce the effects, such as in the
formula Bā Zhèng Sǎn (■ight-Ingredient Recti■cation Powder).
For stranguria with bloody urine, it is commonly combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), bái
máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to cool blood, check urinary bleeding
and clear heat by promoting urination.
For stranguria due to urolithic stones, jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora
Lygodii) and shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) are usually applied in combination to increase the effects
and resolve the stones.
2. For amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it can be used in combination with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae
Miltiorrhizae) to reinforce its effects.
3. Additionally, it can be used for carbuncles, furuncles and swollen sores.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or used in pills or powder.
For external use: it is decocted for topical steaming, or the fresh herb is pounded for topical
application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or for patients with
slow urination due to deficiency cold in the lower jiao, since it is cold and breaks up blood
stasis.
［Ingredients］ The plant of Dianthus superbus L. contains ■avonoids such as anthocyanin, and
pinite. The ■owering plant of Dianthus chinensis L. contains ■avonoids (including anthocyanin) and
triterpenoid saponins.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has effects of diuresis, excitation of the intestinal canal and
uterine smooth muscles, cardiovascular depression and bacteriostasis. It also can decrease blood
pressure and kill japonicum.
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Biǎn Xù萹蓄
HERBA POLYGONI AVICULARIS
Knotweed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the above-ground part of
Polygonum aviculare L., an annual or perennial herb of
the family Polygonaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Biǎn “ovoid” and xù is an
old word for “bamboo”. The leaf is narrow, long and
green, and the stem is ovoid with nodes on the surface and
hollow in the middle like bamboo.
Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Hubei and the northeast region.
［Collection］ The plants are collected during the
summer when they are most ■ourishing. After foreign matter and roots are removed, they are dried
in the sun. The young, tender and clean plants with grayish-green color and dense leaves are the best
in quality.
［Processing］ After cleaning with water, the plants are cut into segments for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and slightly cold in property, it enters the bladder channel, so that it
is able to drain dampness and heat by promoting urination, and relieve stranguria as the result. It
also can kill worms and parasites and relieve itching, and is often used for ascaris and enterobius
vermicularis infection, and eczema and pruritus vulvae.
［Actions］ Promotes urination, relieves stranguria, kills parasites and relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat or blood stranguria, it can remarkably relieve the slow and
painful discharge of urine by draining dampness and heat from the bladder.
For damp-heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù
tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and huá shí (Talcum) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhèng
Sǎn (■ight-Ingredient Recti■cation Powder).
For blood stranguria, it can be used in combination with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), xiăo jì
(Herba Cirsii) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to drain dampness and heat, cool blood and
arrest bleeding.
2. For eczema, pruritus vulvae and intestinal worm infection.
For eczema, ulcers and pruritus vulvae, it can be used alone and in combination with dì fū zĭ
(Fructus Kochiae), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) in decoction,
and for rinsing the skin topically.
For intestinal ascaris infection, it is used in combination with rice vinegar, or with wū
méi (Fructus Mume), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) to
immobilize and ■nally kill the worms.
For intestinal pinworm infection, it is used in combination with kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae),
bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae), and applied orally in decoction. For cases
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with serious anal itching, it can be decocted ■rst to steam or warmly rinse the area to relieve the
itching.
3. Additionally, if combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei), hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) and similar herbs, it can relieve jaundice by
draining damp heat from the body via the bladder.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction generally, and the dose is
doubled if the raw herb is used. It is also used in pills or powder. For external use: the decoction is
applied as a topical rinse, or the fresh juice is applied topically.
spleen de■ciency, since it is bitter and cold in property and may cause slight diarrhea.
［Ingredients］ It contains avicularin, quercitrin, d-catechin, chlorogenic acid, anthraquinones,
■avonoids, alkaloids, volatile oils, tannin, potassium salt, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of diuresis, anti-bacteria, hemostasis and uterine
excitement. Its water and alcohol extracts can lower blood pressure by intravenous injection.
Avicularin also shows a choleretic effect.
DìFūZǐ地肤子
FRUCTUS KOCHIAE
Belvedere Fruit
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature fruit
of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., an annual herb of the
family Chenopodiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dì “ground”, fū “skin”
and zǐ “seed”. The tender seedlings of the plant grow by
spreading over the ground like skin covering the body.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Shangdong,
Henan and Hebei provinces in China.
［Collection］ The whole plant is harvested in
autumn when the fruit is ripe, and then dried in the sun
and shaken to get the seeds only. Plump seeds in grayish-green are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned for use or stir-baked ■rst.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter, cold and drains damp heat from the lower jiao to relieve stranguria;
it is also acrid and disperses pathogens from the exterior to relieve itching.
［Actions］ Drains damp heat, disperses wind and relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat stranguria, it can effectively relieve slow and painful
urination by draining dampness and heat via the bladder. It is commonly used in combination with
mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula
Dì Fū Zǐ Tāng (Belvedere Decoction).
2. For eczema, rubella, tinea, skin itching and pruritus vulvae, it is commonly used to relieve
itching by draining damp heat from the lower jiao, and dispersing the super■cial as well.
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For eczema, rubella, tinea and skin itching, it is commonly combined with huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis), chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) to
reinforce its effects.
For pruritus vulvae, which is generally due to dampness and heat retention in the lower jiao,
it can be combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and
lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Gentianae), and applied internally or externally.
powder. For external use: it is decocted for steaming or warm rinsing, or is powdered ■rst and then
mixed with other liquid adjuvant for topical application.
spleen de■ciency, since it is bitter and cold in property and may cause slight diarrhea.
［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenoid saponins, ■avonoids, fatty oils and vitamin A, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-bacteria, diuresis, anti-in■ammation and
inhibition of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
［Notes］ Be aware that chōng wèi zĭ (茺蔚子) is sometimes misused as dì fū zĭ (Fructus
Kochiae) in Guangzhou and Hongkong of China.
Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙

SPORA LYGODII
Japanese Climbing Fern Spore
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉祐本
草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.). It is the mature
spores of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw., a perennial
herbaceous climbing vine of the family Lygodiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hǎi “ocean”, jīn “golden” and
shā “sand”. The mature spores are of golden color and look like
sand in the ocean.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong and Zhejiang
provinces in China.
［Collection］ The plant is harvested before the spore bag
splits in autumn, dried in the sun and kneaded to get the spores.
The light-weight ones in yellowish-brown and smooth surface
are the best in quality.
［Processing］ They should be cleaned before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Bladder, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and cold in property, and is good at draining heat through
improving urination. It enters the bladder and small intestine channels, and is particularly effective
for relieving urethral pain, and thus is commonly used for painful urination. It is also effective for
resolving urinary stones, and relieving edema.
［Actions］ Improves urination and relieves stranguria.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For stranguria, it is commonly applied.
For urolithic stranguria, it is commonly combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), yù
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jīn (Radix Curcumae) and shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) to enhance the effects.
For blood stranguria, it is commonly combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), xiăo jì (Herba
Cirsii) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to improve urination, relieve stranguria, cool blood and
arrest bleeding.
For heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù tōng
(Caulis Akebiae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to reinforce its effects.
For chylous stranguria, it is combined with bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae), tŭ fú
líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to clear up the urine by improving the
separation actions of the kidney.
2. For ■uid retention and jaundice, it can effectively drain dampness and heat as well.
For abdominal ■uid retention, it can be used in combination with gān suì (Radix Kansui) and
qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis) to drain the ■uid through urination and defecation.
For damp-heat jaundice, it is generally used together with yī n chén (Herba Artemisiae
Scopariae), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to drain
damp heat by improving urination.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g wrapped with cloth in decoction, or made
into pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with kidney yin de■ciency, since
it strongly drains dampness.
［Ingredients］ It contains water soluble lygodin, fatty oils, amino acids and ■avonea. Its active
ingredients for cholagogue are tans-p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can increase bile secretion and pressure of the upper ureter and
frequency of ureteral peristalsis. The decoction shows the effect of bacteriostasis. P-coumaric acid
can increase bile secretion. Its injection applied intravenously can increase urination and help the
discharge of urinary stones.
Attachment: Hǎi Jīn Shā Téng 海金沙藤

Caulis Lygodii Japonici
［Source］ It is the stem of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.

［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］ It is similar to hăi jīn shā in actions and indications, but stronger in clearing
toxic heat. Therefore, it also can be used for skin infection, mumps and excessive thirst due to summerheat. It mainly
contains ■avonoids, which normally show an anti-bacteria effect.
ShíWéi 石韦
FOLIUM PYRROSIAE
Pyrrosia Leaf
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the leaf of Pyrrosia sheareri (Bak.) Ching, Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.)
Farw., or Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching, perennial herbs of the family Polypodiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shí “stone” and wéi “soft leather”. It grows wildly on mountains and
rocks, with leaves soft and ■rm like prepared leather.
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［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei,

Shanxi, Henan, Jilin and other provinces in China.
［Collection］ The plant is collected the whole year
around. After the root, rhizome and stem are removed, it is
dried in the sun or shade. The dry, big and plump leaves are
with water, cut into segments and dried in the sun for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold, and enters the
lung and bladder channels. It relieves stranguria by draining
heat through urination. It arrests bleeding by reducing heat and cooling blood, and is applied widely
for any kind of bleeding triggered by heat. It can also clear heat from the lung to relieve cough due to
lung heat.
［Actions］ Improves urination to relieve stranguria, clears lung heat to relieve cough and cools
blood to arrest bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For stranguria.
For blood stranguria, it is commonly combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), xiăo jì (Herba
Cirsii) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to enhance the effects on improving urination, draining
heat and cooling blood to arrest bleeding.
For urolithic stranguria, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi jīn
shā (Spora Lygodii) and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) to reinforce the effects on
improving urination, draining heat and resolving stones.
For heat stranguria, it is commonly combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), huá
shí (Talcum) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to reinforce the effects on draining heat and improving
urination to relieve stranguria.
2. For cough and wheezing due to lung heat, it can effectively clear heat from the lung to relieve
cough and wheezing.
For cough due to lung heat, it is generally combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae
Thunbergii), qián hú (Radix Peucedani) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to reinforce its
effects.
For wheezing due to lung heat, shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori)
and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) are used in combination to increase the effects on dispersing the
lung qi to relieve wheezing.
3. For epistaxis, hematemesis, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat, it is often
combined with huái huā (Flos Sophorae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) to
4. Additionally, combined with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae) and such herbs for nourishing qi and blood, it can also be applied for leukopenia
caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
For external use: it is powdered ■rst and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, because it is
effective in draining ■uid.
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［Ingredients］ Pyrrosia sheareri (Bak.) Ching contains diploptene, mangiferin, isomangiferin,

caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, β-sitosterol, etc. Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. contains diploptene,
mangiferin, isomangiferin, β-sitosterol, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, etc. Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ)
Ching contains chlorogenic acid.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough, resolving phlegm, anti-
bacteria and antivirus. It also can increase the number of leukocytes.
Dōng KuíZǐ冬葵子
SEMEN MALVAE
Cluster Mallow Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature seeds of
Malva verticillata L., an annual or perennial herb of the
family Malvaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dōng “winter”, kuí “a
kind of vegetable with tender edible stems and leaves”
and zĭ “seed”. The plant is harvested three times a
year, but only the seeds planted in the early winter are
medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Henan,
Jiangsu and Hubei provinces in China.
［Collection］ Seeds are collected during the
summer and autumn when ripe. After impurities are removed, they are dried in the sun. Plump seeds
in grayish-brown are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After the seeds are cleaned with water, they are dried in the sun and crushed
before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine, small intestine, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, cold, draining and moistening in property, it enters the large intestine,
small intestine and bladder channels. It is good at promoting urination and relieving stranguria, and
thus is commonly used for stranguria and edema. Full of vegetable fat, it is able to lubricate the
large intestine to treat constipation. It is effective in dredging the channels, so that it is also used for
improving lactation.
［Actions］ Improves urination and lactation, relieves stranguria and lubricates the large intestine.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For stranguria and edema.
For heat stranguria, it is often combined with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), biăn xù (Herba
Polygoni Avicularis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to facilitate urination, drain heat through urination
and relieve pain.
For blood stranguria, it is commonly combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to enhance the effects on improving urination,
relieving stranguria, cooling blood and arresting bleeding.
For edema and dysuria, it is combined with fú líng (Poria), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to drain water and alleviate edema.
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2. For hypogalactia and agalactia.

For hypogalactia due to qi and blood deficiency, huáng qí (Radix Astragali) (prepared),
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) should be used in
combination with it to tonify qi and blood, and improve lactation.
For breast distension and sluggish lactation, it is commonly combined with wáng bù liú xíng
(Semen Vaccariae), tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis) and pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) to dredge
the channels and improve lactation.
3. For dry stools and constipation, it is commonly combined with jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae),
huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and guā lóu zĭ (Semen Trichosanthis) to lubricate the bowels.
powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose
stools, because it is cold and moistening.
［Ingredients］ It contains polysaccharides, fatty acids, fatty oils, proteins, etc.
Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草

MEDULLA JUNCI
Juncus
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Kaibao Era in the Song Dynasty (973
A.D.). It is the dried stalk pith of Juncus effusus L., a
perennial herb of the family Juncaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dēng “lamp”, xīn “wick” and
cǎo “grass”. It is a kind of grass and can be used as a lamp
wick.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan
and Guizhou provinces in China.
［Collection］ The stems are harvested during the late
summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. The stalk pith is
then extracted, smoothed out and tied up for use. The long,
white, regular and elastic ones are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they are
cut into segments or baked ■rst for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bland in taste so that it is draining in property, and slightly cold so that it
can clear heat. It enters the heart, lung and small intestine channels, and can mildly drain especially
heart heat via urination, so that it is applicable for irritability due to heart heat and stranguria in
milder cases. It is acceptable for children because of its pleasant taste.
［Actions］ Improves urination, relieves stranguria, clears heart heat and calms the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat stranguria, it is not effective enough by itself, so is
commonly combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and huá shí
(Talcum) to enhance its effects.
2. For insomnia, irritability and nocturnal fretfulness in infants, it is slightly cold and can clear
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the heat from the heart, and thus is good at calming the mind. For insomnia due to heart f ire, it is
often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) and zhū
shā (Cinnabaris) to enhance the effects. For nocturnal fretfulness in infants, it can be used alone or in
combination with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae).
3. Additionally, it can clear heat from the lung, and is generally used in combination with other
herbs for oral ulcers and sore throat.
For external use: it is baked ■rst and applied in powder form, or used as moxa.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is loose and puffy in texture, so that a large dose may cause
inconvenience in decocting. It is mild in actions, so for severe cases it is used alone in a large dose,
and the decoction is taken frequently like normal tea, or alternately it is used in combination with
other herbs to improve the effects.
［Ingredients］ It contains phenanthrene derivatives, multi-amino acids, saccharide and β-sitosterol,
etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-oxidation and anti-microorganisms.
BìXiè 萆薢
RHIZOMA DIOSCOREAE HYPOGLAUCAE
Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the rhizome of Dioscorea
hypoglauca Palibin, Dioscorea septemloba Thunb. or Dioscorea
futschauensis Uline ex R. Kunth, perennial herbaceous trailing
plants of the family Dioscoreaceae. The ■rst one is also called
fěn bì xiè (粉萆薢), while the other two are called mián bì xiè
(绵萆薢).
［■xplanation of Name］ Bì “bì syndrome (arthralgia)”
and xiè “relieve”. It is recorded as being able to relieve bi
syndrome (arthralgia) effectively. The product from the first
species is more starchy and loose in texture, so it is called fěn
(“powder”) bì xiè.
［Habitat］ Dioscorea hypoglauca Palibin (fěn bì xiè) is
mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, whereas Dioscorea septemloba
Thunb. and Dioscorea futschauensis Uline ex R. Kunth (mián bì xiè) are mainly produced in
Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces in China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn and winter. After the ■brous roots and mud are
removed, it is sliced and dried in the sun. For fěn bì xiè, big thin slices with yellowish-white cross-
sections are the best in quality, while for mián bì xiè, big slices with grayish-white cross-sections are
the best in quality.
［Processing］ Impurities are cleaned before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, liver, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, neutral, purging and draining in property, it enters the stomach, liver
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and bladder channels. It is good at draining dampness via urination, and improving the actions
of the spleen in separating the pure from the turbid, thus serving as a key herb in the treatment of
chylous stranguria, prostatitis with turbid discharge after urination, and leukorrhea. It can also drain
dampness and dredge the collaterals to relieve joint pain and edema.
［Actions］ Drains dampness and expels wind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chylous stranguria and prostatitis with turbid discharge after
urination.
For chylous stranguria and prostatitis in the pattern of damp cold retention in the lower
jiao, manifesting as frequent turbid urination or white turbid discharge after urination, it is
commonly combined with yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae), wū yào (Radix Linderae)
and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to warm the lower jiao, drain dampness and
transform the turbidity, such as in the formula Bì Xiè Fēn Qīng Yǐ n (Hypoglaucou Collett Yam
Rhizome Decoction for Clearing Turbid Urine) recorded in Teachings of [Zhu] Dan-xi (Dān Xī
Xīn Fă, 丹溪心法).
For chylous stranguria and prostatitis in the pattern of damp heat retention in the lower jiao,
manifesting as dark or yellowish turbid urine or turbid discharge after urination, it is commonly
combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori
Tatarinowii) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to drain damp heat and transform the turbidity, such
as in the formula Bì Xiè Fēn Qīng Yǐn (Hypoglaucou Collett Yam Rhizome Decoction for Clearing
Turbid Urine) recorded in Medical Revelations (Yī Xué Xīn Wù, 医学心悟).
2. For leukorrhea.
For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp cold, it is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis
Praeparata), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and wū zéi gǔ (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to
dispel cold and dry dampness to check leukorrhea.
For leukorrhea in the pattern of damp heat, huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), cāng
zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and shēng yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) should be used in the combination to
clear heat, and drain and dry up dampness to check leukorrhea.
3. For arthralgia due to wind dampness attack.
For arthralgia in the pattern of damp cold marked by joint cold pain and inflexibility, it
is combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii) and dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) to expel wind and cold, and transform
dampness to relieve pain.
For arthralgia in the pattern of damp heat, it is commonly combined with huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis), fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae
Macrophyllae) to clear heat, dry dampness and dredge collaterals to relieve pain.
4. Additionally, combined with tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae)
and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni), it can be used for eczema.
powder.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains dioscin, which includes different kinds of saponins. Diosgenin
is hydrolyzed from all the various saponins. It also includes tannin and proteins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can decrease the serum cholesterol level. Its total saponins can
remarkably reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic plaque, while dioscin shows antibacterial activity.
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Section 3 Herbs that Clear Damp Heat

and Relieve Jaundice
Herbs in this section are basically bitter and cold, though some of them are bland and neutral
in property. They mainly enter the liver and gallbladder channels, and also enter the spleen,
stomach and kidney channels. They are good at clearing dampness and heat, and improving the
secretion and discharge of bile. They are particularly effective for damp-heat jaundice, and also
effective for eczema, skin ulcers, febrile diseases and other disorders that result from dampness
and heat retention.
Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿

HERBA ARTEMISIAE SCOPARIAE
Virgate Wormwood Herb
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the above-ground
part of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit or Artemisia
capillaris Thunb., perennial herbs of the family
Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ It is also known as yī n
chén. Yīn “tender shoot of a plant”, chén “old” and hāo
“a kind of plant of the family Artemisia that can survive
the bitter cold in winter”. The tender young shoot always
grows up out of the old plant.
［Habitat］ Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit is
mainly produced in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces in China, while Artemisia
capillaris Thunb. is mainly produced in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei provinces, of which produced in
Shaanxi province is the best in quality.
［Collection］ The plant collected in spring when the young shoot is 6-10 cm long is known as
mián yīn chén (绵茵陈), and it is collected in autumn when the buds are ■ourishing is known as yīn
chén hāo (茵陈蒿). After impurities and old stems are removed, it is dried in the sun. The young,
tender and soft plants in grayish-white with strong fragrance are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After residual roots and impurities are removed, it is broken or cut into small
pieces for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and slightly cold, so that it is able to purge and clear heat, and
is acrid and aromatic, so that it is dispersing. It enters the spleen, stomach, liver and gallbladder
channels. It effectively relieves jaundice by purging and draining dampness and heat, so it
always serves as a key for the treatment of damp-heat jaundice. It also can be used for damp-
cold jaundice if combined with herbs that warm the interior and dissipate cold. Moreover, it can
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be applied either internally or externally for eczema and for skin lesions with profuse liquid
discharge.
［Actions］ Clears and drains dampness and heat, improves secretion and discharge of bile to
relieve jaundice.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For jaundice.
For damp-heat jaundice marked by bright yellow appearance of the body skin and eyes, and
brown dark urine, it is commonly combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and dà huáng (Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Yīn Chén Hāo Tāng (Virgate
Wormwood Decoction). For dampness-predominant jaundice marked by sluggish urination, it is
generally combined with zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
and fú líng (Poria) to reinforce the effects on draining dampness, such as in the formula Yīn Chén Wǔ
Líng Sǎn (Powder of Capillaris and Five Ingredients with Poria).
For damp-cold jaundice marked by dark yellowish appearance of the body skin and eyes, and
cold limbs, it is commonly combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and gān jiāng
(Rhizoma Zingiberis) to reinforce the effects on warming the interior and assisting yang, such as in
the formula Yīn Chén Sì Nì Tāng (Capillaris and Cold-■xtremities Decoction).
2. For damp-heat febrile diseases, eczema and skin lesions.
For epidemic damp-heat febrile diseases, marked by fever, drowsiness, chest and abdominal
fullness or distension, scanty and dark urine, and thick greasy tongue coating, it is commonly
combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), huá shí (Talcum) and huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis)
to drain dampness and clear toxic heat, such as in the formula Gān Lù Xiāo Dú Dān (Sweet Dew
Detoxication Pill).
For eczema and skin lesions with profuse liquid discharge, it is combined with huáng băi
(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus
Cnidii) in decoction, and applied internally or externally.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use:10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder.
For external use: it is decocted ■rst for topical steaming and warm rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yellowish complexion that is
due to qi and blood de■ciency instead of jaundice.
［Ingredients］ The plant of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit contains 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin,
caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxyacetophenone and volatile oils, etc., while the plant of
Artemisia capillaris Thunb. contains 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid,
β-pinene, capillin and capillon, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of cholagogue, diuresis, relieving fever,
hepatoprotection, anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipemia, dilating the coronary artery, anti-bacteria,
anti-in■uenza virus, and inhibiting ascaris and leptospires.
Jīn Qián Cǎo 金钱草

HERBA LYSIMACHIAE
Lysimachia
［Source］ Initially appeared in Mirror of the Hundred Herbs (Băi Căo Jìng, 百草镜) in the Qing
Dynasty. It is the above-ground part of Lysimachia christinae Hance, a perennial herb of the family
Primulaceae.
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［■xplanation of Name］ Jī n “golden”, qián

“coin” and căo “grass”. Its leaf is nearly round and
turns a golden yellow color when getting old so that
it looks like gold coins paving the ground.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan Province
and other regions along the Yangtze River of China.
［Collection］ The whole plant is harvested
during the summer and autumn. After impurities are
removed, it is cleaned with water and dried in the
sun. The fresh, green and fragrant ones with big and
complete leaves are best in quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with water, drained, cut into segments and dried before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder, kidney, bladder.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly sweet and bland so that it presents the action of draining
dampness, while its cold property presents the effect of clearing heat. It enters the liver and
gallbladder channels to particularly treat disorders related to dampness and heat retention such as
jaundice and hepatobiliary cholithiasis. It also enters the kidney and bladder channels to achieve the
effects of improving urination, relieving stranguria, and resolving and expelling stones. It can also
clear toxic heat to treat abscesses, heat swelling and snakebite.
［Actions］ Drains dampness, relieves jaundice, improves urination, relieves stranguria, clears
toxic heat, and resolves and expels stones.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For jaundice and hepatobiliary cholithiasis due to damp-heat
retention.
For damp-heat jaundice, it is generally combined with yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae),
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and hŭ zhàng (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati) to reinforce the effects.
For hepatobiliary cholithiasis due to damp-heat retention in the liver and gallbladder, it is
often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium
Corneum Gigeriae Galli) to reinforce the effects.
2. For urolithic and heat stranguria.
For urolithic stranguria, it can be used alone in large dose and taken frequently as ordinary tea,
or in combination with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli)
and huá shí (Talcum) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Èr Jīn Pái Shí Tāng (Two Gold
Calculus-Discharging Decoction).
For heat stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), biăn xù (Herba
Polygoni Avicularis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to enhance the effects.
3. For abscesses, heat swelling and snakebite, it can resolve toxins and counteract toxic heat, and
effectively relieve swelling.
For toxic-heat abscesses or swelling, the fresh one alone can be pounded to yield juice and
applied orally or topically. Alternately, it is used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and bái huā shé shé căo (Herba Hedyotis Diffusae) to
For snakebite, the fresh one alone also can be pounded to yield juice and applied orally or
topically, or used in combination with bàn zhī lián (Herba Scutellariae Barbatae) and zăo xiū (Rhizoma
Paridis) to improve the effects.
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4. Additionally, the fresh juice can be used topically for burns and scalds.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, or even up to 60 g a day, the
doubled dose if the fresh one is used. For external use: it is pounded to yield juice and applied orally
or topically.
de■ciency since it is cold in property. According to clinical reports, the fresh one decocted for local
steaming and rinsing may cause contact dermatitis.
［Ingredients］ It contains quercetin, quercitrin, phenolic compounds, tannins, volatile oils,
sitosterol, amino acids, bilineurine, polysaccharides, internal ester, potassium chloride, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of diuresis, cholagogue, anti-in■ammation and
analgesia, as well as anti-bacteria.
［Notes］ Its alternative species and local variants in China also include:
1. Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kupr., a perennial stoloniferous herbaceous plant of the family
Labiatae, commonly used in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, known as Jiangsu jīn qián căo (江
苏金钱草).
2. Desmadium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr., a suffrutescent herb of the family Leguminosae,
commonly used in Guangdong and Guangxi, known as guǎng dōng jīn qián căo (广东金钱草).
3. Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides Lam., a perennial stoloniferous herbelet of the family Umbelliferae,
commonly used in Jiangxi Province and known as Jiangxi jīn qián căo (江西金钱草).
4. Dichondra repens Forst., a perennial stoloniferous herbelet of the family Convolvulaceae,
commonly used in Sichuan Province and known as xiǎo jīn qián căo (小金钱草).
These kinds of species share similar properties, but are slightly different in actions.
Summary
1. Herbs that drain dampness to relieve edema
Fú Líng vs. Fú Líng Pí vs. Fú Shén
Medicinal Fú Líng Fú Líng Pí Fú Shén
Origin Shares the same botanical origin

Similarities
Actions Promotes water metabolism
Indications ■dema and ■uid retention
Invigorates the spleen and Focuses more on draining Good at calming the heart
Actions
calms the heart and mind water by urination and mind
Differences
Heart-related disorders like

Palpitations and insomnia in
Indications ■dema only palpitations, forgetfulness
the pattern of qi de■ciency
and insomnia
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Fú Líng vs. Yì Yĭ Rén
Medicinal Fú Líng Yì Yĭ Rén
Properties Sweet, bland

Similarities
Entered channels Spleen
Actions Nourishes the spleen and drains water
Indications ■dema, ■uid retention-related disorders, and spleen de■ciency syndrome
Properties Neutral Slightly cold
Entered channels Heart, kidney Stomach, lung
Clears heat to relieve swelling and expels

Actions Calms the heart and mind
pus
Differences
All
· kinds of ■uid retention complicated
with either heat or coldness, or excess · Fluid retention in milder cases

or de■ciency complicated with heat
Indications
· Insomnia in the pattern of qi and blood
· Damp-heat arthralgia, joint edema and

deficiency, and palpitations due to abscesses
water pathogen attacking the heart
The stir-baked yì yǐ rén is more applicable

More powerful than yì yĭ rén in draining
Special features for invigorating the spleen to check
water
diarrhea due to spleen de■ciency
Fú Líng vs. Zhū Líng vs. Zé Xiè
Medicinal Fú líng Zhū Líng Zé Xiè
Properties Sweet, bland

Similarities
Actions Drains dampness and water
Indications ■dema, dysuria, phlegm-■uid retention and diarrhea
Properties Neutral Neutral Cold
Entered channels Heart, spleen Bladder Bladder
· Invigorates the spleen Purges heat by promoting

Actions —
· Calms the heart and mind urination
· Fluid retention

complicated with either · Fluid retention with

Indications cold or heat Fluid retention complicated heat
Differences
· P alpitations, insomnia
with either cold or heat · Stirring up of

and spleen deficiency- def iciency f ire
involved disorders
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Chì Xiǎo Dòu vs. Yù Mĭ Xū
Medicinal Chì Xiǎo Dòu Yù Mĭ Xū
Properties Sweet; neutral

Similarities
Actions Drains water
Indications ■dema, dysuria and damp-heat jaundice
Properties Sour Bland
Entered channels Heart, spleen, small intestine Bladder, liver, gallbladder
· Clears toxic heat and expels pus

Actions —
Differences
· Resolves stasis and in■ammation
· Abscesses, sores, carbuncles,

Indications erysipelas, mumps and acute mastitis —
· Traumatic injuries
Focuses more on draining water and

dampness
2. Herbs that promote urination and relieve stranguria
Chē Qián Zǐ vs. Huá Shí
Medicinal Chē Qián Zǐ Huá Shí
Properties Sweet; cold

Similarities
Actions Clears heat, promotes urination and relieves stranguria
Indications Damp-heat stranguria, dysuria, edema with heat and summerheat diarrhea
Properties — Bland
Entered channels Kidney, liver, lung Bladder, stomach
· Leaches out dampness

Purges summerheat by promoting
Differences
Actions · Clears liver heat

urination
· Clears lung heat
· ■xcessive
thirst due to summerheat
· Acute diarrhea and damp-heat febrile diseases in the
Indications · ■ye diseases early stage
· Heat phlegm · A pplied topically for eczema, skin

ulcers and prickly heat
Tōng Cǎo vs. Dēng Xīn Căo
Medicinal Tōng Cǎo Dēng Xīn Căo
Properties Sweet, bland; slightly cold

Similarities
Actions Promotes urination and relieves stranguria
Indications Damp-heat stranguria
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Continued　　
Medicinal Tōng Cǎo Dēng Xīn Căo
Entered channels Stomach Heart, small intestine
Facilitates qi movement and promotes · More effective in clearing heart heat

Actions
Differences
lactation · Calms the mind
· Insomnia,
irritability and nocturnal
fretfulness in infants
Indications Agalactia and hypogalactia
· Used in combination with other herbs

for oral ulcers and sore throat
Qú Mài vs. Biăn Xù
Medicinal Qú Mài Biăn Xù
Properties Bitter
Similarities
Indications Stranguria due to damp-heat retention
Properties Cold Slightly cold
Entered channels Heart, small intestine —
· Kills worms and relieves itching

Differences
· Lubricates the bowels

Actions Activates blood and dredges channels
· Relieves jaundice by draining dampness

and heat
· ■czema,
pruritus vulvae and intestinal
worm infection
Indications Amenorrhea due to blood stasis
· Constipation
· Jaundice
Hǎi Jīn Shā vs. Shí Wéi
Medicinal Hǎi Jīn Shā Shí Wéi

Similarities
Indications Heat stranguria and especially blood and urolithic stranguria
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Continued　　
Medicinal Hǎi Jīn Shā Shí Wéi
Properties Sweet; cold Bitter; slightly cold
Entered channels Small intestine Lung

Differences
· Cools blood and stops bleeding

Actions Relieves pain in the urethra · Clears heat from the lung and relieves

cough
· Blood
stranguria and bleeding due to
Indications — blood heat
· Cough due to heat in the lung
Dōng Kuí Zǐ vs. Dōng Guā Zǐ
Medicinal Dōng Kuí Zǐ Dōng Guā Zǐ
Properties Sweet; cold; slippery

Similarities
Entered channels Small intestine
Actions Drains dampness, clears heat and lubricates the bowels
Indications Stranguria, edema, constipation
Entered channels Large intestine, bladder Lung
Clears heat from the lung, resolves

Actions Promotes lactation
phlegm and expels pus
Differences
Retention of urine, agalactia and · Turbid urine, leukorrhea, abscesses

Indications
distending pain of the breasts · Cough due to lung heat
Stronger than dōng guā zǐ in the actions

Special features of draining dampness and relieving —
stranguria
Bì Xiè vs. Fáng Jĭ vs. Tŭ Fú Líng
Medicinal Bì Xiè Fáng Jĭ Tŭ Fú Líng

Similarities
Actions Drains dampness
Indications Damp-heat eczema, stranguria with turbid urine and edema
Properties Bitter; neutral Bitter, acrid; cold Sweet, bland; neutral
Entered
Stomach, liver, bladder Bladder, kidney, spleen Liver, stomach
channels
L eaches
· out dampness,
S eparates
· the pure from clears heat, expels wind,
Facilitates joint
the turbid and alleviates edema and
Differences
Actions movement and removes

· ■xpels wind and relieves
arthralgia
toxins
arthralgia · Purges damp heat from the

lower jiao
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Continued　　
Medicinal Bì Xiè Fáng Jĭ Tŭ Fú Líng
Arthralgia due to wind Sinew spasms caused

Chylous stranguria, whitish
dampness, and phlegm and by consumption of
Indications and turbid urine, and stranguria
fluid retention, especially mercury in syphilis
due to wind dampness
with heat patients
3. Herbs that clear damp-heat and relieve jaundice
Yīn Chén vs. Jīn Qián Căo
Medicinal Yīn Chén Jīn Qián Căo
Properties Sightly cold

Similarities
Entered
Liver, gallbladder
channels
Actions Clears heat and drains dampness
Indications Damp-heat jaundice
Properties Bitter, aromatic Sweet, bland
Entered
Spleen, stomach Kidney, bladder
channels
Differences
Promotes
· urination, relieves stranguria,
Actions Presents draining and disperses effects and resolves and expels stones
· Clears toxic heat
Jaundice in the pattern of cold dampness · Urolithic

stranguria, heat stranguria and
Indications (known as yin jaundice), ulcerative skin hepatobiliary cholithiasis
lesions and eczema · Abscesses and snakebite
Review Questions
1. ■xplain the common actions, applications, methods of use and application precautions relating to the herbs in this
chapter.
2. Describe the common properties, actions and indications of each group of herbs in this chapter.
3. ■xplain the reason why the herbs in this chapter are commonly combined with herbs that activate qi.
4. Describe the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of fú líng and yì yĭ rén.
5. Describe the properties, actions, indications, administration, cautions and contraindications of chē qián zĭ, huá shí
and shí wéi.
6. Describe the properties, actions, indications, administration, cautions and contraindications of jīn qián căo.
7. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: fú líng and zhū líng;
fú líng and yì yĭ rén; fú líng and fú shén; fú líng and zé xiè; fú líng and tǔ fú líng.
8. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: chē qián zĭ and huá
shí; hăi jīn shā and shí wéi; biăn xù and qú mài; qú mài and mù tōng; dōng kuí zǐ and dōng guā zǐ; bì xiè, fáng jĭ and
tǔ fú líng.
9. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: yīn chén hāo and jīn
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qián căo.
10. Má huáng, guì zhī, fú líng and chē qián zĭ all can be applied for edema. Are there any differences among them as
to properties, characteristics and clinical applications?
11. Chē qián zǐ, bì xiè, hăi jīn shā, jīn qián căo and shí wéi can all be applied for stranguria. What are the differences
among them as to properties, characteristics and clinical applications?
12. Y īn chén hāo is the most important herb to treat jaundice. Describe the ways it is combined with other herbs and
its clinical applications.
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282
CHAPTER 7
Herbs that Warm the Interior
Fù Zĭ 附子 / 283 Mŭ Dīng Xiāng 母丁香 / 294

Gān Jiāng 干姜 / 285 Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜 / 294
Ròu Guì 肉桂 / 286 Hú Jiāo 胡椒 / 295
Wú Zhū Yú 吴茱萸 / 289 Huā Jiāo 花椒 / 296
Xiăo Huí Xiāng 小茴香 / 291 Jiāo Mù 椒目 / 298
Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng 八角茴香 / 292 Bì Bá 荜茇 / 298
Dīng Xiāng丁香 / 293
［De■nition］ Herbs with a primary action of warming the interior to disperse coldness are called
herbs that warm the interior.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are basically acrid and warm or hot, and bitter
and sweet ■avors can also be seen in some herbs. They mainly enter the spleen, stomach, kidney
and heart channels, but also sometimes enter the liver and lung channels. They mainly warm the
interior to expel cold, warm the channels to relieve pain, tonify yang and restore yang to save it from
collapse. Some herbs also can resolve phlegm, kill parasites and inhibit hiccups.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly applied for interior cold syndromes, which
can be seen in the patterns of exogenous cold directly attacking the interior, spleen yang de■ciency,
heart and kidney yang de■ciency, kidney yang de■ciency, yang-de■ciency edema, chest distress
with cold pain, cold arthralgia and dysmenorrhea with cold. Some of the herbs in this category can
also be used for abdominal cold pain, cough and wheezing with cold ■uid retention, and parasitic
abdominal pain.
［Modi■cations］ Herbs in this chapter are often used in combination with other herbs that vary
as the pattern changes. For example, if the interior cold syndrome is caused by exogenous coldness
attacking but with simultaneous superficial manifestations, herbs in this category should be used
in combination with herbs that release the exterior. Similarly, herbs for moving qi are applied in
combination when the interior cold syndrome occurs with qi stagnation, herbs for transforming
dampness and activating the spleen are added when there is interior cold-damp retention, herbs for
warmly tonifying the spleen and kidney are added when there is interior spleen and kidney yang
de■ciency, and herbs for powerfully tonifying primordial qi are added when there is yang qi collapse
syndrome.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ The herbs in this category are basically acrid, hot and drying
in property and may encourage pathogenic ■re and consume body ■uid; therefore, they should not
be applied during pregnancy and for patients with excessive heat or yin de■ciency. They should be
used cautiously during hot weather or in the summer season. Some of them are toxic, so processing,
dosage and administration should be regulated carefully.
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Chapter 7 Herbs that Warm the Interior 283
FùZǐ附子
RADIX ACONITI LATERALIS PRAEPARATA
Aconite Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the processed secondary
root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., a perennial herb of
the family Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fù, “attach” and zĭ, “son”.
It is the son root attached to the mother root of the plant.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi
and Hubei provinces; in China that produced in Jiangyou
of Sichuan Province is the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during the last third of
June to the ■rst third of August. After sediments and ■brous
roots are cleared away, it is immediately processed into
salty, black or white products. For the salty product (yán
fù zĭ, 盐附子), roots which are big, solid, dark gray and
smooth outside are the best. For the black one (hēi fù piàn, 黑附片), root slices which are big, even in size
and yellowish-brown with luster are the best. For the white one (bái fù piàn, 白附片), root slices which
are even and semitransparent with yellowish-white color are the best.
［Processing］ The black and the white products can be used directly. If the salt-prepared product
is soaked ■rst to remove some of the salt before use, it is called dàn fù piàn (淡附片). If the fresh one
is sliced and dry-fried with sand before use, it is called páo fù piàn (炮附片).
［Properties］ Acrid, sweet; hot; toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, kidney, spleen.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and sweet in ■avor, hot and toxic in property, and of strong potency.
It enters the heart, kidney and spleen channels to strengthen the heart yang, the spleen yang and the
kidney yang. If used in a big dose, it can revive yang from collapse. It is rather acrid, dispersing, hot
and drying, so is good at expelling heavy coldness or wind-cold dampness to relieve pain due to cold
dampness.
［Actions］ Revives yang from collapse, toni■es life-gate ■re and assists yang, disperses cold
and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For yang collapse syndrome, it strengthens heart yang to improve
blood circulation, and toni■es kidney yang and life-gate ■re to rescue primordial yang from collapse.
It also can warmly disperse heavy coldness to facilitate the recovery of yang.
For yang de■ciency due to chronic yang consumption with accompanying cold manifestations,
or yang collapse caused by profuse sweating, serious vomiting or drastic diarrhea, and characterized
by extremely cold limbs and faint pulse, it is usually combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis)
and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Sì Nì
Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Decoction).
For yang qi collapse syndrome, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), such as in the formula Shēn Fù Tāng (Ginseng and Aconite Decoction).
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2. For yang de■ciency syndrome, it can warm yang in the upper, middle and lower jiao and the
root of the life-gate.
For impotence, spontaneous seminal emission, infertility, cold aching pain in the waist and
knees and frequent nocturia due to yang deficiency of the kidney and fire exhaustion of the life-
gate, it is often combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi) and
dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to warm yang in the lower jiao, such as in the formula Yòu Guī Wán
(Right-Restoring Pill).
For frequent cold pain in the stomach and abdomen, accompanied by diarrhea in the pattern of
spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, and cold-damp accumulation, it is usually combined with dăng
shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis) to warm the middle and strengthen the spleen, such as in the formula Fù Zĭ Lĭ Zhōng Wán
(Aconite Center-Regulating Pill).
For edema in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often used together with fú
líng (Poria) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warm yang and drain water, such
as in the formula Zhēn Wŭ Tāng (True Warrior Decoction).
For palpitations with tiredness, chest distress and cardiac pain due to exhaustion of heart yang,
it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and
sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) to warm yang, nourish qi and promote blood circulation to
relieve pain.
For exterior wind-cold syndrome complicated with yang deficiency, it is combined with xì
xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to strengthen yang and facilitate the
release of the exterior syndrome, such as in the formula Má Huáng Fù Zĭ Xì Xīn Tāng (■phedra,
Aconite and Asarum Decoction).
3. For cold arthralgia, it can effectively relieve muscular and joint pain by warmly dredging
the channels and dispersing the exterior wind and cold pathogen as well. For such cases, it is often
combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and
gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Gān Căo Fù
Zĭ Tāng (Licorice and Aconite Decoction).
4. In addition, for headache in de■ciency-cold pattern, it can be used together with gāo liáng
jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum). For gastric and abdominal cold stagnation pain, it can be
used together with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), etc., such as in
the formula Yán Fù Tāng (Corydalis and Aconite Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-15 g (processed) usually; 18-30 g for the
purpose of reviving yang. If used together with other herbs, it should be decocted first for 30-60
minutes until the hot feeling in the mouth is gone, so as to reduce its toxicity. Alternatively, it is made
into pills or powder. For external use, it is ground into powder, mixed with an adjuvant and applied
topically, or is used as a transducer in moxibustion.
The non-prepared product is much more toxic than the prepared one, so it cannot be used orally.
The salt-prepared, the black and the white products are toxic yet act quickly and powerfully. Dàn fù
piàn (licorice and black-bean prepared) is relatively milder in toxicity and effect. Páo fù piàn, the
mildest one in toxicity compared with the other products, can be used in pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is forbidden for use during pregnancy and is not suitable for
patients with excessive heat, yin deficiency or yang hyperactivity, because it is acrid, hot, drying and
strong in property and may consume yin and trigger fire. It is incompatible with bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae), bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) and
9-9◎03.indd 284 2014-12-17 14:12:45

bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae). Overdose and incorrect processing or preparation all could result in poisoning.
Adverse reactions may present as cardiac arrhythmia, decrease of blood pressure, lowering
of the body temperature, respiratory depression, muscular paralysis, central nervous disorders or
even death.
Processing obviously affects the toxicity and effects. If too much is used, aconitine, the main
ingredient of the unprepared fù zĭ, could cause adverse effects like cardiac arrhythmia and heart
block instead of positively improving heart function. However, aconitine is temperature-sensitive
and breaks down by heat processing, so the processed products show significant cardiotonic
effect but the analgesic effect is simultaneously decreased. Overdose could also induce cardiac
arrhythmia.
［Ingredients］ Contains aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, isodelphinine, higenamine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows effects of counter-shock, anti-coagulation,
anti-thrombosis, anti-inflammation and anti-ulcer. The injection can improve humoral immunity
and cellular immune function, and increase the content of serum complement. It also can activate
the pituitary-adrenal gland system. Higenamine can strengthen the heart, expand the blood vessels
and resist myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia in slow type. Aconitine and aconine show effects
of analgesia, sedation and local anesthesia. Higenamine can lower blood pressure, while methyl
chloride dopamine and salsolinol can boost blood pressure. Moreover, if decocted together, it can
reduce the toxicity of guān mù tōng (Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis).
Gān Jiāng 干姜
RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS
Dried Ginger Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Zingiber
of■cinale Rosc., a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gān means “dry” and jiāng
“defense”. It is the dried rhizome and good at defending the
body from the attack of exterior cold.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hubei and Fujian in China; that which is produced in
Qianwei of Sichuan Province is of the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during the winter with the stems,
leaves and ■brous roots removed. After it is baked dry, sediment
and tough skin are cleaned away. The solid, aromatic root with
yellowish-white color and powdery texture when cut is the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean with water, moistened thoroughly,
then cut into thick slices or cubes and dried again.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, heart, lung.
［Characteristics］ It is dispersing, hot and drying in property. It enters the spleen and stomach
channels to not only expel cold from the spleen and stomach, but also assist yang of the spleen and
stomach. It is suitable for both excess cold syndrome and yang de■ciency syndrome. In combination with
9-9◎03.indd 285 2014-12-17 14:12:46

fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), it enters the heart channel to revive yang from collapse and
unblock channels. It also enters the lung channel to warmly dissipate watery cold phlegm, and thus is used
for wheezing and cough triggered by excessive cold phlegm retention.
［Actions］ Warms the middle and expels cold, restores yang and unblocks channels, warms the
lung and resolves ■uid retention.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cold syndrome of the spleen and stomach, it is good at warming
the middle to expel cold either in excess or de■ciency type.
For frequent attack of stomach and abdominal cold pain, and chronic nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
in spleen and stomach deficiency-cold pattern, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
to enhance the effects on strengthening the spleen qi as well, such as in the formula Lĭ Zhōng Wán
(Center-Regulating Pill).
For acute abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea in spleen and stomach excess-cold pattern, it
can be applied alone in powder form and taken orally, or used together with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma
Alpiniae Of■cinarum) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to enhance the effects.
2. For yang collapse syndrome, it can dredge heart vessels and reinforce the heart yang individually,
also assist fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) in reviving yang, and reduce the toxicity and adverse
effect of fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) as well, such as in the formula Sì Nì Tāng (Frigid
■xtremities Decoction).
3. For cough and wheezing triggered by cold ■uid retention in the lung, manifested by cold body
and profuse thin sputum, it not only can warmly disperse coldness of the lung, but also can dry the cold
■uid. It is usually combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and wŭ
wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to warm the lung, resolve the cold ■uid, and arrest coughing and
wheezing, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction).
For external application it is decocted ■rst and used to rinse the skin locally, or ground into powder and
applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, internal heat or
blood heat because it is dispersing, hot and drying, and may consume yin and assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of zingiberol, zingiberene,
bisabolene, α-curcumene, aromatic alcohol, cineole, borneol, etc. The ingredients that produce a hot
feeling include gingerol and its derivatives, such as zingiberone and shogaol.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can stimulate the digestive tract to increase intestinal tension,
rhythm and peristalsis. It also can arrest vomiting, excite the nerve center and heart, inhibit fungus
and kill trichomonas vaginalis.
Ròu Guì肉桂
CORTEX CINNAMOMI
Cassia Bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was mŭ guì (牡桂). It is the dried bark of Cinnamomum
cassia Presl., an evergreen tree of the family Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.
［■xplanation of Name］ Ròu means “■esh” and guì are “jade utensils pointed above and square
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below, serving particularly on imperial ceremonial occasions”.

Most plants have one longitudinal line in the center of the leaf,
but this plant has two longitudinal lines in the center forming
a shape like the jade utensils. Oily and thick bark is of the best
quality.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and
Hainan of China, and in other countries like Vietnam. The
herb produced in Halida Thanh Hoa (Thành ph■ Thanh Hóa in
Vietnamese language), Vietnam is the best.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. The bark is removed and dried in the shade. Thick, solid, oily,
sweet and aromatic bark with smooth outer skin, purple cross-section and with less ■ber is the best.
［Processing］ The rough part is scraped off and the remainder is cut into small pieces.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, spleen, heart, liver.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and sweet in ■avor, and hot and dispersing in nature. It enters the
kidney channel and warmly nourishes the primordial ■re at the life-gate, reinforces yang to disperse
yin and returns ■re to its origin. It enters the spleen channel to warm the middle and dispel cold. It
enters the heart and liver channels to warmly disperse coldness in the blood and unblock channels.
Therefore it is often used for blood stasis syndrome caused by cold stagnation. It is an essential herb
for de■ciency-cold syndromes and blood-cold stagnation.
［Actions］ Toni■es primordial ■re, assists yang, disperses cold to alleviate pain, and warmly
unblocks channels and blood vessels.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For yang deficiency syndromes, it not only can warm the middle
directly, but also can nourish yang at the source.
For the pattern of primordial yang de■ciency with symptoms such as fear of cold, cold limbs,
cold or cold pain in the lower part of the body, frequent urination during the night, impotence,
abdominal cold pain during menstruation, seminal emission and premature ejaculation, it
is often combined with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis
Praeparata) in order to enhance the actions of warming and invigorating kidney yang, such as in
the formula Yòu Guī Wán (Right-Restoring Pill) and Guì Fù Bā Wèi Wán (Cinnamon and Aconite
■ight Ingredients Pill).
For the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency marked by cold limbs and fatigue, poor
appetite and loose stools, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warmly
nourish yang qi of the spleen and kidney.
For palpitations, tiredness and chest constriction due to heart yang de■ciency, it is often used
together with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to warm yang
and invigorate qi.
2. For cold pain, it can effectively relieve pain by warmly dispersing coldness.
For cold pain in the stomach or abdomen produced either by exterior cold attack or yang
deficiency, it can be used alone for milder cases, or be combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis), gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum) and bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi)
for severe cases to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dà Yĭ Hán Wán (Powerfully Cold-
Terminating Pill).
For the pattern of chest constriction and angina pectoris elicited by heart yang deficiency and
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exterior cold attack, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis) and huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) to disperse cold and relieve pain.
For abdominal cold hernia pain, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi),
chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to warmly disperse cold
and move qi to relieve pain, such as in the formula Nuăn Gān Jiān (Liver-Warming Decoction).
For wind-cold-damp arthralgia with severe cold pain accompanied by liver and kidney
deficiency, it is combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba
Taxilli) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to expel wind, cold and damp, and nourish bones
and muscles, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe
Decoction).
3. For menstrual problems and abdominal masses, it can dissipate masses and blood stasis by
warmly unblocking blood vessels, channels and collaterals, and promoting blood circulation.
For irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea characterized by blood stagnation
due to cold retention, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects, such as in the
formula Shào Fù Zhú Yū Tāng (Lower Abdominal Stasis-■xpelling Decoction).
For postpartum lochiorrhea and abdominal pain, it can be used together with yì mŭ căo (Herba
Leonuri), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong).
For abdominal masses in women due to qi and blood stagnation, it is usually combined with é
zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to dissipate
masses by promoting qi and blood circulation.
4. For chronic abscesses and traumatic injury, it can warm yang and activate blood and qi
circulation to improve the recovery.
For chronic abscesses and multiple abscesses in the pattern of yang deficiency and blood
stagnation, it is usually used with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi), bái jiè zĭ (Semen Sinapis) and má
huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to warm yang, nourish blood, warmly disperse cold and dredge stagnation,
such as in the formula Yáng Hé Tāng (Yang-Harmonizing Decoction).
For traumatic injury in chronic stage, it is usually combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and zé lán (Herba Lycopi) to activate blood
circulation to relieve pain.
5. For the pattern of de■cient yang ■oating upward with manifestations such as ■ushed face, sore
throat, palpitations and insomnia with faint pulse, it can moderately reinforce primordial yang from
the lower jiao to get the ■oating yang back to the origin. However, it is better used in combination
with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng), etc. For the same pattern but with symptoms such as ■ushed face, dyspnea
with spontaneous sweating, weakness and palpitations, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus
Corni), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), etc.
6. In addition, for formulas particularly used for chronic cases with qi and blood deficiency,
it is often used in a small dose to invigorate the generation of qi and blood, such as in the formula
Shí Quán Dà Bŭ Tāng (Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction) and Rén Shēn Yăng Róng Tāng
(Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 2-5 g in decoction, and decocted for about 5
minutes, or brewed directly with boiling water; 0.5-1.5 g, ground into powder and taken with water;
or made into pills or brewed in alcohol. For external use, the powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant
and applied topically, or the brewed liquor is applied topically.
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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, excessive ■re,
blood heat or during pregnancy because it is acrid and hot in property. It is antagonistic to chì shí zhī
(Halloysitum Rubrum).
［Ingredients］ It contains 1.98％-2.06％ volatile oils which are composed of 52.92％-61.20％
cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic alcohol, cinoxolonoate, cinnamic acid, coumarin, tannin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can dilate blood vessels, improve blood circulation, increase
cerebral blood ■ow and decrease vascular resistance. The methanolic extract and cinnamic aldehyde
can resist platelet aggregation and thrombin. Cinnamic oil, cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamate sodium
can tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, and relieve fever and convulsions. Cinnamic oil can slightly
stimulate the stomach mucus membranes, improve the stomach function by stimulating olfactory
sensation, promote bowel movements, increase digestive tract secretion to increase digestion and
evacuate retained gas in the digestive tract, and relieve gastrointestinal spastic pain. The water
and ether extracts can inhibit experimental gastric ulcers in animals. Cinnamic oil shows strong
bactericidal effect but more on Gram-positive than on Gram-negative bacteria. The ethanol and ether
extracts can inhibit many kinds of pathogenic dermatophytes. It also can lower blood pressure and
improve choleresis.
WúZhūYú吴茱萸
FRUCTUS EVODIAE
Medicinal Evodia Fruit
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the nearly matured fruit of
Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.)
Benth. var. of■cinalis (Dode) Huang or Evodia rutaecarpa
(Juss.) Benth. var. bodinieri (Dode) Huang, several kinds
of leafy deciduous shrubs or trees of the family Rutaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wú is the ancient name of
a place to the south of the Yangtze river, zhū means “tree
branch” and yú means “bending”. The branches of the
evodia fruit tree are mostly bent, and the fruit produced in
the wú area is the best quality.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi,
Zhejiang and Sichuan in China, but that produced in Guizhou
or Hunan is the best.
［Collection］ It is collected during August to November when the fruit is mature but not split. It is
dried in the sun or in an oven at low temperature. Plump, green and fragrant fruit are the best in quality.
［Processing］ Impurities and stalks are removed before use, or it is fried with gān căo (Radix et
Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) decoction ■rst before use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; hot; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, stomach, kidney.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor, hot in nature, and dispersing and descending in
property. It enters the liver, spleen and stomach channels and is effective though slightly toxic. It is
good at warming the middle and relieving cold pain, and dredging the liver qi downwards. It also can
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arrest diarrhea by drying dampness and assisting yang. It is a commonly-used herb for pain due to
cold retention in the liver channel. It is also an important herb for dysmenorrhea in cold type, as well
as swelling in the knees and feet and chronic diarrhea in cold-damp type.
［Actions］ Disperses cold to relieve pain, dredges the liver qi downwards, dries dampness and
assists yang.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For headache due to cold retention in the liver channel with
manifestations such as pain in the top of the head, dry vomiting with saliva, white tongue coating
and slow pulse, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Recens) and dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to warm the middle, tonify qi and descend the
adverse qi to stop dry vomiting, such as in the formula Wú Zhū Yú Tāng (■vodia Decoction).
For abdominal cold hernia pain due to cold stagnation of the liver channel, it is often combined
with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus
Toosendan) (dry-fried) to soothe the liver, promote qi ■ow, disperse cold and relieve pain, such as in
the formula Dăo Qì Tāng (Qi-Guiding Decoction).
For dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis produced by blood de■ciency and cold invasion, it is
often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān
xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to warm blood vessels and channels, nourish blood and enhance the
effects on dispersing cold and relieving pain, such as in the formula Wēn Jīng Tāng (Channel-Warming
Decoction).
2. For acid regurgitation or stomachache in cold type, it can effectively relieve the symptoms
by warming the middle and dredging the liver qi downwards. It is particularly suitable for cases
in cold type due to the stomach being over-restricted chronically by the liver. For such cases, it is
often combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to
mutually warm the middle and relieve acid regurgitation and pain.
For acid regurgitation or stomachache in heat type with other manifestations such as chest
pain, bitter taste in the mouth, stomachache or even vomiting, due to fire transformed from liver
stagnation and liver-stomach disharmony, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis),
which is normally used in a large dose, to clear the liver fire and arrest vomiting, such as in the
formula Zuŏ Jīn Wán (Left Metal Pill).
3. For de■ciency-cold diarrhea, it can dry dampness and assist yang.
For daybreak diarrhea due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with
bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae
Chinensis) to warmly tonify the spleen and kidney, and to astringe the large intestine to relieve
diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén Wán (Four Spirits Pill).
4. For swelling of the knees and feet in cold-damp type or that accompanied by abdominal cold
pain, it can dry dampness, warm the interior and disperse cold. It is often combined with mù guā
(Fructus Chaenomelis), sū yè (Folium Perillae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to move qi ■ow and
transform cold damp, such as in the formula Jī Míng Săn (Cock’s Crow Powder).
5. In addition, it can dry dampness and relieve itching topically, and thus is often applied for
eczema and ulcers with heavy ■uid exudation. For such cases, it can be used alone or in combination
with other herbs similar in actions. The decoction can be used for local skin rinsing, or the powder
applied topically. Since it can lead pathogenic ■re down, the powder can be mixed with vinegar and
applied to the center of the sole of the foot (yŏng quán, KI 1) to treat mouth ulcers and hypertension.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-5 g, pounded ■rst in decoction, or made into
pills and powder. For external use, it is decocted ■rst for topical rinsing, or directly applied topically
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or ground into powder ■rst and applied topically. For treating vomiting, it is better if fried with a
decoction of huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) ■rst. For abdominal cold pain, it should be fried with
salt water ■rst.
heat, since it is hot and drying and may trigger ■re and consume yin. It is also slightly toxic and may
cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, visual disorders and hallucinations if it is over-used.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of evodene, ocimene, laurene,
evodin, etc. It also contains evodiamine, evodinone, evodine and 18 kinds of amino acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can inhibit vomiting, resist ulcers, protect the liver,
promote the bile secretion of the gallbladder, and resist medicine-induced gastrointestinal spasms
in animals. ■vodine and volatile oils can improve the functioning of the stomach. ■vodiamine,
rutaecarpine, isoevodiamine and evodin can relieve pain. Wú zhū yú can strengthen the heart.
The alcohol extract can boost blood pressure remarkably, while the decoction can lower blood
pressure. The water-alcohol extract inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis. The decoction,
rutaecarpine and dehydrogenate evodiamine can stimulate the uterus of experimental animals.
In addition, wú zhū yú can resist myocardial ischemia, bacteria, viruses and oxidants, and promote
diuresis.
Xiǎo HuíXiāng 小茴香

FRUCTUS FOENICULI
Fennel
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (600
A.D.). It is the matured fruit of Foeniculum vulgare
Mill., a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xiăo means “small”, huí
“turning back” and xiāng “fragrant, ■avorful”. It smells
nice, and is often used in cooking to increase the ■avor
of food. It is small in shape like rice.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia,
Shanxi and Heilongjiang in China, but that produced in
Inner Mongolia is the best in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature and then dried in the sun. The
plump and yellow-green fruit with nice fragrance is the best.
［Processing］ After impurities and stalks are removed, it is used directly or fried with salt water
before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney, spleen, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, fragrant, warm and dispersing in property, it enters the liver and kidney
channels to warm the liver and kidney, disperse cold and relieve pain. Thus it is effective for pain
due to cold retention in the liver channel or menstrual cold pain. It also enters the spleen and stomach
channels to warm the middle, activate stomach qi, improve appetite and relieve cold pain, so it is
good for stomach qi stagnation which is caused by cold attack.
［Actions］ Disperses cold to relieve pain and activates qi in the middle.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For abdominal cold hernia pain, testicular swelling and pain, cold
pain on the two sides of the lower abdomen and dysmenorrhea, it is an essential herb to relieve pain
by warming the liver and kidney, dispersing cold and warmly activating qi movement.
For abdominal cold hernia pain due to cold retention in the liver channel, it is fried first,
wrapped with cloth and applied alone onto the abdomen for topical treatment, or it is combined
with wū yào (Radix Linderae), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), mù xiāng (Radix
Aucklandiae) and gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum) to move qi, soothe the liver and
disperse cold to relieve pain, such as in the formula Tiān Tái Wū Yào Săn (Combined Spicebush Root
of Tiantai Powder).
For testicular swelling and pain in the pattern of liver qi stagnation and cold retention, it is
combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae) and other similar herbs that activate qi and relieve
pain, such as in Xiāng Jú Săn (Fennel and Tangerine Seed Powder).
For cold pain on the two sides of the lower abdomen due to cold invasion and dysmenorrhea
due to qi and blood deficiency and cold invasion, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and yán hú
suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to arrest pain by activating blood, transforming blood stasis and warming
the channels, such as in the formula Shào Fù Zhú Yū Tāng (Lower Abdominal Stasis-■xpelling
Decoction).
2. For stomach qi stagnation due to cold, it can relieve distension, improve appetite and arrest
vomiting by warming the middle and moving qi.
For abdominal distension or distending pain due to cold, it is combined with gāo liáng jiāng
(Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum), wū yào (Radix Linderae) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi).
For abdominal distension or distending pain, vomiting and poor appetite due to de■ciency
cold of the spleen and stomach, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae),
chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), etc.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ 3-9 g in decoction, or used externally.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency heat, because
it is acrid, warm and drying and may consume body yin and assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of trans-anethole, limonene,
fenchone, estragole, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, laurene, etc. It also contains fatty acids which include
petroselic acid, oleinic acid, linoleic acid, palmitinic acid and eicosanoic acid , etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can significantly induce intestinal contractions,
promote bile secretion and resist ulcers. Fennel oil can kill fungus, pityrosporion ovale, tubercle
bacillus and staphylococcus aureus. Saccharan shows anti-tumor effects. The volatile oils can relax
tracheal smooth muscles and promote tissue regeneration in guinea pigs. It can also relieve pain, and
shows effects similar to diaethylstilbestrol.
Attachment: Bā Jiǎo HuíXiāng 八角茴香

Fructus Anisi Stellati
［Source］ It is the mature fruit of Illicium verum Hook. F., a small evergreen tree of the family Magnoliaceae. It
is also known as dà huí xiāng (大茴香).
［Habitat］ It is mostly produced in subtropical zones, but Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan also cultivate
some.
［Collection］ It is collected during September to October, when the fruit is mature.
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It is quite similar to xiăo huí xiāng in property, channels entered, actions, indications, dosage and administration.
Dīng Xiāng 丁香
FLOS CARYOPHYLLI
Clove Flower
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty
(600 A.D.). It is the ■ower bud of Eugenia caryophyllata
Thunb., an evergreen tree of the family Myrtaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dī ng means “nail” and
xiāng “fragrant”. The flower bud is fragrant and looks
like a nail in shape. It is also known as gōng dīng xiāng
(公丁香), where gōng means “father”.
［Habitat］ Originally comes from Zanzibar,
Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Hainan of China
also produces some.
［Collection］ It is collected when the flower bud
is turning red. After the stalks are removed, it is dried
in the sun. Big, solid and oily buds with reddish-brown
color and heavy fragrance are the best, especially when
the calyx tubes sink vertically if put in water.
［Processing］ Impurities are removed before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, aromatic, warm and descending in property, it enters the spleen and
stomach channels to warm the middle and descend the adverse qi, so it is used for hiccups and
vomiting due to cold in the middle. It also enters the kidney channel to warm the kidney yang, so it
is often used for kidney yang de■ciency syndrome.
［Actions］ Warms the middle, descends the adverse qi, disperses cold to relieve pain and warms
kidney yang.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For vomiting and hiccups due to cold, it not only serves as an
essential herb to warm the middle and disperse cold, but also descends the adverse qi to arrest
vomiting and hiccups.
For chronic hiccups in deficiency-cold type, it is often combined with shì dì (Calyx Kaki),
rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), such as in the
formula Dīng Xiāng Shì Dì Tāng (Clove and Persimmon Decoction).
For vomiting in stomach-cold type, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae),
shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), etc.
For chronic vomiting, diarrhea and poor appetite in the pattern of deficiency cold of the
spleen and stomach, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) (dry-fried), shā rén (Fructus Amomi), etc.
2. For abdominal distension or distending pain due to cold, it can relieve distension and pain by
warming the middle and dispersing cold. For such cases, it is often combined with gāo liáng jiāng
(Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum) and xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) to reinforce the potency,
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such as in the formula Dīng Xiāng Zhĭ Tòng Săn (Clove Pain-Relieving Powder).
3. For impotence in the pattern of kidney deficiency, it is often combined with fù zĭ (Radix
Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) and other
herbs that invigorate kidney yang to reinforce the potency.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-5 g, pounded ■rst in decoction, or made into
pills and powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically, or the decoction is
used for topical rinsing.
heat because it is acrid and warm and may consume yin and assist ■re. It is antagonistic to yù jīn
(Radix Curcumae).
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of engenol, acetyleugenol, caryophyllene
alcohol, heptanone, methyl salicylate, α-caryophyllene, chavicol, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can promote gastric secretion, strengthen digestive power,
relieve nausea and vomiting and abdominal bloating, and arrest diarrhea. The water extract and ether
extract can relieve pain and in■ammation. ■ugenol can relieve convulsions. The decoction can resist
bacteria and kill insects and mites. In addition, it can resist platelet aggregation, blood clotting and
thrombosis, promote bile secretion and resist anoxia.
Attachment: MǔDīng Xiāng 母丁香

Fructus Caryophylli
It is the mature fruit of Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. In properties, actions and clinical applications, it is similar
to dīng xiāng but milder. Dosage and administration are the same as dīng xiāng.
Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜

RHIZOMA ALPINIAE OFFICINARUM
Galangal

and South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the rhizome of
Alpinia officinarum Hance, a perennial herb of the family
Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gāo liáng is the ancient name
of Gaozhou, Guangdong Province, and jiāng means “ginger”.
It is hot in flavor like ginger, and was originally produced in
Gaozhou, Guangdong Province.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Henan, Guangxi
and Taiwan of China, but that which is produced in Xuwen of
Guangdong is the best.
［Collection］ It is collected during the late summer and
early autumn. 4-6 year-old rhizomes with stems and ■brous roots
removed are cut into pieces and dried in the sun. Brownish-red
and aromatic rhizomes that are hot in ■avor and with few branches are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is moistened thoroughly, cut into thin pieces and
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dried in the sun.

［Properties］ Acrid; hot.
［Characteristics］ It is hot and warmly dispersing in property, and enters the spleen and stomach
channels to warm the middle and disperse cold to relieve pain and vomiting, thus showing similarity
to gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) in many ways.
［Actions］ Disperses cold to relieve pain and warms the middle to arrest vomiting.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For abdominal cold pain, it can greatly relieve the pain by
warming the interior. For such cases it is commonly combined with páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Praeparatum), such as in the formula Èr Jiāng Wán (Prepared Dried Ginger and Galangal Pill). With
abdominal cold distending pain complicated by liver stagnation, it is often combined with xiāng
fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to soothe the liver in addition, such as in the formula Liáng Fù Wán (Lesser
Galangal and Cyperus Pill).
2. For vomiting due to stomach cold, it can arrest vomiting by warmly dispersing cold and
calming the stomach. For such cases, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and
shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens). For vomiting in deficiency-cold pattern, it is often
combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), fú líng (Poria) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or 1-3 g made into pills or
powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with internal heat or yin
def iciency, since it is hot and dispersing in property and may consume yin. It is prohibited during
pregnancy since it can assist f ire and may cause bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of 1,8-cineole, methyl cinnamate,
engenol, pinene, cadinene and galangol, etc. It also contains flavonoids, such as galangin,
kaempferide, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can promote gastric secretion and arrest diarrhea.
The water extract can relieve pain, resist in■ammation and thrombosis, and resist blood clotting and
platelet aggregation. The ether extract can resist anoxia. The 100％ decoction shows antibiotic action.
HúJiāo 胡椒
FRUCTUS PIPERIS
Pepper Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (659 A.D.).
It is the mature or nearly mature fruit of Piper nigrum L., an evergreen climbing vine of the family
Piperaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hú means “non-native” and jiāo “pepper”. It is hot in flavor like
traditional pepper, but produced originally in foreign countries.
［Habitat］ Originally produced in Southeast Asia, but now also in Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi
and Yunnan of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the late autumn and the next early spring. The nearly mature fruit
turns black while getting drier and drier, and is called hēi (“black”) hú jiāo (黑胡椒). For hēi hú jiāo, the
big, plump, black fruit with creased skin and strong fragrance is the best. If the peel of the mature fruit
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is taken off, the fruit appears white in color and is called bái
(“white”) hú jiāo (白胡椒). For bái hú jiāo, the big, plump and
white fruit with strong fragrance is the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is crushed
before use.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, hot, drying and dispersing in
property, it enters the stomach and large intestine channels
to warm the middle, disperse cold and alleviate pain, so is
commonly used for gastric abdominal pain and vomiting due
to cold. It also can descend adverse qi and dissolve phlegm,
and thus can treat epilepsy with profuse phlegm.
［Actions］ Warms the middle to alleviate pain, descends qi and dissolves phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For stomach and spleen cold syndromes, it can perfectly warm the
middle.
For abdominal cold pain accompanied by vomiting, the powder is crammed into pig tripe,
which is cooked at a low temperature for oral administration. Alternatively, it is combined with
gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum) and bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) to reinforce the
potency.
For diarrhea in the stomach and spleen de■ciency-cold pattern, it is often combined with wú
zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis) to warm the middle, disperse cold, reinforce the spleen and arrest diarrhea.
2. For epilepsy with profuse phlegm, the powder can be used in equal combination with bì bá
(Fructus Piperis Longi) powder for internal use.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 2-3 g in decoction or 0.5-1 g in powder, taken
with water. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically, or used in plaster form.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or internal
heat, since it is acrid and hot and may assist ■re and consume yin. It can be used during pregnancy
with caution.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains piperine, piperamide, heliotropin, piperitone, dihydrogen carveol,
etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can dilate the blood vessels of the skin to cause a warm sensation
and can invigorate the stomach. It can promote choleresis in rats by intragastric administration. Piperine
shows effects of anti-convulsion, sedation and anti-in■ammation.
Huā Jiāo 花椒
PERICARPIUM ZANTHOXYLI
Pricklyash Peel
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature fruit peel of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. or
Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc., two kinds of shrubs or small trees of the family Rutaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Huā means “colorful” and jiāo “pepper”. It was originally produced in
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Shaanxi, but that which comes from Sichuan is the best

now. It is also known as chuān jiāo (川椒) or shŭ jiāo (蜀
椒). Chuān and shŭ are the short names for Sichuan.
［Habitat］ Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. is
mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Shandong and
Hebei provinces of China, and that produced in Hanyuan,
Sichuan is the best. Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et
Zucc. is mainly produced in the Northeastern area and
Jiangsu, Guangdong, etc.
［Collection］ The ears are cut off when the fruit
matures in autumn and dried in the sun. Seeds and
foreign materials are removed when the fruits split.
［Processing］ Seeds and stalks are cleared away and it is used directly or fried ■rst before use.
［Characteristics］ Hot, aromatic and drying in nature, it enters the spleen and stomach channels
to warm the middle, disperse cold, relieve pain and dry dampness. It is suitable for abdominal pain
accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea due to cold in the middle. It can kill parasites, so is able
to treat intestinal parasitosis and skin itching. In addition, it enters the kidney channel to reinforce
kidney yang and alleviate wheezing, and thus is applied for low back pain, cold feet and chronic
wheezing with profuse phlegm in kidney yang de■ciency pattern.
［Actions］ Warms the middle, relieves pain, kills parasites and relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For abdominal cold pain, it can greatly warm the middle and disperse
cold to relieve pain.
For cases resulting from exterior cold attack, it is often combined with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Recens), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh), etc.
For spleen and stomach deficiency cold-based cases, it is often combined with gān jiāng
(Rhizoma Zingiberis) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to warm the middle and warmly
nourish spleen qi, such as in the formula Dà Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Major Center-Fortifying Decoction).
It also can warmly dry dampness to arrest vomiting and diarrhea in cold-damp type, if
combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae), etc.
2. For parasitic abdominal pain, it can be applied internally or by enema to kill parasites and
relieve pain. If parasitic abdominal pain becomes serious with manifestations such as cold limbs and
ascariemesis, it is often combined with wū méi (Fructus Mume), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis),
xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to warmly calm
the ascaris parasites, such as in the formula Wū Méi Wán (Mume Pill). For child enterobiasis with
perianal itch, it is decocted in water alone, and applied by enema.
3. For eczema and pruritus vulvae, it can relieve itching by drying dampness and killing parasites
externally.
For pruritus vulvae, it is decocted together with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), shé chuáng zĭ
(Fructus Cnidii), lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri), stale tea and heated salt for topical steaming
and rinsing.
For eczema, it can be used alone or together with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), shé
chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis)
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to rinse the local skin.

For external use: it is decocted for mouth or local skin rinsing, or ground into powder and applied
topically.
heat, or for pregnant women, since it is hot and may consume yin and assist ■re, and it is also slightly
toxic.
［Ingredients］ The fruit peels of these two kinds of plants contain a large amount of volatile
oils, which are composed of limonene, 1,8-cineole, laurene, estragole, etc. It also contains bergapten,
kokusaginine, skimmianine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The water extract shows bidirectional actions of exciting and
inhibiting on intestinal smooth muscles. The water extract also can resist ulcers, protect the liver,
relieve pain, ■ght against diarrhea and resist in■ammation. The volatile oils show local anesthetic
effect. The water extract and ether extract can resist thrombosis. The decoction can inhibit many
kinds of bacteria. The volatile oils can inhibit many kinds of dermatophytes and fungus, and kill
mites.
Attachment: Jiāo Mù 椒目
Semen Zanthoxyli
［Source］ It is the seed of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. or Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc..
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, kidney, bladder.
［Actions］ Alleviates edema by inducing diuresis, and relieves wheezing by descending qi.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g for decoction.
BìBá 荜茇
FRUCTUS PIPERIS LONGI
Long Pepper Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo
Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Song Dynasty (5th century A.D.).
It is the mature or nearly mature plant head of Piper longum L.,
a perennial herbaceous vine of the family Piperaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bì bá is sometimes also
pronounced as bì bá lí (荜拔梨). Both of the names are the
transliteration of the Latin piper and the Sanskrit pippali,
and are not native Chinese names.
［Habitat］ Originally produced in Sumatra, Indonesia
and the Philippines, but now also in Hainan, Yunnan, and
Guangdong provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in September when
the plant heads are turning black. Big, plump, solid and
fragrant fruits with brownish-black color are the best.
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［Processing］ After impurities and stalks are removed, it is used directly or pounded ■rst before use.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, hot and dispersing in property, it enters the stomach and large intestine
channels to relieve pain and arrest diarrhea and vomiting by warming the middle and dispersing cold.
It is often used for problems due to cold.
［Actions］ Warms the middle, disperses cold, descends qi and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For stomach cold syndrome with manifestations such as abdominal
pain, nausea, vomiting, hiccups or diarrhea, it can be used alone for mild cases, or combined with
gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum) and ròu guì (Cortex
Cinnamomi) to strengthen the potency for severe cases, such as in the formula Dà Yĭ Hán Wán
(Powerfully Cold-Terminating Pill).
For abdominal cold pain and chronic diarrhea in the spleen and stomach deficiency-cold
pattern, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis) and ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) to warm the spleen and stomach to arrest diarrhea,
such as in the formula Bì Bá Săn (Long Pepper Fruit Powder).
2. In addition, if the powder is mixed with pepper powder and applied to dental cavities, it can
relieve pain.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 2-5 g in decoction or made into pills or powder.
For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with yin
de■ciency or internal heat, since it is acrid and hot in property and may induce ■re and consume
yin.
［Ingredients］ It contains piperine and volatile oils which include caryopterone and sesamin,
etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The unsaponi■ables of the volatile oils can decrease exogenous
and endogenous total cholesterol of laboratory animals. The volatile oils can resist anoxia,
myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, and tranquilize the mind, relieve pain and fever, and resist
bacteria in broad-spectrum. The ethanol extract can resist ulcers, increase myocardial nutrient ■ow
and show the effect of anti-ischemia. Alkali that it contains can lower blood pressure. Distilled oils
can resist myocardial arrhythmia, anoxia, bacteria and viruses, and lower cholesterol level.
Summary
Fù Zĭ vs. Ròu Guì
Medicinal Fù Zĭ Ròu Guì
Properties Acrid
Entered channels Heart, spleen, kidney

Similarities
Actions Tonif ies ■re and assists yang, dissipates cold to alleviate pain
Kidney yang de■ciency or spleen-kidney yang de■ciency, cold pain in epigastric

Indications abdomen due to pathogenic cold invading the interior, wind-cold-damp arthralgia,
chest impediment with cold pain and yin jaundice
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Continued　　
Medicinal Fù Zĭ Ròu Guì
Properties Toxic Sweet; warm

Returns
· ■re to its origin and replenishes
Differences
yang to disperse yin

Actions Restores yang to save from collapse
· Warms the channels and promotes blood

circulation
Upward
· floating of deficiency yang
· Yang depletion syndrome
due to kidney de■ciency
Indications · S pontaneous sweating and exterior

· D ysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, cold

syndrome with yang de■ciency
abdominal colic and dorsal furuncles
Fù Zĭ vs. Gān Jiāng

Medicinal Fù Zĭ Gān Jiāng
Properties Acrid
Entered channels Heart, spleen
Similarities
Actions Restores yang and dissipates cold to relieve pain
Indications Yang exhaustion or spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, and wind-cold-damp arthralgia
Properties Hot; toxic Warm

Entered channels Kidney Stomach, lung
Warms
· spleen yang and dredges
channels
Actions Tonif ies ■re and assists yang
· Warms lung and resolves ■uid retention
Reduces toxicity of fù zĭ
Differences
Impotence, uterine cold with infertility,

Gastric
· cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea
enuresis, frequent micturition, edema,
C ombined
· with fù zĭ to treat yang
Indications spontaneous sweating and exterior
exhaustion
syndrome with yang deficiency and
· Cough and asthma due to cold ■uid
chest impediment
Most important medicinal that can tonify The efficacy of restoring yang of gān
Special features ■re and assist yang and restore yang to jiāng is much less than fù zĭ, but gān
save from collapse jiāng could strengthen the effects of fù zĭ
Gān Jiāng vs. Gāo Liáng Jiāng
Medicinal Gān Jiāng Gāo Liáng Jiāng
Properties Acrid
Similarities
Actions Disperses cold to relieve pain and warms the middle to arrest vomiting
Indications Gastric cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea
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Continued　　
Medicinal Gān Jiāng Gāo Liáng Jiāng
Properties Warm Hot
Entered channels Heart, lung —

Differences
· Warms spleen yang

Actions Restores
· yang and revives pulse, warms Disperses stomach cold
the lung and resolves ■uid retention
Yang collapse syndrome and cough and

Indications dyspnea due to cold fluid retention in —
the lung
Huā Jiāo vs. Jiāo Mù
Medicinal Huā Jiāo Jiāo Mù
Origin From the same plant

Similarities
Indications Cough and asthma
Properties Acrid; hot Bitter; cold
Entered channels Spleen, stomach Lung, bladder
Origin Peel Seed
· Assists ■re to relieve dyspnea

· ■
xcretes water, descends qi and relieves
Warms
· the middle to relieve pain and
Actions dyspnea
Differences
dries dampness
· Induces diuresis to alleviate edema
· Kills parasites to stop itching
Damp
· asthma with low back pain and
cold feet
· Abdominal pain due to cold, vomiting

and diarrhea due to cold-dampness · Dyspnea due to phlegm-■uid retention
Indications
· A bdominal pain due to parasitic
· ■dema and puf■ness
infestation
· ■czema and pruritus vulvae for external

application
Xiăo Huí Xiāng vs. Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng vs. Dīng Xiāng
Medicinal Xiăo Huí Xiāng Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng Dīng Xiāng

Similarities
Entered channels Spleen, stomach, kidney
Actions Disperses cold, regulates qi and relieves pain
Indications Gastric cold pain and distention
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Continued　　
Medicinal Xiăo Huí Xiāng Bā Jiăo Huí Xiāng Dīng Xiāng
Entered channels Liver — —
Warms the middle and

descends adverse qi,
Actions Warms the liver and kidney
Differences
warms the kidney and

assists yang
Vomiting and hiccup

Indications Cold abdominal colic, testalgia, cold pain of lower due to stomach cold, and
abdomen and dysmenorrhea impotence due to kidney
de■ciency
Hú Jiāo vs. Bì Bá
Medicinal Hú Jiāo Bì Bá
Properties Acrid; hot

Similarities
Actions Warms the middle and disperses cold to relieve pain
Indications Abdominal pain and vomiting due to cold in the stomach
Ground into powder, and filled into

Actions Descends qi and dissolves phlegm
dental caries to relieve pain
Differences
Indications ■pilepsy with excessive phlegm Toothache
The action time is short, often used as

Special features Long lasting compared to hú jiāo
condiment to promote appetite
Fù Zĭ vs. Chuān Wū
Medicinal Fù Zĭ Chuān Wū
Properties Acrid; hot; toxic
Entered channels Heart, spleen, kidney

Similarities
Actions Disperses cold and relieves pain
Indications Wind-cold-dampness arthralgia and cold pain of the stomach and abdomen

Differences
Restores yang to save from collapse, Dispels wind and removes dampness,
Actions
tonif ies ■re and assist yang anaesthetize to relieve pain
Yang depletion, kidney yang deficiency

or spleen and kidney yang deficiency, · Cold abdominal colic, dorsal furuncles
Indications
edema, spontaneous sweating and exterior · Topical anesthesia
syndrome with yang de■ciency
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Gān Jiāng vs. Shēng Jiāng

Medicinal Gān Jiāng Shēng Jiāng
Properties Acrid
Entered channels
Similarities
Lung, spleen
Actions Warms the middle and disperses cold
Indications Coldness in the spleen and stomach
Entered channels Stomach, heart —
· Induces sweating to release exterior
· W
arms stomach to stop vomiting and
promotes appetite
Warms the middle and dissipates cold,
· Warms the lung to stop coughing
Actions restores yang and revives pulse, warms
· U
sed alone to relieve the poisonous
the lung and resolves ■uid retention
action of crude bàn xià (Rhizoma
Differences
Pinelliae), tiān nán xī ng (Rhizoma

Arisaematis), ■sh or crab
Chronic pain of stomach and abdomen, · M
oderate common cold due to wind
vomiting and diarrhea due to de■ciency- cold
Indications cold of spleen and stomach, yang collapse · V
omiting due to stomach cold, poor
syndrome and cough and dyspnea due to appetite
cold ■uid retention in the lung · Cough due to wind cold
· Fresh rhizome with weak ef■cacy
Dried
· old rhizome with strong ef■cacy
Special features · A
cts both on the exterior and the
· Mainly acts on the interior
interior
Wú Zhū Yú vs. Găo Bĕn

Medicinal Wú Zhū Yú găo bĕn
Properties Acrid
Similarities

Actions Relieves pain
Indications Vertex headache
Properties Bitter, hot; slightly toxic Warm
Entered channels Spleen, stomach, kidney Bladder
Disperses cold to relieve pain, dries
Dispels wind, cold and dampness to stop
Actions dampness, assists yang, soothes the
pain
liver to lower qi
Differences
jue
· yin headache due to cold de■ciency
· V
ertex headache due to external wind
of middle and adverse ■ow of liver qi
cold
· Cold abdominal colic, vomiting and

· C
ommon cold due to wind cold,
Indications acid reflux due to liver and stomach
exterior syndrome complicated by
disharmony, cold-damp beriberi,
dampness and wind-cold-damp type
de■ciency-cold diarrhea, gastric cold
of arthralgia
pain and dysmenorrhea
Mainly acts on liver channel of foot jue Acts on the bladder channel of foot tai
Special features
yin yang
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Review Questions
1. W hat is the concept of herbs for warming the interior? ■xplain actions and indications, cautions and
contraindications of the herbs in this chapter?
2. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of fù zĭ, ròu guì and wú zhū yú.
3. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of dīng xiāng, xiăo huí xiāng and huā
jiāo.
4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: fù zĭ and gān jiāng; fù
zĭ and ròu guì; fù zĭ and chuān wū; ròu guì and guì zhī; gān jiāng and shēng jiāng; gān jiāng and gāo liáng jiāng; hú
jiāo and bì bá; wú zhū yú and găo bĕn.
5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, characteristics and clinical applications: huā jiāo
and jiāo mù.
6. Both fù zĭ and fáng jĭ can cure arthralgia, but what are the differences between them?
Both wú zhū yú and găo bĕn can cure vertex headache, but what are the differences between them?
7. Why does fù zĭ have to be prepared before use and decocted for a long time? Why does ròu guì have to be decocted
later?
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305
CHAPTER 8
Herbs that Regulate Qi
Chén Pí 陈皮 / 306 Xiāng Fù 香附 / 315

Jú Hóng 橘红 / 308 Wū Yào 乌药 / 317
Jú Hé 橘核 / 308 Chén Xiāng 沉香 / 319
Qīnq Pí 青皮 / 308 Tán Xiāng 檀香 / 320
Zhĭ Shí 枳实 / 310 Chuān Liàn Zĭ 川楝子 / 321
Zhĭ Qiào 枳壳 / 312 Xiè Bái 薤白 / 323
Mù Xiāng 木香 / 312 Dà Fù Pí 大腹皮 / 324
Fó Shŏu 佛手 / 314
［Definition］ Herbs with a primary action of regulating qi to relieve qi stagnation or qi

counterflow syndromes are called qi-regulating herbs. Those with strong potency are called qi-
breaking herbs.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most of the herbs in this category are acrid, bitter, aromatic and warm,
but a few of them are cold; they mainly enter the spleen, stomach, liver and lung channels. Good in
activating and dispersing or purging and descending, they are mainly applied to activate stomach and
spleen qi, soothe liver qi to relieve qi stagnation, disperse pectoral qi to relieve chest suppression,
move qi to alleviate pain and break up qi to dissipate stagnation. Some of them are also able to
resolve accumulation and dry dampness at the same time.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly used for treating qi stagnation or qi
counter■ow syndromes. The ■ow of qi relies on the normal function of the lung, liver, spleen and
stomach. The lung governs the whole body qi flow in general, the liver controls the exiting and
entering of qi and the spleen serves as a pivot for the ascending and descending of qi. Improper diet,
unhealthy mood changes, extremes of climate and pathogenic accumulation of phlegm, dampness
and blood stasis all can affect qi ■ow and cause qi stagnation. Generally, fullness, distension and
pain may be seen in the syndrome of qi stagnation, while belching, hiccups, nausea, vomiting,
acid regurgitation and wheezing are seen in the syndrome of qi counter■ow. Symptoms vary with
different locations and situations. For example dyspnea with coughing and wheezing results from
lung qi counter■ow; chest pain and stuf■ness, distending pain in the breast or scrotum, and irregular
menstruation result from liver qi stagnation; and stomach and abdominal distension, vomiting and
nausea, and constipation or diarrhea may come from spleen and stomach qi disorder.
［Modi■cations］ Herbs in this category are chosen according to pattern differentiation, and are
applied in combination with herbs appropriate to treat accompanying symptoms. For the syndrome
of spleen and stomach qi stagnation complicated with damp heat, they should be used together with
herbs for clearing heat and draining dampness; for cases complicated with damp cold affecting
the spleen qi, they can be used together with herbs for warming the middle and drying dampness;
for cases complicated with food accumulation, they should be combined with herbs for promoting
digestion; and for cases complicated with spleen and stomach qi de■ciency, they should be combined
with herbs that invigorate the spleen and stomach. For liver qi stagnation, they are normally
combined with herbs that soothe the liver, nourish the liver yin or blood, activate blood, alleviate
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pain or strengthen the spleen according to the relevant pathogenetic condition. For lung qi stagnation
due to exogenous pathogenic factors attacking the lung, they should be used together with herbs for
dispersing lung qi, resolving phlegm and relieving coughing, and for cases elicited by phlegm heat,
they should be combined with herbs for clearing heat and resolving phlegm.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this category are basically aromatic and drying and
dispersing, so that they may consume qi and yin. Therefore, they are not suitable for cases with qi or
yin de■ciency. Qi-breaking herbs should be used cautiously for pregnant women. Most of the herbs
in this category contain volatile oils, so they should not be boiled for a long period of time.
Chén Pí陈皮
PERICARPIUM CITRI RETICULATAE
Aged Tangerine Peel
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jú pí
(橘皮). It is the peel of the ripe fruit of Citrus reticulata
Blanco and cultivated varieties of the citrus genus, small
evergreen trees of the family Rutaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chén “aged” and pí
“peel”. It is also called hóng pí (红皮). Hóng means “red”,
since the peel of the ripe fruit is red. The peel should
be stored for a long time before use. It is also known as
xīn huì pí (新会皮), where xīn huì is a name of a place
of Guangdong Province, where the best-quality herb is
supposed to be produced.
［Habitat］ It is produced in Sichuan, Fujian, Jiangxi and Hunan of China. Guăng chén pí (广
陈皮) is mainly produced in Xinhui and Sihui areas of Guangdong Province.
［Collection］ The fruit is collected in autumn when ripe. After the skin is removed, the peel is
dried in the shade. Big peels with strong fragrance are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water quickly and then soaked.
It is cut into slices and air dried before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, lung.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor with dispersing, descending and drying effects.
Warm but not hot, it is aromatic and thus able to enliven the spleen. ■ntering the spleen and lung
channels, it not only regulates qi movement, activates the spleen and improves the digestion, but
also dries dampness and resolves damp phlegm. It can be used for the patterns of qi stagnation and
dampness or phlegm accumulation, but with preference for cold type.
［Actions］ Regulates qi and strengthens the spleen, dries dampness and resolves phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the syndrome of spleen and stomach qi stagnation, it is good at
moving qi to regulate the middle, drying dampness and invigorating the spleen.
For gastric abdominal distention or distending pain due to qi stagnation in the middle, it can
be used alone for mild cases or be combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus
Aurantii) and sū gĕng (Caulis Perillae) for severe cases.
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Chapter 8 Herbs that Regulate Qi 307
For nausea and vomiting due to counter■ow and stagnation of stomach qi, it is combined with
shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to calm the stomach and
stop vomiting, such as in the formula Jú Pí Tāng (Tangerine Peel Decoction); for those cases in heat
type, huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) are added to clear heat
and enhance the effects on calming the stomach and inhibiting vomiting.
For qi stagnation syndrome elicited by damp accumulation in the middle and manifested as
gastric abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, it is often combined with cāng zhú
(Rhizoma Atractylodis) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to relieve distention and fullness
by resolving dampness and moving qi, such as in the formula Píng Wèi Săn (Stomach-Calming
Powder).
For qi stagnation resulting from food accumulation marked by gastric abdominal distending
pain and poor appetite, it is often combined with shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and shén qū (Massa
Medicata Fermentata) to promote digestion and relieve distention, such as in the formula Băo Hé
Wán (Harmony-Preserving Pill).
For qi stagnation due to spleen qi deficiency manifested as gastric abdominal distention,
abdominal pain relieved by pressure, reduced appetite, abdominal distention after meals and loose
stools, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to invigorate the spleen, improve the movement of qi and
promote appetite, such as in the formula Yì Gōng Săn (Special Achievement Powder).
For diarrhea with abdominal colic pain due to the liver over-controlling the spleen, it is
combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and
fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to replenish the spleen and inhibit the liver, such as in the formula
Tòng Xiè Yào Fāng (Pain and Diarrhea Formula).
2. For cough with damp phlegm or cold phlegm, it cures the cough by drying dampness,
resolving phlegm, and dispersing and descending lung qi.
For cough with white profuse damp phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae) and fú líng (Poria) to dry and drain dampness, such as in the formula Èr Chén Tāng (Two
Matured Substances Decoction).
For cough with clear profuse phlegm which is diagnosed as cold type, it is often combined
with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to warmly
transform the phlegm and relieve the coughing.
3. In addition, it is commonly used in combination with tonics to help the digestion.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or made into pills or powder
for internal use.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are mainly composed of d-limonen and citral. It
also contains hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringnin, nobiletin, dihydrogen nobiletin, inositol, vitamin
B1, C, carotene, cryptoxanthine, synephrine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can inhibit the smooth muscles of the
gastrointestinal tract and uterus. A small dose of the decoction can reinforce heart contractility and
increase cardiac output, while a large dose can inhibit heart function. The decoction of the fresh
peel can dilate the vessels. Hesperidin and hesperidin methyl show effects similar to vitamin P —
prevention of hemorrhage by decreasing blood capillary permeability, resisting the increase of blood
capillary permeability resulting from histamine and lysolecithin, reinforcement of ■brinolysis and
resisting thrombosis. Phosphoryl hesperidin can decrease the serum cholesterol level of model
hyperlipidemia rabbits and can remarkably relieve atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta. Methyl can
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increase choleresis, dissolve bile stones and resist inflammation. The volatile oils can improve
expectoration by stimulating the tracheal mucus membranes. The decoction can expand the
bronchus. The ethanol extract can relax the trachea in vitro. It also shows effects of anti-oxidation,
anti-anaphylaxis, antibiosis, anti-virus, inhibition of parasites and hemostasis.
Attachment: JúHóng 橘红
Exocarpium Citri Rubrum
［Source］ It is the peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties of the citrus genus in the family
Rutaceae.
［Actions］ Moves stomach qi, dries dampness and resolves phlegm
［Clinical Applications］ Cough with excessive phlegm and indigestion without heat signs.
［Ingredients］ It contains citral, geraniol, linalool, etc.
JúHé 橘核
Semen Citri Reticulatae
［Source］ It is the seed of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties of the citrus genus.
［Actions］ Moves qi, dissipates lumps and alleviates pain.
［Clinical Applications］ Testicular swelling and breast lumps.
［Ingredients］ It contains fatty oils, proteins, obakulactone , etc.
Qīnq Pí青皮
PERICARPIUM CITRI RETICULATAE VIRIDE
Green Tangerine Peel
［Source］ Initially appeared in Map and Record of Materia Medica (Běn Căo Tú Jīng, 本草
图经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (about 1061
A.D.). Its original name was qīng jú (青橘). It is
the peel of the immature fruit or the small young
fruit of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated
varieties, small evergreen trees of the family
Rutaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qīng “green” and
pí “peel”. The green peel of the immature fruit, or
the small young whole fruit of the tangerine are used.
［Habitat］ The immature peel cut into four
sections is mainly produced in Fujian, Sichuan,
Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan of China. The
small young whole fruit is mainly produced in
Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangxi and Guangdong of China.
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［Collection］ The small young whole fruits are collected during May or June when they fall
naturally and then dried in the sun. Thick peels which are green outside and white inside are the best.
Alternately, the immature fruits are collected during July or August, the peel is cut longitudinally
into quarters with the bottom connected and then dried in the sun. Thick and ■rm peels with minimal
pulp and strong fragrance are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and put aside for
moistening. It is cut into thick slices or shreds for use, or vinegar-fried before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor and so has the actions of warmly dispersing
and descending. ■ntering the liver, gallbladder and stomach channels, it is good at breaking up
stagnated liver qi to treat chest pain, breast problems and abdominal cold colic pain. It is also good
at dissipating lumps and resolving accumulation, so it is often used for abdominal masses, chronic
malarial lumps and food accumulation.
［Actions］ Breaks up liver qi and resolves accumulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest distending pain in the syndrome of liver qi stagnation,
it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and yù jīn (Radix
Curcumae) to enhance the effects on breaking up liver qi and relieving pain.
For breast swelling or lumps due to liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix
Bupleuri), jú yè (Folium Citri Reticulatae) and sī guā luò (Retinervus Luffae Fructus) to soothe the
liver, disperse qi, resolve phlegm and dissipate masses.
For acute mastitis elicited by liver qi stagnation and stomach heat, it is often combined with
pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to
clear toxic heat and alleviate swelling.
For abdominal cold colic pain due to coldness occupying the liver channel, it is often
combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to warmly activate qi
to relieve pain, such as in the formula Tiān Tái Wū Yào Săn (Combined Spicebush Root of Tian Tai
Powder).
For abnormal menstruation or dysmenorrhea due to liver qi stagnation, it is combined with
xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae
Miltiorrhizae) to promote movement of liver qi, regulate menstruation and relieve pain.
2. For abdominal pain due to qi stagnation or food accumulation, it enters the stomach channel
and is able to break up qi and resolve food accumulation.
For gastric abdominal distending pain due to qi stagnation in the stomach and intestines, it is
often combined with dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii).
For gastric abdominal cold pain due to cold attack, it is often combined with ròu guì
(Cortex Cinnamomi) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to relieve the pain by warmly
activating qi.
For gastric abdominal distending pain from food accumulation, it is combined with shān zhā
(Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus)
to move qi and improve digestion, such as in the formula Qīng Pí Wán (Green Tangerine Peel
Pill).
For abdominal pain with constipation due to food accumulation and qi stagnation, it should be
used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to reinforce the
potency.
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3. For abdominal masses and lumps due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined
with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) and é zhú
(Rhizoma Curcumae) to break up the stagnated qi, activate blood and dissipate masses.
4. In addition, injection of the herb applied intravenously can raise blood pressure, resist
shock and strengthen the automatic contraction of the cardiac muscle. Therefore, it can be used for
infectious shock, cardiac shock and supraventricular tachycardia, etc.
The vinegar-processed herb is preferred for soothing the liver.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Since it is acrid and bitter and thus may consume qi and body
■uid, it is not suitable for patients with qi and ■uid de■ciency.
［Ingredients］ Its main ingredients are similar to that of chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae), with greater relative quantity of synephrine.
［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils can mildly stimulate the gastrointestinal tract
to promote the secretion of digestive juice and relieve intestinal gas retention. The decoction shows
stronger effect than jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) on inhibiting spasm of the intestinal smooth
muscles. The decoction and the injection can relax the gallbladder, promote choleresis and protect the
liver. The volatile oils can facilitate the expectoration of phlegm and relieve wheezing. The injection
can remarkably raise blood pressure and resist shock, and shows positive actions on the irritability,
contractility, conductibility and automatic rhythmicity of the cardiac muscle.
ZhǐShí枳实
FRUCTUS AURANTII IMMATURUS
Immature Bitter Orange
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the small young fruit of
Citrus aurantium L. or its cultivated varieties or Citrus
sinensis Osbeck, small evergreen trees of the family
Rutaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhĭ is an old word meaning
“orange plant”, and shí means “young fruit”.
［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Jiangxi,
Hunan, Fujian, Zhejiang and Guizhou provinces in China.
［Collection］ It is collected during May and June.
The big fruits are cut into two parts and then dried in the
sun or at a low temperature. The fruit with dark green peel,
pleasant fragrance, and plump and ■rm pulp is the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and soaked. It is cut into
thin slices when soft and used directly or stir-fried with bran ■rst.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter in taste with descending effect, and acrid with dispersing effect.
It is slightly cold but not drying, and works strongly and quickly. ■ntering the spleen, stomach and
large intestine channels, it is good at breaking up stagnated qi and at resolving accumulation and
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phlegm to relieve distension or stuf■ness in excess pattern. Moreover, it is also effective for organ
prolapse.
［Actions］ Breaks up stagnated qi and resolves accumulation and phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For distension in the stomach and large intestine, it can break up qi
by descending and dispersing.
For abdominal distension due to food accumulation, it is often combined with shān zhā (Fructus
Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to enhance
the effects.
For abdominal distension due to constipation in heat type, it is often combined with hòu pò
(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to move qi and purge the
large intestine, such as in the formula Xiăo Chéng Qì Tāng (Minor Purgative Decoction).
For abdominal distension accompanied by dyspepsia and spleen deficiency, it is combined
with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the spleen and help resolve
food accumulation, such as in the formula Zhĭ Zhú Wán (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes
Macrocephala Pill).
For abdominal distension due to damp heat and food accumulation in the stomach and large
intestine marked by constipation, or dysenteric diarrhea and tenesmus, it is combined with dà
huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear damp heat and relieve
distension by purging feces, such as in the formula Zhĭ Shí Dăo Zhì Wán (Immature Bitter Orange
Stagnation-Moving Pill).
2. For chest stuf■ness or fullness, and coughing due to turbid phlegm obstruction, it is good at
resolving phlegm and breaking up the stagnated qi to relieve stuf■ness and fullness.
For chest stuf■ness due to phlegm obstruction and de■cient yang qi of the chest, it is often
combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and guā lóu
(Fructus Trichosanthis) to warm yang and resolve phlegm to relieve stuf■ness, such as in the
formula Zhĭ Shí Xiè Bái Guì Zhī Tāng (Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon
Twig Decoction).
For epigastric stuf■ness or pain with heat-phlegm obstruction, it is often combined with
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae)
to clear heat and phlegm and break up the stagnated qi of the stomach, such as in the formula
Xiăo Xiàn Xiōng Jiā Zhĭ Shí Tāng (Minor Chest-Draining Decoction Plus Immature Orange
Fruit).
For coughing with profuse phlegm along with chest stuf■ness and pain, it is combined with
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) to dry dampness, resolve phlegm, move qi and relieve coughing and stuf■ness, such as
in the formula Dăo Tán Tāng (Phlegm-■xpelling Decoction).
For epigastric fullness and poor appetite due to phlegm obstruction and spleen deficiency
with both heat and cold signs, it is often combined with bàn xià qū (Rhizoma Pinelliae Fermentata),
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) to strengthen the spleen,
and enhance the effects of resolving phlegm and dissipating heat, such as in the formula Zhĭ Shí Xiāo
Pĭ Wán (Immature Bitter Orange and Glomus-Dispersing Pill).
3. In addition, if combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and similar herbs which
nourish qi and raise yang, it is effective for organ prolapse such as gastroptosis, hysteroptosis and
rectocele.
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The intravenous injection is reported to treat various kinds of shock and shows remarkable
effects in boosting blood pressure.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g generally and 30 g maximum for
decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: its powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant
and applied topically, or is stir-fried ■rst for hot compresses. The bitter, acrid and cold properties are
reduced by stir-frying.
spleen and stomach de■ciency because of its acrid, bitter and cold properties and its qi-breaking
potency.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, hesperidin, naringoside, N-methyltyramine, aurantiamarin
and synephrine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can relieve spasms of the small intestine caused by acetylcholine
or barium chloride, and can increase gastric and intestinal peristalsis in laboratory animals. It can
induce contractions of the gallbladder and increase the muscular tension of the sphincter of Oddi. It
shows effects of antiulcer, analgesia, sedation and anti-anaphylaxis. It can inhibit the uterus of mice
in vitro. Its intravenous injection can increase blood ■ow in the coronary artery, brain and kidney,
and decrease cerebral and renal vascular resistance. It shows the effects of boosting blood pressure
and inhibiting shock in anesthetized dogs or rabbits. It also can inhibit thrombosis.
Attachment: ZhǐQiào 枳壳
Fructus Aurantii
［Source］ It is the nearly mature fruit of Citrus aurantium L. and its cultivated varieties.
［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］ Used directly or stir-fried
with bran ■rst, it is similar to zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus)
in properties, entered channels, actions and clinical applications,
but somewhat milder. It is good at moving pectoral qi to relieve
stuf■ness, fullness or distension of the chest and stomach.
For indigestion with epigastric fullness, it is often combined
with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), xiāng fù
(Rhizoma Cyperi) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae).
For hypochondriac distension due to liver qi stagnation, it is
combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi)
and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), such as in the formula Chái Hú Shū Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing
Powder).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: generally 3-10 g in decoction.
MùXiāng 木香
RADIX AUCKLANDIAE
Common Aucklandia Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the root of Aucklandia lappa Decne., a perennial herb of the family
Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mù “wood” and xiāng “fragrant”. It is an herb with a wooden vine
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and strong fragrance. It mainly grew in the Guangzhou area

in ancient times, so it is also known as guăng mù xiāng (广
木香). Now it is mainly produced in Yunnan Province, so is
sometimes called yún mù xiāng (云木香).
［Habitat］ It was originally produced in India and
Burma, but now grows mainly in Yunnan and Sichuan
provinces of China. The herb which is produced in Yunnan
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn and winter.
After the remnant stems, fibrous roots and sediment are
removed, it is dried in the sun or in an oven. Those that are
solid, balanced in shape, oily and aromatic are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are cleared away, it is washed clean, moistened well with clean
water, cut into thick pieces and dried naturally in the air. It is used directly, or is roasted in ashes ■rst.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine, sanjiao, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ It is aromatic, warm, bitter and dry in nature, and dispersing, descending
and drying in property. It mainly enters the spleen, stomach and large intestine channels, and also the
sanjiao and gallbladder channels. It can regulate the qi of the sanjiao and the spleen and stomach,
and often serves as a key component in formulas for relieving cold pain and distension due to
stomach qi stagnation complicated with coldness retention.
The raw herb has a strong aroma and a strong dispersing effect, while the roasted herb has less
aroma and a milder dispersing effect.
［Actions］ Moves qi, regulates the middle and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the syndrome of stomach qi stagnation, it can warmly move the
qi of the abdomen to relieve pain, so is particularly suitable for abdominal distension and pain due to
coldness retention or coldness attack. For such cases, it is often combined with chén pí (Pericarpium
Citri Reticulatae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), etc., such as in
the formula Mù Xiāng Shùn Qì Sán (Costus Root Qi-Balancing Powder).
It also can be used for food accumulation, which is manifested by abdominal distension,
nausea, vomiting and fetid stools, in which case it is often combined with mài yá (Fructus Hordei
Germinatus) to improve digestion and defecation, such as in the formula Mù Xiāng Tāng (Costus
Root Decoction).
For abdominal distension, poor appetite and loose stools due to spleen qi deficiency and
stomach qi stagnation, it is often used with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú
(Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), such as in the formula Xiāng Shā Liù Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Costus
Root and Amomum Six Gentlemen Decoction).
2. For dysentery with tenesmus, it can effectively relieve the tenesmus by moving the qi of the
large intestine.
For dysentery with tenesmus in damp-heat type, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis) to clear damp heat and move qi to relieve pain, such as in the formula Xiāng Lián Wán
(Costus Root and Coptis Pill). If the above situation is complicated with food accumulation, it is
often used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and huáng
lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to move the large intestine and purge heat and accumulation, such as in the
formula Mù Xiāng Bīng Láng Wán (Costus Root and Areca Pill).
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3. For qi stagnation in the liver and gallbladder, it can not only move the stomach qi, but also the
qi of the liver and gallbladder.
For epigastric distention and pain, bitter taste in the mouth and dark urine due to damp-heat
retention in the liver and gallbladder, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), yù jīn (Radix
Curcumae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to disperse liver qi, clear heat and dry dampness. If
jaundice is seen in conjunction with the above problem, it is often combined with yīn chén (Herba
Artemisiae Scopariae), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to
conduct the liver qi, clear heat and improve bile secretion.
powder. The directly dried herb is used for moving qi, whereas the roasted herb is used for arresting
diarrhea.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, body ■uid
de■ciency or excess ■re, since it is warm, drying and dispersing in property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils that include costol, costunolide, etc. It also
contains varieties of lactones (costus lactone), sterols (betulin), saussurine, organic acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The extract can enhance rabbit intestinal movement amplitude
and intestinal muscular tension in vitro, and resist ACh, histamine and barium chloride-caused
muscular spasms of the intestines, as well as bronchial spasms. The decoction can improve gastric
secretion and gastrointestinal mobility and digestion, and can resist peptic ulcers and enhance
gallbladder contraction. Small doses of water extract and ethanol extract can excite the hearts of
frogs and dogs in vivo, while large doses show inhibitory effects. In addition, it also shows effects of
pain relief, anti-bacteria, diuresis, blood sugar reduction and ■brinolysis promotion.
Fó Shǒu 佛手
FRUCTUS CITRI SARCODACTYLIS
Buddha’s Hand
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of South Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty (1436
A.D.). Its original name was fó shŏu gān (佛手柑). It is the dried fruit of Citrus medica L. var.
sarcodactylis Swingle.
［■xplanation of Name］ It is also called wŭ zhĭ gān
(五指柑). Fó “Buddha”, shŏu “hand” and wŭ zhĭ “five
■ngers”. The fruit looks like a human hand in shape.
［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan,
Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian of China.
［Collection］ The fruit is collected in autumn when
it has not yet become yellow or has just become yellow.
It is cut into slivers and then dried in the sun or at a low
temperature. The best quality is large with yellow peel,
white pulp and strong fragrance.
［Processing］ After foreign substances are removed, it is moistened and then cut into pieces. It
is used raw.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, stomach, lung.
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［Characteristics］ This herb is acrid and bitter with dispersing and unblocking properties.
Aromatic but not strong, it is warm in nature but its potency is mild. It enters the liver channel, so it
can soothe the liver and relieve qi stagnation. It also enters the spleen and stomach channels, so can
regulate qi and harmonize the middle jiao. It also enters the lung channel, so it can regulate qi and
eliminate dampness to resolve phlegm and relieve coughing. It is suitable for the syndrome of liver-
stomach disharmony.
［Actions］ Soothes the liver and regulates qi, harmonizes the middle and dissipates phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the syndrome of liver qi stagnation, this herb not only can
soothe the liver and relieve qi stagnation, but also can move qi and alleviate pain.
For distending pain of the hypochondrium due to liver qi stagnation, it is often used with chái
hú (Radix Bupleuri), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and
those herbs having the effects of soothing the liver and regulating qi.
For distending hypochondriac pain of the gastric cavity due to liver-stomach disharmony, it
is often used with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii)
(stir-fried with bran), etc.
2. For the syndrome of qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, it can move qi, harmonize
the middle and alleviate pain. For this syndrome manifested as gastric abdominal distending pain,
nausea, vomiting and poor appetite, it is often used with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), jú pí
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), etc.
3. For the syndrome of phlegm dampness obstructing the lung, it not only can dry dampness and
resolve phlegm, but also can move qi and relieve chest oppression. For this syndrome manifested
as cough with excessive phlegm, chest stuf■ness, breathlessness, or chest and hypochondrium
pain, it is often used with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae)
and guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis), which have the effects of dissipating phlegm and
moving qi.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or used to make tea.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor and warm and dry in nature,
which can consume qi and damage yin. Therefore it should be used cautiously for those with yin
de■ciency and de■ciency heat without qi stagnation.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, bergapten and hesperidin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The ethanol extracts of this herb can inhibit intestinal smooth
muscles and remarkably relieve convulsions of the duodenum caused by acetylcholine. It also
can expand the coronary vessels and increase coronary flow. A high concentration of the ethanal
extracts can inhibit cardiac contractility, slow down the heart rate, lower blood pressure and protect
experimental myocardial ischemia. The decoction can relieve asthma and the volatile oils can
dissipate phlegm. In addition, it can resist convulsions, in■ammation and viruses.
Xiāng Fù香附
RHIZOMA CYPERI
Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome

and South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original name was shā căo gēn (莎草根). It is the dried
rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L., a perennial herb of the family Cyperaceae.
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［■xplanation of Name］ Xiāng means “fragrant”

and fù “attachment”. It smells nice and looks like the
pit of a Chinese date. The herb produced in Shandong
Province is also called dōng xiāng fù (东香附), where
dōng is the abbreviation of Shandong.
［Habitat］ It is produced widely throughout China
but mainly in Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan and Sichuan
provinces. The ones produced in Shandong and Zhejiang
provinces are the best in quality.
［Collection］ The rhizome is collected in autumn.
After the fibrous roots are burned off, it is dried in the
sun. Big solid herbs with chocolate brown color and pleasant fragrance are the best.
［Processing］ After foreign substances are cleaned away, it is crushed into mung-bean-sized
particles or ■rst moistened thoroughly and then sliced and dried. It can be used directly, stir-fried ■rst
with vinegar or wine, or carbonized before use.
［Properties］ Acrid, slightly sweet, slightly bitter; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, sanjiao.
［Characteristics］ Dispersing, descending and mildly harmonizing, it is neither warm nor cold
in nature. It was regarded by Li Shi-zhen, a well-known doctor of the Ming Dynasty, as “the captain
of qi and panacea for women’s diseases”. It enters the liver channel and is good at soothing the liver;
it also enters the sanjiao and is good at regulating qi. It is the essential herb for dysmenorrhea and
irregular menses, and can also prevent miscarriage.
［Actions］ Disperses liver qi, regulates menstruation and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For distending pain in the chest, abdominal gas pain and colic
pain due to liver qi stagnation, it can effectively relieve the pain whether in cold, heat, excess or
de■ciency type by dispersing liver qi.
For distending pain in the chest due to liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with chái hú
(Radix Bupleuri) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Chái
Hú Shū Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder).
For breast distending pain or breast lumps, it is often used with qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae Viride), guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) to reinforce
the effects of conducting qi and dissipating the lumps.
For cold pain in the bilateral parts of the lower abdomen or testalgia in cold type, which is
generally diagnosed as coldness accumulated in the liver channel, it is often combined with xiăo huí
xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to conduct liver
qi, disperse coldness and relieve pain.
2. For irregular menses, dysmenorrhea and breast distending pain, it is able to regulate the
menstrual cycle and menstruation to relieve the pain by completely dispersing the liver qi, and thus
is regarded as a key in such formulas.
For postponed menstruation resulting from liver qi stagnation, it is often combined with dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), etc., such as in the formula
Xiāng Fù Xiōng Guī Tāng (Cyperus, Chuanxiong and Chinese Angelica Decoction).
For irregular menstruation in de■ciency-cold type, it is often combined with ài yè (Folium
Artemisiae Argyi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to warm
the uterus, nourish blood and regulate menstruation, such as in the formula Ài Fù Nuăn Gōng Wán
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(Mugwort and Cyperus Palace Warming Pill).

For dysmenorrhea due to qi and blood stagnation, it can be used alone, or is made into pills
after being processed with wine, salt water and rice vinegar, or is combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and yán
hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to reinforce the potency.
3. In addition, if used together with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae), it also can be used for the
prevention of miscarriage due to liver qi stagnation, such as in the formula Tiĕ Zhào Săn (Iron-Jacket
Protecting Powder).
pills. The vinegar-prepared product shows better effect on relieving pain.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency or internal
heat, since it is warm and drying in property and may consume blood and qi in the process of
application.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils (mainly composed of cyperene), alkaloids,
cardiac glycoside and ■avonoids.
［Pharmacological Research］ 5％ of its extract can depress the uterus of experimental animals
in vitro by decreasing the contraction force and tension of the uterus. The volatile oils show slight
female hormone-like effects. Its ethanol extract shows the effects of anti-in■ammation, analgesia,
inhibition of the central nervous system and fever relief. It also can directly inhibit ileal smooth
muscles in rabbits in vitro. The decoction can decrease intestinal canal tonicity, resist acetylcholine
and promote choleresis. In addition, it shows cardiotonic, anti-hypertension and bacteriostasis
effects.
WūYào 乌药
RADIX LINDERAE
Combined Spicebush Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 713
A.D.). It is the dried root tuber of Lindera aggregata
(Sims) Kosterm., a shrub or small tree of the family
Lauraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wū “black” and yào
“herb”. It is brownish black and looks like wild sháo yào
(Radixe Paeoniae) in shape. The herb produced in Tian
Tai, Zhejiang Province is the best quality; thus it is also
called tái wū (台乌) or tiān tái wū yào (天台乌药).
［Habitat］ It is produced in Zhejiang, Anhui,
Jiangxi and Shaanxi provinces of China, but mostly in
Zhejiang.
［Collection］ The root is collected during the winter and following spring. After the rootlets
are removed, it is washed clean and dried in the sun. Big, plump, fresh and aromatic herbs are best in
quality.
Alternately, it is cut into thin slices when fresh and dried in the sun after its brown outer bark is
scraped off. Slices which are smooth and light red but without black spots inside are best.
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［Processing］ Before slicing, it is separated by size, moistened, cut into thin slices and dried
for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, kidney, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm, aromatic and dispersing in nature, it enters the lung, spleen,
kidney and bladder channels. It is good at moving qi, dispersing coldness, warming the kidney and
relieving pain. It is used for pain particularly caused by coldness, enuresis and frequent urination in
yang-de■ciency pattern.
［Actions］ Moves qi, relieves pain, warms the kidney and disperses cold.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest and abdominal pain due to cold accumulation, it is good
at dispersing qi, warmly dispelling coldness and relieving pain.
For tightness of the chest, it is combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi), guā lóu pí
(Pericarpium Trichosanthis), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), etc.
For epigastric and abdominal distending pain, it is combined with mù xiāng (Radix
Aucklandiae), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) (dry-fried), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae),
etc.
For abdominal cold pain radiating to the testicles, it is combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus
Foeniculi), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), such as
in Tiān Tái Wū Yào Săn (Tiantai Combined Spicebush Powder).
For menstrual abdominal pain with clots, it is combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to promote qi ■ow, activate blood,
disperse cold and relieve pain.
2. For bladder cold-de■ciency pattern, it can ef■ciently warm the kidney and bladder, enabling
them to maintain their normal functions.
For enuresis or frequent urination due to yang de■ciency of the kidney and bladder, it is often
combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) to
nourish the kidney and reinforce yang to improve the function of controlling urination, such as in the
formula Suō Quán Wán (Stream-Reducing Pill).
For retention of urine and spasmodic pain of the lower abdomen, it can be used alone or
combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bì chéng qié (Fructus Litseae), fú líng (Poria),
etc.
pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency or internal
heat, since it is warm and drying in property and may consume blood and qi in the process of
application.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids and volatile oils, including lindenrane, linderane,
linderol, linderaic acid, linderaic alcohol ester, linderaic camphor, linderalactone, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows bidirectional effects on the gastrointestinal smooth
muscles by exciting and inhibiting as well. It can promote the secretion of peptic juices. The volatile
oils taken orally can excite the cerebral cortex, improve respiration, excite the cardiac muscles,
accelerate blood circulation, boost blood pressure and induce sweating. The volatile oils applied
externally can dilate blood vessels locally, accelerate blood circulation and relieve muscle spasms. In
addition, it can protect the liver, relieve pain, inhibit in■ammation and bacteria, arrest bleeding, and
work against coagulation, histamine and tumors.
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Chén Xiāng 沉香
LIGNUM AQUILARIAE RESINATUM
Aquilaria Wood

and South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the resinous wood of
Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg., an evergreen tree of the family
Thymelaeceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chén “heavy” and xiāng “fragrance”.
It is fragrant and heavy to the extent that it easily sinks in water.
［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Hainan, Guangdong,
Guangxi and Taiwan of China.
［Collection］ It is collected year round. The part containing
the resin only is cut and dried in the shade. Black, heavy, oily and
fragrant wood is the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is brushed
clean, chopped or cut into small pieces, or rasped or ground into
powder for use.
［Characteristics］ It is aromatic and thus performs dispersing action, warm and thus dispels
cold, and bitter and heavy and thus shows descending effect. It enters the spleen and stomach
channels, and is good at moving qi to relieve pain and descending the rebellious qi to comfort the
middle. It enters the kidney channel and is good at warming the kidney to grasp the qi. It is warm but
not drying, and moves qi without damaging qi.
［Actions］ Moves qi to alleviate pain, descends rebellious qi to stop vomiting and warms the
kidney to grasp the qi.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For qi stagnation based on cold accumulation pattern, it can
warmly move qi to relieve pain. It can be applied for this pattern no matter whether complicated with
de■ciency or excess.
For suffocating pain of the chest or distending pain of the abdomen caused by cold, it is often
combined with wū yào (Radix Linderae), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae),
such as in the formula Chén Xiāng Sì Mò Tāng (Aquilaria Four Milled Ingredients Decoction).
For epigastric and abdominal cold pain in the pattern of spleen and stomach cold de■ciency,
it is combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and fù zĭ (Radix
Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) for the effects of warming the middle and invigorating yang, such as in
the formula Chén Xiāng Guì Fù Wán (Aloeswood, Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Pill).
For chest and abdominal pain in deficiency-cold pattern, it is often combined with rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) for
invigorating the middle, such as in the formula Chén Xiāng Wēn Wèi Wán (Aquilaria Stomach-
Warming Pill).
2. For vomiting due to rebellious ■ow of stomach qi caused by cold, it can not only warm the
middle and disperse cold, but also descend the rebellious qi to stop vomiting in a mild way. In case
of excessive cold attacking the stomach, it is used together with hú jiāo (Fructus Piperis), bì chéng
9-9◎04.indd 319 2014-12-17 13:40:48

qié (Fructus Litseae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to increase the effects.
For vomiting in the pattern of spleen and stomach de■ciency cold, it is combined with rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) and bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi
Kravanh) to invigorate the spleen, warm the middle, descend rebellious qi and arrest vomiting.
3. For wheezing in de■ciency type, it can warm the kidney and improve the grasping of qi to
relieve wheezing.
If combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and bŭ gŭ
zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), it is particularly suitable for chronic wheezing in the kidney-yang-de■ciency type
where the kidney fails to adequately receive qi, such as in the formula Hēi Xī Dān (Galenite ■lixir).
For chronic wheezing with profuse phlegm, considered as excess in the upper and de■ciency
in the lower, it is often combined with zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae), qián hú (Radix Peucedani), bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) to resolve phlegm, relieve cough
and descend qi to relieve wheezing, such as in the formula Sū Zĭ Jiàng Qì Tāng (Perilla Fruit Qi-
Descending Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction for a short time or 0.5-1.5 g
in powder dissolved in water.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and
excessive ■re, since it is warm and may consume yin and assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils (mainly including benzyl acetone and p-methoxy benzyl
acetone), terpene alcohols, cinnamic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The extract can prolong the cyclobarbital-induced sleeping time
of mice. The decoction and the water-alcohol extract can inhibit active contraction of the ileum in
guinea pigs, and resist spasmodic contractions caused by histamine or acetylcholine. The volatile oils
can promote the secretion of peptic juices and bile. It also shows the effects of anesthesia, analgesia,
sedation, relieving wheezing and relaxing muscles. The decoction can remarkably inhibit human
tuberculosis, salmonella typhosa and Shigella dysenteriae.
［Notes］ Some allergy cases have been reported. It is in short supply, so fakes that may cause
adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea can be found .
Tán Xiāng 檀香
LIGNUM SANTALI ALBI
Sandalwood
South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the heartwood of the trunk
of Santalum album L., a small evergreen tree of the family
Santalum.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tán “sandalwood” and xiāng
“fragrant”. It is also called shān tán (山檀), which is the
transliteration of candana in Sanskrit.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Yunnan and
Taiwan of China.
［Collection］ It is collected all year round, but better in
summer. Wood which is heavy, solid, of permanent fragrance,
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covered with oily spots and which smells like incense when burned is the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cut into slices or small segments and used raw.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, dispersing and warmly unblocks the channels. It is fragrant and
enters the spleen, stomach and lung channels. It can warmly move qi to relieve pain and improves
appetite which is impaired by cold. It is good for fullness, distension, poor appetite or distending
pain in the chest and epigastric region which is caused by coldness.
［Actions］ Moves qi, disperses cold and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest and abdominal cold pain, chest pain and epigastric cold
pain, it is good at warmly moving qi and relieving pain, and at activating the spleen to stimulate the
appetite.
For chest and abdominal cold distending pain, it is often combined with chén xiāng (Lignum
Aquilariae Resinatum), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis).
For chest pain due to qi and blood stagnation elicited by coldness, it is often used together
with bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and bì bá (Fructus
Piperis Longi), such as in the formula Kuān Xiōng Wán (Chest-Releasing Pill).
For epigastric cold pain accompanied by vomiting and poor appetite, it is ground into powder
and taken with dried ginger decoction, or used in combination with chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae
Resinatum), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi Kravanh), shā rén (Fructus Amomi), etc.
2. In addition, if used in combination with fú líng (Poria) and jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri
Rubrum) in powder and taken with ginseng decoction, it can improve appetite and stop vomiting and
can be applied for dif■culty in swallowing food, cardiac spasm and esophageal cancer.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction, and decocted later or
decocted for a short time only; or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is ground in water
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, de■ciency
heat or bleeding due to heat, because it is acrid, dispersing and warm in properties and may damage
yin and assist pathogenic ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains 3％-5％ volatile oils, which include α-santalol, β-santalol, santene,
santenone, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows negative inotropic action on the isolated frog heart by
perfusion. It can relieve the arrhythmia induced by Sì Nì Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Decoction) or wŭ
jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis). α-santalol and β-santalol have antibiotic effects.
Chuān Liàn Zǐ川楝子

FRUCTUS TOOSENDAN
Toosendan Fruit
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was liàn shí (楝实). It is the ripe fruit of Melia
toosendan Sieb.et Zucc., a deciduous tree of the family Meliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān is the abbreviation for Sichuan Province, liàn means “fabric
cleanser” and zĭ means “seed”. It is the fruit of the tree but has the appearance of a seed. Its burnt ash
9-9◎04.indd 321 2014-12-17 13:40:50

and seeds were used to wash clothes in ancient times. The

herb produced in Sichuan Province is the best. It looks like
a bell and the outside skin is golden yellow, so it is also
called jīn líng zĭ (金铃子), where jīn líng means “golden
bell” and zĭ means “seed”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan,
Guizhou, Hubei and Gansu provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the winter time
when the skin of the fruit becomes light yellow, and then
dried in the sun or by baking. Big and plump fruit with
golden skin outside and yellowish-white pulp inside is the
best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly,
cut into thick slices and dried. It can be used directly or fried ■rst before use. It should be pounded
into small pieces when used.
［Properties］ Bitter; cold; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, small intestine, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold and purging, it enters the liver and stomach channels. It is good
at dredging liver qi, purging heat, promoting qi circulation and relieving pain, and is used for pain
due to liver qi stagnation or liver and stomach disharmony. It is slightly toxic, so it can kill worms
and relieve itching. It is very suitable for the above problems particularly when accompanied by heat.
If used for the above syndromes accompanied by cold, it should be fried ■rst.
［Actions］ Moves qi to relieve pain, dredges liver qi and purges heat, kills parasites and
relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For distending pain in the chest, epigastric region and abdomen
with signs of heat, it is often combined with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), such as in the formula
Jīn Líng Zĭ Săn (Toosendan Powder).
For stabbing pain in the lateral thorax, it is combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é
zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), etc., to soothe the liver, move qi, activate blood and
relieve pain, such as in the formula Jīn Líng Xiè Gān Tāng (Toosendan Liver-Draining Decoction).
2. For hernia and testalgia, it dredges liver qi and relieves pain.
For hernia and testalgia due to liver qi stagnation elicited by coldness attack, it is fried ■rst for
application, or is combined with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi),
mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and such herbs that are warm in nature to soothe the liver, move qi,
dissipate coldness and relieve pain, such as in the formula Dăo Qì Tāng (Qi-Guiding Decoction).
For swelling pain in the testicles or scrotum due to excessive fire in the liver channel, or
damp heat pouring down, it can be used raw or used together with lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Gentianae), shān zhī (Fructus Gardeniae) and jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae) to purge liver ■re, drain
damp heat, dissipate lumps and relieve pain.
3. For parasitic abdominal pain, it can move the large intestine and kill roundworms and other
intestinal parasites. It is often used together with hè shī (Fructus Carpesii) and bīng láng (Semen
Arecae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Ān Chóng Săn (Parasite-Calming Powder).
4. For tinea and skin itching, it can kill fungus and relieve itching by using externally as a single
herb.
For scalp ringworm, it is stir-baked or fried to yellow ■rst, ground into powder, mixed with
9-9◎04.indd 322 2014-12-17 13:40:52

olein or vaseline, and applied topically.

For nail ringworm, it is ground into powder, mixed with water and vaseline, and applied
topically.
powder. For external use: it is ground into powder, mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically.
By frying its cold nature can be reduced.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold of the
spleen and stomach, and should not be over-used, since it is bitter, cold and slightly toxic in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains fatty oils, toosendanin (active ingredient of helminthicide), alkaloids,
kaempferol, tannin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ Toosendanin can kill large roundworms, earthworms and
leeches, and can also can excite intestinal smooth muscles by increasing the tension and contraction
force, and can improve bile secretion. Toosendan oil can kill sperms in vitro. In addition, it shows
effects of antibotulism, bacteriostasis, anti-in■ammation and anti-tumor.
Xiè Bái 薤白
BULBUS ALLII MACROSTEMI
Long Stamen Onion Bulb
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was xiè
(薤). It is the dried bulb of Allium macrostemon Bge. or
Allium chinensis G. Don, two kinds of perennial herbs
of the family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xiè “vegetable” and
bái “white”. Its leaf is like that of the Chinese chive, a
vegetable popular in China, and its bulb underground
is pure white and used as medicine. It is also known as
jiào tóu (蕌头) in the south of China, where jiào means
“moon white” and tóu means “head”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei, Hubei and the northeast areas of
China, of which that produced in Jiangsu is the best in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn, and cleaned with water. After the
■brous roots are removed, it is steamed thoroughly or blanched in boiling water and then dried in the
sun. Big, solid, plump, translucent and yellow-white bulbs without ■ower shoots are the best.
［Processing］ Impurities and outer layer are removed before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Acrid and warm in property and dispersing and dredging in action, it enters
the lung, stomach and large intestine channels. It is good at dispersing the stagnated yang qi and
moving cold accumulation, and thus can treat cold-related chest distress, cardiac pain, qi stagnation
of the stomach and large intestine, and dysentery with tenesmus.
［Actions］ Unblocks yang and moves qi to relieve stagnation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chest distress and cardiac pain due to chest yang stagnation
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and cold phlegm accumulation, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) to
activate qi of the chest, dissipate phlegm and warmly unblock the heart channel, such as in the
formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bái Jiŭ Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and White Wine Decoction),
Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bàn Xià Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction) and
Zhĭ Shí Xiè Bái Guì Zhī Tāng (Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive and Cinnamon Twig
Decoction).
For chest distress and stabbing pain due to accumulation of turbid phlegm and blood stasis, it
is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dān
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to activate qi and blood of the chest to relieve chest
stuf■ness and pain.
2. For stomach and abdominal distending pain, it is often combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma
Alpiniae Of■cinarum), shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to relieve the
distension and pain by warmly moving qi and dispelling cold.
3. For dysentery with tenesmus, it can relieve the tenesmus and abdominal distension by moving qi.
For dysentery in de■ciency-cold pattern, it is often combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii
Immaturus) (stir-fried), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) (stir-fried) and zhì
gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle), such as in the formula Sì Nì Săn
Jiā Xiè Bái Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Powder Plus Chinese Chive).
For dysentery with abdominal distension and tenesmus in damp-heat pattern, it is combined
with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and mù xiāng (Radix
Aucklandiae) to clear toxic heat and dry dampness.
4. In addition, the fresh herb is mashed and applied externally for carbuncles and ulcers.
powder. For external use: it is mashed and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with poor digestion, weak
stomach and those who cannot stand the odor of garlic, since it is acrid, bitter and alliaceous.
［Ingredients］ The bulb of Allium macrostemon Bge. contains macrostemonoside, daucosterol,
adenosine, β-sitosterol, amber acid, prostaglandin A1, B1, and volatile oils with a strong odor that
contain 19 kinds of sulfur compounds and some microelements such as zinc, copper, iron, etc. The
bulb of Allium chinensis G. Don contains volatile oils which include dimethyl trisul■de.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can improve fibrinolysis, reduce artery lipid plaque, blood
lipids and LPO (lipid peroxide), and can inhibit platelet aggregation and arterial smooth muscle cell
proliferation. Its water extract inhibits bacterium dysenteriae and staphylococcus aureus. Moreover,
it shows effects of lowering blood pressure, diuresis, anticancer and analgesia.
Dà FùPí大腹皮
PERICARPIUM ARECAE
Areca Peel
［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (713 A.D.).
Its original name was dà fù (大腹). It is the dried fruit peel of Areca catechu L., an evergreen tree of
the family Palmaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dà “big”, fù “belly” and pí “peel”. It is the fruit peel of bīng láng
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(Semen Arecae), which is shaped like a person’s big

belly. It is also called bīng láng pí (槟榔皮), where bīng
and láng both mean “honorable guest” in the south of
China. In ancient times, people usually entertained guests
with this fruit.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan, Yunnan,
Fujian and Taiwan of China.
［Collection］ The premature fruit is collected from
the winter to the next spring. After collection, it is boiled
and then dried naturally, split into two parts lengthwise,
and the peel removed. Clean, whitish-yellow, and soft but
■rm peels are the best.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed in cold water to clean quickly, dried
naturally, crushed, and then the hard peel is removed. It is then cut into pieces and dried again.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine, small intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and slightly warm and thus moves the stomach and large intestine
qi down to relieve distension. It also dredges water and dampness to relieve edema or water
retention. It is milder than bīng láng (Semen Arecae) in potency, and is more suitable for those cases
accompanied by cold.
［Actions］ Moves qi and dredges water to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dyspeptic distension accompanied by belching, acid eructation,
constipation or diarrhea with the sensation of incomplete defecation, it is often combined with shān
zhā (Fructus Crataegi), mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) and chén pí
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), etc.
For abdominal distention, poor appetite and sluggish defecation, it is often combined with huò
xiāng (Herba Agastachis), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis), fú líng (Poria), etc.
For cold pain of the stomach and abdomen, it is used together with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma
Alpiniae Of■cinarum), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), wū yào (Radix Linderae), etc.
2. For edema with the feeling of fullness or distension in the stomach and abdomen, it not
only can alleviate edema by promoting urination, but can also move qi to relieve fullness and
distension. For such cases, it can be used together with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), fú líng pí (Cutis
Poriae) and shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens), such as in the formula Wŭ Pí Săn (Five-
Peel Powder).
For foot edema with a sensation of weakness around the ankle, it is used together with mù
guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), bīng láng (Semen Arecae), sū yè (Folium Perillae), etc., such as in the
formula Dà Fù Pí Săn (Areca Husk Powder).
powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst and used to rinse the foot topically, or is ground into
powder and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with qi de■ciency, since it is
dispersing and may consume qi.
［Ingredients］ It contains arecolidine, arecaidine, tannin, theine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can excite the stomach and intestines and promote ■brinolysis.
Its decoction shows remarkable effects of antithrombin and anticomplementary activity.
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Summary
Chén Pí vs. Qīng Pí

Medicinal Chén Pí Qīng Pí
Properties Acrid, bitter; warm
Similarities
Actions Promotes qi and removes food retention and stagnation

Food retention, phlegm stagnation, gastric and abdominal distending pain, vomiting
Indications
and poor appetite
Entered channels Spleen, lung Liver, gallbladder, stomach
Soothes the liver and gallbladder, breaks
Regulates qi stagnation of the spleen and
Actions stagnated qi, eliminates masses to relieve
lung
pain
Differences
Distending pain of chest, hypochondrium,

Cough with excessive phlegm, dyspnea, breast, or mass in breast, acute mastitis,
Indications and abdominal pain with diarrhea induced hernia and abdominal mass due to liver
by liver over-restricting spleen qi depression and mass due to chronic
malaria
Special features Dredges the upper and middle jiao Dredges the middle and lower jiao
Zhĭ Shí vs. Zhĭ Qiào

Medicinal Zhĭ Shí Zhĭ Qiào
Properties Bitter, acrid; slightly cold
Similarities
Entered channels Spleen, stomach, large intestine

Actions Regulates qi
Organ prolapse due to qi sinking when used together with medicinals for tonifying qi
Indications
and elevating yang
Origin Young fruit Nearly mature fruit
Breaks stagnated qi and resolves accumulation, Regulates qi to smooth the middle and
Actions
dispel phlegm and disperses masses relieve distention
Differences
Gastric distention due to food accumulation,

Mild case of distending and fullness
constipation due to heat retention, damp-heat
in chest and hypochondrium or
Indications dysentery, chest impediment due to phlegm
in stomach and abdomen, food
obstructing, and thoracic accumulation due
accumulation and constipation
to phlegm heat
Special features Has stronger ef■cacy compared to zhĭ qiào —
Mù Xiāng vs. Xiāng Fù vs. Wū Yào

Medicinal Mù Xiāng Xiāng Fù Wū Yào
Properties Acrid
Similarities
Actions Moves qi to relieve pain

Indications All kinds of pain due to qi stagnation
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Continued　　
Medicinal Mù Xiāng Xiāng Fù Wū Yào
Slightly sweet, slightly bitter;
Properties Bitter; warm Warm
neutral
Entered Spleen, stomach, large intestine, Lung, spleen, kidney,
Liver, sanjiao
channels gallbladder bladder
· Soothes the liver, regulates qi
Regulates the spleen and stomach and regulates menstruation to Moves qi to relieve pain,
Actions qi stagnation and invigorates the relieve pain warms the kidney and
spleen · Releases the exterior when used dissipates cold
Differences
raw
Distending pain in the stomach · Stuffiness in the chest and
and abdomen, dampness-heat hypochondriac pain due to liver
All pain in the chest,
dysentery with tenesmus, diarrhea and qi stagnation, stomach and
hypochondrium,
with sensation of incomplete abdomen pain due to congealing
stomach and abdomen,
defecation due to food retention, cold and qi stagnation, testalgia
cold abdominal colic,
Indications abdominal distention due to spleen due to cold stagnation in the liver
dysmenorrhea due
deficiency and qi stagnation, channel, menstrual irregularities,
to cold, enuresis and
hypochondriac pain, jaundice, dysmenorrhea, distending pain
frequent urination due to
gallstones due to spleen failing to of breasts due to liver stagnation
yang de■ciency
transport and transform and liver · ■xterior syndrome accompanied
failing to promote free ■ow of qi by qi stagnation
Chén Xiāng vs. Tán Xiāng

Medicinal Chén Xiāng Tán Xiāng
Similarities

Actions Regulates qi and dissipates cold to relieve pain
Indications Congealing cold and qi stagnation
Entered channels Kidney Lung
· Descends adverse qi, regulates the middle Smoothes the spleen and lung,
Actions and warms the kidney to improve qi reception promotes function of chest and
Differences
· Moves qi but does not leak qi or break qi diaphragm and regulates the middle
All pain in the chest, hypochondrium, stomach
and abdomen due to congealing cold and qi
stagnation, vomiting due to adverse qi and Chest impediment with cold pain,
Indications stomach cold, deficiency-type dyspnea due to epigastric cold pain with vomiting
de■ciency cold of the kidney, upper excess and and poor appetite
lower de■ciency with dyspnea and cough due to
phlegm-■uid retention
Xiè Bái vs. Dà Fù Pí

Medicinal Xiè Bái Dà Fù Pí
Properties Acrid
Similarities

Actions Moves qi and removes stagnation
Indications Abdominal distention
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Continued　　
Medicinal Xiè Bái Dà Fù Pí
Properties Bitter; warm Slightly warm
Entered channels Lung, heart Spleen, small intestine
· Removes qi stagnation in large intestine
Differences
· Removes qi stagnation in the spleen

· Activates thoracic yang and removes
Actions and stomach
masses
· Promotes urination to alleviate edema
· Removes qi
· Dysentery with tenesmus · G a s t r i c s t u ff i n e s s d u e t o f o o d
Indications · Chest impediment rettention and dampness stagnation
· Stuf■ness and fullness · ■dema and weak feet with swelling
Hòu Pò vs. Zhĭ Shí

Medicinal Hòu Pò Zhĭ Shí
Similarities
Entered channels Spleen, stomach, large intestine

Actions Moves qi, resolves accumulation, relieves pain
Gastric distention and fullness and constipation, often used together for mutual
Indications
promotion
Properties Warm Slightly cold
Entered channels Lung —
Dries dampness, moves qi, resolves Breaks stagnated qi and resolves accumulation,
Actions
Differences
accumulation and relieve asthma dissipates phlegm and disperses masses

· Dysentery due to dampness heat, pectoral
s t u ff y p a i n d u e t o t u r b i d p h l e g m a n d
Abdominal fullness due to dampness
accumulation of phlegm heat in the chest
Indications accumulation and dyspnea and
· Visceral prolapse often combined with
cough due to phlegm-■uid retention
medicinals that invigorate qi and elevate yang
to reinforce the potency
Xiāng Fù vs. Chái Hú

Medicinal Xiāng Fù Chái Hú
Properties Acrid
Similarities

Actions Soothes the liver and relieves stagnation, regulates menstruation and arrests pain
Hypochondrium distending pain, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea and menstrual
Indications
breast distending pain due to liver stagnation
Slightly sweet, slightly bitter;
Properties Bitter; slightly cold
neutral
Entered channels Sanjiao Bladder
· ■xpels pathogenic factors from the exterior to
Differences
Actions Regulates qi reduce fever, stops malaria

· ■levates yang and raises the prolapse
· Liver stagnation transforming into ■re
· Chills and fever due to pathogens in shaoyang,
· Liver stagnation syndrome both
fever caused by exogenous pathogens, malaria,
Indications cold and heat
and chronic diarrhea
· Testalgia
· Prolapse of rectum, gastroptosis, ptosis of
uterus due to qi collapse
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Xiè bái vs. cōng bái

Medicinal Xiè Bái Cōng Bái
Similarities

Actions Activates yang and dissipates cold masses
Entered channels Heart, large intestine —
· Induces sweating and releases the exterior
Removes qi stagnation in large
Actions · Removes toxins, dissipates masses and
intestine
Differences
stimulate lactation (used externally)

· Common cold due to wind cold
Chest impediment due to turbid · Diarrhea with undigested food, cold limbs,
phlegm obstructing chest and feeble and impalpable pulse due to exuberant
Indications hypofunction of thoracic yang, yin repelling yang
dysentery with tenesmus and · Sores, carbuncles and acute mastitis or
distending pain of gastric cavity distending pain of breasts due to milk stasis
(used externally)
Review Questions
1. What is the concept of herbs for regulating ■ow of qi? What are the common characteristics, actions, indications,
cautions and contraindications of the herbs in this chapter?
2. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of chén pí, qīng pí, zhĭ shí, mù xiāng and
xiāng fù.
3. ■xlpain the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of wū yào, chén xiāng and chuān liàn zĭ.
4. ■xlpain the characteristics of chén pí, qīng pí , zhĭ shí, xiè bái, chén xiāng.
5. These three herbs: mù xiāng, xiāng fù, and wū yào can promote qi circulation to relieve pain, but what are the
6. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: chén pí and qīng pí;
zhĭ shí and zhĭ qiào; chén xiāng and tán xiāng; xiāng fù and chái hú; zhĭ shí and hòu pò.
7. These five herbs: bái zhĭ, màn jīng zĭ, chì sháo, chuān wū and mù xiāng can relieve pain, but what are the
8. ■xplain the actions and indications of the following paired herbs: xiè bái and guā lóu; mù xiāng and huáng lián;
chén pí and bàn xià; xiāng fù and gāo liáng jiāng.
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330
CHAPTER 9
Herbs that Improve the Digestion
Shān Zhā 山楂 / 330 Dào Yá 稻芽 / 337

Shén Qū 神曲 / 333 Lái Fú Zĭ 莱菔子 / 337
Jiàn Qū 建曲 / 334 Jī Nèi Jīn 鸡内金 / 338
Mài Yá 麦芽 / 334 Jī Shĭ Téng 鸡矢藤 / 340
Gŭ Yá 谷芽 / 336
［De■nition］ This group of herbs is able to promote digestion or to facilitate the movement of
the digestive tract to reduce food stagnation.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most herbs in this chapter are sweet and neutral and a few of them
are slightly warm. They mainly enter the spleen and stomach and act to promote digestion, move the
stomach and intestines, and activate the transportation and transformation functions of the spleen and
stomach.
［Indications］ This group of herbs is mainly used for food accumulation marked by epigastric
distention and stuf■ness, belching with bad odor, acid re■ux, nausea, vomiting, lack of desire for
food, abnormal defecation and chronic dyspepsia with weak action of the spleen and stomach. The
majority of the herbs have gentle action, so they are suitable for more chronic or relatively mild cases.
［Modi■cations］ ■ach herb in this chapter has its own characteristics and corresponding body
conditions, even though there are some similarities among them. We need to learn how to choose
the proper herb and how to make suitable combinations of herbs to improve the efficacy. Since food
accumulation is often accompanied by qi stagnation, herbs here need to be combined with herbs that
activate qi to help remove stagnation. For food accumulation with cold signs, they are combined with
herbs for warming the interior in order to disperse cold and facilitate digestion. For long-term food
accumulation transforming into heat, bitter and cold herbs should be used in combination to clear up
heat or purge the heat. For food accumulation accompanied by dampness obstructing the middle jiao,
aromatic herbs that transform dampness should be chosen to work together with herbs in this chapter
in order to enliven the spleen and resolve dampness. For food accumulation with weakness of the
spleen and stomach, herbs that invigorate the spleen and stomach should be chosen in order to treat
the root and branch simultaneously.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ The herbs in this group are generally mild in properties and
actions, but some of them may slightly consume qi. For those patients with food accumulation and qi
de■ciency, it is important to protect the spleen and stomach; high dosage or prolonged use of herbs
in this group should be avoided in order to protect healthy qi.
Shān Zhā 山楂
FRUCTUS CRATAEGI
Chinese Hawthorn Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica
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Chapter 9 Herbs that Improve the Digestion 331
(Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经集注) in the Liang Dynasty

(502-557 A.D.). Its original name was chì zhăo shí (赤
爪实). It is the mature fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida
Bge. var. major N. ■. Br. or Crataegus pinnati■da Bge.,
a small tree or deciduous shrub of the Rosaceae family.
There is a large genus of Crataegus in the world; it has
been estimated that approximately 200 species are in
existence.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shān zhā is also called chì
zăo zĭ (赤枣子), or shān lĭ hóng (山里红). Shān means
“mountain”, because it grows in mountains; zhā means “a
wild fruit with a sour taste and rough texture”; chì or hóng
means “red”; zăo means “jujube”, because it is red and
round and very similar to a jujube in appearance.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Hubei
provinces in China. The best specimens are produced in Linqu and Qishui counties in Shandong
Province, and the next best are produced in Linzhou city in Henan Province. It is also native to
temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in ■urope, Asia and North America.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected in autumn when they have ripened. They should be
sliced and dried in the sun or parched. Big slices with red peels and thick ■esh are the best.
［Processing］ Impurities — such as deciduous seeds which are mixed in with the slices of shān
zhā — should be eliminated. The raw, dry-fried, scorch-fried or charred herb can be used.
［Properties］ Sour, sweet; slightly warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver.
［Characteristics］ It has strong potency and enters the spleen and stomach channels to promote
digestion and resolve stagnation, especially that due to overeating of meat and greasy foods. It also
enters the liver channel to invigorate qi and blood circulation and transform stasis but without injury
of blood; therefore it is excellent for treating gynecological blood stagnation. Additionally, charred
shān zhā can astringe the intestines to treat diarrhea and dysentery but still relieve abdominal pain
based on its qi and blood activating actions.
［Actions］ Promotes digestion to resolve food stagnation and moves qi and blood to transform
stasis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food stagnation, it can promote digestion and remove
accumulation. It is effective for treating food stagnation, especially that due to food rich in protein
and fat. For persons with mild symptoms, it is used alone in decoction. For severe symptoms, it is
often combined with shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus)
to strengthen the effect, such as in the formula Dà Shān Zhā Wán (Major Crataegus Pill).
For food stagnation inducing qi stagnation marked by epigastric and abdominal distending
pain, it is combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii
Immaturus) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to strengthen the effect of moving qi and harmonizing
the stomach, such as in the formula Dà Hé Zhōng Yĭn (Major Middle ■nergizer-Harmonizing
Beverage).
For food stagnation complicated with internal heat, it can be combined with shén qū (Massa
Medicata Fermentata), lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), such as
in the formula Băo Hé Wán (Harmony-Preserving Pill).
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For food stagnation with spleen deficiency, it can be combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae), slightly stir-fried zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) and scorch-fried shén qū
(Massa Medicata Fermentata) to strengthen the spleen and promote digestion.
2. For diarrhea and dysentery, the scorch-fried or charred herb can both promote digestion and
stop diarrhea or dysentery.
For painful diarrhea due to impairment by overeating, scorch-fried shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi)
can be used alone or combined with qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) to promote
digestion and stop diarrhea.
For food stagnation due to spleen de■ciency — marked by poor appetite, fatigue, abdominal
distention and loose stools — it can be combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), stir-
fried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to
strengthen the spleen, promote digestion and harmonize the stomach, such as in the formula Qĭ Pĭ
Wán (Spleen-Initiating Pill).
For acute dysentery diagnosed as intermingling of damp heat and food stagnation — marked
by bloody diarrhea with mucus, tenesmus, fever and abdominal pain — it can be combined with huáng
lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae)
to clear heat, dry dampness, promote digestion to remove stagnated food and relieve toxicity to stop
dysentery.
3. For painful swelling due to qi and blood stagnation, it can activate the qi and blood to relieve
pain. It can be used alone for patients with mild symptoms or combined with other herbs for patients
with severe ones.
For postpartum abdominal pain and lochiorrhea due to qi and blood stagnation, it can be used
with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami),
such as in the formula Tōng Yū Jiān (Stasis-Unblocking Decoction).
For amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea, it can be used with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis),
táo rén (Semen Persicae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri).
For pain in the chest and hypochondrium due to qi and blood stagnation, it can be combined
with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae).
For colic pain, it can be combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae), lì zhī hé (Semen
Litchi) and xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi).
4. Recently it has been used alone or with other herbs to treat coronary heart disease, angina,
hyperlipidemia and hypertension.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, at most 30 g in decoction, or made
into pills or powder. For external use: decocted or mashed into the proper amount. The stir-fried or
charred product is used for diarrhea and dysentery.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Because of its sour ■avor, it is not suitable for persons with a
weak stomach and sensitivity to hyperacidity.
［Ingredients］ Components are quercetin, quercitrin, hyperin, catechols, many organic acids,
lactone glycosides, lipase, carbohydrates, vitamin C, ribo■avin, calcium, phosphorus and iron, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can promote digestion by increasing the enzymes in the
stomach and gastric secretions. It also can strengthen the heart, lower blood pressure, increase
coronary blood flow, dilate blood vessels; can work against arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia,
hypoxia and necrosis; can lower cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis, promote digestion, inhibit
bacteria, tranquilize the mind, increase capillary permeability, contract the uterus and enhance
immunity, etc.
9-9◎04.indd 332 2014-12-17 13:41:08

Shén Qū神曲
MASSA MEDICATA FERMENTATA
Medicated Leaven
［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties (Yào Xìng Lùn, 药性论) in
the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). It is a fermented
mixture of ■our and herbs.
［ ■ x p l a n a t i o n o f N a m e］ S h é n “ s u p e r
effectiveness” and qū “fermented substance”. It is
also called liù qū (六曲) or liù shén qū (六神曲). Liù
means “six”, since it is made from the fermented
mixture of flour and five other herbs. In ancient
China, during its processing, people would pray to the
gods for successful production.
［Habitat］ Produced all over China.
［Collection］ Flour or bran should be blended
well with almond paste, chì xiăo dòu (Semen
Phaseoli) powder, chopped fresh qīng hāo (Herba
Artemisiae Annuae), fresh cāng ĕr (Herba Xanthii) and
the juice of fresh là liào (Herba Polygoni Hydropiperis). The mixture should be cut into pieces, put into
a basket and covered with hemp and paper mulberry leaves. It should be kept warm to ferment for one
week, then taken out when the yellow mycelium emerges, cut into small cubes and dried in the sun. The
best products are dry and preserved for a long time without insect infestation or impurities.
［Processing］ The cover should be removed and the leaven cut into small cubes and dried in
the sun. It can be used raw, stir-fried or stir-fried to brown.
［Properties］ Sweet, aromatic; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and slightly warm to comfort the stomach. Its aromatic property
normally induces dispersing, moving qi to relieve distension and to release the exterior, so that it
is particularly good for food retention with exterior syndrome. It is also often applied together with
medicinal minerals and shells in pills to help digestion and food absorption, or to work as an excipient.
［Actions］ Promotes digestion to resolve food retention, invigorates the spleen and calms the
stomach.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention and dyspepsia, it can transport and transform
food to improve the digestion, can invigorate the spleen and comfort the stomach.
For food retention marked by abdominal distension and fullness, poor appetite, vomiting,
abdominal pain and diarrhea, it is often combined with mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus), shān
zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani), such as in the formula Băo Hé Wán (Harmony-
Preserving Pill).
For food retention due to dysfunction of the spleen, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix
Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) to strengthen the spleen, reduce stagnation and move the qi, such as in the formula Jiàn
Pí Wán (Spleen-Fortifying Pill).
For chronic dyspepsia with abdominal distending pain, it is often combined with mù xiāng
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(Radix Aucklandiae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), such
as in the formula Mù Xiāng Shén Qū Wán (Common Aucklandia Root and Medicated Leaven Pill).
2. In addition, it is also added to pills that contain minerals or shells to aid digestion and food
absorption, such as in the formula Cí Zhū Wán (Loadstones and Cinnabar Pill).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in decoction; also used in pills or powder.
Stir-fried to brown for promoting digestion.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of spleen yin deficiency with
excessive heat in the stomach because its warm property may injure the yin and assist pathologic ■re.
［Ingredients］ Components are yeast, amylase, vitamin B complex, ergosterol, protein, fat and
volatile oils, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can promote the secretion of digestive juices to improve
digestion. It also acts like vitamin B complex.
Attachment: Jiàn Qū建曲
［Source］ It is a fermented mixture of flour, bran and about 40 herbs including zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis
Perillae), jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis),
bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus)
and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride).
［Habitat］ Also called quán zhōu shén qū (泉州神曲) or fàn zhì qū (范志曲), it is mainly produced in
Quanzhou, Fujian Province.
［Properties］ Bitter; warm.
［Actions］ Promotes digestion and resolves food retention, disperses wind-cold, activates qi flow and
transforms dampness, and invigorates the spleen.
［Clinical Applications］ Food retention and dyspepsia which is accompanied by external wind-cold syndrome,
and diarrhea and/or vomiting due to pathogenic summerheat dampness.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ The same as for shén qū.
Mài Yá 麦芽
FRUCTUS HORDEI GERMINATUS
Germinated Barley
Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). Its original name was dà
mài niè (大麦糵). It is a dried, sprouted fruit of Hordeum
vulgare L., an annual herb of the family Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mài “barley” and yá
“sprout”. Its alternative names are dà mài yá and mài niè.
Dà mài and mài both mean “barley”, yá “sprout” and niè,
“spout of barley, wheat or beans”. It is the sprouted fruit
of barley.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in China.
［Collection］ The barley should be soaked in an
appropriate amount of water and kept in an environment
with proper temperature and humidity until the sprout grows
9-9◎04.indd 334 2014-12-17 13:41:11

up to 0.5 cm in length. It should be dried in the sun or in an oven with low temperature. The best quality is
yellow with a sprout.
［Processing］ After removing the impurities, it can be used raw, or stir-fried to yellow or to
brown.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and neutral, and enters the spleen, stomach and liver channels.
It is effective at promoting digestion of starchy foods such as rice, flour, potatoes and yams. It
can terminate lactation. The sprouting of barley implies growing and spreading, so it is also used
for moving the liver qi to help treat liver stagnation syndrome and liver and stomach disharmony
syndrome.
［Actions］ Promotes digestion and comforts the stomach, terminates lactation and relieves
breast distention and pain, and soothes the liver.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention, it strongly promotes digestion.
For food retention marked by distention and fullness in the stomach, vomiting, diarrhea and
poor appetite, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) can be used alone or combined with gŭ yá (Fructus
Setariae Germinatus), shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) to
improve the effects.
For food retention along with poor transportation and transformation due to qi de■ciency of the
spleen and stomach, marked by abdominal distention after meals, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) is
often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to strengthen the spleen and help digestion.
2. For terminating lactation or swollen breasts, it is normally used in a large dose.
For galactorrhea or terminating lactation, 60-120 g of raw or stir-fried mài yá (Fructus Hordei
Germinatus), either alone or both in a mixture, is recommended for use in a decoction.
For milk accumulation marked by swollen breasts, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) is
used in normal dose together with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), pú gōng
yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lòu lú (Radix Rhapontici).
3. For liver qi stagnation and liver-stomach disharmony syndromes, it soothes the liver in a mild
way, so it is often used as an assistant in a formula.
For hypochondriac distention, mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) is often combined with
chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli).
For belching and poor appetite due to liver-stomach disharmony, mài yá (Fructus Hordei
Germinatus) is often combined with qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride), chén pí
(Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and fó shŏu (Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, or 30-120 g (big dose) in decoction, or
used in pills or powder. The larger dose is used for terminating lactation. Used raw for strengthening
the spleen and comforting the stomach, and stir-fried for moving qi and improving the digestion.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated for women during lactation, as it restrains
lactation.
［Ingredients］ The major components are amylase, inverted carbohydrase, vitamins B and C,
fat, lecithin, dextrin, maltose, glucose, hordenine, α-tocotrienols and glycoside.
［Pharmacological Research］ Mài yá promotes digestion and lowers blood sugar levels. It
regulates lactation in a double way, as the smaller dose induces lactation and the larger dose
terminates it. Hordenine has been shown to have a similar action as ephedrine in strengthening
9-9◎04.indd 335 2014-12-17 13:41:13

the tension and movement of the uterus of guinea pigs, and in relieving the bronchospasm of
cats. Hordenine A and B have antifungal actions. Mài yá also reduces blood lipids and protects
the liver.
GǔYá 谷芽
FRUCTUS SETARIAE GERMINATUS
Grain Sprout
South Kingdoms (500 A.D.). Its original name was niè mĭ
(糵米). It is a dried sprouted fruit of Setaria italica (L.)
Beauv., an annual herb of the family Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ It is also known as sù niè
(粟糵) and niè mĭ. Gŭ or sù “grain”, niè “sprout of wheat,
barley or bean” and mĭ, “millet”. It is the sprouted ripe
caryopsis of grain.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the north and
northwest of China.
［Collection］ The grain should be soaked in an
appropriate amount of water and kept in an environment
with proper temperature and humidity until the sprout
grows up to 6 mm in length. It should then be dried in the sun or in an oven with low temperature.
［Processing］ After removing impurities, it can be used raw or stir-fried to yellow or to brown.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, mild and warm, and enters the spleen and stomach channels.
Good at promoting digestion and tonifying qi, it reduces food retention without causing any damage
to the stomach. ■ffective for food retention with de■ciency-cold of the spleen.
［Actions］ Promotes digestion and comforts the stomach, invigorates the spleen and improves
appetite.
［Clinical Applications］ For food retention, it promotes digestion similarly to mài yá (Fructus
Hordei Germinatus) but in a milder way, and in addition nourishes the spleen.
For food retention with epigastric and abdominal distention, gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae
Germinatus) is combined with stir-fried-to-brown shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa
Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) to improve the effects.
For food retention with poor appetite and spleen qi deficiency, gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae
Germinatus) is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to
strengthen the spleen qi and promote digestion.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, or 30 g (big dose) in decoction, or used
in pills or powder. The raw herb is used for comforting the stomach, the stir-fried-to-yellow herb
for improving the digestion in a milder way, and the stir-fried-to-brown herb for improving the
digestion in a stronger way. It can be used alone or as a combination of the raw and the stir-fried-
to-brown.
9-9◎04.indd 336 2014-12-17 13:41:14

［Ingredients］ Contains protein, starch, amylase, free sugars and cellulose.
Attachment: Dào Yá 稻芽
Fructus Oryzae Germinatus
［Source］ Dào yá initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the North and South
Kingdoms (500 A.D.). It is the dried sprouted fruit of Oryza sativa L., an annual herb of the family Gramineae. It is
also known as niè mĭ (糵米) or dào niè (稻糵).
［Actions］ Promotes digestion, harmonizes the middle jiao, strengthens the spleen and improves the appetite.
［Clinical Applications］ For food retention, dyspepsia or poor appetite due to spleen qi deficiency, it can
resolve food stagnation without causing any damage to the stomach yin. In addition, it also can be used for beriberi.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ The same as gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae Germinatus).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Amylase has the action of promoting digestion, but it is not able to stand high
temperatures, so stir-frying or decocting may damage its effectiveness, while slight stir-frying does not decrease the
amount of amylase.
［Ingredients］ It contains starch, protein, amylase and vitamin B.
Lái FúZǐ莱菔子
SEMEN RAPHANI
Radish Seed
［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (713 A.D.).
Its original name was luó bo zĭ (萝卜子). It is the dried
ripe seed of Raphanus sativus L., an annual or biennial
plant of the family Cruciferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lái “wheat”, fú “submit,
be restrained” and zĭ “seed”. It is the ripe seed used
for improving indigestion caused by wheat- or flour-
based food retention. Lái is similar to lú (芦) in Chinese
pronunciation, so lái fú zĭ is also called lú fú zĭ (芦菔子),
and colloquially called luó bo zĭ meaning “radish seed”.
［Collection］ The seed pods are collected in
summer when completely ripe and dried in the sun. Best
quality seeds are cleaned of impurities, big, full and
solid with a reddish brown color.
［Processing］ Seeds should be cleaned and dried,
used raw or stir-fried and pounded before use.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, sweet and neutral, it is both ascending and descending in action with
strong effects. It enters the spleen and stomach, and is good at reducing food retention and relieving
distension; it also enters the lung channel to resolve phlegm and descend the lung qi. Normally
9-9◎04.indd 337 2014-12-17 13:41:16

applied for food retention combined with abdominal distention and fullness, and for cough and
wheezing with phlegm congestion either with heat or cold.
［Actions］ Promotes digestion and relieves abdominal distension, descends lung qi and
resolves phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention with distension, it can promote digestion to
resolve the retention and move qi to relieve the distention.
For food retention with obvious abdominal distention, fullness or abdominal pain and
diarrhea, lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) is often combined with shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū
(Massa Medicata Fermentata) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to promote digestion and
harmonize the stomach, such as in the formula Băo Hé Wán (Harmony-Preserving Pill).
For dyspepsia with spleen qi deficiency, bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
is added to the above formula for tonifying the spleen, such as in the formula Dà Ān Wán (Great
Tranquility Pill).
For abdominal distension from over-use or misuse of rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng),
lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) can be used to move the qi to relieve the distention.
2. For phlegm-congested cough or wheezing, it is effective in reducing phlegm and relieving
cough and wheezing by descending qi.
For wheezing with phlegm and food accumulation, chest compression and poor appetite, lái
fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) can be applied alone or with bái jiè zĭ (Semen Sinapis) and sū zĭ (Fructus
Perillae) to strengthen the effect of descending qi and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Sān
Zĭ Yăng Qīn Tāng (Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction).
3. For wounds and injuries, fresh lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) is pounded into paste and mixed with
warm alcohol for topical application. For habitual constipation and hypertension, lái fú zĭ (Semen
Raphani) is made into powder and used internally.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g crushed in decoction, or in pills or
powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of powder is mixed with liquid. Milder in property
and effects, the stir-fried herb is normally used for patients with de■ciency.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of qi de■ciency, or when there
is no food and phlegm accumulation, as its acrid property, which induces dispersing action, may
consume qi.
［Ingredients］ Contains a small amount of volatile oils, a large amount of fatty oils, phenols,
alkaloids and ■avonoids.
［Pharmacological Research］ In rabbits it has been shown to enhance the rhythmic contraction
of the ileum, inhibit gastric emptying, increase the tension of the pyloric sphincter and decrease the
tension of the longitudinal muscle of the gastric fundus. Its extract has obvious effects on lowering
blood pressure, stopping cough, expelling phlegm, lowering the serum cholesterol level and
preventing coronary atherosclerosis. Its aqueous extract is antibacterial.
JīNèi Jīn 鸡内金

ENDOTHELIUM CORNEUM GIGERIAE GALLI
Chicken Gizzard Lining
(206 B.C.-220.A.D). Its original name was pí chī lĭ huáng pí (肶胵里黄皮). It is the dried gizzard
9-9◎04.indd 338 2014-12-17 13:41:17

lining of Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson of the family

Phasianidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jī “chicken”, nèi “lining”
and jī n “yellow”. It is the dried yellow lining of the
gizzard of the domestic chicken. Nèi jīn is the shortened
form. It is also called jī pí chī (鸡肶胵) or jī zhūn pí (鸡
肫皮). Zhūn “bird’s stomach” and pí chī “ruminant’s
stomach”.
［Collection］ The gizzard is removed and its lining
stripped off immediately, cleaned with water and dried in
the sun. The best quality is large, dry, yellow and whole.
［Processing］ After cleaning and drying, it is used raw, stir-fried or vinegar stir-fried.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver, kidney, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and neutral, it enters the spleen, stomach, liver, kidney and urinary
bladder channels. It is active in improving the transportation and transformation action of the spleen
and stomach, reducing food retention, securing and astringing the kidney essence to treat enuresis
and emission, and dissolving masses to treat stones in the urinary tract, gallstones, lumps and
amenorrhea.
［Actions］ Reduces food retention by activating the transportation function of the spleen,
secures the essence to stop enuresis and emission, and dissolves stones and lumps.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention or infantile dyspepsia and malnutrition, it is
effective in transporting and transforming food so as to treat various types of food retention and
dyspepsia. Used alone in powder form for milder cases, for severe cases it is combined with other
herbs that improve digestion such as shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi) and mài yá (Fructus Hordei
Germinatus).
For food retention with poor appetite and diarrhea of de■ciency-cold type, it is combined
with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to
warm and activate the spleen and stomach, such as in the formula Yì Pí Bĭng (Spleen-Activating
Cake).
For infantile dyspepsia and malnutrition, it is ground together with chē qián zĭ (Semen
Plantaginis), and taken mixed with rice sugar, or combined with herbs that activate the spleen and
promote digestion such as bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), shān yào (Rhizoma
Dioscoreae) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis).
2. For emission and enuresis, it is astringent.
Baked and used alone in powdered form for milder cases, or combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen
Cuscutae), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) and lián ròu (Semen Nelumbinis) to nourish the kidney and
enhance the astringent action for more serious cases.
For enuresis and frequent urination with kidney deficiency, it is often combined with
fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi), sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae
Laevigatae).
3. It can dissolve stones and relieve painful urination caused by stones in the urinary tract.
For stones in the urinary tract, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), hăi
jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae).
9-9◎04.indd 339 2014-12-17 13:41:19

For gallstones, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae), yù jīn (Radix
Curcumae) and yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae).
4. It can dissolve lumps and move blood stasis in case of amenorrhea.
For hypochondriac hardness with abdominal distention, it is combined with chén xiāng
(Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi), or with biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis)
and raw mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to enhance the effects of softening and dissipating.
For amenorrhea, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma
Curcumae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to improve the blood circulation and unblock
the channels.
For chronic sores, ulcers and ulcerative gingivitis, it is topically applied to remove the
ulceration and promote healing.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; 1.5-3 g each time in powder
or in pills. For external use: an appropriate amount of powder is mixed with liquid or other medicinal
powder for topical application. Stir-fried powder is better than decoction in its effects.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution for patients with spleen
de■ciency but without food retention, since it has strong effects on promoting digestion.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains gastric hormones, amylase, a small amount of protease, keratin
and various types of amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It increases the secretion and acidity of gastric juices, and
improves the movement and emptying of the stomach. Its decoction or acid extract can accelerate the
excretion of radiostrontium from urine.
JīShǐTéng 鸡矢藤
HERBA PAEDERIAE
Chinese Fevervine
［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Property Essentials of Materia Medica

(Shēng Cǎo Yào Xìng Bèi Yào, 生草药性备要) in the
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 A.D.). Its original name was
jī shĭ téng (鸡屎藤). It is the dried root or whole plant of
Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. or Paederia scandens
(Lour.) Merr. var. tomentosa (Bl.) Hand.-Mazz., a
perennial herbaceous vine stem of the family Rubiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jī shĭ “chicken feces” and
téng “vine”. It is a kind of herbaceous vine and smells
like chicken feces when its vine or leaf is rubbed. Also
known as chòu téng (臭藤) and chòu téng gēn (臭藤根) —
chòu “smelly”, téng “vine” and gēn “root”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced around the Yangtze
river and the area south of it in China.
［Collection］ The above-ground part is collected in the summer and the root from late autumn
to winter. It should be dried in the sun.
［Processing］ After cleaning and moistening with water, it is cut into segments, dried, and the
dust is sifted off. It is used dried raw or fresh.
9-9◎04.indd 340 2014-12-17 13:41:21


［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, liver, lung.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, sweet, neutral (slightly cool) and with a peculiar smell, it widely
enters many channels such as the spleen, stomach, liver and lung. Good at moving the spleen and
stomach to improve food transportation and relieve abdominal pain, it is used for food retention
particularly with abdominal pain and heat. Good at clearing heat and transforming phlegm, resolving
toxins and relieving in■ammation, it is often used for phlegm heat or toxic heat. It also can dispel
exterior pathogenic wind, unblock collaterals, activate blood circulation and kill pain, so it is used
for rheumatic or rheumatoid arthralgia as well as wounds and sprains.
［Actions］ Improves digestion, transforms phlegm, relieves cough, resolves toxins, relieves
in■ammation, activates blood circulation and kills pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For food retention and infantile dyspepsia with malnutrition, it is
effective in improving the transportation and transformation functions of the spleen and stomach to
reduce the food retention.
For food retention with abdominal distention and pain, it is used alone or combined with
brown stir-fried shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and mài yá
(Fructus Hordei Germinatus).
For dyspepsia with poor appetite and spleen qi deficiency, it is combined with bái zhú
(Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and gŭ yá (Fructus Setariae
Germinatus) to strengthen the spleen in transformation.
For infantile dyspepsia with malnutrition, it is simmered with pig’s stomach.
2. For phlegm-congested cough and wheezing, it is good at transforming phlegm and relieving
cough and wheezing. Used alone for milder cases, it is often combined with other herbs for more
serious cases.
For heat-phlegm congested cough and wheezing, it is combined with herbs that clear heat and
transform phlegm, such as dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) and guā
lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis).
For cold-phlegm congested cough and wheezing, it is combined with herbs that warmly
resolve cold phlegm, such as kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae).
3. For toxic-heat dysentery, sore throat, carbuncles and furuncles, burns and scalds, it is effective
to clear the heat toxins and relieve swelling and pain.
For toxic-heat dysentery, it is combined with mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae), mù xiāng (Radix
Aucklandiae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis).
For sore throat, it is used alone in decoction or combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) to improve the
effectiveness.
For carbuncles and furuncles, burns and scalds, it is used alone in decoction, or the fresh herb
is pounded for topical application.
4. For wind-damp rheumatic or rheumatoid arthralgia, it is effective in dispelling wind damp,
unblocking the collaterals and relieving pain, and is widely used for various types. For milder cases it
is used alone, whereas for more serious cases it is often combined with herbs that dispel wind damp
and dredge collaterals, such as luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis
Kadsurae).
5. For pain, it is effective in activating blood circulation and collaterals, and for relieving
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pain. For wounds, injuries, dysmenorrhea, postoperative pain and neuralgia, it is used alone or
in combination. It can be applied in decoction for internal use, or applied topically or through an
injection.
6. If it is decocted or the fresh herb pounded, it also can be applied externally for treating neuro-
dermatitis, eczema or skin itching to transform the dampness and relieve itching.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g, or 30-60 g in large dose for decoction
or wine-brew. For external use: the pounded herb is used for topical application and the decocted
herb for washing the skin.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Overdose may cause dizziness because of its noxious odor. It
should not be used for women during pregnancy since it promotes blood circulation and may cause
bleeding.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains paederoside, γ-sitosterol, arbutin, volatile oils and unsaturated
fatty acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has good effects in analgesia and sedation, anti-in■ammation,
lowering blood pressure, protecting the liver, anti-bacteria, anti-virus, promoting phlegm expectoration
and the detoxi■cation of organophosphorus poisoning.
Summary
Shān Zhā vs. Lái Fú Zĭ

Medicinal Shān Zhā Lái Fú Zĭ
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Promotes digestion
Indications Food accumulation or poor appetite and dyspepsia with spleen qi de■ciency
Properties Sour; slightly warm Acrid; neutral
Entered channels Liver Lung
· Good at activating stomach and
Actions Invigorates the ■ow of general qi and blood large intestine qi to relieve distention
Differences
· Descends qi and resolves phlegm

· Particularly used for meat, fat or protein · Food accumulation accompanied by
food stagnation epigastric abdominal distention and
· Diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal colic fullness
Indications
pain, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, · Cough and wheezing with profuse
dysmenorrhea, and postpartum abdominal phlegm or with chest and epigastric
pain due to qi and blood stagnation stuf■ness and poor appetite
Special features Raw shān zhā promotes ■uid production Raw lái fú zĭ is an emetic
Shén Qū vs. Mài Yá

Medicinal Shén Qū Mài Yá
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Promotes digestion, improves appetite and comforts the stomach
Indications General food accumulation or poor appetite and dyspepsia due to spleen weakness
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Continued　　
Medicinal Shén Qū Mài Yá
Properties Slightly warm Neutral
· A large dose of mài yá is applied for
Inhibits diarrhea and disperses exterior
Actions terminating lactation
wind cold or wind heat
Differences
· Raw herb is used for soothing the liver

· Particularly for starchy food accumulation
Particularly good for more serious food
· Hypochondriac and epigastric distending
Indications accumulation or food accumulation
pain due to liver qi stagnation or liver-
with exterior syndromes
stomach disharmony
Milder in promoting digestion compared
with shén qū
Dào Yá vs. Gŭ Yá
Medicinal Dào Yá Gŭ Yá
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Promotes digestion, calms the middle jiao, mildly invigorates the spleen and stomach,
Actions
and improves the appetite
Milder food accumulation, poor digestion and appetite with spleen qi and stomach
Indications
de■ciency especially along with chronic illness
Properties Neutral Warm
Actions Slightly promotes the stomach yin —
Differences
General food accumulation with spleen

Indications qi de■ciency no matter whether of cold More suitable for poor digestion of cold type
or heat type
Relatively stronger effect in promoting
digestion compared with dào yá
Jī Nèi Jīn vs. Jī Shĭ Téng

Medicinal Jī Nèi Jīn Jī Shĭ Téng
Entered channels Spleen, stomach, liver
Similarities
Promotes digestion, resolves food accumulation and invigorates the spleen and
Actions
stomach
General food stagnation with poor appetite and spleen qi de■ciency, dyspepsia and
Indications
infantile malnutrition with food accumulation
Properties — Bitter
Differences
Entered channels Kidney, bladder Lung

Secures essence and dissolves stones Relieves coughing and resolves phlegm, clears
Actions
and masses toxic heat and relieves pain
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Continued　　
Medicinal Jī Nèi Jīn Jī Shĭ Téng
· All kinds of food accumulation · Particularly good for food accumulation
either with cold or heat with heat or pain
■nuresis and emission due to Cough with profuse phlegm, diarrhea and
Differences
· ·
kidney deficiency, urolithic dysentery with toxic heat, sore and swollen
Indications
stranguria, gallstones, abdominal throat, abscesses, sores, furuncles, burns,
masses and amenorrhea scalds and various types of pain
· Used topically for eczema, neuro-dermatitis
and skin itching
Review Questions
1. ■xplain the common properties, actions, applications, combinations, cautions and contraindications of the herbs in
this chapter.
2. Describe the properties, actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of shān zhā, mài yá, lái fú zĭ and jī nèi
jīn.
3. Compare the following pairs of herbs as to properties, characteristics, actions and indications: shān zhā and lái fú
zĭ; shén qū and mài yá; gŭ yá and dào yá; jī nèi jīn and jī shĭ téng.
4. Both huáng qín and lái fú zĭ are applied for coughing and wheezing. What are the differences between them with
respect to properties, characteristics and clinical applications?
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345
CHAPTER 10
Herbs that Expel Parasites
Shĭ Jūn Zĭ 使君子 / 346 Nán Guā Zĭ 南瓜子 /350

Kŭ Liàn Pí 苦楝皮 / 347 Léi Wán 雷丸 / 351
Bīng Láng 槟榔 / 348
［De■nition］ Herbs with a primary action of killing, paralyzing or expelling human parasites
are called herbs that expel parasites.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most of the herbs for this purpose are bitter in taste, and mainly enter
the spleen, stomach or large intestine channels. The herbs can either kill or paralyze the parasites,
or can expel them from the intestine through defecation. These herbs also strengthen the spleen,
harmonize the stomach and resolve accumulation and stagnation. A few of them additionally can
improve appetite and digestion.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly applied for intestinal parasite infection —
including roundworms, pinworms, hookworms and tapeworms — which results from consumption of
food or drinks that are infested with the parasite larvae. Intestinal parasites inside can block intestinal
qi and affect digestion and appetite to produce symptoms like para-umbilical pain, no desire for
food or eating too much, and deranged appetite such as pica. If the condition is prolonged patients
may have sallow complexion, weight loss, puf■ness or edema, fatigue, or a distended abdomen with
enlarged vessels. Some people have no symptoms and the parasite problems may only be found by
chance of physical exam. Different intestinal parasitic infections show particular manifestations,
for example, reddish and whitish spots inside the lips indicate roundworm infection, itching around
the anus may be because of pinworm infection, and a strong desire to eat strange substances may
indicate hookworm infection.
Some of these herbs are also effective for schistosomiasis, trichomonas vaginalis and infantile
parasitic malnutrition.
［Modifications］ Herbs are chosen according to the variety of parasite, constitution of the
body, situation of the disease and the accompanying symptoms. Combination with other herbs is
also necessary when there are complications. For example, if the parasite infection is complicated by
dyspepsia, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs that improve digestion; if
constipation occurs at the same time, purgatives should be used together simultaneously; if parasite
infection is accompanied by de■ciency of the spleen and stomach, herbs for invigorating the spleen
and stomach should be used too in combination; and if parasite infection occurs in a patient with
general qi de■ciency, then herbs for nourishing qi should be used at the same time, or should follow
up the treatment for getting rid of the parasites.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this chapter are usually taken on an empty stomach
in order to have maximum effect on the hungry worms. Some of the herbs are toxic so that weak,
elderly and pregnant patients should be very careful. The application should be stopped if patients
experience fever or acute abdominal pain.
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ShǐJūn Zǐ使君子
FRUCTUS QUISQUALIS
Rangoon Creeper Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Southern Status of Vegetation (Nán Fāng Căo Mù Zhuàng, 南
方草木状) in 304 A.D. during the Jin Dynasty (265-420
A.D.). Its original name was liú qiú zǐ (留求子). It is the
dry mature fruit of Quisqualis indica L., a deciduous
climbing shrub of the family Combretaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shĭ jūn was the given
name of Guo Shi-jun, a pediatrician in the Song Dynasty
of China (960-1279 A.D.), and zĭ means “seed”. Guo
Shi-jun used this fruit quite a lot to treat childhood
diseases and found it effective, so people honored this
herb with his name.
［ H a b i t a t］ M a i n l y p r o d u c e d i n S i c h u a n ,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan in China, with the largest output coming from Sichuan.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected in autumn when the peels are turning brownish-black,
and then dried in the sun or in an oven.
［Processing］ After the residual stalks and impurities are removed, the dried fruit or the kernel
is used directly, or is dry-fried or roasted for use. It is crushed ■rst before use.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, warm and delicious. It is rich in botanical fats, and thus can
lubricate the bowels to work as a laxative. It kills worms, and improves digestion and appetite as
well. It is mainly applied for roundworm or pinworm infection, and their complication of infantile
malnutrition.
［Actions］ ■xpels worms, and improves digestion and appetite.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For roundworm and pinworm infection in mild cases, it alone is
powdered or dry-fried for oral administration; for critical cases it is combined with kŭ liàn pí (Cortex
Meliae) and wú yí (Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata), such as in the formula Shǐ Jūn Zǐ Sǎn
(Rangoon Creeper Fruit Powder).
2. For infantile dyspeptic malnutrition with or without parasitic infection, it can be used alone
for mild cases and in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) for cases complicated with spleen qi de■ciency, such as in the formula
Féi Ér Wán (Childhood-Malnutrition Rectifying Pill). If the case is complicated with abdominal
distension, it is used together with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and hòu pò (Cortex
Magnoliae Officinalis); if the case is complicated with dyspepsia, it is combined with jī nèi jīn
(■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) and shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g usually. For children, the dose initiates
from 1.5 pieces every day, and increases 1.5 pieces for every one year of age. The daily maximum
dose is 20 pieces. It should be taken continuously for 2-3 days on an empty stomach. It is dry-fried to
eat directly, or decocted, or made into pills or powder and applied internally.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Over-use may cause hiccups, dizziness and vomiting, which
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Chapter 10 Herbs that Expel Parasites 347
may get worse if hot tea is taken together with it, and which will be relieved automatically after
application stops.
［Ingredients］ The kernel and peel both contain potassium quisqualat, which is the active
component for roundworms. The kernel also contains fatty oils, which are composed of oleic acid
and palmitic acid, and trigonelline, quisqualic acid, carbohydrates and amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows inhibitory effect on ascaris suum, and the active
components are potassium quisqualat, fatty oils and pyridine. Its powder shows inhibitory effect on
pinworms. The aqueous extract kills echinociccus granulosus protoscolex. Its water infusion in vitro
inhibits dermatophytes. Quisqualic acid increases the blood pressure of anesthetized rats.
KǔLiàn Pí苦楝皮
CORTEX MELIAE
Sichuan Chinaberry Bark

and Southern Dynasties (502-557A.D.). It is the dried
trunk bark or root bark of Melia azedarach L. or Melia
toosendan Sieb. et Zucc., two kinds of large trees of the
family Meliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Kŭ “bitter”, liàn “a kind of
■ber cleanser” and pí “bark”. The tree ash was used to clean
clothes in ancient times, and the trunk or root bark is medicinal
and very bitter in taste.
Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu and Guizhou provinces of China.
［Collection］ The bark is collected in spring and
autumn and dried directly in the sun, or the outer crude
bark is removed ■rst and the remaining bark is dried in the
sun. Thick and very dry bark without any outer crude bark is of the best quality. The fresh bark also
can be used directly.
［Processing］ It is cleaned first with water, moistened completely and cut into long narrow
slices for use.
［Properties］ Bitter; cold; toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Rather bitter and cold in property, it kills parasites, purges heat and dries
dampness. It is effective for roundworm, hookworm and pinworm infection, as well as tinea and
scabies. The fresh herb is better than the dried product in ef■cacy.
［Actions］ Kills parasites and cures skin problems.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For roundworm infection, it alone is decocted or made into paste
for internal use, or is applied in combination with wú yí (Fructus Ulmi Macrocarpae Praeparata), shĭ
jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the
formula Huà Chóng Wàn (Worm-■xpelling Pill).
For pinworm infection, it is decocted intensively together with băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and
wū méi (Fructus Mume) and injected into the rectum continuously for 2-4 days.
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For hookworm infection, 24 g of it is decocted together with 15 g of bīng láng (Semen Arecae)
and taken before sleep.
2. For tinea, scabies, eczema and ulcers, the powder alone or in combination with zào jiǎo (Fructus
Gleditsiae) in equal dose is often applied topically in mixture with vinegar or lard.
3. Additionally, its decoction applied topically for rinsing is used effectively for the treatment of
impetigo. The thick decoction applied for mouth rinsing is effective for dental caries.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: the dry herb 6-15 g generally, and the fresh one
15-30 g for each time in decoction, or made into pills or powder. The fresh herb is better than the dry
one in ef■cacy. For external use: decocted for topical skin rinsing, or the fresh herb is pounded and
applied topically, or the powder is applied topically with other liquid adjuvant.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is bitter, cold and toxic and may damage the stomach
and liver, and affect the heart as well. Therefore an overdose or persistent application is prohibited,
especially for patients with problems of the liver, heart or stomach, or physical weakness. The outer
crude bark is even more toxic, so it should be removed completely.
［Ingredients］ The bark from these two species of trees contains toosendanin and
isotoosendanin. The bark of Melia azedarach L. also contains meliatoosendan ketones.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its alcohol extractives paralyze ascaris suum in vitro, especially
the head, and its toosendanin is the effective component. Isotoosendanin inhibits the activities of
ascaris suum, and also paralyzes pinworms in mice, kills bilharzia worms and various pathogenic
fungi. Toosendanin strengthens the contractile response of skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. Its
alcohol extractives show effects of anti-ulcer, anti-diarrhea, choleresis, analgesia, anti-in■ammation
and anti-thrombosis. A large dose application of toosendanin triggers respiratory failure in rats. The
mice intragastrical LD50 is 2194 mg/kg, which is 3.26 times lower than that of santonin. Toosendanin
also inhibits the respiratory center.
Bīng Láng 槟榔
SEMEN ARECAE
Areca
［Source］ Initially appeared in Records of Medicine (Yào Lù, 药录) written by Li Dang-zhi
during the Wei and Jin period (220-420 A.D.). It is the
dried mature seed of Areca catechu L., an evergreen tree
of the family Palmae.
［■xplanation of names］ Bī ng and láng both
mean “honorable guest”. In the south of China, the fruit
is very commonly used to entertain guests.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan, Fujian,
Yunnan, Guangxi and Taiwan of China.
［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected
during the late spring and the early autumn, boiled ■rst
and dried. The peel is then removed from the seed, and
the seed is dried in the sun. Big and solid seeds without
splits are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, soaked in water until completely moistened, cut into thin slices
9-9◎04.indd 348 2014-12-17 13:41:34

and dried in the shade for use. It can also be slightly or deeply stir-fried ■rst for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and warmly purging in property, mainly entering the stomach and
large intestine channels, it effectively kills parasites and expels the worm bodies at the same time
via defecation. It is widely used for the treatment of many kinds of intestinal parasite infections,
especially tapeworm and fasciolopsis buski, and also hookworm, roundworm and pinworm. It also
purges food retention, moves abdominal qi, drains water and inhibits malaria, and thus is applicable
for dyspepsia, abdominal distension, ■uid retention and malaria in the type of cold.
［Actions］ Kills parasites, purges food retention, moves qi, drains water and inhibits malaria.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For tapeworm infection, it alone 60 g at one time is ground into
powder and taken with the decoction of bīng láng pí (its fruit peel), or is used in combination with
nán guā zĭ (Semen Cucurbitae).
For roundworm or pinworm infection, it is used alone or in combination with léi wán
(Omphalia) and kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae).
For fasciolopsis buski, it is often combined with wū méi (Fructus Mume) and gān căo (Radix
et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), or hēi chǒu (Semen Pharbitidis).
For hookworm infection, it is combined with guàn zhòng (Rhizoma Cyrtomii), fĕi zĭ (Semen
Torreyae) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae).
2. For food retention and dyspeptic abdominal distension, it is often combined with scorch-fried
shān zhā (Fructus Crataegi), scorch-fried shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and stir-fried lái
fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) to enhance the effects. If the above problems are complicated with spleen-
qi de■ciency marked by chronic abdominal distention, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae), mài yá (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi).
For dyspepsia complicated with damp-heat retention with manifestations such as abdominal
distension and sluggish defecation, or dysentery with tenesmus, it is often combined with mù xiāng
(Radix Aucklandiae), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to
move qi, purge pathogens and heat, and improve defecation, such as in the formula Mù Xiāng Bīng
Láng Wán (Costus Root and Areca Pill).
For acute dysentery marked by tenesmus, abdominal pain and stools with mucus and blood,
it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), in addition to herbs for moving qi and
clearing damp heat, such as in the formula Sháo Yào Tāng (Peony Decoction).
It is also used in combination with lú huì (Aloe), shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis) and hú huáng
lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) to treat infantile dyspeptic or parasitic malnutrition, such as in the
formula Lú Huì Féi Ér Wán (Aloes Chubby Child Pill).
3. For serious edema with dif■cult breathing, urination and defecation, it is used together with shāng
lù (Radix Phytolaccae), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to drastically drain
water by urination and defecation, such as in the formula Shū Záo Yǐn Zi (Dredging and Piercing Drink).
For foot inflammatory swelling and edema due to dampness pouring down, it is often
combined with mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and chén pí (Pericarpium
Citri Reticulatae) to warmly drain dampness to relieve swelling and edema, such as in the formula Jī
Míng Săn (Cock’s Crow Powder).
4. For chronic malaria, it is often combined with cháng shān (Radix Dichroae), căo guŏ (Fructus
Tsaoko) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula
Jié Nüè Qī Bǎo Yǐn (Malaria Preventing Seven-Jewel Decoction).
9-9◎04.indd 349 2014-12-17 13:41:35

5. Additionally, the powder alone can be applied for eczema. It is used in combination with shé
chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis) and sulfur in powder and applied topically for
scabies and tinea. It also can be used for gall stones, if combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma
Rhei), yīn chén (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g generally in decoction or made into
pills and powder, and 60-120 g for the treatment of tapeworm and fasciolopsis buski infection. For
external use: it is decocted for topical rinsing, or is powdered for topical application. The unprepared
herb is used for expelling parasites, and the stir-fried herb for dyspepsia.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools and tiredness
due to spleen qi de■ciency, since it is laxative and moves qi downwards.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains arecoline, arecaidine, norabieta arecaidine, norabieta
arecoline, fats, tannin and saponins.
［Pharmacological Research］ It paralyzes the whole body of pork tapeworms, and also
paralyzes the head and immature proglottid of beef tapeworms. It also kills pinworms, roundworms,
hookworms, ■agellates, fasciolopsis buski and bilharziasis. Its water infusion inhibits dermatophytes
and in■uenza virus. Arecoline shows cholinergic activities. In addition, it affects the development of
sperm and induces pregnant hysterospasm.
Nán Guā Zǐ南瓜子

SEMEN CUCURBITAE
Pumpkin Seed and Husk
［Source］ Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Gāng
Mù, 本草纲目) in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.).
It is the dry seed of Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) Poiret,
an annual climbing herb of the family Cucurbitaceae.
［■xplanation of names］ Nán “south”, guā
“pumpkin” and zĭ “seed”. Pumpkins were originally
imported and introduced from other countries into China
via the south of China, especially Fujian and Zhejiang
provinces, and the mature seed is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Widely produced throughout China.
［Collection］ The completely matured pumpkin
is collected during summer and autumn. The seeds are removed from the pumpkins and dried in the
sun. Plump seeds with yellowish-white color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned for use.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and neutral in property, and rich in botanical fat. It is mainly
used to kill tapeworms, but is also effective for roundworms, hookworms and schistosomes. It also
lubricates the bowels and may slightly cause diarrhea. It is mild in action, so that a large dose and
long-term application are necessary.
［Actions］ Kills parasites.
［Clinical Applications］ For tapeworm infection, it is often combined with bīng láng (Semen
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Arecae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Qū Tāo Fāng (■xperienced Tapeworm-
■xpelling Formula): 60-120 g of it is ground into powder and taken with cool boiled water, the decoction
of bīng láng (Semen Arecae) 60-120 g is taken 2 hours later, and then 15 g of xuán míng fěn (Natrii Sulfas
■xsiccatus) is taken after an interval of 0.5 hour, in order to effectively expel the worm bodies out via
defecation. For roundworm and schistosome infection, its powder is used in a large dose.
Additionally, used together with peanut and walnut kernels, it is applicable for malnutrition. It
also can be applied for poor lactation if used in a large dose.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 60-120 g with or without seed skins in powder,
and taken with cool or cold water. It also can be eaten directly.
［Ingredients］ It contains cucurbitin, fatty oils, proteins, urea decomposition enzyme, various
vitamins and carotene.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can remarkably kill and expel tapeworms and roundworms.
Cucurbitin paralyzes the middle and rear parts of the tapeworm body, and shows a mutually increased
effect when used with bīng láng (Semen Arecae). It inhibits or kills the larvae of bilharzia worms,
and induces atrophy of the prosopon body, degenerates the reproductive organs of prosopons, and
reduces the number of eggs in the uterus in prosopons. It also prevents the migration of schistosoma
japonicum to the liver in animals.
Léi Wán 雷丸
OMPHALIA
Thunder Ball
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■stern
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fungal body
of Omphalia lapidescens Schroet., a kind of fungus of the
family Tricholomataceae.
［■xplanation of the Names］ Léi “thunder” and wán
“ball”. It is a kind of saprophyte, irregular ball- or egg-shaped,
colored black outside and whitish inside, and growing normally
around bamboo roots. Ancient legend says that thunder
attacking the bamboo produced this ball-shaped fungus.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Gansu, Sichuan,
Guizhou, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi and Shaanxi of
China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn, washed
clean and dried in the sun. Big and starchy ones with whitish cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again with water, dried and crushed for use, or it is cleaned,
moistened, cut into thin slices and dried in the sun for use.
［Properties］ Bitter; cold; slightly toxic.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold and slightly toxic in property, it is particularly effective for
tapeworms, and also for roundworms, pinworms and hookworms. It is also applicable for infantile
parasitic malnutrition.
［Actions］ Kills parasites.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For tapeworm infection, it is often used alone in powder 20 g per
time, 3 times a day for 3 days. In most cases, the worm bodies are discharged out during the second
or the third day after administration. It also can be used in combination with nán guā zĭ (Semen
Cucurbitae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae).
For hookworm and roundworm infection, it is often combined with bīng láng (Semen Arecae),
kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae) and qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis), such as in the formula Zhuī Chóng
Wán (Worm-■xpelling Pill).
For pinworm infection, it is used together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and qiān
niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis).
For cerebral cysticercosis, it is combined with xióng huáng (Realgar), gān qī (Resina
Toxicodendri) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis), such as in the formula Nào Náng Chóng Wán
(Cerebral Cysticercosis Pill).
2. For infantile parasitic malnutrition, it is often combined with shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis),
hè shī (Fructus Carpesii), fěi zǐ (Semen Torreyae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae), such as in the formula
Léi Wán Sǎn (Thunder Ball Powder). If the infantile parasitic malnutrition is complicated by fever, it is
combined with lú huì (Aloe), hú huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae) and yín chái hú (Radix Stellariae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g in powder or pills only, and 12-18 g in
powder and taken with cold water after meals, 3 times a day for 3 days for the treatment of tapeworm infection.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for cases with deficiency cold since it is
bitter and cold in property. The glycoprotein sulfhydryl enzyme it contains, which is an effective
component for killing parasites, is easily damaged in acid, or when it is heated to a temperature
above 60℃. It is more effective if applied in alkaline solution (pH 8).
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains omphalin (a kind of proteolytic enzyme, which is the
effective component for expelling tapeworms) and omphalia polysaccharide.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its infusion kills the naturally discharged proglottids of
tapeworms and breaks down and destroys the worm protein by proteolytic enzyme (omphalin), so
that the worm head can not suck the intestinal wall and is expelled out easily. Its ethanol extract
inhibits roundworms. Its decoction induces body deformation of trichomonas vaginalis. Omphalia
polysaccharide strengthens non-specific and specific immunity, and also shows anti-inflammatory
effect. Omphalin inhibits mice sarcoma S180 by intramuscular injection or oral administration.
Summary
Shĭ Jūn Zĭ vs. Kŭ Liàn Pí

Medicinal Shĭ Jūn Zĭ Kŭ Liàn Pí
Similarities
Actions Kills and expels roundworms and pinworms

Indications Roundworm and pinworm infections
Properties Sweet; warm Bitter; cold; toxic
Differences
Lubricates the bowels and reduces

Actions Kills hookworms, purges heat and dries dampness
dyspepsia
Indications Infantile parasitic malnutrition Hookworm infection, tinea, scabies and eczema
Special features — Stronger in actions compared to shĭ jūn zĭ
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Bīng Láng vs. Nán Guā Zĭ

Medicinal Bīng Láng Nán Guā Zĭ
Similarities
Actions Kills and expels tapeworms and roundworms

Indications Tapeworm and roundworm infections
Properties Bitter, acrid; warm Sweet; neutral
Kills and expels pinworms, hookworms
and fasciolopsis, lubricates the bowels
Actions to slightly cause diarrhea, improves Lubricates the bowels
digestion, moves abdominal qi, drains
water and prevents malaria
Differences
Dyspepsia with abdominal distension,

Indications dysentery, fluid retention, edema and Dry-stool constipation
malaria
· Kills tapeworms by paralyzing the middle
· ■ffectively paralyzes the head and
and rear parts of the tapeworm body
immature proglottid, and the whole
· A large dose and long-term application
Special features body of the pork tapeworm
can effectively kill schistosomes
· For killing and expelling parasites,
· For killing and expelling parasites, applied
applied in decoction
in powder
Review Questions
1. ■xplain the common actions, applications, modi■cations, cautions and contraindications of herbs in this chapter.
2. Compare the following paired herbs in properties, characteristics, actions and indications: shĭ jūn zĭ and kŭ liàn pí;
bīng láng and nán guā zĭ.
3. List the herbs that are good at expelling roundworms, pinworms, hookworms and tapeworms separately, and
describe the mechanism of each.
4. ■xplain brie■y the dosage, administration, cautions and contraindications of shĭ jūn zĭ, kŭ liàn pí, bīng láng, nán
guā zĭ and léi wán respectively.
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354
CHAPTER 11
Herbs that Stop Bleeding
Section 1 Herbs that Cool Blood and Stop Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī 景天三七 / 369
Bleeding / 355 Qiàn Căo 茜草 / 369
Dà Jì 大蓟 / 355 Pú Huáng 蒲黄 / 371
Xiăo Jì 小蓟 / 357 Wŭ Líng Zhī 五灵脂 / 372
Dì Yú 地榆 / 358 Jiàng Xiāng 降香 / 374
Huái Huā 槐花 / 360 Section 3 Astringent Herbs that Stop Bleeding / 375
Huái Jiăo 槐角 / 361 Bái Jí 白及 / 376
Cè Băi Yè 侧柏叶 / 362 Xiān Hè Căo 仙鹤草 / 377
Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根 / 363 Xuè Yú Tàn 血余炭 / 379
Zhù Má Gēn 苎麻根 / 365 Oŭ Jié 藕节 / 381
Section 2 Herbs that Resolve Blood Stasis and Stop Section 4 Warm Herbs that Stop Bleeding / 382
Bleeding / 366 Ài Yè 艾叶 / 382
Sān Qī 三七 / 366 Páo Jiāng 炮姜 / 385
Jú Sān Qī 菊三七 / 368
［Definition］ All herbs that stop bleeding internally or externally are called herbs that stop
bleeding.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ The herbs in this category all have different properties and ■avors, but
have the same function of stopping bleeding. At the same time they all demonstrate their respective
actions such as clearing heat, cooling blood, resolving blood stasis, securing and astringing body
substances, dissipating coldness and warming channels.
［Indications］ The herbs in this category are mainly used for hemoptysis, hematemesis,
epistaxis, gingival bleeding, subcutaneous hemorrhage, hematochezia, hematuria, metrorrhagia,
metrostaxis, purpura and bleeding wounds. They also can be used for blood heat, blood stasis, sores
and stomach cold.
Blood is the essence of the body, circulating around and nourishing the body. If the blood
over■ows from the vessels, the body will be weakened, possibly even to the point of qi collapse.
Once bleeding occurs, all methods should be used to stop it as soon as possible, no matter whether
the bleeding is acute or chronic.
［Modifications］ Herbs here are normally used in combination with other herbs according
to the different causes and body status. For bleeding caused by heat in the blood, herbs that clear
heat and cool blood are used in combination; for yin de■ciency and yang hyperactivity, herbs that
replenish yin and subdue yang are used in combination; for bleeding with blood stasis, herbs that
activate blood and move qi are used in combination; and for bleeding with de■ciency cold, herbs that
warm yang, replenish qi or strengthen the spleen are used in combination according to the specific
situation.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ ■xcessive bleeding may result in qi collapse; in this case,
using only herbs for stopping bleeding is not enough, but in addition herbs for nourishing primordial
qi should be used to enable qi to check the bleeding. It is said “since visible blood cannot be
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Chapter 11 Herbs that Stop Bleeding 355
produced immediately, invisible qi should first be consolidated”. When cold or astringent herbs
to stop bleeding are applied, care should be used in cases with blood stasis, because the cold
and astringent properties may affect the blood circulation causing more severe blood stasis.
Sometimes herbs that invigorate blood are properly used in combination to prevent too much blood
coagulation.
Ancient sources considered carbonized herbs to be better at stopping bleeding, but this is
not always the case. Generally speaking, carbonized herbs become more bitter and astringent in
properties than the non-carbonized herbs, so that the effects on stopping bleeding are increased. With
carbonizing, the cold property of some herbs is also changed into less cold or neutral, and thus it is
possible to use them widely for different patterns. However, the carbonization of some herbs does
not always increase the effects of stopping bleeding, and sometimes even works in the opposite way.
For this reason the exact patient’s condition should be carefully considered before the decision to use
carbonized herbs is made.
Herbs in this chapter are divided into four groups:
· herbs that cool blood and stop bleeding
· herbs that resolve blood stasis and stop bleeding
· astringent herbs that stop bleeding
· warm herbs that stop bleeding
Section 1 Herbs that Cool Blood

and Stop Bleeding
The herbs in this category are bitter or sweet in ■avor, but cool or cold in properties. They are
good at clearing blood heat to check bleeding, so they are normally used to treat heat-triggered
bleeding; some of them can also clear toxic heat and facilitate urination to treat toxic heat sores,
scalds and burns, and poisonous snakebites. Since over-use may inhibit blood circulation or cause
blood stasis, herbs that invigorate blood are often used in combination with herbs for heat-triggered
bleeding or bleeding caused by heat and blood stasis, or with a small amount of herbs that invigorate
blood and qi for prevention of thrombosis. For acute severe bleeding, herbs in this section are used in
combination with astringent herbs that stop bleeding in order to enhance the effects.
The herbs in this category are cool or cold in property and may hurt body yang and check blood
circulation, so their use is not encouraged once the bleeding ceases. For better effects, a few of them
should be used fresh, and some carbonized.
Dà Jì大蓟
HERBA CIRSII JAPONICI
Japanese Thistle

Dynasty (500 A.D.) of the North and South Kingdoms. Its original name was jì. It is the above-
ground part or the root of Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC., a perennial herb of the family
Compositae.
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［■xplanation of Name］ Dà “big” and jì “fish

skeleton”. The leaf and stem are thorny so that the whole plant
looks very much like the skeleton of a ■sh. The plant is big,
ugly and looks ferocious, so it is also called hŭ jì (虎蓟) or
mă jì (马蓟), where hŭ means “tiger” and mă means “horse”.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in most regions of China.
In the north, people like to use the above-ground part of the
plant; in the south, the root is used; while in the east both the
above-ground part and the root are used.
［Collection］ The above-ground part of the plant
is collected in summer and autumn when the flowers are
■ourishing, and the root is collected at the end of autumn.
Dirt and stem remnants are removed and the herb is cleaned
with water and dried in the sun. The best quality above-ground part is green with ■ourishing leaves.
The best quality root is thick with a short rhizome.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is quickly cleaned with water and moistened
thoroughly. The stems and leaves are cut into segments and the root into thick slices. After drying, it
can be used directly or after carbonization.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; cool.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cool and sweet in property, it enters the heart and liver channels. It
clears blood heat and checks bleeding to treat heat-triggered bleeding, and also clears toxic heat and
relieves in■ammation to treat abcesses and sores.
［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding and relieves swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood-heat bleeding, it is good at cooling blood, relieving
swelling and checking bleeding, but without the side effect of causing blood stasis.
For hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, gingival bleeding, subcutaneous
hemorrhage and abnormal uterine bleeding, the concentrated decoction or the fresh juice can be used
alone internally. It can also be combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi)
and qiàn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Shí Huī Săn
(Ten Charred Substances Powder).
2. For toxic heat sores and abcesses, it can clear toxic heat and dissolve blood stasis and
swelling.
For toxic-heat skin sores and abcesses, the fresh juice can be used internally or applied
externally, or be combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus
Forsythiae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects.
For abdominal abcesses, it is combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei) and shēng dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae).
3. In addition, it can also lower blood pressure to treat hypertension.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 9-15 g in decoction, double the dosage if
the fresh herb is used; also used in pills, powder or fresh juice. For external use: the ground
powder, the pounded fresh herb or the juice is applied topically. The charred herb is used to stop
bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of deficiency cold of the spleen
and stomach, pregnant women and those cases without any blood stasis, because its bitter and cool
9-9◎04.indd 356 2014-12-17 13:41:46

properties may injure body yang and arrest blood circulation.

［Ingredients］ Contains tetrahydroaplotaxene, dihydroaplotaxene, pectolinaron, taraxasteryl
acetate, β-amyrinacetate, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of hemostasis, lowering blood pressure, anti-
in■ammation, anti-cancer, antibiosis and anti-herpes simplex virus.
Xiǎo Jì小蓟
HERBA CIRSII
Field Thistle

Dynasty (500 A.D.) of the North and South Kingdoms. Its
original name was jì (the same as with dà jì). It is the above-
ground part or the root of Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB., a
perennial herb of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xiăo “small” and jì “fish
skeleton”. The leaf and the stem are thorny so that the whole
plant looks very much like the skeleton of a ■sh. The plant is
small and thorny and edible as a wild vegetable when young
and tender. It is also called māo jì (猫蓟), cì jì cài (刺蓟
菜) or cì er cài (刺儿菜), where māo means “cat”, cì means
“thorn” and cài means “vegetable”.
［Habitat］ Produced in most regions of China.
［Collection］ The above-ground part of the plant
is collected in summer and autumn when the flowers are
■ourishing and then dried in the sun. The best quality is green with ■ourishing leaves.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned quickly with water, moistened
thoroughly, cut into segments and dried. It can be used directly or after carbonization.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; cool.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cool and sweet in property, it enters the heart and liver channels.
Its actions are similar to those of dà jì but a little weaker. It is also a commonly-used herb for
heat-triggered bleeding and toxic heat abcesses. It can also facilitate urination and is effective for
hematuria and stranguria with blood in the urine.
［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, dissolves stasis, reduces swelling and facilitates
urination.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood-heat bleeding, it is good at cooling blood and checking
bleeding.
For hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis or other
heat-triggered bleeding, it can be used alone or in combination.
For hematuria or stranguria with blood in the urine, it clears heat, cools blood, checks bleeding
and facilitates urination, and is often combined with dà jì (Herba Cirsii Japonici), cè băi yè (Cacumen
Platycladi), bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and huá shí (Talcum), such as in the formulas Shí Huī
Săn (Ten Charred Substances Powder) and Xiăo Jì Yĭn Zĭ (Field Thistle Drink).
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2. For toxic-heat skin sores and abcesses, the fresh juice can be used internally or applied
externally, or it can be combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus
Forsythiae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to enhance the effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, 30-60 g if using the fresh
herb; also used in pills, powder or fresh juice. For external use, the ground powder or pounded
fresh herb is used alone or mixed with other medicinal liquids for topical application, or the herb is
decocted for washing the skin. The charred herb is used to stop bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of loose stool or diarrhea due to
spleen de■ciency, or bleeding of de■ciency-cold type, since it is cool in property.
［Ingredients］ Contains rutin, protocatechuic acid, taraxasterol, chlorogenic acid, alkaloids,
sterol and potassium chloride.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can stop bleeding, strengthen the contraction of the
myocardium, stimulate the uterus, lower the blood cholesterol level, improve gallbladder function,
relax the bronchus, relieve in■ammation, inhibit tumors and broadly prevent bacteria growth.
DìYú地榆
RADIX SANGUISORBAE
Garden Burnet Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the Han
Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). It is the dried root of
Sanguisorba of■cinalis L.and Sanguisorba of■cinalis L.
var. longifolia (Bert.) Yu et Li, a perennial herb of the
family Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dì ”ground” and yú
”elm”. It is an herb the leaf of which looks like an elm
leaf and trails on the ground. The root is sour in taste
and reddish brown in color, so it is also called suān
zhě (酸赭), where suān means “sour” and zhě means
“reddish brown”.
［Habitat］ Sanguisorba officinalis L. is mainly
produced in the northeast of China, Inner Mongolia, and in Shanxi and Shaanxi. Sanguisorba
officinalis L. var. longifolia (Bert.) Yu et Li is mainly produced in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and
Jiangxi provinces.
［Collection］ It is collected in spring when it sprouts or in autumn when the plant withers. The
above-ground part of the plant is removed and the root is dried. Best quality is big and solid with a
reddish cross-sectional surface.
［Processing］ After impurities and the leftover rhizome are removed, it is cleaned with water,
moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dried. It can be used directly or after carbonization.
［Properties］ Bitter, sour; slightly cool.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold, ascending and purging, it is sour and astringent in properties
and enters the liver, stomach and large intestine channels. It acts mainly in the lower jiao, so it is
good at purging heat, cooling blood and stopping bleeding. It is the chief herb for heat-triggered
9-9◎04.indd 358 2014-12-17 13:41:50

bleeding, especially for bleeding from the lower part of the body. It can also clear toxic heat and
assist healing of ulcers, sores and scalds.
［Actions］ Cools blood, checks bleeding, resolves toxins and assists healing.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat-triggered bleeding, it cools blood and checks bleeding,
especially bleeding in the lower body triggered by heat.
For hematochezia and hemorrhoidal bleeding, it is combined with huái huā (Flos Sophorae),
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to strengthen its effects of cooling
blood and stanching bleeding.
For hematuria triggered by heat, it is combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to
clear heat, cool blood and stop hemorrhage, and with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and zhù má gēn (Radix
Boehmeriae) to clear heat, promote urination and stop bleeding.
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to heat, it is combined with shēng dì (Radix
Rehmanniae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and jīng jiè tàn (Herba Schizonepetae Carbonisatum).
2. For toxic-heat dysentery, it is good at purging toxic heat from the large intestine, cooling blood
and astringing the large intestine to check dysentery.
For dysentery due purely to toxic heat, its powder or decoction can be used alone internally or
in combination with mă chĭ xiàn (Herba Portulacae) and bái tóu wēng (Radix Pulsatillae) to enhance
the effects.
For epidemic dysentery with toxic damp heat in the large intestine, manifested by stool with
bloody mucus and tenesmus, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), mù xiāng (Radix
Aucklandiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear heat, dry dampness, resolve toxins
and check dysentery.
3. For toxic sores and abcesses, it resolves toxic heat and relieves swelling.
For sores and abcesses before they become purulent, the fresh herb can be pounded and
applied topically; alternately it can be combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) and
tián jī huáng (Herba Hyperici Japonici), pounded into powder and mixed with liquid substances to
be applied topically to dissipate stasis, resolve toxins and relieve swelling.
For purulent sores and abcesses, it can be decocted together with pú gōng yīng (Herba
Taraxaci), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to clear
toxic heat, relieve swelling and facilitate the excretion of pus.
4. For scalds, burns, eczema and ulcerated skin infections, it is good at clearing away toxins and
helping to dry up the skin sores, so it is considered a chief herb for the treatment of scalds and burns.
For scalds and burns, its powder is mixed with sesame oil or is combined with dà huáng (Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei) powder and mixed with sesame oil for topical use.
For eczema or ulcerated skin infections, it can be decocted together with kŭ shēn (Radix
Sophorae Flavescentis) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) first, and then applied on gauze
compresses suffused with the decoction. It can also be powdered ■rst, mixed with the dry powder of
duàn shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum) and kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), and applied to the
surface of the skin lesion.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, 1.5-3 g every time in pills
or powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of the herb can be decocted for local rinsing or
wet compresses, the powder can be used for topical application, or the pounded fresh herb applied
on skin compresses. The raw herb is better for cooling blood and clearing away toxins, while the
carbonized herb is better for checking bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution in cases of cold de■ciency,
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bleeding with internal stasis or heat dysentery in the early stage, because it is cool, sour and
astringent in properties. It should not be used topically for scalds or burns over a large area, since it
contains hydrolyzable tannin which, when absorbed on a large scale by the body, may cause toxic
hepatitis.
［Ingredients］ It contains 17％ tannin. Main ingredients are gallo catechin and sanguiin. Also
contains phenolic acids such as triterpenoid saponin, sanguisorbin and phenolic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of hemostasis, healing scalds and burns,
promoting cellular immunity, promoting the healing of wounds and ■ghting against vomiting, diarrhea,
ulcers and in■ammation. It also has antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-in■uenza virus effects.
Huái Huā 槐花
FLOS SOPHORAE
Pagoda Tree Flower
［Source］ Initially appeared in Ri Hua-zi’s Materia Medica during the Five Dynasties (907-
960 A.D.). It is the dried ■ower and bud of the Chinese
scholar tree (Sophora japonica L.), a deciduous tree of
［■xplanation of Name］ Huái “Chinese scholar
tree” and huā “flower”. The Chinese character of “槐
(huái)” is composed of two parts—“木 (mù)” and “鬼
(guĭ)”—of which “木” means “wood or wooden” and
“鬼” means “ghost”. The plant’s leaf closing during the
night and opening during the daytime was apparently
regarded as the play of a ghost. The dried flower is
called huái huā and the dried bud is called huái mĭ (槐
米), where mĭ means “rice”.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in most areas of
China, but mainly in the loessial plateau region and the north China plains.
［Collection］ The bud or ■ower is collected in summer. Twigs, leaves and stalks should be
removed and dried. Best quality is big, compact and greenish yellow without twigs, leaves or
stalks.
［Processing］ After impurities and dirt are removed, it is used raw, dry-fried or charred.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, slightly cold and light in nature, and entering the liver and large
intestine channels, it cools blood and checks bleeding, and is a chief herb for bleeding triggered by
heat, particularly for hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding. It also clears liver heat and improves
vision, and is a good choice for in■amed eyes and headache.
［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, clears liver heat and improves vision.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is effective at purging heat from the
large intestine, cooling blood and checking bleeding. It is often considered the key herb for heat-
triggered bleeding.
For hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding due to heat in the large intestine, it is combined
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with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae)
especially to clear heat from the large intestine and to enhance the effects of cooling blood and
checking bleeding.
For hematemesis, gingival bleeding and epistaxis, it is combined with xiān hè căo (Herba
Agrimoniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to strengthen the effect of hemostasis.
For hematuria and bloody stranguria, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), shí wéi (Folium
Pyrrosiae) and zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) to clear heat, facilitate urination and stop bleeding.
2. For liver heat causing inflamed eyes and headache, it is good at purging liver heat and
improving vision.
For severely in■amed eyes, it is often combined with màn jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis), qīng xiāng
zĭ (Semen Celosiae) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to strengthen its effects.
For headache and vertigo, it is combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), xià
kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to strengthen the effect of purging liver ■re.
3. In addition, it is used for hypertension diagnosed as the ■aring up of liver ■re.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or in pills or powder.
For external use: an appropriate amount of the powder is mixed with medicinal liquid and applied
topically. The raw herb is used for purging or clearing liver heat or fire, while the carbonized or
deeply stir-fried herb is used for checking bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be exercised in cases with de■ciency cold of
the spleen and stomach, because its bitter and cold properties may injure the body yang.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains rutin and quercetol, and also has triterpenoid saponin, betulin
and tannin.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can shorten bleeding time and clotting time, and in this
the carbonized herb was seen to have a better effect. Its rutin and quercetin aglycone can enhance
capillary resistance, reduce capillary permeability, dilate the coronary arteries, increase cardiac
contractility and output, lower heart rate and blood pressure, and prevent arteriosclerosis. It also has
anti-in■ammatory, antispasmodic, anti-ulcer, anti-radiation and laxative effects as well as inhibits a
variety of skin pathogenic fungi, and lowers blood cholesterol, etc.
Attachment: Huái Jiǎo 槐角

Fructus Sophorae
［Source］ It is the fruit of the Chinese scholar tree (Sophora japonica L.) and is also called huái shí (槐实).
［Actions］ Most of its actions and indications are similar to those of huái huā (Flos Sophorae), but it is cold
and descending, and thus is good at purging heat from the lower body and moistening the intestines to work as a
laxative.
［Clinical Applications］ It is often applied to treat hemorrhoidal bleeding and hemafecia, if combined with dì
yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), such as in the formula Huái Jiăo Wán (Japanese Pagoda
Tree Pod Pill).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of pregnant women, and spleen and stomach
de■ciency-cold syndrome.
［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ It contains flavonoids and isoflavones, which can enhance
myocardial contractility, lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol, decrease vascular permeability and vascular
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fragility and have antioxidant and anti-in■ammatory effects.
Cè Bǎi Yè 侧柏叶
CACUMEN PLATYCLADI
Arborvitae

Period (500 A.D.) of the Northern and Southern
Dynasties. Its original name was băi yè. It is the dried
twigs and leaves of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, a
small evergreen tree of the family Cupressaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Cè “side or lateral”, băi
“cypress” and yè “leaf”. The branches, twigs and leaves
are all ■at and branch to the side. Also called cè băi (侧
柏), băi yè (柏叶) and biăn băi (扁柏), where biăn means
“■at”.
［Habitat］ Produced in most regions of China.
［Collection］ Collected the whole year round, but
mainly in summer and autumn in order to get better quality. Best quality is plain with tender green
leaves.
［Processing］ After impurities, big branches and fruits are removed, dust is sieved out and it is
used raw or carbonized.
［Properties］ Bitter, astringent; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Astringent, bitter, cold and purging in property, it enters the lung, liver and
large intestine channels. Good at clearing heat and astringing to check bleeding, it is a commonly-
used herb for both internal and external bleeding. The raw herb is normally used for heat-triggered
bleeding, while the carbonized herb is used for bleeding of the deficiency-cold type. It also clears
the lung, resolves phlegm and relieves coughing, and can be used for cough and asthma with profuse
phlegm due to lung heat. In addition, it is also effective for scalds and hair loss.
［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, resolves phlegm and relieves coughing.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is cool and astringent to check all types of bleeding.
For hematemesis, epistaxis, gingival bleeding and subcutaneous hemorrhage triggered by heat,
it is often combined with fresh dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), fresh ài yè (Folium Artemisiae
Argyi) and fresh hé yè (Folium Nelumbinis), such as in the formula Sì Shēng Wán (Four-Fresh
Herb Pill).
For hemafecia, hemorrhoidal bleeding or bloody dysentery, it is combined with huái huā (Flos
Sophorae) and dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to clear heat from the large intestine, cool blood and stop
bleeding.
For bleeding with de■ciency cold, carbonized cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) is combined
with carbonized ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to
warm the interior, dispel cold and check bleeding.
2. For cough and asthma caused by phlegm heat, it clears lung heat, expels phlegm and relieves
coughing.
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For cough with yellow sticky phlegm which is due to phlegm heat accumulated in the lung,
it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhú rú (Caulis
Bambusae in Taenia) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to clear heat from the lung, resolve phlegm
and relieve coughing.
For wheezing due to lung heat with chest distress and yellow phlegm, it is combined with
má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae
Amarum) to help clear heat, disperse lung qi and relieve coughing and wheezing.
3. Additionally, it can be combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shēng dì huáng
(Radix Rehmanniae) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) in a honey pill to treat hair loss, such as in the
formula Shēng Fà Wán (Hair Regrowth Pill). The fresh herb pounded and applied externally is for
erysipelas, mumps and scalds.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or used in pills and
powder. For external use: an appropriate amount is decocted for topical rinsing or ground into
powder and applied on the skin. The fresh herb can be pounded into paste for compresses or for
topical application. The raw herb is good for cooling and checking bleeding, expelling phlegm and
relieving cough, while the carbonized herb is more astringent and can stop bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ For cases with de■ciency cold or bleeding with internal blood
stasis, use as a single herb is not encouraged because of its bitter, cold and astringent properties.
Over-use may irritate the stomach or spoil the appetite.
［Ingredients］ It contains 0.26％ volatile oil, which is mainly composed of α-keto orientalis,
orientalis-ene and cumin ketones. It also has cedar bi■avone, lipids, condensed tannin and a variety
of mineral elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction promotes hemostasis and sedation, and has anti-
bacterial, anti-in■uenza and anti-herpes virus effects. The decoction, ethanol extracts and ■avonoid
extracts have the effects of expelling phlegm and relieving cough and asthma. Water-alcohol extracts
can lower blood pressure.
Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根

RHIZOMA IMPERATAE
Woolly Grass
Han Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). Its original name was
máo gēn (茅根). It is the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica
Beauv. var. major (Nees) C. ■. Hubb., a perennial herb
of the family Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white”, máo “hair”
and gēn “root”. The leaf blade has a spear-like acute
apex, the ripe fruit is covered with white hairs and the
color of the root is white. It is also known as máo gēn or
máo căo gēn (茅草根), where căo means “grass”.
［Habitat］ Produced in most regions of China, mainly in the north.
［Collection］ Collected in summer and autumn. The fibrous root and the leaf sheath are
removed and it is washed clean and dried in the sun or used fresh. The best quality is thick with
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white color and sweet taste.

［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, slightly moistened and cut into
segments. It can be used raw or carbonized.
［Properties］ Sweet; cool.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, stomach, bladder.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, cool and draining. It enters the blood level of the heart channel
and acts as a chief herb to cool blood and check bleeding, thus treating bleeding due to blood heat.
It enters the qi level of the lung and stomach channels to drain accumulated heat from the lung and
stomach, promote body ■uid production and stop vomiting. It is a commonly-used herb for febrile
diseases, stomach heat syndromes and lung heat syndromes. It also enters the bladder channel to
drain and purge damp heat through urination, and is an effective herb for all disorders caused by
damp heat. It is sweet and cold but not strong enough to affect the appetite and digestion. It can
promote urination but not to the extent that it consumes body ■uid.
［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, clears heat, promotes ■uid production and facilitates
urination.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood-heat triggered bleeding such as hemoptysis,
hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it cools blood and checks bleeding.
It is more often used for hematuria and epistaxis. For milder cases it is used alone in a large dose,
while for severe cases it is usually combined with dà jì (Herba Cirsii Japonici), xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii)
and qiàn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae) to strengthen the effects of cooling blood and stopping
bleeding, such as in the formula Shí Huī Săn (Ten Charred Substances Powder).
2. For thirst, vomiting, nausea, cough and asthma due to heat, it clears heat, promotes fluid
production and stops vomiting and cough.
For thirst in febrile diseases, the fresh herb is combined with fresh dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), fresh shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) and fresh lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to strengthen
the effects of clearing heat and promoting ■uid production.
For nausea and vomiting due to stomach heat, it is often combined with zhú rú (Caulis
Bambusae in Taenia) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to strengthen the effects of clearing
heat and calming the stomach.
For cough due to lung heat, it is combined with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae),
pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to strengthen the effects of clearing
heat and relieving cough.
3. For stranguria, edema, dysuria or damp-heat jaundice, it clears heat, promotes and facilitates
urination and improves the bile secretion of the gallbladder.
For stranguria with blood and hematuria due to heat or febrile urination, it is usually combined
with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to
For edema and dysuria, it is combined with dōng guā pí (■xocarpium Benincasae), chì xiăo
dòu (Semen Phaseoli) and fú líng pí (Cutis Poriae) to drain water and reduce swelling.
For damp-heat jaundice with febrile urination, it is combined with yīn chén hāo (Herba
Artemisiae Scopariae), jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to strengthen
the effects of clearing heat and draining dampness.
using the fresh herb; also used in pills or powder or in the form of fresh juice taken internally. For
external use: the decoction can be used to wash the skin or the fresh herb can be pounded and applied
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topically. The raw herb is normally used to clear heat, promote fluid production, cool blood and
promote urination, while the carbonized herb is used to stop bleeding.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Care should be used in cases with de■ciency cold or bleeding
without heat, because it is cold in property.
［Ingredients］ It has arundoin, cylindrin, fernenol, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, mannite, glucose,
xylose, citric acid, malic acid, potassium, soluble calcium and so on.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its water decoction shows the effect of diuresis, which
relates to the potassium it contains, and it also signi■cantly shortens blood clotting time. The root
powder can shorten rabbit plasma recalci■cation time. Intragastric administration of the decoction
has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, showing a significant inhibition on mouse writhing
response and capillary permeability triggered by acetic acid. It can also inhibit bacillus tuberculosis,
pneumococcus, micrococcus catarrhalis, shigella sonnei bacteria and hepatitis B virus, and can
relieve coughing and expel phlegm.
ZhùMá Gēn 苎麻根

RADIX BOEHMERIAE
Ramie Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Liang Period
(500 A.D.) of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. It is the
dried root and rhizome of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud., a
perennial herb of the family Urticaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhù “coarse cloth”, má
”hemp” and gēn ”root”. The ■bers of its stem bark can be
used to weave cloth. It is also called zhù gēn (苎根).
Anhui, Shandong, Shaanxi, Fujian, Guangdong and
Sichuan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in winter and spring.
After dirt and remnant stems are removed, finger-sized
roots are chosen and dried in the sun. The best quality is
grayish brown in color and solid inside.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened thoroughly, cut into
thick slices and dried. It can be used directly.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, cold and draining, it enters the heart and liver channels. ■ffective
at cooling blood and stopping bleeding, it is often considered a chief herb for the treatment or
prevention of heat-triggered bleeding and miscarriage. It also can promote urination and clear toxins,
and is used for stranguria of damp-heat type or toxic heat abscesses.
［Actions］ Cools blood, stops bleeding, clears heat, prevents miscarriage, promotes urination
and clears toxins.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For heat-triggered bleeding, it is good at cooling blood and
checking bleeding.
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For hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, purpura, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it can be used
alone or combined with other herbs with similar actions to enhance the effects.
For severe cases where qi is collapsing with the bleeding, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng) to replenish qi in order to enhance the astringing effect, such as in the formula
Zhù Gēn Săn (Ramie Root Powder).
2. For threatened miscarriage due to heat, it clears heat and cools blood to prevent miscarriage. It
also can be used in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini)
and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to enhance the effects.
3. For stranguria and dysuria, it clears heat and promotes and facilitates urination.
For bloody stranguria or dysuria, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), pú huáng (Pollen
Typhae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to strengthen the effects of promoting urination and relieving
stranguria.
4. For toxic heat sores and insect or snake bites, it clears toxic heat, snake venom and insect
poison.
For toxic heat sores or abscesses, the fresh root is pounded and applied topically alone, or is
combined with other herbs that clear toxic heat.
For snake or insect bites, it is used with black tung tree oil and applied topically.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction; double the dosage if using
the fresh herb in juice. For external use: it can be decocted for skin washing, or the fresh herb can be
pounded for topical application. Normally the fresh herb is better than the dried one in quality and
actions.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be used in cases with deficiency cold or
bleeding without heat, because it is cold in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains chlorogenic acid, which, when heated in diluted acid, can degenerate
into caffeic acid and quininic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of hemostasis, preventing miscarriage,
radioresistance, anti-staphylococcus aureus and so on.
Section 2 Herbs that Resolve Blood

Stasis and Stop Bleeding
The herbs in this section are different in nature and ■avor, but they share the same actions of
resolving blood stasis and checking bleeding. They are mainly used for bleeding with blood stasis,
such as hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, hemafecia, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with dark
blue blood and clots. They stop bleeding but without side effects in causing blood stasis. They can
also be used for traumatic injuries, pain due to blood stasis and amenorrhea.
Sān Qī三七
RADIX ET RHIZOMA NOTOGINSENG
Pseudoginseng Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty
9-9◎04.indd 366 2014-12-17 13:42:02

(1590 A.D.). It is the dried root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.

H. Chen, a perennial plant of the family Araliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sān “three” and qī “seven”,
since each leafstalk of the plant has either three or seven
leaves. It is also named shān qī (山漆), where shān means
“mountain” and qī means “paint”, because it grows wild in
the mountains and is very sticky like paint. Another name is
jīn bú huàn (金不换), where jīn means “gold” and bú huàn
means “no exchange”, meaning that its value is more than
that of gold. The plant looks like rén shēn (Radix et Rhizome
Ginseng), so it is sometimes also called shēn sān qī (参三七).
Sān qī produced in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces is good
in quality, so it is also named diān sān qī (滇三七) and tián sān qī (田三七), where diān is the short
name for Yunnan and tián for Guangxi. It is sometimes called tián qī or diān qī for short.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Yunnan and Guangxi of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn before ■owering. After cleaning with water, the taproot
is separated from the rootlets and the base of the stem, and dried in the sun. The best quality is heavy,
solid with a smooth surface and grayish green or yellowish green in cross section.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, dried in the sun and ground
into ■ne powder.
［Properties］ Slightly bitter, sweet; warm.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and sweet in ■avors and warm in property, it can warm the channels,
promote blood circulation and nourish the body to rectify de■ciency. It enters the liver and stomach
channels and is effective at resolving blood stasis, checking bleeding, relieving pain, tonifying qi
and strengthening the body. It stops bleeding without causing blood stasis and invigorates blood
circulation without consuming qi. It is a commonly-used herb for disorders caused by hemorrhage or
blood stasis.
［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis, stops bleeding, reduces swelling and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For hemorrhage, it is good at resolving stasis as well as stopping
bleeding. It is widely used to treat all kinds of bleeding such as hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis,
gingival bleeding, hemafecia, hematuria, abnormal vaginal bleeding and purpura or subcutaneous
hemorrhage, yet is best for bleeding with blood stasis, qi and blood or qi and yang de■ciency, or
coldness. It can be applied alone in powder or combined with huā ruĭ shí (Ophicalcitum) and xuè
yú tàn (Crinis Carbonisatus) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Huà Xuè Dān (Blood-
Transforming ■lixir).
For bleeding due to qi collapse failing to hold blood, it is combined with zhì huáng qí (Radix
Astragali Praeparata cum Melle), dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) to
supplement qi, help control blood and check bleeding.
For bleeding ascribed to yin de■ciency and blood heat, it is combined with hàn lián căo (Herba
■cliptae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) to enrich yin, cool
blood and stop bleeding.
For bleeding triggered by blood heat, it is combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae),
bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) to cool blood, resolve blood
stasis and stop bleeding.
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For traumatic bleeding, the powder can be used alone, or is used together with lóng gŭ (Os
Draconis) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis) to improve granulation and check bleeding, such as in the
formula Qī Băo Săn (Seven Treasures Powder).
2. For disorders due to blood stasis, it is good at invigorating blood, reducing swelling and
relieving pain, so it is considered an essential component for treating internal, gynecological or
traumatic disorders caused by blood stasis. The powder is widely used for oral administration or for
topical application, or is combined with other herbs according to the different patterns.
For chest impediments and heart pain, it is combined with mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), bīng
piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae).
For abdominal masses, it is always combined with é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), sān léng
(Rhizoma Sparganii) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae).
For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, it is used together with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis),
chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi).
For postpartum abdominal pain, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae), dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri).
For traumatic wounds and injuries, it is used together with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga), such as in the
formulas Diē Dă Wán (Injury-Healing Pill) and Huó Xuè Diē Dă Săn (Blood-Moving and Injury-
Healing Powder).
3. Additionally, it also tonifies qi and is often used to treat blood stasis accompanied by qi
de■ciency or qi and blood de■ciency.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; or 1-1.5 g each time in
powder or pills. Its juice can be applied topically, or the powder applied alone or in combination for
topical use.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ For patterns of blood heat or yin deficiency and ■re ■aring
up, it should not be used alone, since it is warm and dry. In case of yin deficiency with apparent
thirst, it should be combined with herbs that nourish yin and cool blood.
［Ingredients］ It contains ginsenosides, notoginsenosides, gynostemma saponin, amino
acids like amino acid of panax notoginseng, volatile oils, ■avonoids, notoginseng polysaccharide,
nucleoside, β- sitosterol, daucosterol and mineral elements like calcium.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows a significant effect of hemostasis, which includes
shortening the time of bleeding, clotting and thrombinogen in animals. It also showed good effects
on anticoagulation such as resisting platelet aggregation, promoting fibrinolysis and decreasing
whole blood viscosity. The panax notoginseng saponins can increase the proliferation of multi-
functional hemopoietic stem cells, increase coronary blood flow, decrease myocardial oxygen
consumption, improve animal collateral circulation establishment in the coronary artery infarction
area, increase cardiac output and resist arrhythmia and atherosclerosis in mice. It also can dilate
the cerebral vessels, increase cerebrovascular blood ■ow, tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, lower
blood pressure, improve adrenocortical function, regulate glycometabolism, lower cholesterol levels,
protect the liver, resist oxidation, aging, shock, in■ammation and tumors, and regulate immunity.
Attachment: JúSān Qī 菊三七

Radix Gynura
［Source］ It is the root and leaf of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr., a perennial plant of the family Compositae,
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and is also known as tŭ sān qī (土三七).

［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; neutral.
［■ntered channels］ Liver, stomach.
［Actions］ Resolves stasis, checks bleeding and relieves swelling.
［Clinial Applications］ ■pistaxis, gingival bleeding, hematemesis, traumatic wounds and injuries (external
application), sores and abscesses and acute mastitis.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, and 1.5-3 g each time for powder. For
external use: the fresh herb can be pounded and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Care should be used in the case of pregnant women.
［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ Research has shown that it contains alkaloids, organic acid and
tannins, which stop bleeding, relieve pain and have the effect of topical anesthesia.
Jǐng Tiān Sān Qī 景天三七

Herba Sedi Aizoon
［Source］ It is the dried whole plant or root of Sedum aizoon L. or Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch., a perennial
succulent plant of the family Crassulaceae. Its original name was fèi cài (费菜).
［Actions］ Resolves stasis, checks bleeding, calms the mind, resolves toxin and relieves swelling.
［Clinial Applications］ Bleeding, panic attack and palpitations, insomnia, traumatic wounds and injuries, sores
and abscesses, and insect bites.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g for decoction, and 30-60 g for fresh juice. For external use:
the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically, or the powder is mixed with medicinal liquid and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Use with caution in cases with diarrhea of de■ciency type.
［Ingredients］ It contains alkaloids, the root contains ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and β-sitosterol, and the plant
contains gallic acid, glucose, fructose, cane sugar and sedoheptose.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of hemostasis, sedation, lowering blood pressure, coronary
artery dilation and inhibition of staphylococcus aureus.
Qiàn Cǎo 茜草
RADIX ET RHIZOMA RUBIAE
Indian Madder Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic

of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about
220A.D.). Its original name was qiàn gēn (茜根). It is the
dried root and rhizome of Rubia cordifolia L., a perennial
herb of the family Rubiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qiàn “crimson” and căo
“grass, herb”. The color on the outside of the root or rhizome
is a sort of crimson, and in ancient times it was used as
a coloring agent. It is also named răn fēi căo (染绯草),
where răn means “dyeing”, fēi means “crimson” and căo
means “grass or herb”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Anhui,
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Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan provinces of China.

［Collection］ It is collected in spring and autumn, cleaned with water and dried in the sun. The
best quality is large without stem base or clay, with a brownish-red surface and reddish-yellow cross-
sections.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened thoroughly, cut into
thick slices or segments and dried in the sun. It is used both raw and carbonized.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, cold and purging in properties, it particularly enters the liver channel
and blood level. The raw herb is different from the carbonized herb in its actions. The carbonized
herb is good at checking bleeding along with having some actions of resolving blood stasis and cooling
blood, while the raw herb is good at cooling blood and resolving blood stasis. As long as the disorder is
caused by blood stasis with heat accumulation with or without bleeding, it can normally be used.
［Actions］ Resolves stasis, stops bleeding, cools blood and invigorates blood circulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding with blood stasis and heat, it is effective at resolving
blood stasis, cooling blood and checking bleeding.
For hematemesis, epistaxis and hematuria with blood stasis and heat inside, it can be used
alone for mild cases, but for critical cases it is often combined with xiăo jì tàn (Herba Cirsii
Carbonisatus), dà jì tàn (Herba Cirsii Japonici Carbonisatus) and cè băi tàn (Cacumen Platycladi
Carbonisatus), such as in the formula Shí Huī Săn (Ten Charred Substances Powder).
For acute hemafecia triggered by excessive heat, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae), huái jiăo (Fructus Sophorae) and dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to clear heat, cool blood
and stop bleeding.
For abnormal vaginal bleeding due to heat, it is combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae),
pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to enhance the effects of cooling
blood and hemostasis.
2. For amenorrhea, traumatic wounds and injuries, and arthralgia with blood stasis, it invigorates
blood circulation, unblocks channels and cools blood, and is particularly used to treat gynecological
disorders due to blood stasis and heat accumulation.
For amenorrhea with blood stasis and heat accumulation, the herb alone is used for mild cases,
while its combination with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae
Miltiorrhizae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) can augment the effects of clearing heat, resolving
stasis and alleviating pain.
For postpartum abdominal pain with blood stasis and heat accumulation, it is often combined
with bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) and chì sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Rubra) to purge heat, resolve blood stasis and relieve pain.
For traumatic pain and swelling, it is often used together with hóng huā (Flos Carthami),
chuān xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and gŭ suì bŭ (Rhizoma Drynariae) to invigorate blood circulation
and alleviate swelling.
For arthralgia in wind-damp-heat pattern, it is often combined with rĕn dōng téng (Caulis
Lonicerae Japonicae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae
Macrophyllae) to dispel wind, transform damp, cool blood, relieve swelling, unblock the channels
and alleviate pain.
For arthralgia in wind-damp-cold pattern, its alcohol-brewed liquor can be used alone for mild
cases, while combination with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), dú huó (Radix Angelicae
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Pubescentis) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) is often used for advanced cases to dispel
wind, transform damp and warm the interior to relieve cold pain.
3. Additionally, it can be used to treat abscesses and hemorrhoids.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g normally in decoction, 30 g for critical
cases; also used in pills and powder. For checking bleeding it is better carbonized, while for cooling
and invigorating blood the raw herb is recommended.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of spleen and stomach de■ciency,
blood-essence deficiency, yin deficiency with excessive heat and bleeding without blood stasis
because of its bitter, cold and purging properties.
［Ingredients］ It contains derivatives of anthraquinone such as purpurin, purpuro-xanthin
and alizarin, and naphthoquinone, naphthalene hydrogen quinonoids, hexamethylene peptide,
triterpenoids and polysaccharides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can shorten bleeding time and improve the generation of
thromboplastin, thrombin and ■brin. It also has the effects of relieving cough, eliminating phlegm,
resisting experimental myocardial infarctions, inhibiting the formation of calcium carbonate calculi,
alleviating intestinal spasms, resisting tumors, and inhibiting bacteria and dermatophytes. Its raw
extract can increase the function of leukocytes, and the water extract can stimulate the uterus.
Rubimaillin can resist platelet aggregation in rabbits and alizarin can slightly resist blood coagulation.
PúHuáng 蒲黄
POLLEN TYPHAE
Cattail Pollen
Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). It is the dry pollen of Typha
angustifolia L. or Typha orientalis Presl., or other related
marsh-dwelling perennial plants of the family Typhaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Pú “Typha angustifolia”
and huáng “yellow”. The pollen is fine with golden
yellow color. It is also named pú huā (蒲花), pú bàng huā
fĕn (蒲棒花粉) and pú căo huáng (蒲草黄).
Anhui, Shandong and Shanxi provinces, and some also
from the northeast region, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces
of China.
［Collection］ The yellow staminate ■ower spikes in
the upper part of the plant are collected during summer,
dried in the sun, ground and sieved to get ■ne pollen. The best quality is bright yellow, smooth and
puri■ed.
［Processing］ The clumped ■ower parts are crushed and sieved, and ■laments and impurities
are removed. Both the raw and charred herbs are used.
［Properties］ Sweet, slightly acrid; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet in flavor and neutral in property, it enters the liver, heart
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and spleen channels. Actions and indications of the raw herb and the charred herb are different. The
raw herb can invigorate blood and inhibit bleeding, and is especially good at resolving blood stasis;
furthermore, it can promote urination. The charred herb displays astringent effects mainly to check
bleeding. Once the case is diagnosed as blood stasis, no matter whether it is with or without bleeding
or pain, or is of heat or cold type, this herb can be widely used.
［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis, stops bleeding and promotes urination.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is good at resolving stasis and checking bleeding, and is widely
used for many kinds of bleeding such as hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematemesis, subcutaneous bleeding,
hematuria, hematochezia and abnormal vaginal bleeding. For bleeding of heat type, it is always
combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and xiăo jì
(Herba Cirsii) to cool blood and check bleeding, while for bleeding of cold type, it is used together with
páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum), ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava
Usta) to warm the interior and stop bleeding. For traumatic bleeding, it can be applied alone topically.
2. For pain due to blood stasis, it is effective at invigorating blood and relieving pain. For
such symptoms as chest pain, abdominal pain, and dysmenorrheal and postpartum abdominal pain
ascribed to blood stasis, it is often used in combination with wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori) to
reinforce the effects of invigorating blood and relieving pain, such as in the formula Shī Xiào Săn
(Sudden Smile Powder).
3. For stranguria with blood, it resolves blood stasis and promotes urination. For bleeding of heat
type, it is often combined with mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae), chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) and chì
sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to clear heat, cool blood, promote urination and relieve the stranguria,
such as in the formula Pú Huáng Săn (Cattail Pollen Powder).
4. Additionally, its powder is applied topically to treat swollen or heavy tongue and dental ulcers
in order to resolve stasis and relieve swelling.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g wrapped in decoction, or in pills or
powder. The powder can be used alone or made into a paste for topical use. For stopping bleeding,
it is stir-fried ■rst; for resolving blood stasis the raw herb is used; for bleeding with blood stasis, the
stir-fried and the raw herbs are used mixed half and half.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be exercised when using the raw herb for
pregnant woman, since it has ingredients that can contract the uterus.
［Ingredients］ It contains typhaneoside, isorhamnetin, quercetin, volatile oils, polysaccharides,
organic acids, amino acids, β-sitosterol, trace elements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can promote blood coagulation, lower blood pressure, alleviate
heart load, increase blood flow in the coronary arteries, improve microcirculation, improve body
hypoxia tolerance, resist myocardial ischemia, excite the uterus, enhance bowel movements, lower
blood lipids, resist atherosclerosis, ■ght against in■ammation, induce bile discharge and diuresis, and
relieve pain and asthma. With respect to the immune system, a small dose did not show any effect, a
medium dose showed an immune suppressing effect, while a large dose can enhance immunity.
WǔLíng Zhī五灵脂
FAECES TROGOPTERORI
Flying Squirrel Feces
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草) in the Northern Song Dynasty (973 A.D.). It is the

dried feces of Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-■dwards,
an animal of the family Petauristidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wŭ “five”, lí ng
“effective” and zhī “jelly”. It is jelly-like, very
effective and supposed to be able to nourish the five
organs. It is also known colloquially as hán háo chóng
fèn (寒号虫粪), where hán háo chóng means “flying
squirrel” and fèn means “feces”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi,
Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu provinces of
China.
［Collection］ It can be collected the whole year round, but is better when collected in spring or
autumn. Impurities are removed and it is dried in the sun. When more sticky it is called líng zhī kuài
(灵脂块) or táng líng zhī (糖灵脂), where kuài means “cube or lump” and táng means “candy”, and
when more loose it is named săn líng zhī (散灵脂), where săn means “loose or scattered”.
［Processing］ Impurities and ash are removed, and the lumps are broken into small pieces. The
raw, stir-fried or vinegar-fried herbs are used.
［Properties］ Bitter, salty, sweet; warm.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and warm in properties, it enters the liver and spleen channels. The
raw herb is good at promoting blood circulation, unblocking the channels and relieving pain. The
stir-fried herb excels at checking bleeding and it somewhat resolves stasis at the same time, so is
often used to treat bleeding with blood stasis. It can also promote qi and blood flow of the large
intestine to treat dyspepsia and ■ghts against the toxicity of snake and insect bites.
［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis and stops bleeding, invigorates blood and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For abnormal vaginal bleeding, the stir-fried herb is commonly
used to stanch bleeding and resolve stasis.
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with clots and lower abdominal pain, its powder can be used
alone and taken with warm wine, or can be combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng)
and dry-fried pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to augment the effects.
For acute hematochezia, it can be used together with carbonized fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae) and carbonized dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to boost the effect of stanching
bleeding.
2. For pain due to blood stasis, the raw herb is commonly used alone to invigorate blood and
relieve pain, or is combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) in mutual reinforcement, such as in the
formula Shī Xiào Săn (Sudden Smile Powder).
For epigastric and abdominal sharp pain, it is often combined with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma
Corydalis), mò yào (Myrrha) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to invigorate qi and blood and relieve
pain, such as in the formula Shŏu Niān Săn (Quick ■ffect Powder).
For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain, it is often combined with
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong) to move blood and regulate menstruation.
For traumatic pain, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and gŭ
suì bŭ (Rhizoma Drynariae) and used topically in powder in order to improve local blood circulation,
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relieve pain and improve tissue regeneration.

3. In addition, if combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and shĭ jūn zĭ (Fructus Quisqualis),
it improves digestion and kills worms to treat infantile dyspeptic malnutrition. If combined with
xióng huáng (Realgar) and used both internally and externally, it can eliminate the toxicity of snake,
scorpion and centipede bites.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g wrapped in decoction, or used in pills or
powder; the powder also can be mixed with a medicinal liquid adjuvant and applied topically. For
invigorating blood and relieving pain, the raw or vinegar-fried herb is used, while for resolving blood
stasis and stanching bleeding, the stir-fried herb is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should not be used together with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng) because they mutually counteract each other’s effects. It is contraindicated for
pregnant women, since it is strong in moving blood and may cause vaginal bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains goreishic acid, benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, uracil, ureophil,
uric acid and so forth.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can inhibit platelet aggregation, improve ■brinolysis, increase
blood ■ow in the coronary arteries, reduce peripheral vascular resistance, enhance immunity, lower
blood pressure, resist irritative lesions, fight agaist inflammation and inhibit bacteria.
Jiàng Xiāng 降香
LIGNUM DALBERGIAE ODORIFERAE
Rosewood
Bĕn Căo, 海药本草) in the Five Dynasties (907-960 A.D.).
Its original name was jiàng zhēn xiāng (降真香). It is
the wood of the trunk and root of Dalbergia odorifera T.
Chen, a small evergreen tree of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jiàng “falling down” and
xiāng “fragrant”. It is pleasantly fragrant, and in legend the
fragrance of its smoke can attract immortals to descend to
earth. It is also called jiàng zhēn xiāng, where zhēn means
“immortal”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan, but also in
Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan.
［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round.
The sapwood is cut off, chopped into small cubes and
dried in the shade. The best quality is crimson, solid, fragrant, without white sapwood and sinking in
water.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is split into pieces or crushed into powder for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, heart.
［Characteristics］ Aromatic, warmly dispersing and sinking in properties, it enters the
liver, spleen and heart channels. It is good at resolving blood stasis and stanching bleeding, so is
particularly effective for traumatic bleeding. It also excels at invigorating blood, descending qi and
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relieving pain, and has a good effect on treating chest pain, heart pain and abdominal pain due to
qi and blood stagnation. In addition, it is used to dispel ■lth and transform turbidity to treat acute
vomiting and diarrhea caused by accumulated turbidity.
［Actions］ Resolves blood stasis, stanches bleeding, invigorates blood, relieves pain, descends
qi and transforms pathogenic turbidity.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding with blood stasis, it is good at resolving blood
stasis and stanching bleeding, so is commonly used to treat traumatic wounds and injuries and is
particularly effective for traumatic bleeding.
For wound bleeding, it is ground into ■ne powder and applied alone topically, or is used in
combination with other similar herbs to enhance the effects.
For hematemesis, it is often combined with huā ruĭ shí (Ophicalcitum), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum)
and mò yào (Myrrha), and applied internally in powder to augment the effects of resolving stasis and
stanching bleeding.
2. For pain, it is warm and good at invigorating qi and blood movement to relieve pain, so the
most suitable target is cold pain.
For chest pain, it is often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), táo rén (Semen Persicae)
and sī guā luò (Retinervus Luffae Fructus).
For heart pain, it can be used together with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae),
chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra).
For epigastric pain, it can be combined with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae), wŭ líng zhī (Faeces
Trogopterori) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae).
For traumatic pain, it is combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha) and hóng huā
(Flos Carthami).
For abdominal cold colic pain, it is combined with dry-fried chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan),
xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and wū yào (Radix Linderae).
3. For abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, it warms the interior, relieves pain
and transforms damp turbidity, and is often used in combination with huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis)
and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) to resolve turbid dampness and harmonize the stomach.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction; 1-2 g in powder or pills; or
the powder is applied topically.
heat signs and heat-triggered bleeding, since its warm dryness may injure the yin and assist
pathologic ■re, and thus worsen the bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It mainly has volatile oils like peruviol, and osajin including formononetin and
odori■avone.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can reduce blood viscosity, resist thrombosis, inhibit platelet
aggregation, enhance blood flow in the coronary arteries, slow down the heart rate, lower blood
pressure, induce sedation and analgesia, and ■ght against convulsions.
Section 3 Astringent Herbs that Stop Bleeding

The herbs in this category mostly leaving a dry taste in the mouth, are astringent in action, and
sticky and neutral in nature. Quite a few of them are used in carbonized form. They are good at
astringing and stanching bleeding, but they may produce adverse effects like blood clotting. Thus
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they should be used for bleeding without any blood stasis, particularly in the case of acute severe
bleeding such as hematemesis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematuria, hemafecia and profuse vaginal
bleeding whether of heat or cold type. Some of them also have the actions of resolving toxins,
healing sores, and arresting diarrhea and dysentery. The adverse actions of the astringency property
are preserving pathogens and worsening stagnation, so these herbs are contraindicated in cases of
blood stasis or excessive pathogens.
Bái Jí白及
RHIZOMA BLETILLAE
Bletilla Rhizome
Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). It is the dried underground stem tuber of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f.,
a perennial plant of the family Orchidaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and jí
“interconnect”. Its underground stem tubers are white,
round and interconnected with each other. It is also
called bái gēn (白根) and lián jí căo (连及草), where
bái means “white”, gēn means “root”, lián jí means
“connect” and căo means “plant”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Sichuan,
Hunan, Hubei, Henan and Zhejiang provinces of China,
of which Guizhou Province produces most.
［Collection］ The tuber is collected from September
to October, boiled or steamed completely in water, and
half dried. The outer skin is then removed and it is dried completely in the sun. The best quality is
big, solid, white and translucent.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed and the roots are graded according to size, they
are cleaned individually in water, moistened completely, and then sliced and dried. They can be used
directly or in powder.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet, astringent; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, lung.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, sticky and astringent to stanch bleeding, and its bitter and cold
properties display the actions of clearing and purging. It enters the lung, liver and stomach channels.
It is effective at stanching bleeding and improving the healing of lung and stomach tissue, and can be
used to treat bleeding, whether on the inside or on the outside of the body. It is particularly good at
treating hemoptysis, hematemesis and lung abscesses with bloody expectoration. In addition, it can
alleviate swelling and improve tissue granulation, and is widely applied internally or externally for
carbuncles, sores, ulcers, scalds, chapped skin, anal ■ssures and so on.
［Actions］ Stops bleeding, alleviates swelling and improves granulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding — especially hemoptysis, hematemesis and hemafecia —
it is sticky and astringent to stop bleeding. For this purpose it can be used alone in powder and taken
with rice soup, such as in the empirical formula Dú Shèng Săn (Bletilla Rhizome Powder). It is also
often combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) to enhance the effect of stanching
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bleeding on one hand, and to prevent the formation of blood stasis on the other hand.
For tubercular hemoptysis diagnosed as lung yin de■ciency, it is usually combined with pí
pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae), ŏu jié (Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini)
to nourish yin, clear lung heat and stop bleeding, such as in the formula Bái Jí Pí Pá Wán (Bletilla
Rhizome and Loquat Leaf Pill).
For lung abscesses with bloody purulent expectoration, it is combined with lú gēn (Rhizoma
Phragmitis), yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) and jīn qiáo mài (Rhizoma Fagopyri Dibotryis) to
clear lung heat, reduce toxic purulent expectoration and resist bleeding.
For gastric hypersecretion accompanied by stomachache, hematemesis or hemafecia, it
is often combined with hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to inhibit acid, relieve pain and stop
bleeding, such as in the formula Wū Jí Săn (Cuttlebone and Bletilla Rhizome Powder).
It is effective for tubercular hemoptysis, gastric ulcer bleeding or duodenal ulcer bleeding in
modern medicine.
2. For sores, boils, carbuncles, scalds, burns, chapped skin and anal ■ssures, it is excellent in
alleviating swelling and improving tissue regeneration.
For carbuncles before purulence, it can be used alone in powder and applied topically, or used
together with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) and rŭ xiāng
(Olibanum) in decoction for internal use, and the dregs can be externally used for warm compresses
to alleviate swelling, such as in the formula Nèi Xiāo Săn (Interior-Dissipating Powder).
For chronic ulcerated sores, the powder can be applied topically alone or in combination
with powdered bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and qīng fĕn (Calomelas) to clean up necrotic tissue and
improve tissue granulation.
For scalds and burns, anal ■ssures and chapped skin, it is often used alone in powder or mixed
with má yóu (Oleum Sesami) and applied topically, in order to improve the healing of the tissue.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g or 30 g (large dose) in decoction; or 1.5-3g
each time in powder or pills; or used topically in powder alone or mixed with a liquid adjuvant.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Caution should be exercised when it is used internally for
cases with hemoptysis caused by exogenous pathogenic factors, lung abscesses in the early stage and
bleeding triggered by heat, since it is sticky in texture and astringent in property and may preserve
the pathogens. It is incompatible with wū tóu.
［Ingredients］ It contains 56.75％-60.15％ of phlegmatic substances, mainly comprised
of bletillamannan. It also has volatile oils, starch, bibenzyls, phenanthrene and its derivatives,
blestriarene and anthraquinones.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can significantly shorten clotting time and prothrombin
time. 1％ bái jí solution injected into the inferior vena cava of frogs can agglutinate blood cells to
arti■cially form a thrombus, and its phlegmatic substances are found to be related to hemostasis. It
can protect gastric mucosa and alleviate injuries to the gastric mucosa caused by hydrochloric acid.
It can also resist tumors and bacteria.
Xiān Hè Cǎo 仙鹤草

HERBA AGRIMONIAE
Hairy Vein Agrimonia
［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng, 本
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草图经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1061 A.D.).

Its original name was lóng yá căo (龙牙草). It is the
dried above-ground part of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., a
perennial herb of the family Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xiān “immortal”, hè
“crane” and căo “herb”. A white fur grows all over the
plant like the white cranes ridden by the immortals in
legend. Its winter bud looks like a wolf’s or a dragon’s
tooth, so it is also named láng yá căo (狼牙草) and lóng
yá căo (龙牙草), where láng yá means “wolf tooth”,
lóng yá means “dragon tooth” and căo means “grass or
herb”. Its yellow ■owers always come out on the top of
the stem, so it is also called jīn dĭng lóng yá (金顶龙芽),
where jīn dĭng means “golden top”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces, with some production
also in Anhui, Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei and Guangdong provinces of China.
［Collection］ The above-ground part of the plant is harvested when ■ourishing from summer
to the autumn, impurities are removed and it is dried in the sun. The best quality is young and
delicate with luxuriant leaves.
［Processing］ After removing the root base and foreign substances, it is washed clean with
water, slightly moistened, cut into segments and dried. It can be used directly or carbonized
before use.
［Properties］ Bitter, astringent; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, spleen.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter and astringent in flavor and neutral in property.
Traditionally it enters the lung, liver and spleen channels, but in fact today it is used clinically much
more widely than that. It is astringent and good at stanching bleeding, so is commonly used for
bleeding no matter whether of heat, cold, excess or de■ciency type. It can also transform toxins and
alleviate dysentery, sores and swellings, kill trichomonas and inhibit malaria, and energize the body.
［Actions］ Stanches bleeding, transforms toxin, alleviates dysentery and malaria, kills worms
and energizes the body.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding — hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, subcutaneous
hemorrhage, hemafecia, hematuria or uterine bleeding with cold, heat or de■ciency — it is astringent
to stanch bleeding.
For heat-triggered bleeding, it is often combined with fresh shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ
dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) to clear heat, cool blood and enhance the effect of
stanching bleeding.
For de■ciency-cold bleeding, it is often used together with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi),
dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to
tonify qi, warm the interior and stanch bleeding.
For bleeding complicated with blood stasis, it is often combined with sān qī (Radix et
Rhizoma Notoginseng), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and wŭ líng zhī (Faeces
Trogopterori) to stanch bleeding and resolve stasis.
2. For diarrhea and dysentery, it transforms toxic pathogenic substances and slows down bowel
movements.
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For chronic diarrhea and dysentery, it is used alone internally or combined with mù jĭn pí
(Cortex Hibisci Syriaci).
For dysentery with blood, it can be used together with dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to cool
blood, resolve toxins and alleviate dysentery.
3. For malaria and vaginal trichomonas infection, it can kill trichomonas and inhibit malaria
attacks.
For malaria, it can be used alone internally or combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae
Annuae).
For pruritus vulvae and leukorrhagia seen in trichomonas vaginitis, it can be decocted alone or
together with dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae
Flavescentis), and the decoction used to rinse the vagina.
4. For over-exhaustion, it can traditionally tonify qi and energize the body.
For lassitude and tiredness with normal appetite, it is used together with dà zăo (Fructus
Jujubae).
For lassitude and tiredness with qi and blood de■ciency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix
Codonopsis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and lóng yăn ròu (Arillus Longan) to
supplement qi and blood.
5. In addition, it is effective for sores, abscesses, hemorrhoids, tumors and cancer.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g usually, 30-60 g in large dose in
decoction; or used in pills or powder. For external use: its pounded fine floss is applied topically
alone or in combination with other medicinal powders, or its decoction is applied topically for
rinsing, or the fresh herb is pounded for compress.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of diarrhea or dysentery accompanied
with fever from exterior syndrome because its astringing function can trap and preserve pathogens.
［Ingredients］ It has agrimonine, agrimonolide, phenolic abietic acid, flavonoid glycosides,
volatile oils, saponin, tannin and so forth.
［Pharmacological Research］ It stops bleeding, excites the respiratory center, regulates the
smooth intestinal muscles, activates the exhausted striated muscles, lowers blood sugar and basic
metabolism, resists inflammation and bacteria, inhibits cancer cells and trichomonas vaginalis.
Recent research showed the effects of anti-coagulation and anti-thrombosis.
［Notes］ Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces (Qiān Jīn Fāng, 千金方) by
Sun Si-miao recorded in volume twenty-five that yĕ láng yá yè (野狼牙叶) was effective for
arrow wounds. According to research, yĕ láng yá yè is just xiān hè căo (Herba Agrimoniae).
Thus the time when the herb was ■rst recorded can be dated back to the early years of the Tang
Dynasty.
Xuè YúTàn 血余炭

CRINIS CARBONISATUS
Charred Hair

Dynasty (500 A.D.) in North and South Kingdoms with another name luàn fà huī (乱发灰). It is the
carbonized hair of a healthy human being.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xuè yú “surplus of the blood” (equalling “hair” according to Chinese
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medicine theory) and tàn “charcoal”. It is

charred human hair. Another name is fà huī
(发灰), where fà means “hair” and huī means
“ashes”.
［Habitat］ Produced everywhere across
China.
［Collection］ Hair is collected, washed
with soda water, rinsed in water and dried in the
sun.
［Processing］ It is dry-baked into charcoal
before using. The best quality is light in weight
and free of impurities with shining black color.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, stomach, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, astringent and neutral in properties, it enters the liver, stomach
and kidney channels. Internally it can arrest bleeding, resolve blood stasis, promote urination and
slightly enrich yin. It astringes bleeding and resolves stasis simultaneously to prevent blood stasis by
astringing, and promotes urination without the side effect of consuming yin. ■xternally it can resolve
stasis, alleviate swelling and improve the healing of sores and ulcers.
［Actions］ Arrests bleeding, enriches yin, promotes urination, resolves blood stasis and
promotes granulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bleeding, it simultaneously astringes bleeding and resolves
stasis to prevent blood stasis by astringing, so it is used commonly in clinic.
For epistaxis, hemoptysis and hematemesis, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae), shēng huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi).
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it can be combined with zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus Trachycarpi
Carbonisatus), ŏu jié tàn and jīng jiè tàn (Herba Schizonepetae Carbonisatum).
For hematochezia and hematuria, it can be used together with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma
Notoginseng) and huā ruĭ shí (Ophicalcitum), such as in the formula Huà Xuè Dān (Blood-
Transforming ■lixir).
For hemorrhoidal bleeding, it is combined with huái huā (Flos Sophorae), dì yú (Radix
Sanguisorbae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei).
2. For dysuria and stranguria with blood, it resolves blood stasis, facilitates urination and slightly
enriches yin.
For dysuria with yin de■ciency, it is combined with huá shí (Talcum) and dōng kuí zĭ (Semen
Malvae) to facilitate urination, such as in the formulas Huá Shí Bái Yú Săn (Talcum and Topmouth
Culter Powder Powder) and Kuí Fà Săn (Cluster Mallow Seed and Charred Hair Powder).
For stranguria with blood, it is combined with xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii), dàn zhú yè (Herba
Lophatheri) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, arrest bleeding, promote urination
and relieve stranguria.
3. For sores, ulcers, burns and scalds, it resolves stasis, alleviates swelling and assists healing of
tissue.
For severe painful swelling, it is used in combination with shé tuì (Periostracum Serpentis)
and lù fēng fáng (Nidus Vespae) in equal quantities of charred powders, and taken with wine to
alleviate pain and swelling, such as in the formula Sān Shēng Săn (Three ■ngendering Powder).
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For back abscesses and carbuncles, it is mixed with má yóu (Oleum Sesami) and white wax,
made into paste, and applied externally to relieve pain and improve tissue regeneration, such as in
the formula Bèi Yè Gāo (Charred Hair and Sesame Oil Adhesive Plaster).
For burns and scalds, it is mixed with the extracts of zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and simple
ointment to make medicinal ointment, and applied topically to alleviate swelling and improve tissue
granulation, as in Zĭ Căo Xuè Yú Ruăn Gāo (Arnebia Root and Charred Hair Ointment).
4. Additionally, if used alone or in combination with yīn chén hāo (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae),
jīn qián căo (Herba Lysimachiae) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae), it can also be applied for jaundice.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction; 1.5-3 g in powder or pills.
It can also be applied alone or in combination topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution in patients with delicate
stomachs because its strong odor may cause nausea or vomiting.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese,
arsenic and so forth.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has effects of hemostasis, anti-bacteria and anti-in■ammation.
OǔJié 藕节
NODUS NELUMBINIS RHIZOMATIS
Lotus Rhizome Node
Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome
node of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a perennial plant of
the family Nymphaeaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Oŭ “ lotus rhizome” and
jié “node”. Oŭ jié “rhizome node of lotus”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiang
Su, Anhui, Hunan and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ The rhizome is collected between
autumn and winter, or in early spring. After cleaning
with water, the node is taken from the rhizome, the
■brous root is cut off and it is dried in the sun.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and dried. It can be used
directly or charred before use.
［Properties］ Sweet, astringent; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, lung, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and astringent in flavor, it enters the lung, liver and stomach
channels. It is astringent to stanch bleeding and also has the effect of resolving stasis. It is moderate
in properties and actions, and simultaneously astringes bleeding and resolves stasis to prevent blood
stasis by astringing, so is widely applied for many kinds of bleeding. The fresh mildly cool herb
is more used for bleeding with heat, while the charred mildly warm herb is used for bleeding with
either cold or heat pattern.
［Actions］ Stanches bleeding and resolves stasis.
［Clinical Applications］ For bleeding, it can both astringe bleeding and resolve blood stasis,
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so accordingly can prevent blood stasis resulting from the astringency. It is especially effective for
hematemesis, hemoptysis and epistaxis, if used in combination with other similar herbs.
For heat-triggered bleeding, the fresh herb can be used together with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), dà jì (Herba Cirsii Japonici) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to cool blood and stanch
bleeding.
For bleeding with de■ciency cold, the charred herb is combined with ài yè (Folium Artemisiae
Argyi), páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) and zào xīn tŭ (Terra Flava Usta) to warm the
interior and stanch bleeding.
For pulmonary tubercular hemoptysis, it can be used together with bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae),
ē jiāo zhū (Colla Corii Asini Pilula) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae) to tonify the lung and stanch
bleeding.
using the fresh herb; also used in pills or powder, or applied externally with the fresh juice. The
raw herb is neutral and slightly cold in property and is more effective in resolving stasis; the
fresh herb is often used for bleeding with heat. The charred herb is slightly warm in property and
is better in astringing and stanching bleeding, so is more suitable for bleeding with de■ciency
cold.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains tannin, amino acids and starch.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can shorten bleeding time. After being charred, there is
increase of its tannin and calcium, and the effect of hemostasis is improved.
Section 4 Warm Herbs that Stop Bleeding

Herbs in this category are warm or hot in nature. They are good at warming the interior yang and
securing the chong mai to control bleeding, and are mainly applied for bleeding due to de■ciency
cold of the spleen failing to keep blood flowing regularly in the chong mai, such as chronic
hemafecia, uterine bleeding, epistaxis and subcutaneous hemorrhage. Some of the herbs in this
category can also warm the interior and dissipate cold to treat vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation due to de■ciency cold. They are contraindicated in cases of
bleeding triggered by heat.
i Yè 艾叶
FOLIUM ARTEMISIAE ARGYI
Mugwort Leaf

Dynasty (500 A.D.) of the North and South Kingdoms. It is the dried leaf of Artemisia argyi Levl. et
Vant., a perennial herb of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Ài, also pronounced as yì, means “put in order or stabilized” and yè
means “leaf”. It is supposed to be able to treat any kind of disease and to improve the body resilience.
If pounded, it is very soft like velvet, so it is sometime called ài róng (艾绒). In ancient times, people
used ice as a magnifying glass to focus the sun and ignite the herb, therefore it is also called bīng
tái, where bīng means “ice” and tái means “stand”. Generally that produced in Qizhou, Hubei
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Province yields the best moxa for moxibustion, so

it has another two names, qí ài (蕲艾) and jiŭ căo
(灸草).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Shandong,
Anhui and Hebei provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the late spring
to the early summer before blossoming. After cleaning,
it is dried in the sun or the shade. The best quality is soft
and aromatic with a lot of hair on the back of the leaf, and
with blue-green color on the front side and off-white on
the back side.
［Processing］ After cleaning it is used directly
or pounded ■rst to get ■oss, charred first or fried with
vinegar before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Aromatic, dispersing, warm, bitter and dry in properties, it enters the liver,
spleen and kidney channels. It shows different actions when used raw and after being charred. It is
good not only at warming the channels, regulating qi and blood, and arresting bleeding, but also at
transforming cold damp and warming the uterus to relieve pain. Therefore it is commonly used for
bleeding of the deficiency-cold type, particularly metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and vaginal bleeding
during pregnancy, as well as menstrual cold pain, leukorrhea due to cold-damp accumulation,
infertility due to yang de■ciency and abdominal cold pain. It also dries dampness and relieves itching
to treat acute eczema. Used as moxa, it can warm the channels and relieve pain.
［Actions］ Warms the channels, arrests bleeding, dissipates coldness to relieve pain, regulates
menses, prevents miscarriage, dispels dampness and relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For deficiency-cold bleeding, it warms the channels and checks
bleeding.
For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, it is usually combined
with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis) to nourish blood, regulate menses and check bleeding to prevent miscarriage, such as in the
formula Jiāo Ài Tāng (Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction).
For hematemesis, epistaxis and hemafecia due to yang depletion failing to keep blood
flowing in the vessels, it can be combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn (Radix
Codonopsis) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to warm yang and boost qi to control
blood.
Additionally, it can be used to treat heat-triggered bleeding if combined with fresh hé yè
(Folium Nelumbinis), fresh cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) and fresh dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae)
to clear heat, cool blood and stanch bleeding, such as in the formula Sì Shēng Wán (Four-Fresh
Herb Pill).
2. For cold-damp leukorrhea, cold-damp diarrhea or dysentery, and abdominal cold pain, its
warmth dissipates cold, transforms dampness and relieves pain.
For leukorrhea due to cold-damp accumulation manifested as watery vaginal discharge,
it is usually combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), cāng zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis) and wū zéi gŭ (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to enhance the effects of dissipating cold, drying
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dampness and reducing the vaginal discharge.

For chronic diarrhea or dysentery due to cold-damp accumulation accompanied with occasional
abdominal pain, it can be used alone or combined with bīng láng (Semen Arecae), mù xiāng (Radix
Aucklandiae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to dissipate cold, dry dampness, invigorate the
spleen and arrest diarrhea.
For abdominal cold pain due to de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is often combined
with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to warm the middle
and relieve the pain.
3. For menstrual cold pain, irregular menses and threatened miscarriage due to cold or de■ciency
cold, it is effective at warming the uterus and dissipating cold, regulating menstruation and
preventing miscarriage.
For menstrual cold pain, irregular menses and infertility due to coldness, it can be used in
combination with xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and wú zhū yú (Fructus
■vodiae) to dissipate cold, warm the lower jiao and relieve pain, such as in the formula Ài Fù Nuăn
Gōng Wán (Mugwort and Cyperus Palace-Warming Pill).
For threatened miscarriage due to deficiency cold of the lower jiao, it can be used in
combination with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and dry-fried dù zhòng (Cortex
■ucommiae) to warm the lower jiao to invigorate the liver and kidney, and to prevent miscarriage.
4. For eczema, scabies and tinea, it can be used alone to transform dampness and relieve itching,
or used together in decoction with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), huā jiāo (Pericarpium
Zanthoxyli) and tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis) for topical rinsing to dry dampness, kill worms
and relieve itching; it can also be used in mixture with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), bīng piàn
(Borneolum Syntheticum) and lú gān shí (Calamina) in powder and applied topically.
5. Additionally, by applying moxibustion on the local skin or particular speci■c acupoints, it can
warmly unblock channels and invigorate qi and blood. If applied in moxibustion together with bái
zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), or stuffed into a cloth bag for
wearing around the neck, it can perfume the body and prevent pestilence.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction, or in pills or powder. The
pounded floss can be prepared into moxa sticks or moxa cones for warm moxibustion, and the
decoction can be used for topical rinsing. For stopping bleeding, it is charred ■rst. For dissipating
cold, warming the interior to relieve pain, transforming dampness and relieving itching, it is used
directly.
heat signs because its bitter, acrid, warm and drying properties may injure the yin and assist
pathologic ■re. Large doses should be avoided.
［Ingredients］ Contains volatile oils including limonene, sabinene, β-pinene, and camphol. It
also has triterpenes, ■avonoids, eucalyptus leaf alkanes and sterols.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction can prolong the activating time of plasma
thromboplastin, thrombinogen and thrombin in rabbits, and can even resist blood coagulation,
improve ■brinolysis, activate the rabbit’s uterus in vitro, inhibit multiple pathogenic bacteria, fungi
and viruses, invigorate the heart, tranquilize the mind, and improve biliation. Its extracts can inhibit
platelet aggregation. Charred ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) can shorten clotting time. Its ingredient
p-cymene showed significant effects in relieving wheezing, cough and expectoration, and had an
anti-allergic effect. If guinea pigs are infected by the tubercle bacillus, moxibustion can promote the
phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system.
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Páo Jiāng 炮姜
RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS PRAEPARATUM
Prepared Dried Ginger
［Source］ Initially appeared in Bag of Pearls (Zhēn Zhū Náng, 珍珠囊) in the Jin Dynasty
(1186 A.D.). It is the dried and processed rootstalk of Zingiber
of■cinale Rosc., a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ It is also named páo gān
jiāng (炮干姜) or páo jiāng tàn (炮姜炭), where páo means
“preparation”, gān jiāng means “dried ginger”, páo jiāng
means “processed dried ginger” and tàn means “charcoal”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan and Guizhou
provinces of China, where the quality is also the best.
［Collection］ See gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis).
［Processing］ Dried slices of gān jiāng are cleaned of
impurities and stir-fried with sand until black, or carbonized.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid, slightly astringent; warm.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter, acrid, warmly dispersing
and slightly astringent in properties, while the carbonized jiāng tàn is bitter, dry, warmly dispersing
and astringent. It enters the spleen, stomach and liver channels. As an essential herb for de■ciency-
cold bleeding, it is good at warming the interior and stanching bleeding. It is also good at warming
the middle jiao to arrest diarrhea and relieve pain, and is commonly used for abdominal pain, vomiting
and diarrhea due to de■ciency cold.
［Actions］ Warms the interior, stanches bleeding and arrests diarrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For hematemesis, hemafecia and uterine bleeding of deficiency-
cold type, it is good at warming the interior and astringing bleeding, while the charred herb is more
astringent to check bleeding.
For hematemesis, hemafecia and uterine bleeding of de■ciency-cold type, the charred herb
is often combined with charred ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), charred cè băi yè (Cacumen
Platycladi) and charred wū méi (Fructus Mume) to enhance the effect in checking bleeding. If the
above disorders are complicated by middle yang de■ciency and the spleen failing to control blood, it
is usually combined with zhì huáng qí (Radix Astragali Praeparata cum Melle), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti
Lateralis Praeparata) and xiān hè căo (Herba Agrimoniae) to replenish qi and assist yang, and to
enhance the effects of warming the interior and stanching bleeding.
2. For abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and dysentery due to de■ciency cold, it warms the
middle and dissipates coldness to arrest vomiting and diarrhea, and to relieve pain.
For abdominal cold pain, it can be used alone or combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma
Alpiniae Officinarum) to improve the effects of warming the interior, dissipating coldness and
relieving pain, such as in the formula Èr Jiāng Wán (Prepared Dried Ginger and Galangal Pill).
For stomach sickness or diarrhea due to deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is
usually combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to warm the middle jiao, invigorate the spleen,
harmonize the stomach, relieve pain and arrest diarrhea.
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For chronic diarrhea due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it can be combined with fù zĭ
(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), prepared ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus
Psoraleae) to invigorate yang, dissipate coldness and arrest diarrhea, such as in the formula Huŏ Lún
Wán (Fire Wheel Pill).
For chronic dysentery accompanied by abdominal pain due to deficiency cold, it can be
combined with chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and prepared hē zĭ
(Fructus Chebulae) to warmly nourish the yang of the spleen and kidney, and to arrest diarrhea.
3. Additionally, for postpartum lochiorrhea and lower abdominal pain due to blood de■ciency
and exterior cold, it is usually combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng
(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to nourish and invigorate blood, dissipate
cold and relieve pain, such as in the formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and Transforming
Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or in pills or powder. For
external use: it is ground into ■ne powder and applied topically. For stopping bleeding, the charred
herb should be used.
heat signs and in pregnancy, because its acrid, warm and drying properties may injure the yin and
assist pathologic ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils such as zingiberene, jiang ketene, gingerol, zingiberone,
camphol and zingiberol. It also contains resin, starch, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of anti-ulceration and hemostasis.
Summary
1. Herbs that cool blood and stop bleeding
Dà Jì vs. Xiăo Jì
Medicinal Dà Jì Xiăo Jì
Properties Bitter, sweet; cool
Similarities

Actions Cools blood, stops bleeding, dissipates stasis, resolves toxins and inhibits abscesses
Indications Various kinds of bleeding due to blood heat, and sores and swellings due to heat toxins
Actions — Promote urination
Differences
Indications — Hematuria and stranguria with heat

Special features Better in most of the actions —
Dì yú vs. Huái Huā vs. Huái Jiăo

Medicinal Dì Yú Huái Huā Huái Jiăo
Properties Bitter
Similarities
Entered channels Liver, large intestine

Actions Cools blood, checks bleeding and clears heat from the large intestine
Indications Bleeding due to blood heat, particularly for hemafecia and hemorrhoidal bleeding
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Continued　　
Medicinal Dì Yú Huái Huā Huái Jiăo
Properties Sour; slightly cool Slightly cold Cold
Entered channels Stomach — —
Resolves toxins and assists the

Actions Clears liver ■re Moistens the intestines
healing of sores
Differences
· Metrorrhagia, menorrhagia or
metrostaxis due to blood heat Headache and inflamed
Heat constipation and
Indications · Severe dysentery, burns, eyes due to ■aring up of
in■amed eyes
scalds, abscesses, swellings liver ■re
and eczema.
Compared to huái huā,

Good at cooling blood and is huái jiăo is milder in
astringent to check bleeding checking bleeding, but
stronger in purging heat
Bái Máo Gēn vs. Zhù Má Gēn
Medicinal Bái Máo Gēn Zhù Má Gēn
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Actions Cools blood, stanches bleeding, clears heat and improves urination
Indications Heat-triggered bleeding and stranguria
Properties Cool Cold
Entered channels Lung, stomach, bladder Liver
· Clears heat from the lung and stomach

· Prevents miscarriage
Actions · Promotes ■uid production
· Resolves toxins
Arrests vomiting
Differences
· ■dema with heat signs and damp-heat

· Traumatic bleeding
jaundice
· Threatened abortion
Indications · ■xcessive thirst in febrile diseases
· Toxic heat sores and abscesses, erysipelas
· Cough due to lung heat
· Snakebite
· Vomiting due to stomach heat
Better at clearing heat and promoting

Special features Better at checking bleeding
urination
Bái Máo Gēn vs. Lú Gēn

Medicinal Bái Máo Gēn Lú Gēn
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Clears heat, promotes ■uid production, arrests vomiting and promotes urination
■xcessive thirst in febrile diseases, vomiting and nausea due to stomach heat, cough
Indications
due to lung heat, stranguria, stranguria with blood and edema
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Continued　　
Medicinal Bái Máo Gēn Lú Gēn
Properties Cool Cold
Entered channels Heart, bladder —
Cools blood Promotes skin eruptions and evacuates pus
Differences
· ·
Actions
· Stanches bleeding · Resolves toxins from ■sh, crabs or shell■sh
· Bleeding due to blood heat Infantile measles and lung abscesses with
Indications
· Damp-heat jaundice purulent expectoration
Good at clearing and dispersing heat from the
Special features Good at clearing heat from the blood
qi level
Zhù Má Gēn vs. Huáng Qín

Medicinal Zhù Má Gēn Huáng Qín
Properties Cold
Actions Clears heat, cools blood and checks bleeding, prevents abortion
Similarities
· Threatened miscarriage and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy due to heat,

and hemoptysis, hematemasis, epistaxis, hematuria, hemafecia, metrorrhagia,
Indications
metrostaxis and subcutaneous bleeding due to heat
· Abscesses, sores, erysipelas, stranguria
Entered channels Heart, liver Lung, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine
Actions Improves urination Dries dampness

· Sores and swellings due to exuberant
heat and ■re
Jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, febrile
Differences
diseases, ulcers and eczema due to

Indications Bloody stranguria or dysuria
damp heat
· Combined with chái hú, it is effective
in treating alternating chills and fever
of shaoyang syndrome
· Sweeter in ■avor and milder in actions
· Good at simultaneously cooling blood,
Special features Stronger in clearing toxic heat
promoting urination and preventing
miscarriage
2. Herbs that resolve blood stasis and stop bleeding
Sān Qī vs. Jú Sān Qī vs. Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī

Medicinal Sān Qī Jú Sān Qī Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Resolves blood stasis, checks bleeding, and relieves swelling and pain
Indications Internal and traumatic bleeding
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Continued　　
Medicinal Sān Qī Jú Sān Qī Jĭng Tiān Sān Qī
Properties Slightly bitter; warm Slightly bitter; neutral Bitter; neutral.
Entered channels Stomach Stomach Heart
· Nourishes blood
Actions Tonifies qi Resolves toxins
· Calms the mind
Differences
· Chest impediments due to

blood stasis
Abscesses, sores and acute Palpitations, insomnia,
Indications · Blood stasis accompanied
mastitis anxiety and irritability
by qi de■ciency or qi and
blood de■ciency
Milder in property and

Strong both in resolving blood Milder in property and
Special features actions compared to
stasis and checking bleeding actions compared to sān qī
sān qī
Qiàn Căo vs. Pú Huáng
Medicinal Qiàn Căo Pú Huáng
Entered channels Liver, heart

Similarities
Actions Resolves blood stasis and checks bleeding
Bleeding accompanied by blood stasis, such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea,

Indications postpartum abdominal pain, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, and traumatic wounds
and injuries
Properties Bitter, cold Sweet, slightly acrid; neutral
Entered channels — Spleen
· Simultaneously checks bleeding and · More astringent and shows stronger

Differences
resolves blood stasis (charred) effect on checking bleeding with milder

Actions
· Good at cooling blood and resolving effect on resolving stasis (charred)
blood stasis (raw) · Promotes urination (raw)
· Bleeding with blood stasis and heat · More severe cases of bleeding or bleeding
signs (charred) without clear signs of blood stasis
Indications
· Blood stasis with heat signs and damp- (charred)
heat arthralgia (raw) · Hematuria or blood stranguria (raw)
Wŭ Líng Zhī vs. Pú Huáng

Medicinal Wŭ Líng Zhī Pú Huáng
Properties Sweet

Similarities
Actions Invigorates blood, resolves blood stasis and relieves pain
Dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, irregular menses, prolonged postpartum vaginal

Indications discharge, postpartum abdominal pain, chest pain, abdominal pain and trauma with
blood stasis
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Continued　　
Medicinal Wŭ Líng Zhī Pú Huáng
Properties Bitter, salty; warm Slight acrid; neutral
Warmly unblocks the channels and shows · Arrests bleeding
Actions strong effects on resolving blood stasis · Promotes urination
and relieving pain
Differences
· All disorders involving blood stasis no

matter of cold or heat type
Indications Disorders involving blood stasis and cold · Any kind of bleeding and stranguria,
especially hematuria and blood stranguria
· Raw pú huáng is milder in resolving
Fried wŭ líng zhī acts relatively more in blood stasis and relieving pain
Special features
resolving blood stasis · Fried pú huáng acts relatively more in
astringently checking bleeding
3. Astringent herbs that stop bleeding
Bái Jí vs. Xiān Hè Căo

Medicinal Bái Jí Xiān Hè Căo
Properties Bitter, astringent
Similarities
Entered channels Lung, liver

Actions Astringently arrests bleeding
Indications Bleeding without blood stasis
Properties Sweet; slightly cold Neutral
Entered channels Stomach Spleen
Arrests diarrhea and dysentery, resolves
Relieves swelling, improves granulation toxins, inhibits cancer and malaria
Actions
and nourishes the lung attacks, kills worms, relieves itching and
Differences
generally nourishes the body

· Bleeding no matter whether of cold,
heat, de■ciency or excess type
· Chronic diarrhea, dysentery, infantile
· Pneumorrhagia and gastrorrhagia
malnutritional dyspepsia, abscesses,
Indications · Abscesses, burns, scalds, chapped
sores, tumors and cancer, malaria,
hands and feet, and anal ■ssures
pruritus vulvae accompanied by
leukorrhea, labor injury and fatigue
with shallow yellow complexion
Xuè Yú Tàn vs. Ǒu Jié

Medicinal Xuè Yú Tàn Ŏu Jié
Properties Astringent; neutral
Similarities

Actions Astringently inhibits bleeding and resolves blood stasis
Indications Bleeding no matter with or without blood stasis
Properties Bitter Sweet
Differences

· Promotes urination
Actions · Assists the healing of sores and promotes —
granulation when used externally
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Continued　　
Medicinal Xuè Yú Tàn Ŏu Jié
Hematuria, blood stranguria and urinary · Bleeding with heat signs (fresh)
Differences
Indications
retention · Bleeding generally (charred)
Milder both in hemostasis and resolving
blood stasis
4. Warm herbs that stop bleeding.
Ài Yè vs. Páo Jiāng

Medicinal Ài Yè Páo Jiāng
Properties Acrid, bitter; warm
Similarities

Actions Warmly stanches bleeding
Indications Bleeding due to de■ciency cold
Properties — Slightly astringent
Entered channels Kidney Stomach
Dissipates cold dampness, regulates qi Warms the spleen yang and dissipates
Actions
Differences
and blood and warms the lower jiao cold from the middle jiao
· Irregular vaginal bleeding
Abdominal cold pain and diarrhea due to
Indications · Irregular menses due to cold retention
deficiency cold of the spleen
and cold pain in the abdomen
Warmly dispersing and bitterly drying in Warmly dispersing and slightly astringent
Special features
properties in properties
Review Questions
1. How do you understand the concept of herbs that arrest bleeding? Describe their common indications, cautions and
contraindications.
2. How many categories of herbs in this chapter according to the action? Describe their common characteristics,
actions and indications of each group.
3. To achieve a better effect on bleeding, most herbs are deeply-fried or charred before use. What is the reason for
this? For arresting bleeding, should all herbs be necessarily deeply-fried or charred before use? Whether the answer
is yes or no, give the reason.
4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: xiăo jì, cè băi yè, bái máo gēn
and qiàn căo.
5. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of the following herbs: jiàng xiāng, xiān hè căo and ài yè.
6. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: dà jì and xiăo jì; dì yú
and huái huā; bái máo gēn and lú gēn.
7. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: sān qī and pú huáng;
qiàn căo and pú huáng; wŭ líng zhī and pú huáng; ài yè and páo jiāng.
8. Xiăo jì, sān qī, bái jí and páo jiāng are effective in arresting bleeding. Give the individual differences in property,
actions and indications.
9. Dì yú, wŭ líng zhī, xiān hè căo and páo jiāng are effective in arresting bleeding. Give the individual difference in
property, actions and indications.
10. Wŭ líng zhī and ài yè are commonly used for menorrhagia, while sān qī and xiè bái are effective for chest
suffocation and pain. Give the individual differences in property, actions and indications.
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392
CHAPTER 1
12
Herbs that Invigorate Blood and Transform Stasis
Chuān Xiōng 川芎 / 393 Hóng Huā 红花 / 410

Rŭ Xiāng 乳香 / 395 Yì Mŭ Căo 益母草 / 411
Mò Yào 没药 / 397 Chōng Wèi Zĭ 茺蔚子 / 413
É Zhú 莪术 / 398 Zé Lán 泽兰 / 413
Sān Léng 三棱 / 400 Jī Xuè Téng 鸡血藤 / 415
Yán Hú Suŏ 延胡索 / 401 Niú Xī 牛膝 / 416
Yù Jīn 郁金 / 402 Chuān Niú Xī 川牛膝 / 418
Jiāng Huáng 姜黄 / 404 Tŭ Niú Xī 土牛膝 / 420
Dān Shēn 丹参 / 406 Wáng Bù Liú Xíng 王不留行 / 420
Táo Rén 桃仁 / 408 Chuān Shān Jiă 穿山甲 / 421
［Definition］ Herbs with the primary actions of dredging blood vessels, activating blood
circulation and transforming blood stasis are called herbs that invigorate blood and transform stasis
or, in short, herbs that activate blood. Among them, those with especially strong action are called
blood stasis-breaking herbs.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ The herbs in this chapter are mostly acrid and bitter, warm, or cool
and cold, and a few of them are neutral. Most enter the heart and liver channels, and accordingly
also go to the blood level. They have the fundamental actions of invigorating blood and transforming
blood stasis; the other possible actions, such as regulating menstruation, relieving pain, resolving
masses and swelling, and improving tissue regeneration, are all based on the fundamental actions.
［Indications］ Herbs in this chapter are mainly used for the problems caused by blood stasis.
Blood stasis is a pathological process, which results from many pathogenic factors such as cold,
heat, phlegm, fluid retention and qi stagnation, and further gives rise to many problems, such as
amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularities, postpartum abdominal pain, abdominal masses,
chest pain, hypochondriac pain, stomachache, traumatic injuries, bruises and traumatic swelling,
joint pain, carbuncles, sores and ulcers, and even bleeding.
［Modifications］ Herbs in this category differ in properties and should be applied properly
according to the different patterns. For example, if the blood stasis is caused by cold, herbs in this
category should be used in combination with herbs that warm the interior; if the blood stasis is
complicated with heat, herbs in this category should be used in combination with cold herbs that
clear heat; if the blood stasis happened during the process of exterior wind dampness attacking the
joints and muscles, herbs that expel the wind and dampness should be used at the same time; for
abdominal masses which are basically due to blood stasis, herbs in this category should be used
together with herbs that can soften and transform the masses; for those cases with blood stasis
complicated with bodily de■ciency, herbs for nourishment should be used together with herbs in this
category.
In addition, according to the theory “blood circulation relies on proper qi ■ow”, herbs in this
category are generally used together with herbs for moving qi to improve the effects.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Application of most of the herbs in this category may cause
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Chapter 12 Herbs that Invigorate Blood and Transform Stasis 393
bleeding, and some of them may cause miscarriage or malformation, so they are prohibited or used
carefully for pregnant women and for women with profuse menstruation or with amenorrhea due to
blood de■ciency.
Chuān Xiōng 川芎
RHIZOMA CHUANXIONG
Sichuan Lovage Rhizome
xiōng qióng (芎). It is the rhizome of Ligusticum
chuanxiong Hort., a perennial herb of the family
Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān “Sichuan
Province” and xiōng “heaven”. The head, at the top of
the body, corresponds to heaven according Chinese
ancient philosophy; chuān xiōng always goes up to
the head and eyes to resolve problems, and is mainly
produced in Sichuan Province.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan Province.
The big, plump, solid, oily and aromatic rhizomes with
yellowish-white cross-sections are the best in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected during the summer when the rhizomes are purplish with protruding
nodes. After mud and sand are cleared away, it is half dried and then baked until completely dry, and
the ■brous roots are removed.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the big rhizomes are separated from the smaller
ones. They are then moistened thoroughly with water and cut into thin slices for use, or wine-
fried ■rst.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, gallbladder, pericardium.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, warm and dispersing in property, and can move qi and blood. It
goes up to the head and down to the uterus. Good at activating blood, moving qi, dispelling wind and
relieving pain, it is suitable especially for pain due to blood stasis complicated with qi stagnation and
coldness, including that type of headache. For headache due to wind heat, wind dampness or blood
de■ciency, it also can be used if the combination is made properly with other herbs.
［Actions］ Activates blood, moves qi, dispels wind and alleviates pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of blood stasis complicated with qi stagnation, it
can both activate blood and move qi to relieve both problems at the same time.
For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to
increase the effects, such as in the formula Xuè Fŭ Zhú Yū Tāng (Blood Mansion Stasis-■xpelling
Decoction).
For problems due to blood stasis and coldness attack, it is often combined with wú zhū yú
(Fructus ■vodiae), guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) so as to
9-9◎04.indd 393 2014-12-17 13:42:42

warm the channels from the interior, transform stasis and nourish blood, such as in the formula Wēn
Jīng Tāng (Channel-Warming Decoction).
For postpartum lochiorrhea and abdominal pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Praeparatum) to warm the interior, nourish blood and move blood to relieve pain, such as in the
formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and Transforming Decoction).
For chest pain due to liver qi stagnation complicated by blood stasis, it is often used together
with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), so
as to soothe the liver, move qi and activate blood to relieve pain, such as in the formula Chái Hú Shū
Gān Săn (Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder).
For chest and heart pain due to blood stasis in the heart channel, it can be used alone in
powder and taken orally with wine, or in combination with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), hóng
huā (Flos Carthami) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), so as to activate blood
and unblock the channels, such as in the formula Guàn Xīn Èr Hào Fāng (Coronary Heart Disease
Formula Ⅱ).
For stroke sequelae in the pattern of qi deficiency complicated with blood stasis and
manifested as hemiplegia and limb numbness, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali),
dì lóng (Pheretima) and dāng guī wěi (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) so as to strengthen qi, activate
blood and dredge the collaterals, such as in the formula Bŭ Yáng Huán Wŭ Tāng (Yang-Supplementing
and Five-Returning Decoction).
For chronic sores and purulent swelling, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis), zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) and chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to activate blood,
resolve lumps and improve pus discharge and recovery, such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus-
■xpelling Powder).
For traumatic injuries and swelling, it is often combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma
Notoginseng), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to activate blood, and relieve swelling and
pain.
2. For headache, it is good at moving qi and blood of the head and eyes.
For headache due to wind-cold attack, it is often combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae
Dahuricae) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to disperse wind and cold to relieve pain, such as in
the formula Chuān Xiōng Chá Tiáo Săn (Tea-Mix and Chuanxiong Powder).
For headache due to exterior wind heat, it is often combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi),
shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus), so as to disperse wind and
purge heat to relieve pain, such as in the formula Chuān Xiōng Săn (Chuanxiong Root Powder).
For headache due to wind-dampness attack, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et
Rhizoma Notopterygii), găo bĕn (Rhizoma Ligustici) and dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) so
as to expel wind, dry dampness and relieve pain, such as in the formula Qiāng Huó Shèng Shī Tāng
(Notopterygium Dampness-Drying Decoction).
For headache with stabbing pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with táo rén (Semen
Persicae), shè xiāng (Moschus) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to activate blood, unblock
congested ori■ces and relieve pain, such as in the formula Tōng Qiào Huó Xuè Tāng (Ori■ce-Opening
and Blood-Activating Decoction).
For headache due to blood de■ciency accompanied by blood stasis, it is often combined with
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and bái sháo
(Radix Paeoniae Alba) so as to nourish blood and resolve stasis at the same time to relieve pain. In a
9-9◎04.indd 394 2014-12-17 13:42:44

word, it is an essential herb for headache no matter what the pattern.

3. For wind-cold-dampness arthralgia manifested as joint pain and numbness, it can activate
blood, dredge the channels and dispel wind cold as well. For such cases, it is often combined with dú
huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), hăi fēng téng (Caulis
Piperis Kadsurae) and other similar herbs to expel wind and transform dampness, disperse cold and
relieve pain, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 1-1.5 g in powder. For
external use: it is powdered ■rst and applied topically, or is decocted ■rst for topical rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, spontaneous
sweating, hiccups or vomiting, profuse menstruation or bleeding, since it is acrid, warm and
dispersing in action and may make these conditions worse.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids like ligustrazine, phenols like ferulic acid, and
volatile oils like ligustilide and cnidide. It also contains vanillin, sterols, vitamins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The extractives show effects of strengthening the heart, dilating
the coronary arteries, increasing coronary blood flow, decreasing oxygen consumption of the
myocardium, improving microcirculation, suppressing platelet aggregation and reducing vascular
resistance. Ligustrazine, which can easily pass the blood-brain barrier and mainly concentrates in
the brainstem, can increase cerebral blood ■ow and act against thrombosis to remarkably prevent
ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Its water decoction can tranquilize the central nervous system of
animals and lower blood pressure. It can improve uterine contractions and may result in convulsions,
but a large dose of it turns to restraining effects. It can also inhibit the small intestinal smooth
muscles. Ferulic acid can remarkably increase the functioning of γ-globulin and T lymphocytes, and
inhibit pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It antagonizes vitamin ■ de■ciency. Moreover, it can relieve
pain, improve urination and act against tumors and radiation.
RǔXiāng 乳香
OLIBANUM
Frankincense
［Source］ Initially appeared in Southern Status of Vegetation in the Jin Dynasty (265-420 A.D.).
Its original name was xūn lù xiāng (熏陆香). It is the bark resin of
Boswellia carterii Birdw., a small tree of the family Burseraceae.
The resin from other botanically similar trees can also be used.
［■xplanation of Name］ Rŭ “milk” and xiāng “aroma”. It
was originally produced in the Mahra Mountains of the Sultanate
of Oman, and exported via the port of Shihru. The fresh white
resin looks like milk and forms nipple-like drops, and it has a
pleasant aroma. It penetrates the ground easily, and thus is also
called tā xiāng (塌香), where tā means “penetrating”.
［Habitat］ Now mainly produced in Somalia, ■thiopia,
the southern Arabian peninsula and other places; that which is
produced in Somalia is of the best quality.
［Collection］ During the spring and summer, the tree bark is
cut from the bottom to the top to enable the resin to come out. The resin becomes solid several days
9-9◎04.indd 395 2014-12-17 13:42:45

after the cut and is then collected for use. The granule-shaped, light yellowish, translucent, clean,
aromatic and sticky resin is of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed it can be used directly, or it is fried at low
temperature until it smokes, or fried with vinegar for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Aromatic, acrid and warmly dispersing, it mainly enters the heart and liver
channels, and also enters the spleen channel as well. It activates blood and disperses qi, and is good
at transforming blood stasis and unblocking collaterals to relieve pain and swelling. It remarkably
improves tissue regeneration, and is quite commonly used for traumatic wounds and injuries.
［Actions］ Activates blood, alleviates pain and swelling, and improves tissue regeneration.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For pain, abdominal masses, arthralgia, and traumatic wounds and
injuries, it can relieve the pain and swelling by moving qi and blood.
For chest pain, stomachache and tumors due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined
with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and mò
yào (Myrrha) to activate blood, transform stasis and unblock collaterals to relieve pain and tumors,
such as in the formula Huó Luò Xiào Líng Dān (■ffective Channel-Activating ■lixir).
For stomachache in the pattern of blood stasis and qi stagnation, it is combined with yán hú
suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to relieve pain by activating blood
and qi.
For wind-damp arthralgia, it is commonly combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae
Macrophyllae), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) to dispel wind,
transform dampness, and dredge channels and collaterals to relieve pain, such as in the formula Juān
Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction).
For traumatic wounds and injuries, it is often combined with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), hóng
huā (Flos Carthami) and ér chá (Catechu) to activate blood and transform stasis to relieve pain and
swelling, such as in the formula Qī Lí Săn (Seven-Li Powder).
2. For abscesses and ulcers, it mainly acts to alleviate swelling and improve tissue regeneration.
For in■ammatory sores and abscesses in the early stage, it is often combined with jīn yín huā
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and mò yào (Myrrha) to relieve swelling by clearing toxic heat, such as
in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage).
For chronic ulcers, it is generally combined with mò yào (Myrrha) and applied topically in
powder form to increase the effects.
For chronic carbuncles, scrofula and lumps, it is commonly combined with mò yào (Myrrha),
shè xiāng (Moschus) and xióng huáng (Realgar) to activate blood, soften the lumps, clear toxins and
relieve swelling, as in the formula Xĭng Xiāo Wán (Remarkably Reducing Pill).
It is better to dry fry it or fry it until it smokes before use, because it may irritate the stomach if used
directly unprepared. For external use: the powder is applied topically. The vinegar-fried one is better
at moving qi to relieve pain.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is bitter and melts easily in decoction so that it often
causes nausea and vomiting if used in a large dose or on a person with a vulnerable stomach. It is not
suitable for pregnant women, or any patients without blood stasis. It is prohibited to apply orally for
patients with ulcerated abscesses, and to apply topically for patients with profuse pus discharge.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains resin, gum, essential oils and bitter substance. The resin
9-9◎04.indd 396 2014-12-17 13:42:46

is composed of liber α-, β-boswellic acid and syntenic boswellic acid, while the essential oils are
composed of pinene, limonene and α-, β-phellandrenen.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can relieve pain and inflammation. Orally administered, it
can increase the amount of multinuclear leukocytes, improve the discharge and transformation of
inflammatory exudates and improve the healing of wounds. It can greatly relieve gastric mucosa
damage from aspirin, butazodine and reserpine, and can also reduce the pylorus ligated gastric ulcer
index and the free acidity of gastric juice.
Mò Yào 没药
MYRRHA
Myrrh
［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (about
618-907 A.D.). It is the gum resin of Commiphora
myrrha ■ngl., or other similar bushes or small trees of
the family Burseraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mò yào is the name
transliteration from Arabic or Sanskrit.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Somalia, ■thiopia
and the southern Arabian peninsula; that which is
produced in Somalia is the best in quality.
［Collection］ The white gum resin is collected
from November to the following February, and air dried.
That with strong fragrance, brownish-red color and less
impurities is the best.
crushed into powder for use, or fried at low temperature until it smokes, or fried with vinegar.
［Characteristics］ It is similar to rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) in actions, but neutral in nature. It is
good at activating blood, relieving pain and swelling, and improving tissue regeneration, and is
commonly applied for pain that is due to blood stasis or in■ammation.
［Actions］ Activates blood, relieves pain and swelling, and improves tissue regeneration.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For pain, abdominal masses, arthralgia, and traumatic wounds and
injuries, it can relieve the pain and swelling by moving qi and blood.
For chest pain, stomachache and tumors due to qi and blood stagnation, it is often combined
with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and
rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to activate blood, transform stasis and unblock collaterals to relieve pain and
tumors, such as in the formula Huó Luò Xiào Líng Dān (■ffective Channel-Activating ■lixir).
For stomachache in the pattern of blood stasis and qi stagnation, it is combined with yán hú
suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to relieve pain by activating blood
and qi.
For traumatic wounds and injuries, it is often combined with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), hóng
huā (Flos Carthami) and ér chá (Catechu) to activate blood and transform stasis to relieve pain and
9-9◎04.indd 397 2014-12-17 13:42:48

swelling, such as in the formula Qī Lí Săn (Seven-Li Powder).

2. For abscesses and ulcers, it mainly acts to alleviate swelling and improve tissue regeneration.
For in■ammatory sores and abscesses in the early stage, it is often combined with jīn yín huā
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to relieve
swelling by clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula
Life-Giving Beverage).
For chronic ulcers, it is generally combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and applied topically in
powder form to increase the effects.
For chronic carbuncles, scrofula and lumps, it is commonly combined with rŭ xiāng
(Olibanum), shè xiāng (Moschus) and xióng huáng (Realgar) to activate blood, soften the lumps,
clear toxins and relieve swelling, such as in the formula Xĭng Xiāo Wán (Remarkably Reducing Pill).
It is better to dry fry it or fry it until it smokes before use, because it may irritate the stomach if used
directly unprepared. For external use: the powder is applied topically. The vinegar-fried one is good
at activating blood, relieving pain and improving tissue regeneration and the healing of wounds.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is bitter and melts easily in decoction so that it often
causes nausea and vomiting if used in a large dose or on a person with a vulnerable stomach. It is not
suitable for pregnant women, or any patients without blood stasis. It is prohibited to apply orally for
patients with ulcerated abscesses, and to apply topically for patients with profuse pus discharge.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains resin, gum and essential oils. The resin is mainly composed
of resin acid, the essential oils are composed of isopropyl formaldehyde, cumminaldehyde and
pinene, while the hydrolyzed product of the gum resin is mainly composed of arabinose, galactose
and xylose.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its water extracts can inhibit various kinds of fungi. The oils and
fats can reduce the blood cholesterin of male rabbits with hypercholesterolemia, so as to prevent the
formation of the atheromatous plaques of the artery endarterium. It can activate the weak stomach
and intestines to move faster. Its tincture can improve the healing of the mouth or throat mucus
membrane ulcers. It also acts against in■ammation.
Zhú莪术
RHIZOMA CURCUMAE
Curcumae Rhizome
618-907 A.D.). Its original name was péng é shù (蓬莪荗).
It is the rhizome of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val., Curcuma
kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang, or Curcuma
wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling, perennial herbs of the
family Zingiberaceae. The latter listed herb is called wēn
é zhú (温莪术).
［■xplanation of Name］ Its original name was
mă yào (蒁药) or péng é zhú (蓬莪术). Péng and é are
both alternative names of the plant mugwort, and zhú
means “regenerated rhizome”. The sub-rhizomes grow
9-9◎04.indd 398 2014-12-17 13:42:49

underneath the previous ones, and the plant was considered as being from the mugwort botanical
family.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang of China.
［Collection］ The rhizomes are collected during winter when the leaves have withered. After
impurities and ■brous roots are removed, they are washed clean with water, boiled or steamed well,
and dried in the sun or in an oven at low temperature. The ■rm and fragrant rhizomes are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is soaked slightly, washed clean, steamed until
soft, cut into thin slices and dried for use, or vinegar-fried ■rst before use.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, bitter and warmly dispersing in properties, it enters the liver channel
to break up blood stasis and move stagnated liver qi so as to reduce lumps and relieve pain. It also
enters the spleen channel to move stomach and large intestine qi, reduce food retention, and relieve
abdominal distension and pain. It is thus commonly used for the patterns of blood stasis and intensive
food retention.
［Actions］ Breaks up blood stasis, moves qi, reduces food retention and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, it can break up
the stagnation of both qi and blood. For the above problems due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it
is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) to enhance the effects. For the above problems
complicated by de■ciency, it is necessarily combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn
(Radix Codonopsis) and sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) to nourish qi and blood and break up the
stagnation as well.
For malaria in the chronic stage presenting with enlarged liver and spleen, it is combined
with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae
Miltiorrhizae) and sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii) to soothe the liver and resolve the enlargement.
2. For food retention complicated with abdominal distension, it is generally combined with sān
léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus)
to enhance the effects.
powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically. The vinegar preparation is more effective
in moving qi and relieving pain.
profuse menstruation, because it breaks up the blood stasis and may cause bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains zedoary furanone, curcumenol, palmitic acid, curcumene,
hexadecanoic acid and curcumine. Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang contains zedoary
furanone, camphol, curcumenol, daucosterol, etc. Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling contains
germacrone, curdione, curcumenol, camphol, curcumene, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ Curcumenol and curdione from the volatile oils can directly
inhibit cancer, improve immunity and increase the number of leukocytes. The volatile oils of
Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling can restrain the growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria.
The water extractives can inhibit platelet aggregation by showing the effect of anti-thrombosis. In
addition, it shows effects of in■ammation, anti-early pregnancy and protecting the liver.
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Sān Léng 三棱
RHIZOMA SPARGANII
Common Burreed Tuber
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica’

(Bĕn Căo Shí Yí, 本草拾遗) in the Tang Dynasty
(about 720 A.D.). It is the dried tuber of Sparganium
stoloniferum Buch.-Ham., a perennial herb of the
family Sparganiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sān “three” and léng
“ridge”. Its leaves are long and narrow with three
longitudinal ridges on the back side. It is also known
as jīng sān léng (京三棱).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Henan,
Shandong, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the winter
and the following spring. After cleaning it with water, the outer skin is scraped off and the tuber is
dried in the sun. Firm ones with yellowish-white color are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is soaked well with water, cut into thin slices
and dried for use, or vinegar-fried ■rst before use.
［Characteristics］ It is similar to é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) in actions and clinical
applications but more powerful.
［Actions］ Breaks up blood stasis, moves qi, reduces food retention and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumps and tumors, it can break up
the stagnation of both qi and blood. For the above problems due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it
is often combined with é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to enhance the effects. For the above problems
complicated by de■ciency, it is necessarily combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng shēn
(Radix Codonopsis) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to nourish qi and blood and break up the
stagnation as well.
For malaria in the chronic stage presenting with enlarged liver and spleen, it is combined
with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae
Miltiorrhizae) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to soothe the liver and resolve the enlargement.
2. For food retention complicated with abdominal distension, it is generally combined with é
zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae), qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride) and mài yá (Fructus
Hordei Germinatus) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Sān Léng Jiān (Sparganium
Decoction).
powder. The vinegar preparation is more effective in relieving pain.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients
with profuse menstruation, because it breaks up the blood stasis and may cause bleeding. It is
contraindicated for use together with yá xiāo (Natrii Sulfas).
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, organic acids, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol,
9-9◎04.indd 400 2014-12-17 13:42:52

formononetin, daucosterol, etc.

［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows effects of anti-coagulation, anti-
thrombosis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, decreasing whole blood viscosity and increasing
myocardial blood ■ow. It can directly destroy tumor cells and excite the uterus as well.
［Notes］ The name sān léng initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of
Materia Medica’ in the Tang Dynasty (about 720 A.D.). It is now realized that this kind of sān léng,
which is recorded in this book as looking like wū méi (Fructus Mume), is similar to the tuber of
Scirpus ■uviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray (a perennial herb of the family Cyperaceae) in appearance, and is
different from the species under discussion, but still remains used medicinally in some areas of China
under the name of hēi sān léng (黑三棱).
Yán HúSuǒ 延胡索

RHIZOMA CORYDALIS
Corydalis Rhizome
Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Northern and
Southern Dynasties (about 400 A.D.). It is the dried
tuber of Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang, a perennial
herb of the family Papaveraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Its original name was
xuán hú suŏ (玄胡索), where xuán means “north”, hú
is the name of the Donghu nationality in ancient times,
and suŏ means “exploration and discovery”. The herb
was originally found by the people of the Donghu
nationality in the north of China. The character xuán
supposedly offended the honorable name of the
emperor of the Song Dynasty and had to be changed to
yán (延) instead, so the name became yán hú suŏ. It is
also known as yuán hú (元胡).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Dongyang and Pan’an of Zhejiang Province, and in Jiangsu,
Hubei and Hunan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer when the stems and leaves start to wither.
After the fibrous roots are removed, it is cleaned with water, boiled well and left in the sun for
drying. The big, plump and ■rm tubers with yellowish cross-section are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, moistened thoroughly,
and cut into thick slices or crushed for use. Alternately, it is fried with vinegar ■rst before use.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, bitter and warmly dispersing in property, it mainly enters the heart,
liver and spleen channels to effectively activate blood and qi movement. It is commonly used for
pain but particularly pain in the pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated with cold, and
for this the vinegar-prepared herb is more effective.
［Actions］ Activates blood, moves qi and relieves pain.
9-9◎04.indd 401 2014-12-17 13:42:53

［Clinical Applications］ For pain in the pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it can be used
alone or in combination to relieve the pain by means of activating qi and blood.
For chest and abdominal pain due to liver qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined
with chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to enhance the effect, such as in the formula Jīn Líng Zĭ Săn
(Toosendan Powder).
For heart pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated with cold retention, it is often
combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma Alpiniae Of■cinarum), tán xiāng (Lignum Santali Albi) and
bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) to relieve pain by means of resolving cold and moving qi and blood,
such as in the formula Kuān Xiōng Wán (Chest-Relieving Pill).
For epigastric stabbing pain with acid regurgitation in the pattern of blood stasis, it is often
combined with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) and wū zéi gŭ to relieve pain by transforming
blood stasis and counteract gastric acid.
For pain in the sides of the lower abdomen and testicular swelling and pain due to cold attack
of the liver channel complicated with blood stagnation, it is often combined with jú hé (Semen Citri
Reticulatae), xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to relieve pain by
unblocking the liver channel, moving qi and resolving the cold.
For dysmenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined
with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and ròu guì (Cortex
Cinnamomi) to relieve pain by activating blood.
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is often combined with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), rŭ xiāng
(Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to enhance the effect.
For exterior wind-damp arthralgia, it is often combined with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae
Macrophyllae) and guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) to relieve pain by dispelling wind and dampness,
and by unblocking the channels.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction or 1-3 g in powder, and
taken with warm water. The vinegar-prepared herb is more effective in relieving pain.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women as it activates blood
and moves qi and may cause vaginal bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains alkaloids such as corydalis A, B, C (protopine), and D. It also
contains starch, volatile oils and resin.
［Pharmacological Research］ Many kinds of preparation all show remarkable analgesic effects.
Among them, corydalis B also shows excellent effects of sedation, hypnosis and tranquilization. The
ethanol extractives can remarkably dilate the coronary arteries, decrease coronary artery resistance,
increase blood ■ow and effectively control experimental arrhythmia. Dehydrocorydaline can relieve
ulcers by reducing gastric juice secretion in experimental animals, and can act directly against
ulceration as well.
YùJīn 郁金
RADIX CURCUMAE
Turmeric Root Tuber
618-907 A.D.). It is the dried root of Curcuma Wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling, Curcuma longa L.,
Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang, or Curcuma phaeocaulis Val., perennial herbs of the
9-9◎04.indd 402 2014-12-17 13:42:55

［■xplanation of Name］ Yù “plant with fragrant
■ower” and jīn “gold”. The plant smells fragrant, and the
root is of golden color. It is also known as mă shù (马蒁).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Sichuan
［Collection］ It is collected during winter. After
the sediment and ■brous roots are removed, it is steamed
well and then dried. The big and solid roots with aromatic
fragrance, small and shallow wrinkles on the outer skin,
and yellowish and glossy cross-sections are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened completely, and cut
into thin slices or crushed into small pieces for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid so that it can disperse qi and blood, and bitter and cold so that it
can clear and purge pathogens. It enters the heart, liver and gallbladder channels, and can effectively
activate blood, relieve pain, cool blood, resuscitate the mind, soothe the liver, relieve stagnation,
improve bile secretion to relieve jaundice and arrest bleeding. Thus it is particularly applied for the
patterns of qi stagnation and blood stasis complicated with heat, liver qi stagnation transforming into
■re, heat bleeding, heat harassing the heart spirit and dampness heat obstructing the heart channel.
［Actions］ Activates blood, relieves pain, moves qi, cools blood, resuscitates the mind and
improves bile secretion.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it relieves pain
and stagnation by activating both qi and blood. Since it is bitter and cold in property, it is more
suitable for those cases with heat signs.
For suffocating pain in the chest, it is commonly combined with zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii),
chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to active blood, move qi
and relieve pain, such as in the formula Tuī Qì Săn (Qi-Pushing Powder).
For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and breast distension in the pattern of liver qi stagnation and
blood stasis complicated with transformed heat, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri),
zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to soothe the liver qi, clear heat, activate
blood and dredge the channels, such as in the formula Xuān Yù Tōng Jīng Tāng (Depression-Releasing
and Channel-Dredging Decoction).
For enlarged liver and spleen in the pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often
combined with biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and é
zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to activate blood and transform the enlargement.
For chest and cardiac pain in the pattern of blood stasis, it is generally combined with chuān
xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to
relieve pain by activating blood, moving qi and unblocking the channels.
2. For loss of consciousness and delirium due to febrile diseases and epilepsy, it clears the heart
■re and resuscitates the mind.
For loss of consciousness or drowsiness accompanied by chest and stomach fullness due to
dampness occupying the channels and the clear qi failing to supply the upper jiao, it is generally
9-9◎04.indd 403 2014-12-17 13:42:56

combined with shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii), zhú lì (Succus Bambusae) and zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae) to resuscitate the mind by resolving the damp phlegm and clearing the heat,
such as in the formula Chāng Pú Yù Jīn Tāng (Grassleaf Sweet■ag and Turmeric Decoction).
For loss of consciousness and delirium with high fever, it is commonly combined with niú
huáng (Calculus Bovis), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear heat
and resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Niú Huáng Qīng Xīn Wán (Bovine Bezoar Heart-
Clearing Pill).
For fright epilepsy and mania due to phlegm-heat accumulation, it is often combined with bái
fán (Alumen), such as in the formula Bái Jīn Wán (Alum and Turmeric Pill), or is combined with bái
fán (Alumen), chán yī (Periostracum Cicadae) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to calm convulsions and the
mind by clearing heat and resolving phlegm.
3. For bleeding triggered by fire transformed from liver-qi stagnation, or blood heat complicated
with blood stasis, it arrests the bleeding effectively by cooling blood and dispersing the stagnated
liver qi. For hematemesis, hematuria and menses-related epistaxis resulting from the above patterns,
it is generally combined with niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and
shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to check bleeding by cooling blood, and to guide qi and blood
downwards as well, such as in the formula Shēng Dì Tāng (Rehmannia Decoction).
4. For problems due to damp heat attacking the liver and gallbladder, it can improve bile
secretion and relieve jaundice by draining damp heat.
For jaundice in the pattern of damp heat accompanied with dark urine and bitter taste in
the mouth, it is often combined with yīn chén hāo (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to relieve jaundice by draining and purging the
dampness and heat.
For gallbladder stones, it is often combined with hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii), jīn qián căo
(Herba Lysimachiae) and jī nèi jīn (■ndothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli) to clear the pathogens
from the liver and gallbladder, and to help remove or resolve the stones.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction, 2-5 g in powder or pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is contraindicated for use with dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli).
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, which are mainly composed of pinene,
sesquiterpene and curcumene. It also contains curcumine, nor-curcumine, amylum, polysaccharides
and fatty oils.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows mild analgesic effect. It can decrease the lipidoses and
the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta and coronary artery endarterium. Curcumine
can protect the liver from damage, improve the secretion and excretion of bile, and reduce the
urobilinogen of the urine. The water extractives inhibit many kinds of pathogenic bacteria. It can also
lower blood lipids, tranquilize the mind, excite the uterus, counteract early pregnancy and protect the
cardiac muscle.
Jiāng Huáng 姜黄
RHIZOMA CURCUMAE LONGAE
Turmeric Root Rhizome
［Source］ Initially appeared in Tang Materia Medica (Táng Bĕn Căo, 唐本草) in the Tang
Dynasty (about 618-907 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa L., a perennial herb of the
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［■xplanation of Name］ Jiāng “ginger” and
huáng “yellow”. The rhizome is yellow and looks like
ginger.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Fujian
and Jiangxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ The rhizome is collected during
winter. It is boiled or steamed well ■rst, and then dried
in the sun. The solid rhizomes with golden-yellowish
cross-sections and rich aromatic fragrance are of the
best quality.
washed clean, moistened well, cut into slices and then
dried in the sun for use.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and warm so that it disperses qi and blood, and warmly unblocks
the channels. It is bitter so that it can purge pathogens. It enters and acts strongly in the liver and
spleen channels. It is good at activating blood, moving qi and dredging channels to relieve pain. It
dispels wind-cold-dampness particularly from the arms and shoulders, so it is effectively applied for
arm or shoulder arthralgia with cold signs, and pain due to qi stagnation and blood stasis and cold
retention.
［Actions］ Activates blood, moves qi, dredges the channels and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it relieves the
pain by moving qi and blood.
For serious heart or abdominal pain due to cold coagulation and qi stagnation and blood stasis,
it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to
enhance the effects, such as in the formula Jiāng Huáng Săn (Turmeric Powder).
For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with é zhú
(Rhizoma Curcumae) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to activate blood and dredge the
channels, such as in the formula Jiāng Huáng Wán (Turmeric Pill).
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and sū mù
(Lignum Sappan) to activate blood and relieve pain and swelling, such as in the formula Jiāng
Huáng Tāng (Turmeric Decoction).
2. For wind-cold-dampness arthralgia, it can dispel the exterior pathogenic wind and cold
superficially, and activate blood and move qi internally. It particularly enters the channels in the
upper limbs to activate blood and unblock channels, and thus is applicable for arm or shoulder wind-
cold-dampness arthralgia. For this purpose, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to enhance the effects on dispelling exterior
wind dampness and relieving joint pain, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating
Decoction).
3. In addition, it is applicable for the early stage of abscesses, if combined with dà huáng (Radix
et Rhizoma Rhei) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and applied topically in powder form,
such as in the formula Rú Yì Jīn Huáng Săn (Perfect Golden-Yellow Powder).
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powder. For external use: it is powdered and applied topically.

［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with blood
de■ciency but without signs of qi stagnation and blood stasis, since it is dispersing in property and
may cause bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains curcumine, turmerone, curcumene, phellandrene and
camphol.
［Pharmacological Research］ The extractives can signi■cantly decrease blood lipids, increase
myocardial nutritional blood supplements, increase the activity of plasmin and inhibit platelet
aggregation. It can persistently improve bile secretion and gallbladder contraction. The decoction
can activate the uterus and enhance uterine paroxysmal contractions. It also can inhibit in■ammation,
ulcers, fertility, tumors, mutation and oxidation.
Dān Shēn 丹参
RADIX ET RHIZOMA SALVIAE MILTIORRHIZAE
Danshen Root
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried
root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., a
perennial herb of the family Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dān “red” and
shēn “ginseng”. The root and rhizome skin color
is red, and the body looks like ginseng in shape.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan,
Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Gansu and Shanxi
provinces of China.
［Collection］ The root and rhizome are
collected in the early spring and the late autumn.
The sediment and the basal part of the stem are
removed, and the root and rhizome are then dried in the sun. The clean ones without ■brous roots
and impurities, and big and dry with red outer skin color are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and the residual stem are removed, it is washed clean,
moistened completely and cut into thick slices for use, or stir-fried with wine ■rst.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and cold in property so that it can clear heat and purge pathogens.
It enters the heart and liver channels, and is good at activating blood and transforming blood stasis
to relieve pain, and clear heart ■re and cool blood to tranquilize or resuscitate the mind. It is mainly
used for problems due to blood stasis, blood heat or heat harassing the heart spirit, and also for toxic-
heat abscesses and swelling. It was recorded in an ancient book that “dān shēn powder alone acts
like the formula Sì Wù Tāng (Four Substances Decoction)”, testifying that dān shēn alone is able to
achieve the same effects as four other herbs do.
［Actions］ Activates blood, dredges channels, cools blood, relieves abscesses, and tranquilizes
and resuscitates the mind.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation and

postpartum abdominal pain in the pattern of blood stasis, it is rather effective in activating blood
and transforming blood stasis, and often serves as an essential herb for the treatment of
gynecological problems. It is slightly cold in nature, so is more suitable for cases complicated
with heat.
For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and irregular menstruation, it can be used alone in powder,
which is known as Dān Shēn Săn (Danshen Powder), and taken with aged wine, or in combination
with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)
to enhance the ef■cacy.
For postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba
Leonuri), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), etc.
For patients with lochiorrhea, it can be combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri), hóng téng
(Caulis Sargentodoxae), bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), etc.
2. For heart and abdominal pain, abdominal masses and traumatic injuries, it can relieve the pain
and resolve the masses by activating blood and transforming the blood stasis.
For heart and abdominal stabbing pain due to blood stasis, it is often combined with tán xiāng
(Lignum Santali Albi) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to activate blood and move qi to relieve pain,
such as in the formula Dān Shēn Yĭn (Danshen Beverage).
For chest constriction and heart pain due to blood stasis obstructing the heart vessels, it is
often combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and chuān xiōng
(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to relieve the symptoms by activating blood and the vessels, such as in the
formula Guàn Xīn Èr Hào Fāng (Coronary Heart Disease Formula II).
For abdominal masses, and enlarged liver and spleen, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix
Bupleuri), sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis)
to soothe the liver and dissipate stasis and masses.
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is often combined with mò yào (Myrrha) and dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to dissipate stasis, disperse swelling and relieve pain.
3. For sores, ulcers, abscesses and heat arthralgia, it generally relieves pain and swelling by
cooling and activating blood, and clearing toxic heat as well.
For sores, ulcers, abscesses and swelling in the early stage due to toxic-heat accumulation, it is
often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lián
qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to relieve swelling by clearing toxic heat and cooling blood.
For heat arthralgia manifested by inflammation of the joints, it is often combined with rĕn
dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae), luò shí téng (Caulis Trachelospermi) and hóng téng (Caulis
Sargentodoxae) to relieve the pain and swelling by dispelling exterior wind and dampness, clearing
toxic heat and cooling blood.
4. For problems due to heat invasion of the blood, and heart palpitations and insomnia, it can
calm the heart and tranquilize the mind by clearing heat.
For heat invasion of the blood manifested as fever aggravated during the night, mental
irritation, delirium, thirst, maculae or papulae, it is usually combined with xuán shēn (Radix
Scrophulariae), jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear
the heat from the blood, enrich yin and activate blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying
Level-Clearing Decoction).
For heat invasion of the blood manifested as high fever, delirium, maculae and papulae,
bleeding and crimson-colored tongue, it is usually combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra),
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mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to clear toxic heat, cool blood, and calm
and resuscitate the mind.
For heart palpitations and insomnia due to yin and blood deficiency complicated with heat
stirring inside, it is often combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enrich yin and blood, and calm the
heart and mind as well, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor Heart-
Supplementing ■lixir).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-15 g usually and 30 g maximum in decoction,
or made into pills or powder. Stir-frying with wine can improve the effect of activating blood.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with profuse
menstruation, since it can activate blood and may cause bleeding. It is contraindicated for use with lí
lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri).
［Ingredients］ It contains tanshinone, isotanshinone, cryptotanshinone, isocryptotanshinone,
hydroxy-tanshinone, miltionone, L-dihydro tanshinone, tanshinol, protocatechualdehyde, dihydroxy
benzoic acid, lactic acid, vitamin ■, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The injection and decoction can dilate the coronary arteries and
peripheral vessels to increase the blood ■ow, slow down the heart rate, reduce myocardial ischemic
injury, effectively protect ischemic brain tissue, improve ■brinolysis to achieve anticoagulant effect,
improve microcirculation, act against thrombosis, reduce carbon tetrachloride-induced liver tissue
damage, promote the regeneration of liver cells, inhibit the proliferation of liver ■brosis, dissipate
and absorb ■ber that has formed, adjust humeral and cellular immunity, inhibit bacteria, in■ammation
and allergy, relieve fever, tranquilize the mind, relieve pain, lower blood sugar, blood pressure and
cholesterol, improve kidney function, resist oxidation, improve the healing of bone fractures and act
against tumors.
Táo Rén 桃仁
SEMEN PERSICAE
Peach Kernel
hé táo rén (桃核仁). It is the dry and mature seeds of
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch or Prunus davidiana (Carr.)
Franch., deciduous small trees of the family Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Táo (桃) means
“peach”, which is composed of two Chinese character
components “木” and “兆”. “木” means “wood”, and
“兆” “multiple”. The peach tree always grows lots of
■owers, and the seeds are used medicinally.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi,
Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces of China.
［Collection］ The seeds are collected during the
summer and autumn when the fruit is mature, and then are extracted and dried in the sun. The big
and plump ones with white insides are of the best quality.
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［Processing］ It is simply cleaned for use, or blanched quickly in boiling water or dry-fried at
a low temperature and then pounded before use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; neutral; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, sweet, neutral and lubricating, it enters the heart and liver channels
and is good at activating blood and transforming stasis. It can also enter the lung and large intestine
channels to lubricate the large intestine and alleviate cough and wheezing, and often serves as an
essential herb for the treatment of constipation with dry stools, bowel abscesses, lung abscesses,
cough and wheezing.
［Actions］ Activates blood and transforms blood stasis, lubricates the large intestine to
improve bowel movements, and suppresses cough and wheezing.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of blood stasis either in acute or chronic cases, it
shows strong effects on activating blood and transforming blood.
For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with hóng huā
(Flos Carthami), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to
enhance the effects, such as in the formula Táo Hóng Sì Wù Tāng (Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four
For postpartum lochiorrhea and cold pain in the lower abdomen due to cold attack and blood
de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong) and páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to activate and nourish blood,
and warm the channels to relieve pain, such as in the formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and
Transforming Decoction).
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is combined with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei),
chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to activate blood and transform
blood stasis, and relieve swelling and pain, such as in the formula Fù Yuán Huó Xuè Tāng (Original
Qi-Restoring and Blood-Moving Decoction).
For uterine myoma in the pattern of blood stasis, it is usually combined with guì zhī (Ramulus
Cinnamomi), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to reduce the tumor
by activating blood and transforming stasis, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Fú Líng Wán (Cinnamon
Twig and Poria Pill).
2. For abscesses, it activates blood, relieves swelling, helps expel pus to improve recovery,
lubricates the large intestine, and relieves cough and wheezing.
For lung abscesses with the symptom of coughing with purulent bloody sputum, it is often
combined with wĕi jīng (Caulis Phragmitis) or lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), guā lóu (Fructus
Trichosanthis) and yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) to relieve the abscesses by clearing the lung heat, and
improving the expulsion of pus, such as in the formula Wĕi Jīng Tāng (Phragmites Stem Decoction).
For bowel abscesses with abdominal pain, it is often combined with dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and dōng guā zĭ (Semen Benincasae) to relieve the
abscesses by purging the bowel and transforming the abscesses, such as in the formula Dà Huáng
Mŭ Dān Pí Tāng (Rhubarb and Peony Decoction).
3. For constipation with dry stools, it can lubricate the bowels and induce diarrhea. Xìng
rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi), and sōng zĭ rén (Semen Pini
Koraiensis) are commonly used together with it to enhance the effect, such as in the formula Wŭ Rén
Wán (Five Kernels Pill).
4. Additionally, it can effectively relieve coughing and wheezing, with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae
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Amarum) and sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) commonly combined to enhance the effects.

［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g, pounded ■rst for decoction; also in pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It may cause poisoning if over used, which generally
manifests as dizziness, nausea, listlessness and tiredness in light cases, and respiratory failure in
severe cases. It is not allowed to be used during pregnancy or for patients with blood deficiency.
Over-use is prohibited.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains liposomes, steroids, ■avones and carbohydrates. Liposomes
are mainly composed of tri-acylglycerol alcohol, steroids are mainly composed of β-sitosterol and
campesterol, and flavones are mainly composed of prudomenin and salipurpol. It also contains
amygdali, phospholipids and proteins.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can improve the uterine contractions of first-
birth women and contribute to uterine recovery and hemostasis, reduce exudation in the early stage
of in■ammation, increase cerebral blood ■ow, decrease cerebral vascular resistance, inhibit blood
coagulation, thrombosis, in■ammation and allergy, calm the mind and coughing, and lubricate the
bowels. Amygdali inside the body can be transformed slowly into a small amount of hydrocyanic
acid, which can slightly inhibit the respiratory center to suppress coughing and wheezing.
Hóng Huā 红花
FLOS CARTHAMI
Safflower
［Source］ Initially appeared in Tang Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-907
A.D.). Its original name was hóng lán huā (红蓝花).
It is the dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius L., a
perennial herb of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hóng “red” and huā
“■ower”. The ■ower is red.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hebei,
Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China; that which
is produced in Fengqiu and Yanjin, Henan Province
［Collection］ It is collected during the summer
when the flower is turning from yellow to red, and
then dried in the shade or the sun. The bright red,
soft ■owers with long ■ower crown and no thorns or extraneous projections are of the best quality.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and warm so that it can warmly activate blood, transform blood
stasis and unblock channels. It is commonly used for many kinds of problems caused by blood stasis.
Since it is warm in nature, it is most effective for patterns complicated with cold.
［Actions］ Activates blood, unblocks channels, transforms stasis and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and postpartum abdominal pain, it
is good at activating blood, unblocking channels and relieving pain.
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For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea caused by blood stasis, it is decocted by itself with wine and
applied internally, such as the formula Hóng Lán Huā Jiŭ (Saf■ower Wine); or is combined with táo rén
(Semen Persicae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to activate blood, transform stasis, dredge
channels and relieve pain, such as in the formula Táo Hóng Sì Wù Tāng (Peach Kernel and Carthamus
Four Substances Decoction) and Gé Xià Zhú Yū Tāng (■xpelling Stasis Below the Diaphragm Decoction).
For postpartum abdominal pain, it is combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri), chuān xiōng
(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the effects.
2. For chest constriction, heart pain, abdominal masses and traumatic injuries, it effectively
relieves the symptoms by activating blood, transforming blood stasis and dredging channels.
For chest constriction and heart pain, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to
enhance the effects, such as in the formula Guàn Xīn Èr Hào Fāng (Coronary Heart Disease Formula II).
For abdominal masses with signs of qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with
sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and shēng mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to
activate blood, move qi, and resolve stasis and masses.
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae), chuān xiōng
(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to relieve swelling and pain by resolving stasis and
activating blood.
3. For macular eruptions with dark purple color, it can effectively relieve the eruptions by
activating blood. For cases due to blood toxic-heat accumulation, it is generally combined with zĭ căo
(Radix Arnebiae), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to relieve
the problem by clearing toxic heat, cooling blood and resolving blood stasis, such as in the formula
Dāng Guī Hóng Huā Săn (Chinese Angelica and Saf■ower Powder).
A small dose can mildly activate blood and unblock the channels, while a large dose can drastically
break up blood stasis and induce labor in pregnant women.
profuse menses, because it is strong in activating blood and may cause bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains saf■or yellow, carthamin, carthamone, new-carthamin, chlorogenic
acid, catechin, various kinds of volatile components, amino acids, polysaccharides, β-sitosterol,
palmitic acid, linoleic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The water extractives can remarkably excite the experimental
animal uterus, especially the pregnant ones. A large dose application can induce uterine convulsions.
It can slightly excite the heart, increase coronary blood ■ow, decrease coronary resistance, inhibit
myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, lower blood pressure, prevent platelet aggregation, enhance
■brinolysis activity, inhibit thrombosis, lower blood lipids and relieve pain.
［Notes］ Hóng Lán Huā Jiŭ (Saf■ower Wine) was recorded as early as the Essentials from the Golden
Cabinet (Jīn Guì Yào Lüè, 金匮要略), written by Zhang Zhong-jing in the Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.).
YìMǔCǎo 益母草
HERBA LEONURI
Motherwort
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Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). The original name was chōng

wèi jīng (茺蔚茎). It is the fresh or dried above-ground
part of fresh or dried Leonurus japonicus Houtt., an
annual herb of the family Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yì “benefit”, mŭ
“motherhood” and căo “herb”. It is good at activating
blood and regulating menstruation and is particularly
applicable for womens’ problems.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Anhui,
Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China.
in the summer and dried in the sun. The young tender
plants with light greenish color and flourishing leaves
［Processing］ After the impurities and the residual roots are removed, the fresh plant is
washed clean quickly and cut into segments for use. Alternately, the dried plant is washed clean
quickly, moistened completely, cut into segments and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, bladder.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, bitter and slightly cold so that it can activate blood, transform
blood stasis and clear heat as well. In addition to the heart and liver channels, it also enters the
bladder channel to relieve edema by improving urination. It also can counteract toxic heat and thus it
is very suitable for edema due to both blood and ■uid stagnation, as well as for sores, abscesses and
eruptions due to blood stasis and toxic-heat retention.
［Actions］ Activates blood, transforms blood stasis, drains ■uid through urination and clears
toxic heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the patterns of blood stasis either in acute or chronic cases, it
can effectively activate blood, transform blood stasis and dredge blood vessels to improve the blood
supply.
For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and postpartum pain due to blood stasis, it alone can be
extracted into paste and applied internally, such as Yì Mŭ Căo Gāo (Motherwort Paste), or can
be used in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong), such as in the formula Yì Mŭ Wán (Motherwort Pill).
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is often used in combination with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and
mò yào (Myrrha), and applied in decoction internally, or in powder topically.
2. For edema related to blood stasis, it induces diuresis and activates blood at the same time. It
can be used alone in decoction, or in combination with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) and zé lán
(Herba Lycopi) to enhance the effects.
3. For sores, abscesses and skin eruptions, it is able to clear toxic heat and activate blood to
relieve swelling.
For sores and abscesses marked by swelling and pain, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng
(Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì dīng (Herba Violae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), and applied
internally in decoction, or applied alone topically in paste.
For skin eruptions with itching, it is often combined with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae
Flavescentis), bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), and applied internally or
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externally in decoction.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally, and 30 g maximum for
decoction, or made into pills or powder. For external use: it is decocted ■rst and used to steam or
rinse the skin, or the fresh herb is pounded ■rst and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with yin
and blood de■ciency, since it activates blood and may cause bleeding, and its bitter property may
consume the body’s yin ■uid.
［Ingredients］ It contains leonurine, tachydrine, motherwort diterpenoid, benzoic acid, lauric
acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction and water extractives can excite the uterus of
many kinds of animals, and increase the contraction frequency and amplitude of the uterus. The
injection increases the coronary blood flow, slows down the heart rate and inhibits myocardial
ischemia. The decoction also can improve microcirculation, inhibit experimental thrombosis and
improve renal function to remarkably increase urination. The water extractives also can inhibit skin
fungus, and inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis.
Attachment: Chōng Wèi Zǐ 茺蔚子

Fructus Leonuri
［Source］ It is the dried mature fruit of yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri).

［Actions］ Activates blood, regulates menses, clears liver ■re and improves vision.
［Clinical Applications］ Irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amemorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, and
headache and in■amed eyes due to liver heat.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It may expand the pupils of the eyes, so is prohibited for patients with
glaucoma. Poisoning cases have also been reported recently, so over-use is not encouraged.
Zé Lán 泽兰
HERBA LYCOPI
Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the above-ground
part of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. hirtus Regel, a
perennial herb of the family Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zé “marshland”
and lán “fragrant grass”. It normally grows in
marshland, and the leaf is fragrant and looks like
that of an orchid.
［Habitat］ It is produced all over China.
［Collection］ The above-ground part is
collected during the summer and autumn, when
the plant is flourishing, and dried in the sun. The
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young tender plants with beautiful green color and ■ourishing leaves are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and roots are removed, it is sprayed with clean water to moisten
it slightly and then cut into segments for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ Mild in properties and actions, it enters the liver and spleen channels to
activate blood, transform blood stasis, dredge channels, reduce swelling and drain ■uid to relieve
edema. It is widely used for problems due to blood stasis, blood stasis complicated with fluid
retention, and sores, carbuncles and swelling.
［Actions］ Activates blood, resolves stasis, drains ■uid and relieves swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and
irregular menses due to blood stasis, it is good at activating blood and resolving stasis to regulate
menstruation. It is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), dān shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri) to enhance the effects.
2. For stabbing pain in the chest, traumatic injuries, abscesses and carbuncles, it relieves the pain
and swelling by activating blood and resolving stasis.
For stabbing pain in the chest due to liver and blood stagnation, it is often combined with
chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and yù jīn (Radix
Curcumae) to relieve the pain by soothing the liver and activating blood.
For traumatic swelling and pain, it alone can be pounded ■rst and applied topically, or used
in combination with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the
effects.
For abscesses and carbuncles, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae),
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to clear toxic heat and resolve
blood stasis to relieve swelling.
3. For edema and difficult urination, it increases urination by means of activating blood and
improving water metabolism.
For edema complicated with blood stasis, it is often combined with yì mŭ căo (Herba Leonuri),
fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and fú líng (Poria) to enhance the effects.
For postpartum dif■cult urination, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), wū yào (Radix Linderae) and fú líng (Poria) to improve urination by
nourishing qi and blood, and by increasing the effects on inducing diuresis.
powder. For external use: it is ground into powder and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with blood de■ciency but no
signs of blood stasis.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils, which are composed of hexanal, benzaldehyde,
perilla seed oil alkene and aromatic catalpol. It also contains ■avonoid glycoside, triterpene, tannins,
saponins, resin and amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ The extractives can improve the obstructed microcirculation of
experimental animals, dilate the diameter of the micrangium and speed up the blood ■ow velocity in
the micrangium. The preparation can strengthen the cardiac muscle, lower blood viscosity and inhibit
blood thrombosis.
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JīXuè Téng 鸡血藤

CAULIS SPATHOLOBI
Suberect Spatholobus Stem
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Grand Compendium of Materia

Medica’(Bĕn Căo Gāng Mù Shí Yí, 本草纲目拾遗) in
the Qing Dynasty (about 1765 A.D.). It is the dry vine
of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn, a woody climber of
［■xplanation of Name］ Jī xuè “chicken blood”
and téng “vine stem”. The fresh vine produces red sap
like chicken blood when broken.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan,
Guangdong and Fujian of China.
［Collection］ The vine is collected during the
autumn and winter. The branches and leaves are cut off,
and the vine is chopped into segments and dried in the
sun for use. Those with more sap are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean with water, moistened
thoroughly, cut into slices and dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, slightly sweet; warm.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter, slightly sweet and warm in property, and can both
nourish and activate blood. It is more suitable for cases with blood deficiency and blood stasis
complicated with cold invasion. It can activate and dredge collaterals and is thus applicable for limb
numbness, paralysis, joint impediments and traumatic injuries.
［Actions］ Activates blood, toni■es blood, and dredges channels and collaterals.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, it acts
in two ways — activating and nourishing blood. It is widely used for womens’ problems no matter
whether due to blood stasis or blood de■ciency.
For the above cases due to qi stagnation and blood stasis, it is often combined with xiāng fù
(Rhizoma Cyperi), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to
activate qi and blood movement.
For the above cases in the pattern of blood de■ciency and stasis, it is often combined with
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chuān xù
duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to nourish blood, transform blood stasis, dredge channels and relieve pain.
2. For wind-damp arthralgia, limb numbness and hemiplegia, it is good at nourishing and
activating blood, dredging the channels, and activating collaterals to relieve the pain and dysfunction.
For wind-damp arthralgia with surrounding tissue impediment, it is often combined with wēi
líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis), chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis
Piperis Kadsurae) to dispel wind and dampness, and enhance the effects on dredging the channels
and relieving pain.
For limb numbness due to blood de■ciency, it is often combined with chuān xù duàn (Radix
Dipsaci), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) to relieve the numbness
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by tonifying blood and activating blood and collaterals.

For hemiplegia in stroke, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dì lóng
(Pheretima) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to dredge channels by strengthening qi and activating
blood.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g generally, and 30 g maximum in
decoction. It also can be brewed in wine, and extracted into paste for use.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with profuse menstruation
because it can effectively activate blood and may increase the bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains sterides and isoflavones. Sterides mainly include milletol
and daucosterol. Iso■avones mainly include ononin and formononetin. It also contains triterpene,
chalcone and epicatechin.
［Pharmacological Research］ The preparation can increase experimental animal blood flow
and reduce vascular resistance. The decoction can remarkably counteract atheromatosis. It shows
blood tonifying effect on anemia of experimental rabbits by increasing the amount of red blood cells
and hemoglobin. A small dose of decoction can strengthen the rhythmic contraction of the uterus,
and a larger dose can strengthen it more. Research showed that the pregnant uterus is more sensitive
to its effects than the unpregnant uterus. It also can inhibit in■ammation and platelet aggregation,
and lower the cholesterol level.
NiúXī牛膝
RADIX ACHYRANTHIS BIDENTATAE
Two-toothed Achyranthes Root
Achyranthes bidentata Bl., a perennial herb of the
family Amaranthaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Niú “cow” and xī
“knee”. The knob of the stem looks like the knee joint
of a cow’s front legs. It is also known as huái niú xī
(怀牛膝), where huái is the ancient name of Huaiqing
area in Henan Province.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan Province,
but also in Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Jiangsu
provinces of China. Those produced in Henan Province
are the best in quality
［Collection］ The roots are collected in winter when the stems and leaves have withered. After
the ■brous roots and sediment have been removed, they are dried in bundles in the sun. Long ones
with ■ne skin, plump ■esh and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and residual rhizomes are removed, it is cleaned with water,
moistened thoroughly, cut into segments and dried for use. Alternately, it is wine-fried ■rst for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sour, sweet; neutral.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter so that it purges pathogens downwards, and sour and sweet,
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which normally indicates that it can nourish the liver and kidney. The unprepared root, which is bitter
in taste, is good at activating blood and unblocking channels, and thus is applicable for gynecological
problems and for joint problems due to blood stasis. It is also good at draining water to relieve
edema, purging damp heat through urination, and leading blood and ■re downwards, so is applicable
for adverse ■ow of blood and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang. The processed root, which is
sweet in taste, usually tonifies the liver and kidney, and strengthens the bones and muscles, so is
applicable for weakness in the lower part of the body due to liver and kidney de■ciency. In addition,
it can lead other herbs to act more effectively in the lower part of the body.
［Actions］ Activates blood, dredges channels, nourishes the liver and kidney, strengthens
bones and muscles, leads the blood and ■re downwards, induces diuresis and relieves stranguria.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain,
abdominal masses due to blood stasis, retention of the placenta and traumatic injuries, it relieves
the pain and other symptoms by activating blood, dredging the channels and leading the blood
downwards.
For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and retention of the placenta in
the pattern of blood stasis, it can be steamed alone with wine and taken internally, or in combination
with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the effects.
For abdominal masses, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma
Curcumae) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to transform blood stasis and
masses.
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is usually combined with xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), hóng
huā (Flos Carthami) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to activate blood and improve healing.
2. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body due to liver and kidney deficiency,
and wind-damp arthralgia in the legs, it is effective at nourishing the liver and kidney, strengthening
the bones and muscles, and dredging the channels.
For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body in the pattern of liver and kidney
de■ciency, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to
enhance the effects, such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán (Himalayan Teasel Pill).
For wind-damp arthralgia complicated with aching pain in the lower part of the body, which
is normally due to liver and kidney de■ciency, it is usually combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae
Pubescentis) and sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dú Huó
Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and Mistletoe Decoction).
For arthralgia in the lower part of the body due to damp heat pouring down, it is often
combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to
drain dampness and heat, and dry up the dampness as well, such as in the formula Sān Miào Wán
(Three Wonderful Herbs Pill).
3. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, mouth ulcers, and headache and dizziness
due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is good at leading blood and ■re downwards.
For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, it is often combined with zhī zĭ (Fructus
Gardeniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to arrest bleeding by clearing heat, cooling blood,
and leading the blood and ■re downwards.
For swollen and aching gums, and mouth ulcers due to yin de■ciency and stomach heat ■aming
up, it is usually combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and
mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to suppress ■re, clear the stomach heat and nourish yin, such as in
the formula Yù Nǚ Jiān (Jade Lady Decoction).
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For headache, vertigo and bloodshot eyes due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is
usually combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae)
to relieve the symptoms by calming the liver yang and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zhèn
Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction).
4. For stranguria, edema and dif■cult urination, it relieves stranguria by inducing diuresis.
For stranguria, it is often combined with dōng kuí zĭ (Semen Malvae), qú mài (Herba Dianthi)
and huá shí (Talcum), such as in the formula Niú Xī Tāng (Achyranthes Decoction).
For edema and dif■cult urination, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), zé xiè (Rhizoma
Alismatis) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae).
powder, or wine-steeped. For the purpose of nourishing the liver and kidney, it should be processed
with wine.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with profuse
menstruation, because it is strong in activating blood and may cause bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains triterpene saponins, which can actively stimulate animal uterine
smooth muscles, and polysaccharides, which can inhibit tumors. It also contains ecdysterone and
similar kinds of insect metamorphosis hormones, alkaloids, coumarin and amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can strengthen uterine contractions. The alcohol
infusions can inhibit the aldehyde-induced arthritis of rats and improve the recession of in■ammation.
The insect metamorphosis hormones it contains can strongly improve protein synthesis. In addition,
it relieves pain, lowers blood pressure, blood sugar and lipids, strengthens immunity, slows down
aging, improves bile secretion, induces diuresis, and inhibits tumors and fertility.
Chuān NiúXī川牛膝
RADIX CYATHULAE
Cyathula Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Orthodox Interpretation of the Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo
Zhèng Yì, 本草正义) in the period of the Republic
of China (about 1912-1949 A.D.). It is the dry root
of Cyathula officinalis Kuan, a perennial herb of the
family Amaranthaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān “short name of
Sichuan Province”, niú “cow” and xī “knee”. The knob of
the stem looks like the knee joint of a cow’s front legs.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan Province,
but also produced in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces
of China; that which is produced in Tianquan, Sichuan
Province, is the best in quality.
autumn and winter. After the basal part of the stem, ■brous roots and sediment are removed, the roots
are baked or left in the sun to partially dry, left in a pile to let the moisture come out to the surface,
and then dried again in the same way. The long ones with ■ne skin, plump ■esh and yellowish-white
9-9◎04.indd 418 2014-12-17 13:43:17

［Processing］ After the impurities and residual rhizomes are removed, the roots are cleaned
with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dried directly for use, or wine-fried ■rst.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter in taste and slightly cold in nature, so that it mainly has a
descending effect. It enters the liver and kidney channels, and is effective for problems related to
the liver and kidney organs and channels. It particularly acts on unblocking channels and collaterals,
and transforming stasis, and is commonly used for patterns of blood stasis. It relieves stranguria by
inducing diuresis, and leads blood and ■re down. Therefore it is applicable for problems due to damp
heat pouring down, adverse ■ow of blood and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang.
［Actions］ Activates blood, dredges channels, leads the blood and fire down and induces
diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain,
retention of the placenta, abdominal masses and traumatic injuries due to blood stasis, it relieves
the pain and other symptoms by activating blood, dredging the channels and leading the blood
downwards.
For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and retention of the placenta
in the pattern of blood stasis, it can be steamed alone with wine and taken internally, or used in
combination with táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the effects.
For abdominal masses, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma
Curcumae) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to transform blood stasis and
masses.
For traumatic swelling and pain, it is usually combined with xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), hóng
huā (Flos Carthami) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to activate blood and improve healing.
2. For aching pain in the lower part of the body due to wind-damp invasion, it relieves pain by
activating blood and dredging channels. If the above problem worsens when exposed to coldness, it
is often combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) and xù
duàn (Radix Dipsaci) to enhance the effects. If the above problem manifests as joint in■ammation
due to damp heat pouring down, it is usually combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae) to
relieve the symptoms by draining damp heat, drying dampness, cooling blood and dredging the
channels.
3. For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, mouth ulcers, and headache and dizziness
due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is good at leading blood and ■re downwards.
For hematemesis and epistaxis triggered by heat, it is often combined with zhĕ shí
(Haematitum), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae) to arrest bleeding
by clearing heat, cooling blood and leading the blood and ■re downwards.
For swollen and aching gums, and mouth ulcers due to yin deficiency and stomach
heat flaming up, it is usually combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to suppress fire, clear the stomach heat and
nourish yin.
For headache, vertigo and bloodshot eyes due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is
usually combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae)
to relieve the symptoms by calming the liver yang and nourishing yin.
4. For stranguria, edema and dif■cult urination, it relieves stranguria by inducing diuresis.
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For stranguria, it is often combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), qú mài (Herba
Dianthi) and huá shí (Talcum), such as in the formula Niú Xī Tāng (Achyranthes Decoction).
For edema and difficult urination, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), dōng guā pí
(■xocarpium Benincasae) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae).
powder, or wine-steeped.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with profuse
menstruation, because it is strong in activating blood and may cause bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains β-ecdysterone and trace elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects on the uterus. It also shows effects of anti-
fertility, increasing secretion of bile, lowering blood lipids and improving the recovery of the liver.
［Notes］ The name chuān niú xī initially appeared in the Wu Zhi-ge’s Supplementation to
Famous Formulas from Renowned Physicians (Wú Zhí Gé Zēng Zhū Jiā Míng Fāng, 吴直阁增诸
家名方) in the Song Dynasty (about 1208 A.D.). It was also recorded in Materia Medica of South
Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty (about 1436 A.D.). However, the relevant contents are not suf■cient to
prove that the species recorded in these books is the same herb that is under discussion here.
Attachment: TǔNiúXī 土牛膝

Radix et Rhizome Achyranthes
［Source］ It is the root and rhizome of Achyranthes longifolia Mak. and Achyranthes aspera L., perennial
herbs of the family Amaranthaceae.
［Properties］ Bitter, sour; neutral.
［Actions］ Activates blood, transforms blood stasis, clears toxic heat and induces diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for menstrual problems, postpartum abdominal pain, arthralgia, pain,
sore throat, diphtheria, foot edema, hematuria and traumatic injury.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ Normally 10-15 g in decoction, and doubled if the fresh herb is used.
［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ Research has shown that Achyranthes longifolia Mak. contains
saponins, of which the aglycon is oleanolic acid, which has functions of promoting breathing and strengthening heart
contractions.
Wáng BùLiúXíng 王不留行

SEMEN VACCARIAE
Cowherb Seed
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic

of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty
(about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature seed of Vaccaria
segetalis (Neck.) Garcke, an annual herb of the family
Caryophyllaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wáng “king”, bù “not”, liú
“keep” and xíng “moving”. It moves all the time such that
even the king cannot order it to keep still. In action it is good
at moving blood, urine and milk.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Heilongjiang,
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Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces of China, with Hebei producing the greatest quantity.
［Collection］ The plant is harvested during the summer when most of the seeds turn yellowish-
brown or even black. The plant is dried naturally and shaken or struck to yield the seeds, which are
then dried in the sun. Plump seeds that are dark in color are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed the seeds are used directly, or dry-fried ■rst.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and neutral in property, it enters the liver and stomach channels. It
is good at moving blood to treat blood stasis-caused problems like dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and
postpartum abdominal pain. It also moves milk and is applicable for poor lactation and mastitis. In
addition, it increases urination and relieves stranguria.
［Actions］ Moves blood and milk ■ow, and induces diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often
combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and hóng
huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the effects. For cases complicated with liver qi stagnation, it is
commonly combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and xiāng fù (Rhizoma
Cyperi) to conduct the liver qi and move the blood as well.
2. For postpartum poor lactation and mastitis due to liver qi stagnation, it is generally combined
with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and chuān shān jiă (Squama
Manitis) to increase lactation by dispersing the liver qi and moving the milk flow. For the above
problems due to qi and blood deficiency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali),
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and pig’s feet to nourish qi and blood and improve lactation.
For mastitis in the early stage, it is often combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), pú gōng
yīng (Herba Taraxaci) and lòu lú (Radix Rhapontici) to relieve the swelling by activating blood and
draining toxic heat.
3. For common stranguria, blood stranguria and stone stranguria with heat or damp heat signs, it
is often combined with huá shí (Talcum), shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) and qú mài (Herba Dianthi) to
clear heat or damp heat by improving urination.
4. In addition, the powder can be applied topically for herpes zoster.
For external use: it is applied via seeds and plaster on the ear acupoints for acupressure.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women because it moves blood
and may cause vaginal bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains saponins, flavonoid glycosides, isosaponarin, phytin,
phosphatides and stigmasterine.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction can remarkably excite the animal uterus, and the
alcohol extractives have even stronger effect. It can also relieve pain, and counteract the implantation
of the fertilized ovum, early pregnancy and tumors.
Chuān Shān Jiǎ 穿山甲

SQUAMA MANITIS
Pangolin Scales
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the
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Northern and Southern Dynasties (about 420-589A.D.).

Its original name was líng lĭ jiă (鲮鲤甲). It is the scale
of Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, an animal of the family
Manidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān “going through”, shān
“mountain” and jiă “■sh scale”. It digs caves for habitation in
mountain areas, and scales like ■sh scales cover most of its
body.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan,
Guizhou, Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Fujian, and also
in Taiwan and other areas of China.
［Collection］ It can be caught the whole year round.
After the animal is killed, its body is blanched quickly in boiling water. The scales are then removed,
washed clean and dried in the sun.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the scales are sand-baked until bulging, which is
called páo shān jiă (炮山甲). If sand-baked ■rst and vinegar quenched later, it is named cù shān jiă (醋
山甲). The scales are then crushed before use.
［Properties］ Salty; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ It is salty and slightly cold so that it has a softening effect on masses and
lumps. It is good at moving blood, unblocking channels and collaterals, and activating milk secretion
and lactation, so it is commonly used for amenorrhea, abdominal masses, arthralgia, paralysis,
traumatic injury and poor lactation. It also can relieve swelling and improve the healing of purulent
infections, especially in the late stage. It is also applicable for scrofula.
［Actions］ Moves blood and milk ■ow, transforms blood stasis, unblocks channels, increases
milk secretion, reduces swelling and improves the healing of purulent infections.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For amenorrhea, abdominal masses and arthralgia complicated
with blood stasis inside, it alleviates pain and reduces lumps and masses by moving blood, activating
blood stasis and unblocking channels.
For amenorrhea due to blood stasis, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to enhance the
effects.
For masses and lumps, it is often combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), é zhú (Rhizoma
Curcumae) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga) to enhance the effects on transforming
blood stasis and reducing the lumps.
For arthralgia with in■exible joint movement, it is often combined with qí shé (Agkistrodon),
wú gōng (Scolopendra) and qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) to relieve the pain and
in■exibility by dredging the channels and collaterals.
2. For postpartum insuf■cient lactation, it increases lactation by moving blood. If the problem
is due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to increase the effects by nourishing qi and blood. If the problem is due
to stagnation of the liver qi, it is often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma
Cyperi) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to help lactation by conducting the liver qi. If the
problem is due to blood stasis, it is often used together with wáng bù liú xíng (Semen Vaccariae) and
lòu lú (Radix Rhapontici) to enhance the effects.
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3. For carbuncles and scrofula, it relieves swelling and improves effective healing.
For carbuncles in the early stage with serious swelling and pain, it is often combined with
jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and zào jiăo cì (Spina
Gleditsiae) to relieve pain and swelling by clearing toxic heat and moving blood, such as in the
formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage). For carbuncles in
the late stage with sluggish pus discharge, it is necessarily combined with shēng huáng qí (Radix
Astragali) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to help the pus discharge and improve the
healing by strengthening qi and blood, such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus-■xpelling
Powder).
For scrofula and subcutaneous nodules, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae),
zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to soften and melt
the lumps and nodules by transforming the blood stasis and phlegm.
4. In addition, it is applicable for hyperplasia of the prostate gland.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, but better 1-1.5 g every time
in powder. The sand-fried one is more commonly used.
ulcerated carbuncles.
［Ingredients］ It contains fatty acids such as stearic acid, 16 kinds of free amino acids such as
threonine, essential oils, alkaloids, cholesterol and a variety of trace elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its processed products show effects of dilating the blood
vessels, decreasing peripheral resistance and signi■cantly increasing the femoral artery blood ■ow in
experimental animals. It also can extend clotting time, reduce blood viscosity, increase white blood
cells, relieve in■ammation and improve the tolerance to oxygen de■ciency.
Summary
Chuān Xiōng vs. Jiāng Huáng
Medicinal Chuān Xiōng Jiāng Huáng

Similarities
Actions Activates the ■ow of blood and qi, disperses exterior wind, relieves pain
· Menstrual disorders, abdominal masses and postpartum problems due to blood stasis
Indications
· Chest pain, arthralgia and traumatic injuries
Entered channels Gallbladder, pericardium Spleen

Differences
Headache, chest and heart pain, chronic

Cold arthralgia of the upper part of the body
Indications arthralgia, and sores and carbuncles
and cold pain in the heart and abdomen
due to blood stagnated inside
· Predominantly activates blood · More active in dispersing cold

Special features
· Acts on the head · Acts more on the shoulders and arms
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Jiāng Huáng vs. Yù Jīn

Medicinal Jiāng Huáng Yù Jīn
Similarities
Actions Activates blood and qi, transforms blood stasis and relieves pain
Chest and abdomen pain due to qi and blood stagnation, abdominal masses and lumps
Indications and menstrual problems due to blood stasis inside, and pain and swelling due to
traumatic injuries
Properties Warm Cold
Entered channels Spleen Heart, gallbladder
Cools blood, resuscitates the mind, moves
Actions — qi to relieve stagnation, tranquilizes the
Differences
mind and improves the secretion of bile

· Problems caused by blood stasis but
· More suitable for problems caused complicated by heat retention
by blood stasis but complicated by · Lack of consciousness and delirium due
Indications coldness retention, and cold arthralgia to febrile disease, epilepsy in the pattern
occurring in the upper part of the body of heat phlegm, bleeding due to heat and
· Used externally for sores and carbuncles blood stasis, damp-heat jaundice, and
liver and spleen enlargement
É Zhú vs. Sān Léng

Medicinal É Zhú Sān Léng
Similarities

Actions Breaks up blood stasis and qi stagnation, reduces food retention and relieves pain
Abdominal masses, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, traumatic
Indications
injuries and food retention with abdominal distending pain
Differences
Properties Warm Neutral
Special features Better at breaking up qi stagnation Better at breaking up blood stasis
Rŭ Xiāng vs. Mò Yào

Medicinal Rŭ Xiāng Mò Yào
Similarities
Entered channels Heart, liver, spleen

Actions Activates blood, alleviates pain and swelling, improves tissue regeneration
Heart and abdominal pain, amenorrhea, abdominal masses and carbuncles that are
Indications
partly due to blood stasis, or traumatic pain and swelling
Differences
Properties Warm Neutral
Better at activating blood and dredging Better at breaking up and transforming

Special features
channels blood stasis
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Dān Shēn vs. Chuān Xiōng

Medicinal Dān Shēn Chuān Xiōng
Similarities
Actions Activates blood to relieve pain

Menstrual problems, abdominal masses, postpartum abdominal pain, chest constriction,
Indications heart pain, abdominal pain, carbuncles and sores, traumatic injuries and similar
problems due to blood stasis
Properties Bitter; slightly cold Acrid; warm
Entered channels Heart Gallbldder, pericardium
Disperses exterior cold from the surface
Differences
Actions Cools blood

of the body
· Problems caused by qi stagnation and
Problems due to blood heat and blood stasis, blood stasis complicated by cold
Indications liver and spleen enlargement, and wind- · Chest pain due to liver qi stagnation, all
damp-heat arthritis kinds of headache and wind-cold-damp
arthritis
Táo Rén vs. Hóng Huā

Medicinal Táo Rén Hóng Huā
Similarities
Actions Activates blood and transforms blood stasis

Often used in combination for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal masses and
Indications
lumps, postpartum abdominal pain, chest pain, heart pain and traumatic pain
Properties Bitter, sweet; neutral; slightly toxic Acrid; warm
Entered channels Large intestine —
Improves the healing of lesions Warmly dredges the channels, transforms
Differences
·
Actions
· Lubricates the bowels skin pigmentation and relieves swelling
· Intestinal abscesses and lung abscesses
Sores and carbuncles, tissue gangrene
Indications · Constipation
and pigmentation after macular eruption
· Cough and wheezing
Special features Better at breaking up blood stasis —
Hóng Huā vs. Xī hóng Huā

Medicinal Hóng Huā Xī Hóng Huā
Similarities
Actions Activates blood and transforms blood stasis

Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal masses and lumps, postpartum abdominal
Indications
pain, chest constriction, heart pain, and traumatic swelling and pain due to blood stasis
Properties Acrid; warm Sweet; cold
· Cools blood and counteracts toxic heat
Actions Transforms skin pigmentation and swelling
Differences
· Calms the mind

Sores and carbuncles, tissue gangrene Problems due to heat in the blood
Indications
and pigmentation after macular eruption depression, panic and mania
Better at treating problems due to blood Better at treating problems in the pattern
Special features
stasis and coldness of blood stasis complicated with heat
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Niú xī vs. Chuān Niú Xī

Medicinal Niú Xī Chuān Niú Xī
Similarities
Transforms blood stasis, unblocks channels, induces diuresis and leads the blood and
Actions
■re downwards
· Menstrual problems, postpartum problems, joint pain, traumatic injuries, dif■cult
urination, stranguria and similar problems related to blood stasis
Indications
· Hematemesis, epistaxis, gum bleeding, gum in■ammation, bloody urine, frequent
mouth ulcers, and headache and vertigo due to the adverse ■ow of qi and ■re
Properties Bitter, sour Slightly bitter
Differences
Actions Nourishes the liver and kidney —

Weakness in the lower part of the body
Indications —
due to liver and kidney de■ciency
Chuān Shān Jiă vs. Wáng Bù Liú Xíng

Medicinal Chuān Shān Jiă Wáng Bù Liú Xíng
Similarities
Actions Activates blood, dredges channels, and improves lactation

Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, mastitis and poor lactation
Indications
due to blood stasis
Properties Salty; slightly cold Bitter; neutral
Reduces swelling and improves the healing
Actions Induces diuresis
of abscesses and scrofula before ulceration
Differences
Indications Carbuncles, scrofula, subcutaneous nodules Stranguria and dif■cult urination
Better at transforming masses and lumps,

and dredging channels
Review Questions
1. Give the de■nition of “herbs that invigorate blood and transform stasis” and their characteristics, actions, clinical
applications and cautions.
2. What kind of herbs are usually used together with herbs that activate blood and transform stasis? Why?
3. Describe the characteristics, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of chuān xiōng, jiāng
huáng, yù jīn, yán hú suŏ and dān shēn.
4. Describe the characteristics, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of xī hóng huā, yì mŭ căo,
niú xī and chuān shān jiă.
5. There are several herbs in this chapter can activate both blood and qi. List their names and individual actions.
6. Compare the following herbs in characteristics, actions and clinical applications: chuān xiōng and yán hú suŏ; yù
jīn and jiāng huáng; sān léng and é zhú; chuān xiōng and dān shēn; rŭ xiāng and mò yào.
7. Compare the following herbs in characteristics, actions and clinical applications: táo rén and hóng huā; hóng huā
and xī hóng huā; yì mŭ căo and zé lán; huái niú xī and chuān niú xī.
8. Qiāng huó, fù zĭ, chì sháo, chuān liàn zĭ and chuān xiōng can all relieve pain. What are the differences in the
9-9◎04.indd 426 2014-12-17 13:43:28

characteristics and clinical applications?

9. Jī xuè téng, dān shēn, chuān xiōng, xiāng fù and ài yè all can regulate menstruation. What are the differences in the
10. Jiāng huáng, niú xī, dān shēn, jī xuè téng and dú huó can all be used for arthralgia. What are the differences in the
11. Jīng jiè, lián qiào, ròu guì, chuān shān jiă and rŭ xiāng can all be used for abscesses. What are the differences in
the characteristics and clinical applications?
12. Bái zhĭ, găo bĕn, jú huā, wú zhū yú and chuān xiōng can all be used for headache. What are the differences in the
13. Simply describe the dose, administration and cautions of rŭ xiāng and mò yào.
9-9◎04.indd 427 2014-12-17 13:43:29

428
CHAPTER 13
Herbs that Transform Phlegm, Arrest Cough
and Calm Wheezing
Section 1 Herbs that Transform Phlegm / 429 Hăi Zăo 海藻 / 452

Bàn Xià 半夏 / 429 Kūn Bù 昆布 / 453
Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星 / 432 Section 2 Herbs that Arrest Cough and
Dăn Nán Xīng 胆南星 / 434 Calm Wheezing / 455
Jiè Zĭ 芥子 / 434 Kŭ Xìng Rén 苦杏仁 / 455
Xuán Fù Huā 旋覆花 / 436 Tián Xìng Rén 甜杏仁 / 457
Bái Qián 白前 / 437 Zĭ Sū Zĭ 紫苏子 / 457
Jié Gĕng 桔梗 / 439 Zĭ Wăn 紫菀 / 458
Qián Hú 前胡 / 441 Kuăn Dōng Huā 款冬花 / 460
Chuān Bèi Mŭ 川贝母 / 442 Băi Bù 百部 / 461
Zhè Bèi Mŭ 浙贝母 / 444 Pí Pá Yè 枇杷叶 / 463
Tŭ Bèi Mŭ 土贝母 / 445 Sāng Bái Pí 桑白皮 / 464
Guā Lóu 瓜蒌 / 446 Tíng Lì Zĭ 葶苈子 / 465
Zhú Rú 竹茹 / 448 Bái Guŏ 白果 / 467
Zhú Lì 竹沥 / 450 Yín Xìng Yè 银杏叶 / 469
Tiān Zhú Huáng 天竺黄 / 451
［De■nition］ Herbs with a primary action of expelling or transforming phlegm are called herbs
that transform phlegm, and herbs with a primary action of relieving or arresting cough and wheezing
are called herbs that arrest cough and calm wheezing. Some of these herbs can only transform
phlegm, but some others can arrest cough and calm wheezing as well.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category can be acrid or bitter in ■avor, and warm or cold
in nature, and most of them enter the lung channel. Acrid herbs are dispersing in effect, and bitter
ones are descending. Warm nature indicates that they can warm the lung and cold nature indicates
heat clearing. Herbs in this chapter are able to arrest cough and calm wheezing by dispersing and
descending the lung qi, and by transforming or expelling phlegm.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are basically used for cough or wheezing with or without
phlegm, and also for scrofula, goiters, subcutaneous nodules, lumps and multiple abscesses that are
considered as phlegm blocking the channels, and for mental disorders, loss of consciousness and
delirium with convulsions, hemiplegia, drowsiness and vertigo, which are considered as being due to
invisible phlegm blocking the channels.
［Modifications］ Cough, wheezing and phlegm are cause and effect of each other, and course of
disease, body constitution and accompanying symptoms vary in each case, so the herbs in this category are
chosen and applied alone or in combination depending on the main complaint, pathogenesis and pattern
differentiation. For example, if cough or wheezing is complicated by symptoms indicating exterior
syndrome, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs for releasing the exterior.
Similarly, herbs for clearing heat, warming the interior, nourishing the body and moving qi are respectively
used in combination for cough or wheezing in the patterns of heat, cold, de■ciency and qi stagnation.
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Chapter 13 Herbs that Transform Phlegm, Arrest Cough and Calm Wheezing 429
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Warm and drying herbs are not suitable for heat-phlegm
or dry-phlegm patterns, cold herbs are not suitable for damp-phlegm and cold-phlegm patterns,
and stimulating expectorant herbs are not suitable for coughs that may involve bleeding, so as to
avoid provocation of bleeding. For cough in the early stage of measles eruption, warm herbs that
particularly arrest cough should be used in combination with acrid and dispersing herbs instead of
being used alone, to avoid a disturbance of the eruption. When phlegm is excessive, herbs in this
chapter for transforming phlegm should be used together with herbs for invigorating the spleen, so
that the phlegm can be cured from the root. A few toxic herbs must be processed and applied with
caution to avoid adverse effects.
Herbs in this chapter are divided into two sections:
· herbs that transform phlegm
· herbs that arrest cough and calm wheezing
Section 1 Herbs that Transform Phlegm

Herbs in this section are either warm, drying or cold in property. They are respectively used for
cough and wheezing with cold phlegm, damp phlegm or heat phlegm, or for other problems due
to phlegm retention, such as vertigo, limb numbness, lumps and nodules, goiters, scrofula, mental
disorders, loss of consciousness and delirium with convulsions, hemiplegia, drowsiness and vertigo,
all of which are considered as being due to invisible phlegm blocking the channels.
Bàn Xià 半夏
RHIZOMA PINELLIAE
Pinellia Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry stem tuber of
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, a perennial herb of the
family Araceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bàn “half” and xià
“summer”. The most flourishing period of this herb is
in the middle ten days of the ■fth month of the Chinese
lunar calendar, which falls in mid-summer.
Henan, Shandong and Anhui provinces of China; that
which is produced in Hubei, Henan and Shandong
provinces is of the best quality.
［Collection］ The underground part is collected during the summer and autumn. The skin and
■brous roots are removed from the tubers, which are then dried in the sun. Big, solid and whitish
tubers that are rich in starch are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with water and dried for use. It also can be processed differently
into qīng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparata cum Alumen), fă bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae
Praeparatum) or jiāng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae in Ginger Juice) for application.
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［Properties］ Acrid; warm; toxic.

［Characteristics］ Acrid, dispersing and warmly drying in property, it mainly enters the spleen
and stomach channels, but also the lung channel. In its natural form it is toxic, but when processed
is much less so. Internally, it dries dampness and transforms phlegm, descends adverse qi and arrests
vomiting, and dissipates masses and swelling. It is particularly effective for vomiting and problems
due to damp-phlegm or cold-phlegm retention. ■xternally, it is applicable for goiters, tumors,
nodules and abscesses.
［Actions］ Dries dampness, transforms phlegm, descends adverse qi, arrests vomiting and
dissipates masses.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm, it is able to transform
phlegm quickly and effectively.
For cough with profuse whitish sputum, it is generally combined with jú pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) and fú líng (Poria) to dry and drain dampness and move qi downwards, such as in the
formula Èr Chén Tāng (Two Matured Substances Decoction).
For cough and wheezing with profuse clear sputum, which is basically due to chronic cold
phlegm retention inside and exterior cold pathogen outside, it is combined with má huáng (Herba
■phedrae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to relieve cough and
wheezing by warmly dispersing the cold pathogen from the exterior and warmly resolving the ■uid
in the interior, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon Decoction).
For cough and wheezing with profuse yellowish turbid sputum, which indicates phlegm heat
accumulating in the lung, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and tiān nán xīng
(Rhizoma Arisaematis), such as in Xiăo Huáng Wán (Small Yellow Pill), or is combined with guā lóu
(Fructus Trichosanthis), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to
assist in clearing heat in particular, and resolving phlegm as well.
2. For vomiting, it is particularly effective for nausea and vomiting due to cold retention or cold
attack from outside. It can also be used for vomiting due to heat or other pathogens.
For vomiting due to cold retention or cold attack, it is often combined with shēng jiāng
(Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), such as in the formula Xiăo Bàn Xià Tāng (Minor Pinellia Decoction).
For vomiting due to heat in the stomach, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis)
and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia), such as in Huáng Lián Jú Pí Zhú Rú Bàn Xià Tāng (Coptis,
Tangerine Peel, Bamboo Shavings and Pinellia Decoction).
For vomiting due to deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, it is combined with rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái mì (Mel) and jú pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to arrest
vomiting, calm the stomach and nourish the spleen at the same time, such as in the formula Dà Bàn
Xià Tāng (Major Pinellia Decoction).
For vomiting due to stomach yin de■ciency, it is combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), mài
dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to arrest vomiting and nourish stomach
yin as well.
For morning sickness accompanied by heat signs, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to relieve vomiting and clear heat; if the
morning sickness is accompanied by cold signs, it is applied together with sū gĕng (Caulis Perillae)
and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to arrest vomiting by warmly calming the stomach.
3. For other problems due to dampness or phlegm retention, it is not only able to dry dampness
and phlegm but also descend the stomach qi.
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For epigastric fullness sensation, or nausea, vomiting and diarrhea with both coldness and heat
signs due to disturbance of the spleen and stomach, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to calm the stomach
and descend qi, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Xiè Xīn Tāng (Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction).
For stomach fullness with pain when pressed and chest constriction, which is basically due to
excessive phlegm heat accumulated in the chest, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis)
and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to release it by clearing heat and resolving phlegm, such as in
Xiăo Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Minor Chest-Draining Decoction).
For sharp or dull radiating chest pain due to excessive damp cold blocking the channels, it
is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) to warmly
resolve phlegm and activate yang, such as in Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bàn Xià Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese
Chive and Pinellia Decoction).
For plum-stone qi (globus hystericus) syndrome manifesting as a special sensation in the throat
like a plum seed obstructing, which is generally due to phlegm retention due to qi stagnation, it is
combined with zĭ sū yè (Folium Perillae), hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) and fú líng (Poria) to
resolve phlegm and move qi, such as in Bàn Xià Hòu Pò Tāng (Pinellia and Of■cinal Magnolia Bark
Decoction).
4. For sudden vertigo due to phlegm accumulation inside with probable symptoms of chest
constriction, nausea, vomiting and greasy whitish tongue coating, it is often combined with tiān má
(Rhizoma Gastrodiae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and jú hóng (■xocarpium
Citri Rubrum) to dry dampness, resolve phlegm, and calm the liver and wind, such as in the formula
Bàn Xià Bái Zhú Tiān Má Tāng (Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction).
5. For goiters, lumps, tumors, nodules, abscesses, hot swelling and snakebite, it is applicable
both internally and externally.
For goiters, lumps, tumors and nodules, it is often combined with hăi zăo (Sargassum), zhè bèi
mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) to resolve lumps and swelling,
such as in the formula Hăi Zăo Yù Hú Tāng (Jade-Pot Seaweed Decoction).
For multiple abscesses, carbuncles, swelling and snakebite, it can be used alone externally in
powder, or the fresh one applied topically.
6. Additionally, if combined with shú mĭ (husked sorghum), it is effective for insomnia due to
dysfunction of the stomach, since it is able to calm the stomach and dry dampness of the stomach,
such as in the formula Bàn Xià Shú Mĭ Tāng (Pinellia and Husked Sorghum Decoction). It is also
useful for geriatric constipation, and often used in combination with liú huáng (Sulfur) to assist yang
and improve bowel movements, such as in Bàn Liú Wán (Pinellia and Sulfur Pill).
For external use: the fresh juice or the dry powder is applied topically. Qīng bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae Praeparata cum Alumen) is good at drying dampness and resolving phlegm; jiāng bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae in Ginger Juice) is good at warming the middle, resolving phlegm, descending
qi and arresting vomiting; fă bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum) is good at drying dampness,
resolving phlegm and calming the stomach; and the unprepared herb is good at counteracting toxicity
and relieving swelling externally.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency, ■uid damage
and bleeding, and is used with caution during pregnancy. It is antagonized to wū tóu (chuān wū,
Radix Aconiti; căo wū, Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i; fù zĭ, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata). The
unprepared one applied externally may cause allergic dermatitis or even necrodermatitis, and thus
9-9◎05.indd 431 2014-12-17 13:55:50

it should be used with great caution on patients with a sensitive constitution. The unprepared herb
is more toxic and should not be used internally. Water infusion, alum solution infusion and high
temperature heating all can reduce its toxicity.
Improper use of it may cause poisoning, which may manifest as itching, pain and numbness in
the mouth and throat, hoarseness, slurred speech, dribbling mouth, loss of taste sensation, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, or even laryngospasm, dyspnea, limb plegia, decrease of
blood pressure, functional lesions of the liver and kidney, and paralysis of the respiratory center in
critical cases.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, l-ephedrine, choline, β-sitosterol, amylose, polysaccharides,
pinellin, many kinds of amino acids and inorganic elements, and trypsin inhibitor.
［Pharmacological Research］ It inhibits cough, expels phlegm, relieves bronchial spasms,
arrests vomiting, inhibits ulcers and arrhythmia, lowers blood lipids, tranquilizes the mind, induces
hypnosis, inhibits tumors, counteracts toxicity, relieves in■ammation, lowers intra-ocular pressure,
inhibits fungus and prevents the adverse reaction of contrast media. It also shows a temporary effect
of lowering blood pressure and glucocorticoids. Pinellin inhibits early pregnancy, showing inhibitory
effects on the pregnant uterus in vitro. The unprepared herb strongly irritates the mucus membranes
of the mouth, throat and digestive tract.
Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星

RHIZOMA ARISAEMATIS
Jack-in-the-pulpit Tuber
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was hŭ
zhăng (“tiger palm”). It is the dry stem tuber of Arisaema
erubescens (Wall.) Schott, Arisaema heterophyllum Bl.,
Arisaema amurense Maxim. or Pinellia pedatisecta
Schott, perennial herbs of the family Araceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān “sky”, nán “south” and
xīng “star”. The stem tubers basically grow in an oblate
shape, the main tuber growing in the middle with several
other smaller tubers attached to it, which looks like the
tiger palm. It also looks like lăo rén xīng (“old man star”)
(老人星), which is located in the southern sky.
［Habitat］ Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott
is mainly produced in Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan
provinces, Arisaema heterophyllum Bl. in Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan provinces, Arisaema amurense
Maxim. in the northeastern areas, Inner Mongolia and Hebei provinces, and Pinellia pedatisecta
Schott in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China.
［Collection］ The stem tubers are collected during autumn and winter when the plant withers.
The ■brous roots and the outer peels are removed, and the tubers are then dried. Big tubers which are
rich in starch are of the best quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned with water and dried for use, or, more traditionally, cut into thin
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［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; warm; toxic.

［Characteristics］ It is strongly acrid, warm, bitter, drying and toxic in property. Mainly entering
the lung, liver and spleen channels, it is able to dry dampness, transform phlegm, dispel exterior
wind, dredge channels and relieve spasms. It is an essential herb for epilepsy, convulsions, vertigo,
facial paralysis and other critical problems due to damp-phlegm retention. It also dissipates lumps,
reduces swelling and relieves pain, and is therefore often used for carbuncles, gangrene, scrofula and
snakebite.
［Actions］ Dries dampness, resolves phlegm, expels wind to relieve spasms and reduces
swelling pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing due to damp-phlegm or cold-phlegm
retention, it is effective in drying dampness and transforming phlegm, though it is more toxic than
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae).
For cough or wheezing due to damp phlegm obstructing the lung, it is often combined with
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to mutually reinforce the effects, or jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum)
and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) are also added to enhance the effects, such as in the
formula Yù Fěn Wán (Jade Powder Pill).
For repeatedly occurring cough or wheezing with profuse sticky phlegm due to phlegm
retention, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum),
shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens), zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) and fú líng (Poria) to
relieve cough and wheezing by descending qi and expelling phlegm, such as in the formula Dăo Tán
Tāng (Phlegm-■xpelling Decoction).
For cough with cold phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) as well
as ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to relieve cough by
warming the lung and expelling phlegm, such as in the formula Jiāng Guì Wán (Fresh Ginger and
Cassia Bark Pill).
For cough and wheezing with profuse yellow sticky phlegm, it is often used together with
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) to
relieve cough and wheezing by clearing lung heat and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Xiăo
Huáng Wán (Small Yellow Pill).
2. For vertigo, stroke, epilepsy, facial paralysis and tetanus due to phlegm blocking the channels,
it is able to transform phlegm and calm convulsions.
For vertigo accompanied by headache and vomiting with profuse sputum, it is combined with
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to resolve phlegm, extinguish wind,
pacify the liver and relieve headache, such as in the formula Huà Tán Yù Hú Wán (Precious Phlegm-
Resolving Pill).
For stroke marked by facial paralysis, it is pounded into powder which is mixed with fresh
ginger juice to make plaster and applied externally on the opposite facial side. If the stroke is marked
by hemiplegia, deviated mouth and eyes, and limb numbness, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to strengthen the
effects, such as in the formula Qīng Zhōu Bái Wán Zĭ (Liver-Pacifying White Pill).
For epilepsy, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), quán xiē (Scorpio) and jiāng
cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to resolve phlegm, extinguish wind and relieve convulsions, such as in
the formula Wŭ Xián Wán (Five Kinds of ■pilepsy-Relieving Pill).
For tetanus convulsions, it is combined with bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii), tiān má (Rhizoma
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Gastrodiae) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to strengthen the effect on extinguishing wind and
calming convulsions, such as in Yù Zhēn Săn (True Jade Powder).
3. For abscesses, carbuncles, scrofula and nodules before ulceration, it is powdered and applied
topically in mixture with vinegar. For snakebite poisoning, it is applied topically together with xióng
huáng (Realgar) in powder.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-9 g crushed in decoction, or 0.3-1 g per time in
pills or powder. For external use: the dry powder or the fresh paste is applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for pregnant women and patients with dry
cough, excessive heat or convulsions in the pattern of blood de■ciency. The unprepared herb is very
toxic, so internal application is not encouraged. Water infusion, alum solution infusion and high
temperature heating all can reduce its toxicity.
Improper use of the unprepared herb may induce poisoning, which manifests as erosion or necrosis
and shedding of the oral mucus membrane, numbness and a feeling of blood congestion in the mouth
and throat, paralysis of the muscles, loss of taste sensation, profuse drooling, hoarseness, slurred
speech, fever, headache, palpitations, numbness of the limbs, and loss of consciousness, convulsions
and asphyxia in critical cases. The fresh herb may irritate the skin, inducing itching and hot swelling.
［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenoid saponins, benzoic acid, amino acids, D-mannitol,
diketopiperatines, many kinds of organic acids, carbohydrates, lectines and microelements. Its
poisoning component is korazim toxin.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction shows effects of expelling phlegm, anti-convulsion,
sedation and analgesia. The crystal of D-mannitol of the unprepared herb shows tumor inhibitory
activity, while its aqueous extract obviously inhibits experimental tumors in mice, such as sarcoma
S (180), hepatic cancer and squamous epithelium type cancer of the cervix transplanted into rats.
Diketopiperazine alkaloids antagonize experimental arrhythmia induced by aconitine. It strongly
irritates the skin and mucus membranes. Two kinds of alkaloids it contains counteract free radicals,
lipid peroxidation and ATP enzyme on the membrane.
Attachment: Dǎn Nán Xīng 胆南星

Arisaema cum Bile
［Source］ It is the processed powder, which is composed of prepared tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and
the bile of cows, sheep or pigs.
［Properties］ Bitter; cool.
［Actions ＆ Clinical Applications］ It is less harsh in its drying property when compared to tiān nán xīng. It is
good at clearing heat, resolving phlegm, extinguishing wind and calming convulsions, and is applicable for cough
with heat phlegm, loss of consciousness with convulsions, acute infantile convulsions, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ According to research, it inhibits the central nervous system.
Jiè Zǐ芥子
SEMEN SINAPIS
Mustard Seed
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the Northern and
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Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Bái jiè zĭ initially

appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang
Dynasty (about 659 A.D.). It is the dry and mature seed
of Sinapis alba L. or Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss,
annual and biennial herbs of the family Cruciferae. The
former is called bái jiè zĭ (白芥子) and the latter huáng jiè
zĭ (黄芥子).
［■xplanation of Name］ Jiè “very special” and zĭ
“seed”. It is a seed that when crushed smells pungent and
tastes hot. The seeds which are bright yellow or brownish
yellow outside are called huáng (“yellow”) jiè zĭ, while
the ones which are whitish or yellowish white outside are
called bái (“white”) jiè zĭ.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shanxi, Shandong, Anhui, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan and Henan
provinces of China.
［Collection］ The seeds are collected during the late summer and early autumn, and dried in the
sun. Those which are plump, even in size and clean with bright color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned for use, or stir-fried first for use. They are crushed before
application.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm and dispersing in property, it particularly enters the lung
channel to warm the lung, expel cold phlegm and activate qi movement. It also dredges channels and
collaterals, dissipates cold accumulation and relieves pain. It is effective for problems due to cold-
phlegm or ■uid-phlegm retention, and subcutaneous swelling and nodules, which may re■ect phlegm
trapped inside the body.
［Actions］ Warms the lung, resolves phlegm, moves qi, dissipates nodules, dredges collaterals
and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wheezing and cough with excessive thin sputum, it is combined
with zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) and lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani) to strengthen the effect on resolving
phlegm, such as in the formula Sān Zĭ Yăng Qīn Tāng (Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction).
For cough induced by pleural fluid retention, wheezing and chest constriction and pain,
it is combined with gān suì (Radix Kansui) and dà jĭ (Radix ■uphorbiae Pekinensis) to induce
expectoration and diuresis, such as in Kòng Xián Dān (Fluid Retention-■xpelling ■lixir).
2. For joint swelling, cold pain and limb numbness, it is combined with mă qián zĭ (Semen
Strychni) and mò yào (Myrrha) to dredge collaterals and relieve pain, such as in the formula Bái Jiè
Zĭ Săn (White Mustard Seed Powder).
For gangrene and multiple abscesses in the cold type, it is combined with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla
Cornus Cervi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to
warm yang, tonify blood, dissipate cold and dredge channels, such as in the formula Yáng Hé Tāng
(Harmonious Yang Decoction).
3. In addition, for cold wheezing, it is combined with xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), gān suì
(Radix Kansui) and shè xiāng (Moschus), and applied in powder externally on the acupoints of BL
13 (fèi shù) and BL 43 (gāo huāng).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction for a short time, or made into
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pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically.

［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with dry cough or digestive tract
ulcers and bleeding, since it is acrid, warm, drying and irritative in property. Over-use of it may
cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. ■xternal use should be limited to 10-15 minutes, because it can
irritate the skin and cause blistering. For the same reason, it is used with great caution on sensitive
skin, and is prohibited for patients with ulcerated skin.
［Ingredients］ It contains sinigrin, myrosase, sinapinic acid, sinapine and fatty oils. Bái jiè zĭ
(Semen Sinapis) contains sinapine, myrosase, fatty oils and proteins.
［Pharmacological Research］ It relieves cough, expels phlegm, relieves wheezing and inhibits
dermatophytes. It irritates skin and causes an in■ammatory reaction that may work as an acupoints
stimulator.
Xuán FùHuā 旋覆花

FLOS INULAE
Inula Flower
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry flower head of
Inula japonica Thunb. or Inula Britannica L., perennial
herbs of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xuán “round shape”, fù
“covering” and huā “flower”. Its flower, yellow in color
and round in shape, grows singly on the top of the stem,
looking like a round plate cover of the plant. Its alternative
name is jīn qián huā (金钱花).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu
and Zhejiang provinces of China; Henan Province
produces the most, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces
produce the best.
［Collection］ The ■ower clusters are collected during the summer and autumn when the ■owers
are ■ourishing. They are cleaned and dried in the shade or in the sun. The big, complete and clean
■owers with beautiful yellow color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ Small branches, stalks, leaves and other impurities are cleaned away from it for
use, or it is honey-fried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid, salty; slightly warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter so that it is descending, and acrid so that it is dispersing, and
slightly warm in property. It mainly enters the lung and stomach channels, and also the spleen
and large intestine channels. It descends the stomach qi to relieve epigastric fullness, improves
■uid metabolism and transforms phlegm. It is an effective herb for hiccups, nausea, vomiting and
wheezing particularly when they are due to the adverse qi ■ow of the stomach and the lung.
［Actions］ Descends the adverse qi ■ow, resolves phlegm and arrests vomiting.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with whitish sticky phlegm, it is combined
with zĭ sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
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Reticulatae) to resolve phlegm and dry dampness. For cough and wheezing with yellow sticky
phlegm, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and tíng lì
zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii) to clear heat and phlegm. For cough with thin white sputum
triggered by exogenous wind, it is combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani) to arrest cough, disperse wind and resolve phlegm, such as
in the formula Jīn Fèi Căo Săn (Inula Herb Powder).
For chest constriction with dry and very sticky sputum, it is combined with hăi fú shí (Pumex)
to enhance the effects. For chest constriction with constipation due to phlegm-■uid retention, it is
combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei) to purge the bowels and reduce the phlegm.
2. For vertigo with nausea and vomiting due to damp-phlegm retention in the middle due to
stomach qi not moving downwards naturally and instead going upwards, it is often combined
with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Rubrum) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Recens) to check nausea and vomiting by resolving phlegm and descending the
counter■ow of the stomach qi, such as in the formula Xuán Fù Huā Tāng (Inula Flower Decoction).
If the above problem is complicated by qi de■ciency, it is combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum),
bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng) to descend the adverse ■ow of qi, resolve phlegm and strengthen qi at same time,
such as in the formula Xuán Fù Dài Zhĕ Tāng (Inula and Hematite Decoction).
3. It also activates blood circulation and is used for chest pain. If the problem is due to liver qi
stagnation, it is often combined with qiàn căo (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae)
and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) to enhance the effect on soothing the liver. If the chest pain is due to
■uid retention inside and exterior wind attack outside, it is often combined with xiāng fù (Rhizoma
Cyperi), chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and fú líng (Poria), such as in the formula Xiāng Fù
Xuán Fù Huā Tāng (Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome and Inula Flower Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g cloth-wrapped in decoction. The honey-
fried herb is milder in property, so that it is more suitable for cases with lung-qi de■ciency.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough in the pattern of yin
de■ciency, ■uid de■ciency or spleen-qi de■ciency. It should be cloth-wrapped ■rst before decoction,
because the ■oss of the ■owers may irritate the throat to cause cough and vomiting.
［Ingredients］ It contains britanin, intussusceer acid, quercetin and taraxasterol.
［Pharmacological Research］ It relieves cough, expels phlegm, relieves asthma, counteracts
inflammation, protects immunological injury of the liver and inhibits bacteria. The flavonoid
glycoside it contains can relieve bronchial spasms in animals induced by histamine, but the effect
is slower and weaker than that of aminophylline. The lactone of Inula Britannica L. can kill
trichomonas vaginalis and entamoeba histolytica schaudinn. Gaillardin inhibits cancer.
Bái Qián 白前
RHIZOMA ET RADIX CYNANCHI STAUNTONII
Cynanchum Root and Rhizome

and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dry rhizome and root of Cynanchum stauntonii
(Decne.) Schltr. ex Levl. or Cynanehum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz., perennial herbs of the
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family Asclepiadaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and qián
“clipping”. The rhizome and root are white and broken
easily.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui,
Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi provinces of
China.
［Collection］ The rhizome and root are collected in
autumn. They are washed clean and dried in the sun. Big
thick ones with long ■brous roots are of the best quality.
cleaned with water, moistened completely, cut into segments and dried for use, or honey-fried for
use.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly bitter and mild in property and enters the lung channel. It is good
at descending the lung qi, resolving phlegm and arresting cough, and is widely used for cough with
profuse phlegm either due to cold or heat.
［Actions］ Descends the lung qi, reduces phlegm and arrests cough.
［Clinical Applications］ For cough and wheezing with profuse phelgm, it is a commonly-used
essential herb.
For cough and throat itching triggered by exogenous wind and cold, it is often combined
with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) to resolve phlegm and release the exterior, such as in the formula Zhĭ Sòu Săn (Cough-
Stopping Powder).
For cough and wheezing due to phlegm heat obstructing the lung, it is often combined with
sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) to enhance
the effects.
For cough with sputum in the pattern of yin and qi deficiency of the lung, manifested by
weak cough and tiredness, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), nán shā shēn (Radix
Adenophorae) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve cough by resolving phlegm,
nourishing the lung qi and moistening the lung as well.
For pertussis (whooping cough), it is applicable together with băi bù (Radix Stemonae), chuān
bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae) to resolve phlegm and
relieve cough.
The honey-fried one is used for cough with de■ciency.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dry cough, vulnerable
stomach or potential bleeding, since it is bitter and dispersing and may irritate the stomach
membrane. Over-use is to be avoided for the same reason.
［Ingredients］ Cynanchum stauntonii (Decne.) Schltr. ex Levl. contains β-sitosterol, fatty acids
and hancockinol. Cynanehum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz. contains saponins, sapogenin, new
saponin and disaccharide.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough, expelling phlegm, anti-
in■ammation, analgesia and anti-thrombosis.
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Jié Gěng 桔梗
RADIX PLATYCODONIS
Platycodon Root
Platycodon grandi■orum (Jacq.) A. DC., a perennial herb
of the family Campanulaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jié “pry bar” and gĕng
“root”. The root looks like a pry bar with a big head and
small tail. Bitter, whitish and solid roots are of the best
quality.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northeastern,
northern and eastern areas of China.
spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed,
the main roots are dried. Plump, whitish, solid and bitter
roots are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they are washed clean, moistened completely and
then cut into slices for use.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, dispersing, and slightly bitter and purging in property, it is neutral
so that it can be widely used for many types of problems, particularly those that are related to the
lung. It is good at dispersing the lung qi, expelling phlegm, easing the throat and improving purulent
discharge, and often works as a key herb for cough with profuse phlegm, sore throat, loss of voice
and lung abscesses.
［Actions］ Disperses the lung qi, expels phlegm, eases the throat and improves purulent
discharge.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough with profuse phlegm, it can apply either in the patterns of
cold or heat, excess or de■ciency.
For cough with clear sputum triggered by exterior wind cold, it is often combined with zĭ
sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and chén pí (Pericarpium
Citri Reticulatae) to relieve cough by dispersing wind and cold from the exterior, and expelling
phlegm from the interior, such as in the formula Xìng Sū Săn (Apricot Kernel and Perilla
Powder).
For cough with yellow turbid phlegm due to exterior wind heat affecting the lung or
febrile diseases in the early stage, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to arrest cough by clearing heat,
resolving phlegm and releasing the exterior, such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry Leaf and
Chrysanthemum Beverage).
For cough with cold phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huà
jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Grandis) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve cough by
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warmly resolving phlegm and dispersing the lung qi. For cough with heat phlegm, it is often
combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and
zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to relieve cough by clearing heat and phlegm and dispersing the
lung qi.
2. For sore throat and loss of voice, either due to exogenous factors or internal damage, it
always can be used together with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to release the throat
by dispersing the lung qi and counteracting toxic heat, such as in the formula Jié Gĕng Tāng
(Platycodon Decoction).
For sore throat triggered by exterior wind heat, it is often combined with bò he (Herba
Menthae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to release the throat
by dispersing the wind and heat.
For serious sore throat due to excessive accumulation of heat, it is often combined with shè
gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae), mă bó (Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia) and băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) to
relieve the swelling and pain by purging heat and toxins.
For frequently occurring sore throat due to yin de■ciency and ■re ■aring up, it is combined
with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and ròu guì (Cortex
Cinnamomi) to relieve the swelling pain by cultivating yin, descending ■re and purging toxic heat.
If the above cases are complicated by hoarseness or loss of voice, it is combined with chán tuì
(Periostracum Cicadae) and mă bó (Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia) to enhance the effects.
3. For lung abscesses, cough and chest pain with purulent sputum, it is combined with yú xīng
căo (Herba Houttuyniae), yì yĭ rén (Semen Coicis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to improve
expectoration and clear heat.
4. For chest constriction and pain, it acts to move qi ■ow of the chest. If the chest problem is due
to phlegm retention and qi stagnation, it is generally combined with zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to
enhance the effects on qi ascending and descending, such as in the formula Jié Gĕng Zhĭ Qiào Tāng
(Platycodon and Mature Bitter Orange Decoction), but if the case also presents manifestations of
blood stasis such as stabbing pain around the chest, chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), chì sháo
(Radix Paeoniae Rubra), yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) and such herbs that activate qi and blood
■ow should be used in combination too.
5. Additionally, it is applicable for cases with urinary retention and constipation that are probably
due to lung-qi stagnation, because it is so effective in dispersing the lung qi.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ ■xcessive application may cause nausea. It is prohibited for
patients with nausea, vomiting, dizziness, chronic cough in the pattern of yin de■ciency, cough with
hemoptysis or gastric ulcers.
［Ingredients］ It contains many kinds of triterpenoid saponins such as platycodin, betulin,
α-spinasterol, polysaccharides, amino acids, fatty oils and vitamins.
［Pharmacological Research］ Platycodin stimulates the bronchial mucosa to remarkably induce
expectoration. It also inhibits cough, in■ammation, gastric secretion, gastric ulcers and convulsions,
relieves pain, tranquilizes the mind, lowers body temperature, blood lipids and sugar, dilates the
coronary arteries, relaxes the intestinal smooth muscles, counteracts allergic and bilineurin reaction,
improves colalin secretion, inhibits tumors and enhances immunity. It may induce hemolysis, so
its injection is not allowed, but oral administration is encouraged because platycodin can easily be
neutralized in the digestive tract.
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Qián Hú前胡
RADIX PEUCEDANI
Hogfennel Root

and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dry
root of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn or Peucedanum
decursivum Maxim., perennial herbs of the family
Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qián “front” and hú “chái
hú”. It looks very much like chái hú (Radix Bupleuri),
but softer. It can easily be found everywhere in front of
every house.
［Habitat］ Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn is
mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hunan and Sichuan
provinces, and Peucedanum decursivum Maxim. mainly
in Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang and Hunan provinces.
［Collection］ The root is collected during the late
autumn to the following early spring when the plant
withers. It is dried in the sun, or in a low-temperature oven. The big and solid but soft roots with
strong aroma are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and residual stalks and stems are removed, it is washed clean,
moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use, or honey-fried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter, slightly purging, acrid and dispersing, and slightly cold in
property. It enters the lung channel to disperse the lung qi, disperse the exterior wind and heat from
the exterior, and expel phlegm as well. It generally acts as a key herb in the treatment of cough and
wheezing due to exterior wind heat or internal phlegm heat.
［Actions］ Descends qi, resolves phlegm and disperses wind heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum, it is used in
combination with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori), kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and zhè bèi
mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear heat, resolve phlegm, and relieve cough and wheezing,
such as in the formula Qián Hú Săn (Hogfennel Root Powder). If the above problem is complicated
with nausea and vomiting, indicating that the stomach is involved in the process, it is combined with
xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) to relieve the problem by resolving damp phlegm and calming the stomach, such as in
the formula Qián Xìng Èr Chén Tāng (Two Matured Substances Plus Almond and Hogfennel Root
Decoction).
2. For cough with yellow or yellowish sputum and potential fever, and aversion to cold triggered
by exterior wind heat, it is generally combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus
Arctii) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by dispersing the wind and heat from
the lung and exterior, and dispersing the lung qi as well. It is also applicable for cough triggered
9-9◎05.indd 441 2014-12-17 13:56:06

by exterior wind cold if used in combination with sū yè (Folium Perillae), kŭ xìng rén (Semen
Armeniacae Amarum) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), such as in the formula Xìng Sū Săn (Apricot
Kernel and Perilla Powder).
3. Additionally, it is applicable for sluggish eruption of measles accompanied by cough, and used
in combination with shēng má (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and bò he
(Herba Menthae) to facilitate eruption, disperse lung qi and relieve cough, such as in the formula
Xuān Dú Fā Biăo Tāng (Toxin-Diffusing ■xterior-Releasing Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g in decoction, also made into pills or
powder. The honey-fried herb is milder and moistening in property, and thus is more suitable for
chronic cough with qi de■ciency or dry cough.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for cough with yin de■ciency or cold ■uid
retention.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, coumarin compounds, coumarin glycoside compounds,
D-mannitol, β-sitosterol, galactitol, daucosterol, saponins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction remarkably and persistently increases mucus
secretion of the respiratory tract to improve phlegm expectoration. It also shows effects of anti-
in■ammation, anti-ulcer, anti-allergy, anti-convulsion, dilating of the vessels, remarkably increasing
coronary blood flow and decreasing coronary resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption,
depressing myocardial contractility, anti-arrhythmia, lowering blood pressure, anti-platelet
aggregation, and depressing the proliferation and metabolism of tumor cells. It also shows effects of
sedation, anti-bacteria, inhibiting the proliferation of in■uenza virus and the activity of tyrosinase,
and decreasing melanogenesis. Peucedanin can be used for Bang′s disease.
Chuān Bèi Mǔ川贝母

BULBUS FRITILLARIAE CIRRHOSAE
Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry bulb of Fritillaria
cirrhosa D. Don, Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C.
Hsia, Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. or Fritillaria delavayi
Franch., perennial herbs of the family Liliaceae. The ■rst
three are also called sōng bèi (松贝) or qīng bèi (青贝)
according to their different shapes and properties. The last
one is called lú bèi (炉贝).
［■xplanation of Name］ Chuān is the short name of
Sichuan Province, bèi “a kind of white and round shell”
and mŭ “mother”. Mainly produced in Sichuan Province,
and appearing like small shells in shape and color, it
produces new shoots like a mother with babies.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Tibet of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn, or the early spring when the snow
melts. After ■brous roots, rough skin and sediment are removed, it is dried in the sun or at a low
temperature. Small bulbs which are even in size, complete, solid, purely white in color and lustrous
9-9◎05.indd 442 2014-12-17 13:56:08


［Processing］ It is cleaned again, soaked in water for a short while and left for moistening. The
core is taken out when soft and the remainder is dried for use. It can also be ground into ■ne powder
or cut into very thin slices for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet, acrid; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, heart.
［Characteristics］ Basically bitter and cold in property, and also slightly sweet and acrid, it
enters the lung and heart channels. It relieves cough, transforms phlegm, clears heat and moistens the
lung, and is particularly applied for dry cough in the pattern of dry heat or heat complicated by yin
de■ciency. It is also applied for nodules and heat swelling, which generally is considered as being
due to phlegm-heat retention.
［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, moistens the lung, relieves cough, and dissipates
nodules and swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is widely used for cough either due to interior or exterior pattern,
and is particularly effective for dry cough.
For cough with yellow turbid sputum, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) to
improve the effects.
For cough with bloody sputum due to lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is combined with băi
hé (Bulbus Lilii), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata)
to nourish yin and moisten the lung, such as in the formula Băi Hé Gù Jīn Tāng (Lily Bulb Metal-
Securing Decoction).
For pulmonary tuberculosis with hemoptysis, băi bù (Radix Stemonae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii
Asini) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) should be used in the combination to nourish yin, moisten the
lung, resolve phlegm and check bleeding.
For cough with slightly sticky sputum triggered by exterior dry heat, it is generally combined
with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to enhance the effects on clearing lung heat and moistening
lung yin, such as in the formula Èr Mŭ Wán (Anemarrhena and Fritillaria Bulb Pill). Mài mén dōng
(Radix Ophiopogonis) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) can also be chosen to work together
with it to nourish yin, moisten the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough, such as in the formula
Bèi Mŭ Săn (Fritillaria Bulb Powder). For cough triggered by exterior wind heat, it is combined with
sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve
cough by dispersing wind and heat, and dispersing the lung qi. For cough or wheezing with profuse
phlegm caused by exterior wind cold, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), gān căo (Radix
et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to improve the effects, such as
in the formula Fù Fāng Chuān Bèi Jīng Piàn (Complex Fritillaria Bulb Tablet).
2. For scrofula, which is generally diagnosed as phlegm-■re accumulation, it is combined with
xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to dissipate the lumps by resolving
phlegm, such as in the formula Xiāo Luŏ Wán (Scrofula-Dissipating Pill).
For acute mastitis in the pattern of toxic-heat accumulation, it is basically combined with pú
gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) to
clear toxic heat, transform blood stasis and reduce swelling.
For lung abscess cough with purulent turbid sputum, it is generally combined with yú xīng căo
(Herba Houttuyniae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to enhance the
effects.
9-9◎05.indd 443 2014-12-17 13:56:10

For skin sores and swellings, it is combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), rŭ
xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó
Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 1-1.5 g every time in
powder or pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold phlegm or damp phlegm
because of its cold and moistening property. It is contraindicated for use with căo wū (Radix Aconiti
Kusnezof■i), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata).
［Ingredients］ It contains different kinds of alkaloids, such as chinpeimine, fritiminine,
beilupeimine, imperialine, fritimine, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It acts as an expectorant and shows effects of arresting cough,
lowering blood pressure, relieving smooth muscle spasms, exciting the uterus in vitro and anti-
bacteria.
Zhè Bèi Mǔ浙贝母

BULBUS FRITILLARIAE THUNBERGII
Thunberg Fritillary Bulb
［Source］ Initially appeared in The Orthodox Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Zhèng, 本草正) in the
Ming Dynasty (about 1624 A.D.). It is the dry bulb of
Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., a perennial herb of the family
Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhè is the short name of
Zhejiang Province, bèi “a kind of white and round shell”
and mŭ “mother”. Originally produced in Xiangshan,
Zhejiang Province, and appearing like shells in shape and
color, it produces new shoots like a mother with babies.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Yin county of
Zhejiang Province, and also in Jiangsu Province of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer
when the plant withers. The bigger ones with the core
removed are called dà (“big”) bèi (大贝), while the smaller ones with the core retained are called zhū
(“pearl”) bèi (珠贝). They are rubbed to remove the skin, mixed with calcined shell powder to get the
juice absorbed and then dried for use. Big and solid bulbs with purely white cross-sections and rich
in starch are of the best quality.
Alternately, they are just washed clean with the cores removed, cut into thick pieces (called zhè
bèi piàn, 浙贝片), washed again and dried for use.
［Processing］ Dà (“big”) bèi or zhū (“pearl”) bèi are cleaned with water, moistened completely,
cut into thick slices and dried for use, while zhè bèi piàn is crushed for use.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in property, and entering the lung and heart channels, it is
similar to chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) in actions but more effective in clearing heat
and resolving phlegm and swelling.
9-9◎05.indd 444 2014-12-17 13:56:11

［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, reduces swelling and relieves cough.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough triggered by exterior wind heat, it is often combined with
sāng yè (Folium Mori) and qián hú (Radix Peucedani) to improve the effects.
For cough with yellow turbid sputum due to heat retention in the lung, it is generally combined
with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to reinforce the effects on
clearing lung heat, resolving phlegm and relieving cough.
2. For scrofula with heat signs, it is combined with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and mŭ lì
(Concha Ostreae) to reinforce the effects on resolving phlegm and swelling, such as in the formula
Xiāo Luŏ Wán (Scrofula-Resolving Pill).
For goiters, it is combined with hăi zăo (Sargassum), kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) and xià kū
căo (Spica Prunellae) to soften and resolve the swelling or lumps.
For toxic-heat sores and abscesses, it is generally combined with pú gōng yī ng (Herba
Taraxaci), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to clear toxic heat, and
improve the healing of sores and abscesses.
For lung abscesses, it is combined with yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae), yì yĭ rén (Semen
Coicis) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to cure them by clearing heat and reducing swelling.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 1-1.5 g every time in
powder or pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold phlegm or damp phlegm
because of its cold and moistening property. It is contraindicated for use with căo wū (Radix Aconiti
Kusnezof■i), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata).
［Ingredients］ It contains peimine, verticinone, peminoside, different kinds of diterpene
compounds, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It prolongs sleeping time, regulates bronchial smooth muscles and
lowers blood pressure. It also shows remarkable effects on acute in■ammations with effusion and on
diarrhea. Peimine and verticinone show remarkable effects on cough. Peimine in low concentration
signi■cantly relaxes the bronchial smooth muscles, tranquilizes the mind and kills pain.
Attachment: TǔBèi Mǔ 土贝母

Rhizoma Bolbostematis
［Source］ It is the dry tuber of Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet., a perennial climbing herb of the
family Cucurbitaceae.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, liver, gallbladder.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat, dissipates lumps and subdues swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for acute mastitis, breast lumps, carcinoma of the breast, scrofula,
nodules, sores, swelling and snakebite.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or in powder or pills. For external use: the
powder is applied topically, or made into paste and applied in plaster.
［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ It contains bolbostemmae glucoside, which shows effects of anti-
in■ammation, anti-cancer and immuno-depression.
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Guā Lóu 瓜蒌
FRUCTUS TRICHOSANTHIS
Snakegourd Fruit

and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dry
and mature fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or
Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms, perennial herbaceous
vine plants of the family Cucurbitaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Guā “containing” and lóu
“multiple-■oored building”. It appears like a bag, which
normally contains pulp and a lot of seeds, like a wise
man having a lot of ideas. The seed compartments are
stacked within the fruits like a multi-story apartment
building.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Henan
and Hebei provinces of China; those which are produced
in Feicheng, Changqing and Zibo, Shandong Province,
［Collection］ The mature fruit is collected in the autumn. The fruit with stalk is cut off from
the plant and dried in dry shade. Complete fruits with wrinkled, thick and tough skin having apricot
yellow or reddish-yellow color, and with sticky cross-sections are of the best quality, and are called
quán guā lóu (全瓜蒌).
The fruit can also be cut open to take the pulp out, and leave the peel and seeds. The peel and
seeds are then dried separately. The peel is called guā lóu pí (瓜蒌皮), and thick ones with reddish-
orange outer skin and yellowish-white inner surface are of the best quality. The seed is called guā lóu
rén (瓜蒌仁), also known as guā lóu zĭ (瓜蒌子), and the big, plump, oily and sweet ones are of the
best quality.
［Processing］ Quán guā lóu: After impurities and stalks are removed, it is washed again, pressed
■at, cut into narrow slices or pieces, and dried for use. Guā lóu pí: After impurities and stalks are
removed, it is washed quickly with water, cut into narrow slices and dried for use. Guā lóu rén: After
impurities and immature seeds are removed, it is washed clean with water and dried in the sun for
use. It also can be dry-fried for use. It should be crushed before use.
［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, bitter, cold and moistening in property, and entering the lung, stomach
and large intestine channels, it clears lung heat, moistens the lung and large intestine, transforms
phlegm and moves qi flow in the chest. It is an essential herb for the treatment of cough and
wheezing with yellow turbid sputum and dry cough due to dry heat, and also for heart and stomach
problems, dry stool constipation, and toxic abscesses and swellings.
［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, moves chest qi, dissipates lumps, reduces abscesses,
moistens dryness and lubricates the bowels.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum, particularly
9-9◎05.indd 446 2014-12-17 13:56:14

those cases complicated with dry stools or constipation, it is often combined with huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae), dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) and zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to improve
the effects, such as in the formula Qīng Qì Huà Tán Wán (Qi-Clearing and Phlegm-Transforming Pill).
For cough and wheezing with red face, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae),
shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii)
to arrest the cough and wheezing by purging lung heat and resolving phlegm, such as in the formula
Qīng Jīn Jiàng Huŏ Tāng (Lung-Clearing and Fire-Reducing Decoction).
For cough with dif■cult expectoration and sore throat due to dry heat attack, it is combined
with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and jié gĕng
(Radix Platycodonis) to relieve the cough by clearing lung heat, moistening the lung and resolving
phlegm, such as in the formula Bèi Mŭ Guā Lóu Săn (Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder) recorded
in Medical Revelations (Yī Xué Xīn Wù, 医学心悟) in the Qing Dynasty (1732).
2. For chest constriction due to stagnation of chest yang and phlegm retention, it is generally
combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) to warmly activate yang and move the chest qi,
such as in the formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bái Jiŭ Tāng (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and White Wine
Decoction), or it is combined with xiè bái (Bulbus Allii Macrostemi) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae)
to reinforce its effects on resolving phlegm, such as in the formula Guā Lóu Xiè Bái Bàn Xià Tāng
(Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction).
For stomachache accompanied by epigastric fullness, which may be due to interaction of
phlegm and heat in the chest, it is combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae) to relieve the pain and fullness sensation by clearing heat, resolving phlegm and
moving qi, such as in the formula Xiăo Xiàn Xiōng Tāng (Minor Chest-Draining Decoction).
3. For lung abscesses with purulent bloody sputum, it is often combined with yú xīng căo (Herba
Houttuyniae), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) and táo rén (Semen Persicae) to enhance the effects.
For intestinal abscesses, it is combined with bài jiàng căo (Herba Patriniae), yì yĭ rén (Semen
Coicis) and hóng téng (Caulis Sargentodoxae) so as to purge toxic heat, reduce swelling and improve
the healing.
For acute mastitis in the early stage with hard swelling pain, it is combined with dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to act by clearing toxic heat,
transforming blood stasis and subduing swelling, such as in the formula Shén Xiào Guā Lóu Săn
(■ffective Trichosanthes Powder).
For skin sores and abscesses, it is combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), jīn yín huā
(Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to reinforce its effects.
For the above cases in early stage before purulence, the fresh herb can be pounded and applied
topically.
4. For constipation with dry stools due to heat inside, it is often combined with huŏ má rén
(Semen Cannabis), yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni) and stir-fried zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to
improve its effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g of quán guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis),
or 6-12 g of guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis), or 9-15 g of guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis)
in decoction, or made into powder or pills. Guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) is good at clearing
heat, resolving phlegm and moving the chest qi. Guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) is more effective
in moistening the lung, resolving phlegm and lubricating the intestines. Quán guā lóu (Fructus
Trichosanthis) can do everything that its peel and seed can do.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools due to qi
9-9◎05.indd 447 2014-12-17 13:56:16

deficiency, cold phlegm or damp phlegm, because of its cold and moistening property. It is
contraindicated for use with căo wū (Radix Aconiti Kusnezof■i), chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) and fù zĭ
(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata).
［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenoid saponins, organic acids, resins, saccharides, proteins and
pigmentum. Its pulp contains 17 kinds of amino acids and 11 kinds of mineral elements. The seed
contains fatty oils, trichosanic acid, multi-amino acids, semen trichosanthis glucoprotein, etc. The
peel contains small amounts of volatile oils, multi-amino acids, mineral elements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The total amino acids in the peel and saponins show effects of
expectoration. Guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) and their
preparations have anti-arrhythmic effect. Guā lóu injection shows effects of dilating the coronary
artery and increasing coronary blood flow, protective effect on acute myocardial ischemia in rats
induced by pituitrin, and improving the tolerance to normal pressure or hypobaric hypoxia. It also
dilates capillaries, lowers lipid peroxides (LPO), and increases activity of superoxide dismutase
(SOD), prostacyclin (PGI2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). It can raise tolerance
towards the hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia. It dilates microvessels to delay microcirculation
disturbance, and lowers serum cholesterol. It has inhibiting actions on pneumococci, pseudomonas
aeruginosa, hemolytic streptococcus and bacillus in■uenzae. The fatty oils of guā lóu rén (Semen
Trichosanthis) obviously reduce diarrhea. Guā lóu decoction shows inhibition or killing effects on
ascites carcinoma, HeLa cell line and cervical carcinoma cells. Guā lóu pí is better than guā lóu zĭ
(Semen Trichosanthis) on dilating the coronary artery and antitumous effect. Guā lóu zĭ is better than
guā lóu pí in the action of reducing diarrhea, but one kind of acidic ethanol insoluble matter in the
peel obviously reduces diarrhea.
ZhúRú竹茹
CAULIS BAMBUSAE IN TAENIA
Bamboo Shavings
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians in the

Northern and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original name was dàn zhú pí rú (淡竹
皮茹). It is the dry interlayer of the stem of Bambusa
tuldoides Munro, Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro)
McClure var. pubescens P. F. Li, or Phyllostachys
nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. henonis (Mitf.) Stapf ex
Rendle, perennial and evergreen trees or shrubs of the
family Poaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhú “bamboo” and rú
“softness”. It is the scraped thread-like fibers of the
interlayer of the bamboo stem. It is greenish-yellow, soft
and ■uffy, and thus is named zhú rú.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced along the Yangtze
River and its southern areas, and also in Shandong, Henan and Shaanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ The fresh stems are collected all year round. The peel is removed and the
interlayer is scraped to yield the ■bers, which are bound into bundles and dried in the shade. The
■bers that are even in size, greenish-yellow, soft and ■exible are of good quality.
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［Processing］ After cleaning, the ■bers are made into balls or chopped into segments for use, or
ginger juice-fried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, stomach, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly cold in property, and entering the lung, stomach and
gallbladder channels, it is good at clearing heat, resolving phlegm, calming the mind, arresting
vomiting, preventing abortion, cooling blood and checking bleeding. It is particularly effective for
cough with yellow turbid sputum, anxiety and insomnia due to phlegm heat harassing the heart
and mind, and nausea and vomiting due to stomach heat. It is also applicable for heat-triggered
threatened abortion with abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy.
［Actions］ Clears heat, resolves phlegm, calms the heart and mind, arrests vomiting, prevents
abortion and cools blood.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough with yellow turbid sputum, it is often combined with
huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) to
improve its effects.
2. For anxiety and insomnia due to phlegm heat harassing the heart and mind, it is combined
with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and fú líng (Poria) to relieve
the problems by clearing phlegm and heat, and calming the heart and mind, such as in the formula
Wēn Dăn Tāng (Gallbladder-Warming Decoction).
3. For vomiting due to stomach heat, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), zhī zĭ
(Fructus Gardeniae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to descend the adverse qi ■ow of
the stomach, arrest vomiting and clear heat, such as in the formula Zhú Rú Yĭn (Bamboo Shavings
Beverage).
If the vomiting is in the pattern of phlegm heat with yellowish and greasy tongue coating, it
should be used in combination with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae)
and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula
Huáng Lián Zhú Rú Jú Pí Bàn Xià Tāng (Coptis, Bamboo Shavings, Tangerine Peel and Pinellia
Decoction).
If the vomiting is accompanied by signs showing stomach de■ciency, it is combined with jú
pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) and rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng) to partly clear heat and partly strengthen stomach qi as well, such as in the
formula Jú Pí Zhú Rú Tāng (Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction).
For morning sickness with heat signs, it is combined with pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae), chén
pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to clear heat and calm the
stomach.
4. For threatened abortion with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy with heat signs, it is applied
alone or in combination with zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to
enhance the effects on preventing abortion, cooling blood and arresting bleeding.
For hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat, bái
máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) and xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) should be
used in combination to enhance the effects.
5. In addition, it is applicable for excessive thirst due to sunstroke and better if used in
combination with wū méi (Fructus Mume) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae).
For external use: made into paste and applied topically in plaster form. The fresh herb is better than
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the dry herb in effects. The unprepared dry herb is better in clearing phlegm heat, and the ginger
juice-prepared herb is better in arresting vomiting.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough due to cold-phlegm
retention, hiccups or vomiting due to stomach cold, or loose stools due to spleen de■ciency because
of its cold property.
［Ingredients］ It contains 2,5-dimethoxy-p-benzo-quinone, p-hydroxy benzaldehyde,
syringaldehyde, coniferyl aldehyde, amino acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of expelling phlegm and inhibiting cough
and vomiting. It shows remarkable inhibitory effects on staphylococcus albus, bacillus subtilis,
escherichia coli and bacterium typhosum.
ZhúLì竹沥
SUCCUS BAMBUSAE
Bamboo Sap
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was zhú (“bamboo”)
zhī (“juice”) (竹汁). It is the light yellowish clear sap of Bambusa
tuldoides Munro or Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. henonis
(Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle, perennial and evergreen trees or shrubs of
the family Poaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhú “bamboo” and lì “drops” or “juice”.
It is actually the juice of the bamboo stem, which drops little by little
if the fresh bamboo is heated over ■re.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced along the Yangtze river and its
southern areas, and in Shandong, Henan and Shaanxi provinces of
China.
［Collection］ The fresh bamboo branches are cut into segments 30 cm in length and soaked in
water. After the joints and nodes are removed, they are chopped vertically into two parts, heated over
■re at the middle, and when the sap comes out from both ends it is ■ltered for use. The sap can also
be boiled into paste for use.
［Processing］ It is used directly fresh.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, liver.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and cold in property, it enters the heart, lung and liver channels. It is
particularly useful in diluting phlegm, so that it is often applied for cough or wheezing with dif■cult
expectoration of yellow sticky sputum. It is also good at calming convulsions and resuscitating the
mind, and therefore is effectively used for loss of consciousness in apoplexy, infantile convulsions,
depressive psychosis and epilepsy, which are diagnosed as excessive phlegm heat blocking the
channels.
［Actions］ Clears heat, dilutes phlegm, improves expectoration, calms convulsions and
resuscitates the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough or wheezing with profuse yellowish turbid sputum, it
can be applied alone, but better if combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yú xīng căo (Herba
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Houttuyniae) and pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Fù
Fāng Xiān Zhú Lì Kŏu Fú Yè (Compound Fresh Bamboo Sap Oral Liquid). If the above case is
complicated by very sticky sputum and dif■cult expectoration, and dry stool constipation, it should
be used in combination with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) and dà
huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to purge heat and phlegm from the large intestine, such as in the
formula Zhú Lì Dá Tán Wán (Bamboo Sap Phlegm-Driving Pill).
2. For loss of consciousness in apoplexy with lockjaw due to phlegm heat blocking the channels,
it can be used alone, or in combination with ginger juice, or with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile),
jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), or it is taken orally together
with Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill).
For infantile convulsions due to phlegm-heat retention, it is combined with dăn nán xīng
(Arisaema cum Bile), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and ginger juice to enhance the effects on
resolving phlegm, extinguishing wind and calming convulsions.
For depressive psychosis and epilepsy due to phlegm heat inside, it is combined with zhū shā
(Cinnabaris), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and bái fán (Alumen).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 30-60 g orally.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough and wheezing due to
cold-phlegm retention or loose stools, because it is cold in nature. It should be used fresh.
［Ingredients］ The major components are phenol, 2-methoxyphenol, benzoic acid, salicylic
acid, saccharides, multi-amino acids, microelements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It inhibits cough, expels phlegm and calms wheezing.
Tiān ZhúHuáng 天竺黄

CONCRETIO SILICEA BAMBUSAE
Bamboo Sugar
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Sichuan (Shŭ Bĕn Căo, 蜀本草) in the Five
Dynasties (about 950 A.D.). It is the dry exudate of the stem
of Bambusa textilis McClure or Schizostachyum chinense
Rendle, perennial and evergreen trees or shrubs of the family
Rhamnaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān “sky”, meaning “huge”,
zhú “bamboo” and huáng “yellow”. It is the dry yellow
exudate of the big bamboo stem.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Yunnan, Guangdong and
Guangxi of China.
［Collection］ The bamboo stems are collected during
the autumn and winter. The exudate is removed and left
to dry naturally for use. Big and lustrous exudate cubes with grayish-white color, smooth surfaces,
loose texture and good absorbency are the best in quality.
［Characteristics］ It is similar to zhú lì (Succus Bambusae) in property, channels entered,
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actions and clinical applications, yet it is more effective for acute infantile convulsions with loss of
consciousness and fever that is generally due to phlegm-heat accumulation.
［Actions］ Clears heat, transforms phlegm, arrests convulsions and resuscitates the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For infantile convulsions in the pattern of phlegm heat, it is often
combined with dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) and qīng dài (Indigo Naturalis) to improve the
effects, such as in the formula Bào Lóng Wán (Dragon-Sedating Pill).
For depressive psychosis and epilepsy due to phlegm-heat retention, it is combined with yù jīn
(Radix Curcumae), bái fán (Alumen) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to reinforce its effects.
For stroke with profuse phlegm and coarse breathing, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus
Bovis), shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) and yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to clear heat, resolve
phlegm, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind.
For high fever with loss of consciousness and delirium, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus
Bovis), zhú yè xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) and shuĭ niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali) to clear toxic heat, open the
ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, and cool blood.
2. For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus
Trichosanthis), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) to clear
heat, resolve phlegm, and relieve cough and wheezing.
3. In addition, it can be applied topically in powder for mouth ulcers if used in combination with
péng shā (Borax) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or 0.6-1 g every time in
powder or pills. For external use: the powder is applied topically.
cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains caustic potash, silicon, aluminum oxide, iron sesquioxide, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It remarkably inhibits pyogenic coccus and enteropathogenic
bacteria in vitro.
Hǎi Zǎo 海藻
SARGASSUM
Seaweed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry body of
Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag. or Sargassum
fusiforme (Harv.) Setch., two types of algae of the
family Sargassaceae. The former is also called big-
leaf seaweed, while the latter is called small-leaf
seaweed.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hăi “sea” and zăo
“algae”. It grows in the sea and is a kind of algae.
［Habitat］ Big-leaf seaweed is mainly produced
in the seashore areas of Shandong, Liaoning and other
similar areas of China, while small-leaf seaweed
is produced in Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong
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provinces, but mostly in Fujian Province.

［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn. After impurities are cleared away,
it is cleaned with fresh water and dried in the sun for use. Plants that are tender in texture, brownish-
black in color and with less salt on the surface are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The dried ones are soaked in water to wash away impurities and residual salt,
dried to half, chopped into segments and then dried completely for use.
［Properties］ Salty; cold.
［Characteristics］ It is salty in ■avor so that it is able to soften and resolve lumps; therefore it is
often used for goiters, scrofula and lumps. It also relieves edema by improving urination.
［Actions］ Resolves phlegm, softens hardness and promotes urination to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For goiters, it is often combined with kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) as
mutual reinforcement, such as in the formula Hăi Zăo Yù Hú Tāng (Precious Seaweed Decoction).
For scrofula due to phlegm-■re accumulation, it is frequently combined with xià kū căo (Spica
Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the
effects, such as in the formula Nèi Xiāo Luŏ Lì Wán (Scrofula Internally-Resolving Pill).
For testicular swelling and pain, it should be combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae),
chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to enhance the effects of
soothing liver qi, dissipating swelling and relieving pain.
2. For foot in■ammatory swelling or edema due to damp heat pouring down, it is combined with
tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and chuān niú xī (Radix
Cyathulae) to alleviate edema by draining heat and dampness.
For edema, it is combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma
Alismatis) to improve the effects.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with deficiency cold of the
spleen and stomach because of its cold property. It is antagonized to gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae).
［Ingredients］ It contains iodine, potassium, alginic acid, mannitol, polysaccharides, crude
proteins, laminarin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The iodine and iodide it contains counteract low function of
the thyroid gland due to insuf■cient iodine supply and inhibit hyperthyroidism. Algin acid sulfate
inhibits hyperlipidemia, lowers serum cholesterol level and alleviates atherosclerosis in rabbits.
Its water infusion lowers blood pressure, inhibits blood coagulation, checks bleeding and inhibits
dermatophytes in dogs and rabbits. Sodium alginate can be made into a substitute of plasma, the ■uid
expansion of which is almost the same as that of dextran, showing positive effects on hematopoiesis,
and no harm to the liver, spleen, kidney and marrow. It also shows effects of anti-tumor, anti-
infection, radio-resistance, anti-hypoxia and in■uencing immunity.
Kūn Bù昆布
THALLUS LAMINARIAE; THALLUS ECKLONIAE
Kelp
［Source］ Initially appeared in Wu Pu’s Materia Medica (Wú Pŭ Bĕn Căo, 吴普本草) in the
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Three Kingdoms (222-280 A.D.). It is the dry plant body

of Laminaria japonica Aresch. or Ecklonia kurome
Okam., two kinds of algae of the family Laminariaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Kūn “big” and bù “cloth”.
The plant body is big, long and ■at like cloth.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Liaoning,
Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China.
autumn and dried in the sun for use. The big and plump
ones with dark green color are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is rinsed clean, left for drying to
the half, cut into long narrow slices, and then dried completely for use.
［Characteristics］ It is salty in ■avor so that it is able to soften and resolve lumps; therefore it is
often used for goiters, scrofula and lumps. It also relieves edema by improving urination.
［Actions］ Resolves phlegm, softens hardness and promotes urination to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For goiters, it is often combined with hăi zăo (Sargassum) as mutual
reinforcement, such as in the formula Hăi Zăo Yù Hú Tāng (Precious Seaweed Decoction).
For scrofula due to phlegm-■re accumulation, it is frequently combined with xià kū căo (Spica
Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to enhance the
effects, such as in the formula Nèi Xiāo Luŏ Lì Wán (Scrofula Internally-Resolving Pill).
For testicular swelling and pain, it should be combined with jú hé (Semen Citri Reticulatae),
chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) and yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis) to enhance the effects of
soothing liver qi, dissipating swelling and relieving pain.
2. For foot in■ammatory swelling or edema due to damp heat pouring down, it is combined with
tŭ fú líng (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and chuān niú xī (Radix
Cyathulae) to alleviate edema by draining heat and dampness.
For edema, it is combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma
Alismatis) to improve the effects.
3. For plum-stone qi due to qi stagnation and phlegm retention, it is combined with bàn xià
(Rhizoma Pinelliae), fú líng (Poria) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold of the spleen
［Ingredients］ It contains alginate, fucoidan, laminarin, lipopolysaccharides, multi-amino acids,
volatile oils, carotene, vitamins, iodine and other trace elements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The iodine and iodide it contains counteract iodine deficiency
goiters. Laminine and sylvine lower blood pressure. Algin and laminine reduce serum cholesterol.
The nucleic acids have notable anti-tumor activity. In addition, it remarkably improves immunity,
lowers blood sugar and blood pressure, counteracts blood coagulation, suppresses cough, inhibits
radiation and serves as a laxative.
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Section 2 Herbs that Arrest Cough

and Calm Wheezing
Herbs in this category are acrid, bitter or sweet in flavor, so that they perform the effects of
dispersing and descending. They are cold, cool or warm in nature. They are excellent in calming
cough and wheezing via descending lung qi or moistening lung yin, and some of them can also
resolve phlegm. Cough and wheezing are either triggered by exterior wind cold, wind heat or dry
heat by impacting the normal ■ow of lung qi, or come up together with lung yin de■ciency or lung
and kidney de■ciency. In application, herbs are chosen according to different cause, pathogenesis
and clinical complications.
KǔXìng Rén 苦杏仁

SEMEN ARMENIACAE AMARUM
Bitter Apricot Kernel
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry mature seed of
Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim., Prunus sibirica
L., Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) or Prunus armeniaca
L., different kinds of small deciduous trees of the family
Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Kŭ “bitter”, xìng “apricot”
and rén “kernel”. If “杏”, the character for “apricot”, is
split into two parts, the upper “木” indicates “branch”,
and “口” indicates “fruit”. “杏”, a pictographic character,
means “fruits attaching to the branches”. These four kinds
of apricot kernel are bitter, different from snack apricot
kernels.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in the north of China, and
mainly in Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi of China.
［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected during summer. The flesh and the nutshell are
removed to collect the kernels, which are then dried naturally for use. The big solid kernels with pure
white color inside are of good quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned for use, or blanched quickly in boiling water, or stir-fried for
use. They are crushed before use.
［Properties］ Bitter, slightly warm; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and slightly warm in property, and mainly entering the lung and large
intestine channels, it is good at arresting cough and wheezing, and at lubricating the bowels by
descending the lung qi and moistening the large intestine. It is mainly used for two purposes—cough
and wheezing, and dry stool constipation. There is no effect on resolving phlegm.
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［Actions］ Arrests cough and wheezing and lubricates the bowels.

［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing triggered by exterior wind cold, it
is commonly combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae) to help in dispersing the wind and coldness to release the exterior, and in dispersing
the lung qi to arrest the cough and wheezing, such as in the formula Sān Ào Tāng (Rough and Ready
Three Decoction).
For cough with phlegm triggered by exterior wind heat, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium
Mori), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by dispersing
wind heat from the exterior and dispersing the lung qi, such as in the formula Sāng Jú Yĭn (Mulberry
Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage).
For cough with small amounts of clear sputum triggered by exterior cool dryness, it is
frequently combined with sū yè (Folium Perillae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and fú líng (Poria) to
relieve the cough by dispersing the pathogens and dispersing the lung qi, such as in the formula Xìng
Sū Săn (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Powder).
For cough with no sputum or a small amount of sticky sputum triggered by exterior warm
dryness, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae)
and shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) to relieve cough by dispersing pathogens from the
exterior and moistening the lung as well, such as in the formula Sāng Xìng Tāng (Mulberry Leaf and
Apricot Kernel Decoction).
For cough and wheezing with yellow turbid sputum due to lung heat, it is combined with má
huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae)
to relieve the problem by purging heat, and dispersing and descending the lung qi, such as in the
formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction).
For cough and wheezing with profuse clear sputum and cold sensation, it is combined with xì
xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to
warmly resolve phlegm and move the lung qi.
2. For dry stool constipation due to body fluid insufficiency, it is combined with băi zĭ rén
(Semen Platycladi) and yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Wŭ
Rén Wán (Five Kernels Pill).
For dry stool constipation due to blood deficiency, it is combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) and shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) to relieve the constipation by nourishing
blood and yin, such as in the formula Rùn Cháng Wán (Intestines-Moistening Pill).
3. In addition, applied topically it is useful for pruritus vulvae, furuncles and sores.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g crushed in decoction, or made into powder
or pills. For external use: pounded and applied topically. For weak constitutions, the stir-fried one
should be used, while for cases with loose stools the product with oil removed should be used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is slightly toxic, so large doses should be avoided, and it
should not be used with children. It is rich in fatty oils that may cause diarrhea, so it should not be
used on patients with loose stools.
Overdose application (30-60 g) may cause poisoning. The poisoning symptoms, which appear
generally in 1-2 hours, include bitter and dry feeling in the mouth, excessive drooling, dizziness,
lack of strength, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, epigastric burning sensation, hypertension
and accelerated breathing in light cases, and lowered rate of breathing, loss of consciousness, tonic
spasms, clonic cramps, dilated pupils, low blood pressure and respiratory or circulatory failure in
critical cases.
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［Ingredients］ It contains amygdalin, fixed oils, caffeotannic acid, cyclohexanhexol, estrone,

proteins and multi-amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ The amygdalin it contains disintegrates into a little amount of
hydrogen cyanide inside the body, which suppresses cough and wheezing by slightly inhibiting the
respiratory center. The bitter almond oil shows laxative effects and inhibitory effects on roundworm,
hookworm, pinworm, salmonella typhosa and salmonella paratyphi. Amygdalin, benzaldehyde and
hydrogen cyanide slightly inhibit cancer. Its protein inhibits in■ammation and pain. Applied topically
it suppresses itching. Amygdalin increases immunity, resists heterogenesis, and lowers blood sugar
and cholesterol.
Oral application of 55 pieces of it (about 60 g) may cause death, because hydrogen cyanide
coming from amygdalin is more toxic when by oral administration than by intravenous injection.
Benzaldehyde inhibits the function of pepsin.
Attachment: Tián Xìng Rén 甜杏仁

Semen Armeniacae Dulce
［Source］ It is the dry, mature seed of Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim. or Prunus armeniaca L., two
kinds of small deciduous trees of the family Rosaceae.
［Characteristics］ It is milder than kŭ xìng rén in effects, and particularly effective for cough in the pattern of
de■ciency and dry stool constipation, because it is good at moistening the lung and large intestine.
［Pharmacologicla Research］ Research has shown that it relieves pain.
ZǐSūZǐ紫苏子
FRUCTUS PERILLAE
Perilla Fruit

and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original
name was sū zĭ (苏子). It is the dry mature fruit of
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an annual herb of the
family Labiatae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple”, sū “grass
burned for cooking” and zĭ “seed”. The above-ground
part of the plant is purple, and the seed is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangxi, Hebei, Zhejiang and
Heilongjiang provinces of China, with the largest output from Hubei.
［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected in autumn, cleaned and dried in the sun. Big,
plump and oily fruits with grayish-brown skin are of the best quality.
［Processing］ They are washed again with water and dried in the sun or by stir-frying for use.
They are crushed before use.
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［Characteristics］ Warm and moistening in property, it enters the lung and large intestine
channels. It is effective for cough and wheezing with profuse sputum by greatly resolving
phlegm and descending lung qi. It is rich in botanical oils and is thus effective for dry stool
constipation.
［Actions］ Descends the lung qi, resolves phlegm, relieves cough and wheezing and lubricates
the bowels to relieve constipation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with profuse sputum and poor appetite due
to either exterior or interior pattern, it is combined with bái jiè zĭ (Semen Sinapis) and lái fú zĭ (Semen
Raphani) to enhance the effects on descending lung qi, resolving phlegm and improving digestion,
such as in the formula Sān Zĭ Yăng Qīn Tāng (Three-Seed Filial Devotion Decoction).
For chronic cough and wheezing with profuse sputum, lumbar pain and edema in the legs,
which indicates that the lung has affected the kidney, it is commonly combined with ròu guì (Cortex
Cinnamomi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) to
improve the effects on arresting cough and wheezing, and to nourish the kidney as well, such as in
the formula Sū Zĭ Jiàng Qì Tāng (Perilla Fruit Qi-Descending Decoction).
For wheezing triggered by exterior wind cold with profuse yellow turbid sputum, it is
combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori)
to partly arrest wheezing and resolve phlegm, and disperse and descend the lung qi as well, such as
in the formula Dìng Chuăn Tāng (Arrest Wheezing Decoction).
2. For dry stool constipation in light cases, it is combined with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis)
to improve the effects, such as in the formula Zĭ Sū Má Rén Zhōu (Perilla Fruit and Cannabis Fruit
Porridge). For more serious cases, xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), guā lóu rén (Semen
Trichosanthis) and stir-fried zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) are commonly used in combination
to facilitate defecation by moving the bowels and lubricating the large intestine.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g pounded in decoction, or in porridge, or
made into powder or pills. The stir-fried product is milder in property.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency or loose stools
due to spleen de■ciency.
［Ingredients］ It contains proteins and fixed oils which are rich in unsaturated fatty acid,
linolenic acid and linoleic acid.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of lowering blood cholesterol and anti-tumor.
Its perillartine prolongs the survival rate in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and improves learning
ability in experimental rats.
ZǐWǎn 紫菀
RADIX ET RHIZOMA ASTERIS
Tatarian Aster Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root or rhizome of Aster tataricus L. f., a perennial herb of
the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple” and wăn “luxuriant”. The ■brous roots grow luxuriantly
around the root and rhizome with the skin purplish-red.
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［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Anguo, Hebei Province,

and Boxian and Guoyang of Anhui. It is also produced in
Henan, Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces of China.
Roots with nodes and sediment are cleared away, and the
remainders are dried in the sun. Long, purplish-red and
tender roots are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the roots
are washed quickly and left for moistening. When they are
completely soft, they are cut into segments or pieces and
dried for use, or they are stir-fried with honey for use.
［Characteristics］ Slightly acrid, slightly warm and slightly bitter in property, it enters the lung
channel in particular. It relieves cough effectively by moistening the lung and resolving phlegm
simultaneouly.
［Actions］ Moistens the lung, resolves phlegm and arrests cough.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough generally, and cold-triggered cough in particular.
For cough with dry feeling and itching in the throat, which is triggered by exterior wind, it is
often combined with jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and băi bù (Radix
Stemonae) to relieve cough by dispersing the exterior wind and dispersing the lung qi, such as in the
formula Zhĭ Sòu Săn (Cough-Stopping Powder).
For bloody phlegm due to lung deficiency chronic cough, it is effectively combined with
ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) to relieve the problem by moistening the lung and resolving phlegm, such as in the
formula Wáng Hăi Zàng Zĭ Wăn Tāng (Wang Haizang Tatarian Aster Root Decoction).
For chronic mild cough, kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae) is necessarily used in combination
with it to enhance the effects.
2. For urinary difficulty due to lung qi stagnation, it is able to induce diuresis by dispersing
the lung qi if used in a large dose, or in combination with fú líng (Poria) and tōng căo (Medulla
Tetrapanacis).
For cough triggered by exterior pathogens, the unprepared herb is used, while for more chronic cases
with de■ciency, the honey-prepared herb is more suitable.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with heat if used alone, since it is
slightly warm in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains astersaponin, shionone, quercetin, friedelin, epifriedelinol, shionoside,
asterin and cyclochlorotine. It also contains volatile oils, aromatic acids and fatty acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of expelling phlegm, relieving cough and
inhibiting bacteria. ■pifriedelinol shows inhibitory effects on ■hrlich’s carcinoma in experimental
mice, quercetin induces diuresis and astersaponin shows strong hemolyzation activity.
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Kuǎn Dōng Huā 款冬花

FLOS FARFARAE
Common Coltsfoot Flower
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry flower bud of
Tussilago farfara L., a perennial herb of the family
Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Kuăn “come”, dōng
“winter” and huā “flower”. The flower blooms near
winter.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Gansu,
Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces of China; that which is
produced in Lingtai of Gansu and Yulin of Shaanxi are
［Collection］ The ■ower is collected in December
before the earth freezes. Stalks and sediment are cleared
away, and the ■owers are dried in the shade. Clean, big
and plump ■owers with purplish-red color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again directly for use, or honey-fried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly acrid and slightly warm but not drying in property. It enters
the lung channel in particular to moisten the lung, descend the lung qi and resolve phlegm. It is
commonly used for cough either triggered by exterior pathogens or due to interior damage, and is
particularly suitable for cough with cold.
［Actions］ Moistens the lung, descends lung qi, resolves phlegm and relieves cough.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough, it is similar to zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) in
actions but more effective in relieving cough.
For chronic cough due to cold retention, it is generally combined with zĭ wăn (Radix et
Rhizoma Asteris) to improve the effects.
For cough with yellow turbid sputum due to heat in the lung, it is combined with sāng bái pí
(Cortex Mori), guā lóu pí (Pericarpium Trichosanthis) and zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii)
For dry cough, it is applied together with sāng yè (Folium Mori), nán shā shēn (Radix
Adenophorae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to suppress the cough by cultivating
body yin and moistening the lung.
For chronic cough with bloody sputum, it is used together with băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and made
into paste, such as in the formula Băi Huā Gāo (Lily Bulb and Common Coltsfoot Flower Paste).
For lung abscesses, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yì yĭ rén (Semen
Coicis), and yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) to enhance the effects on clearing lung heat and
improving expectoration.
2. For wheezing due to phlegm heat chronically accumulated inside and wind cold invading
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outside, it is combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) and sāng bái
pí (Cortex Mori) to relieve the wheezing by dispersing and descending the lung qi at the same
time, and resolving phlegm as well, such as in the formula Dìng Chuăn Tāng (Wheezing-Arresting
Decoction).
For wheezing with profuse clear sputum with cold signs of the body, it is combined with
má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shè gān (Rhizoma Belamcandae) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma
Asteris) to relieve the wheezing and cough by dispersing and descending lung qi and improving
phlegm expectoration, such as in the formula Shè Gān Má Huáng Tāng (Belamcanda and ■phedra
Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, paste, pills or powder. For
cough triggered by exterior pathogens, the unprepared herb is used, while for chronic cases with
de■ciency, the honey-prepared herb is more suitable.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with excessive lung ■re, because
it is acrid and warm and may consume qi and assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains tussilagine, farfaratin, faradiol, flavonoid glycosides, essential oils,
amino acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough and wheezing, and expelling
phlegm. Farfaratin increases blood pressure, activates respiration and inhibits platelet aggregation.
Its alcohol extractives and water decoction increase blood pressure. The ether extractives inhibit
gastrointestinal smooth muscles, showing spasmolysis activity.
Bǎi Bù百部
RADIX STEMONAE
Stemona Root

and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the
dried root of Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Miq., Stemona
japonica (Bl.) Miq., or Stemona tuberosa Lour.,
perennial herbs of the family Stemonaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Băi “hundred” and bù
“follower”. One plant has numerous roots, just like one
leader with hundreds of followers. It is also known as
sòu yào (嗽药), where sòu means “cough”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the east and south
of China, and also in Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou
provinces.
［Collection］ It is collected during spring and
autumn, cleaned of ■brous roots and sediment, washed
clean with water, blanched quickly in boiling water and dried in the sun. Alternately it is steamed and
dried in the sun. Big and solid roots are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use,
or honey-fried for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter; neutral.
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［Characteristics］ It is sweet and slightly bitter, neutral and moistening in property, and enters
the lung channel only. It is particularly effective in relieving cough and moistening the lung, and it
also kills parasites. It is commonly applied for acute or chronic cough, especially whooping cough
and pulmonary tubercular cough. It is also applicable for infusorian or pinworm infection.
［Actions］ Moistens the lung, relieves cough and kills parasites.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For irritable throat with cough, it is combined with jīng jiè (Herba
Schizonepetae), jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve the
problems by dispersing exterior wind, dispersing lung qi and slightly resolving phlegm, such as in
the formula Zhĭ Sòu Săn (Cough-Stopping Powder).
For chronic cough complicated with qi and yin deficiency of the body, it is necessarily
combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) and mài
dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to relieve cough and nourish qi and yin simultaneously.
For chronic cough in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, or pulmonary tubercular
cough, it is used in combination with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae
Cirrhosae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to nourish yin, moisten the lung and suppress
the cough, such as in the formula Yuè Huá Wán (Moonlight Pill).
For whooping cough and spasmodic cough, it is combined with jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri
Rubrum), guā lóu rén (Semen Trichosanthis) and tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu Lepidii) to
relieve cough and resolve phlegm, such as in the formula Dùn Ké Săn (Whooping Cough Powder). It
is also made into syrup for oral administration.
2. For lice infection and scabies, it is made into 20％ ethanol solution or 50％ decoction and
applied topically. The dry powder also can be applied topically for the same purposes.
For trichomonas vaginalis, it is applied by rinsing and bathing topically alone or in
combination with shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii) and kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis).
For pinworm infection, 30 g of the unprepared herb is decocted into 30 ml concentrated
decoction, and applied before bedtime every day via retention enema for ■ve days.
For roundworm and other intestinal parasitic infection, it is generally used in combination with
other herbs that expel parasites in particular.
For external use: the dry powder, decoction and wine-medicated products are applied topically. For
chronic cases with body de■ciency, the honey-prepared herb should be used.
de■ciency since it is moistening.
［Ingredients］ It contains stemonine, stemonidine, protostemonine, tuberostemonine, carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, organic acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The alkaloids it contains inhibit cough by suppressing the
central nervous system, and work similarly to aminophylline, which counteracts histamine-induced
contraction of the bronchial smooth muscles, but more slowly and persistently. Stemonine shows
the effects of analgesia and sedation. Its 50％ concentrated decoction kills pinworms in mice, while
tuberostemonine can paralyze roundworms. Its water infusion and alcohol infusion can effectively
kill lice, inhibit M. tuberculosis and many kinds of coccobacteria, bacilli and dermatophytes, and
decrease the pathogenicity of Asian in■uenza virus A in mice.
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PíPá Yè 枇杷叶
FOLIUM ERIOBOTRYAE
Loquat Leaf

and Southern Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the dried
leaf of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., a small
evergreen tree of the family Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Pí pá “Chinese lute” and
yè “leaf”. The leaf looks like a lute in shape, and is
medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Jiangsu,
Zhejiang, Fujian and Hubei provinces of China; the
output of Guangdong and Jiangsu provinces is the
largest.
［Collection］ It can be collected year round, yet
mainly in summer. It is dried in the sun for use. Complete
and greenish-gray leaves are the best in quality.
［Processing］ The leaf hairs are brushed off and
the leaves are cleaned, moistened, cut into long narrow slices when soft and dried for use, or honey-
prepared for use.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter and slightly cold in property, and mainly enters the lung channel.
It is good at purging lung heat, descending lung qi and relieving cough. It also enters the stomach
channel to clear stomach heat and descend stomach qi to arrest vomiting. It is an essential herb for
cough due to lung heat, and for vomiting and hiccups due to stomach heat.
［Actions］ Clears lung heat to relieve cough and descends stomach qi to arrest vomiting.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough due to lung heat, it is combined with sāng bái pí (Cortex
Mori), qián hú (Radix Peucedani) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to relieve the cough by clearing
heat and resolving phlegm.
For cough triggered by exterior wind heat, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), jú huā
(Flos Chrysanthemi) and lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis) to disperse wind heat and relieve the cough.
For dry-heat cough with little sputum, it is combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), kŭ xìng rén
(Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to relieve cough by clearing
the heat and moistening the lung, such as in the formula Qīng Zào Jiù Fèi Tāng (Dryness-Clearing
and Lung-Rescuing Decoction).
For chronic cough due to de■cient constitution, it is combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini),
băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to nourish the body, moisten
the lung and relieve the cough.
2. For vomiting and hiccups due to stomach heat, huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), zhú rú (Caulis
Bambusae in Taenia) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) should be chosen to work together
with it to clear stomach heat, descend adverse qi and arrest vomiting.
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3. For general thirst and diabetic thirst due to stomach heat consuming the body fluid, it is
commonly combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae)
to improve its effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally and double dose for the fresh
herb in decoction, or made into paste, pills and powder. For the purpose of relieving cough, the
honey-fried herb is used, while for the purpose of arresting vomiting, the unprepared herb is more
suitable.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cough due to cold and
vomiting due to stomach coldness, since it is slightly cool in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains nerolidol, farnesol, amygdalin, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid,
sesquiterpene glycosides, vitamin B, vitamin C, sorbitol, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough and wheezing, and slightly
expelling phlegm. Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Ursolic acid has anti-
in■ammatory effects. Amygdalin shows anti-tumor action.
Sāng Bái Pí桑白皮

CORTEX MORI
White Mulberry Root-bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root bark of
Morus alba L., a deciduous shrub or small tree of the
family Moraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sāng “mulberry”, bái
“white” and pí “bark”. It is the white root bark with the
yellowish-brown rough skin removed.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Anhui,
Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hebei and Guangdong
provinces of China.
late autumn when the leaves are withering and the following early spring before sprouting. After the
rough outer skin is scraped off, the root is split vertically, and the white bark is peeled off and dried
in the sun. White, thick, soft and ■rm bark is of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply, washed quickly, left to dry a little, cut into narrow slices and
then dried completely for use, or honey-prepared for use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and cold in property, and entering the lung channel, it purges heat, ■uid
and phlegm from the lung to calm cough and wheezing with profuse phlegm, and induces diuresis to
relieve edema and dysuria by descending lung qi and dredging the channels.
［Actions］ Purges the lung to relieve wheezing and induces diuresis to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough and wheezing with fever due to heat in the lung, it is commonly
combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and jīng mĭ (Semen Oryza
Sativa) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiè Bái Săn (White-Draining Powder).
9-9◎05.indd 464 2014-12-17 13:56:42

For cough and wheezing with excessive yellowish turbid sputum which is generally due
to lung heat, it is combined with guā lóu (Fructus Trichosanthis), zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae
Thunbergii) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae).
If combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), xì xīn
(Radix et Rhizoma Asari) and other herbs that warmly transform ■uid, it is applicable for wheezing
with clear thin sputum.
2. For facial edema due to poor dispersal of the lung qi and defective fluid metabolism, it is
combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and lú gēn (Rhizoma
Phragmitis) to reduce the edema by dispersing the lung qi and promoting urination.
For edema due to de■cient spleen qi failing to transport ■uid, it is combined with fú líng pí (Cutis
Poriae), dà fù pí (Pericarpium Arecae) and shēng jiāng pí (■xodermis Zingiberis Recens) to enhance the
effects on improving the ■uid metabolism, such as in the formula Wŭ Pí Săn (Five-Peel Powder).
3. Additionally, it is also applicable for hypertension or hyperactivity of the liver yang, but better
used in combination with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and xià kū căo
(Spica Prunellae). It can be topically applied alone in paste or powder for the treatment of traumatic
injuries.
pills. For external use: the fresh juice is applied topically or the decoction is applied for rinsing. For
reducing edema, the simply dried herb should be used, while for relieving deficiency cough, the
honey-fried herb is the best option.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for cough or wheezing in the pattern of cold
or for patients with frequent urination, because it is cold and draining in property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains ■avonoids, such as mulberrin, morusin and mulberrochromene.
It also contains mulberrofuran, umbelliferone, scopoletin, analogue of acetylcholine, mucoid
substance, pectin, tannin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It induces diuresis, increases urine volume and the discharge of
sodium, kalium ions and chloride. It inhibits cough, tranquilizes the mind, kills pain, lowers blood
pressure, dilates vessels, counteracts blood coagulation, lowers blood sugar, inhibits hypoxia, excites
the uterus, inhibits cancer and promotes hair growth.
Tíng LìZǐ葶苈子
SEMEN DESCURAINIAE SEU LEPIDII
Pepperweed Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was tíng lì (葶苈). It is the dry mature seed of Lepidium
apetalum Willd. or Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex prantl., annual or biennial herbs of the family
Cruciferae. The former is also known as bĕi (“north”) tíng lì zĭ (北葶苈子), while the latter is known
as nán (“south”) tíng lì zĭ (南葶苈子).
［■xplanation of Name］ Tíng “dredging”, lì “draining” and zĭ “seed”. The seed is used for
dredging the water channels and draining water.
［Habitat］ Bĕi tíng lì zĭ is mainly produced in the east, middle and south of China, while nán
tíng lì zĭ in the north and northeastern areas of China.
［Collection］ The mature seeds are collected during April and May when the fruits are turning
9-9◎05.indd 465 2014-12-17 13:56:44

greenish-yellow. They are cleaned and dried in the sun.

Clean, plump and yellowish-brown seeds that are even in
size are the best in quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned for use, or dry-fried
■rst. Cleaning them with water is not allowed.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; very cold.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, acrid and very cold in
property, and entering the lung and bladder channels, it
is able to calm wheezing and reduce edema by purging
the lung and the bladder. It is particularly effective for
wheezing with cough and profuse sputum due to fluid
retention in the lung, and for edema in more serious cases.
［Actions］ Purges the lung, calms wheezing and promotes urination to alleviate edema.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For wheezing with profuse thin clear sputum, it can be used alone, or
it is used in combination with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to moderate its coldness effect and strengthen
the healthy qi, such as in the formula Tíng Lì Dà Zăo Xiè Fèi Tāng (Lepidium/Descurainiae and
Jujube Lung-Draining Decoction). It also can be used in combination with sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori)
to reinforce its effects for the same purpose.
For wheezing with profuse whitish turbid sputum, which is generally due to damp-phlegm
retention, it is combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), huà jú hóng (■xocarpium Citri Grandis)
and sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) to enhance the effects by drying dampness and resolving phlegm.
For lung abscesses in the early stage with mild manifestations such as cough and wheezing,
which are generally due to phlegm-heat stagnation in the lung, it can be used alone. For bloody
purulent sputum seen in the more serious cases, which is due to excessive heat, jīn yín huā (Flos
Lonicerae Japonicae), lú gēn (Rhizoma Phragmitis), yú xīng căo (Herba Houttuyniae) and jié gĕng
(Radix Platycodonis) are necessarily used in combination with it to clear the toxic heat and phlegm,
and improve expectoration.
Nowadays it is effectively used in the treatment of chronic pulmonary heart disease with
manifestations such as wheezing, tiredness and foot edema, yet better in combination with rén shēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to relieve
wheezing and edema by replenishing qi and improving urination.
2. For pleural effusion complicated with dry stool constipation and abdominal distension, it is
combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and máng
xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) to purge lung heat and drain ■uid, such as in the formula Dà Xiàn Xiōng Wán
(Major Chest Draining Pill).
For ascites, it is combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae), jiāo mù (Semen
Zanthoxyli) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to purge ■uid by bowel movements and drain
water by urination, such as in the formula Jĭ Jiāo Lì Huáng Wán (Stephania Root, Bunge Pricklyash
Seed, Pepperweed Seed and Rhubarb Pill).
3. In addition, when applied topically together with dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) in
powder form, it is effective for skin sores and swelling.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g wrapped in decoction, or 3-6 g in powder
or pills. For external use: the powder or the decoction is applied topically. For edema or fluid
retention the unprepared herb is used, while for wheezing with phlegm the dry-fried herb is used, and
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for chronic wheezing due to de■ciency the honey-prepared herb is used.

［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with extreme de■ciency, since it
may consume qi in the process of purging.
［Ingredients］ Bĕi (“north”) tíng lì zĭ mainly contains sinigrin, and nán (“south”) tíng lì zĭ
contains sinapinic acid, strophanthidin, essential oils, isosulfocyanic acid and fatty oils.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its alcohol extractives improve cardiac contractility, slow the
heartbeat, increase the output of the failing heart and lower its venous pressure, but a large
dose application may cause arrhythmia and other poisoning symptoms like cardiac glycoside
does. It widely inhibits bacteria including 20 kinds of fungi and 10 kinds of other strains. It
effectively counteracts cancer even in a very low dose. It also induces diuresis and regulates
blood lipids.
Bái Guǒ 白果
SEMEN GINKGO
Ginkgo Nut
［Source］ Initially appeared in Corrections to Classified Materia Medica from Historical

Classics for Emergency in Shaoxing Period (Shào Xīng
Jiào Dìng Jīng Shĭ Zhèng Lèi Bèi Jí Bĕn Căo, 绍兴校定
经史证类备急本草) in the Southern Song Dynasty (about
1159 A.D.). Its original name was yín xìng (银杏). It is
the dried mature seed of Ginkgo biloba L., a deciduous
tree of the family Ginkgoaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and guŏ “fruit”.
Its fruit looks similar to a small apricot and the fruit skin
is silvery white, so it is also known as yín xìng where yín
means “silver” and xìng means “apricot”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Sichuan,
Henan, Shandong, Hubei and Liaoning of China, and
those which are produced in Guangxi are of the best
quality.
［Collection］ The seed is collected during the autumn when mature. The pulp and external
seed coat are removed, it is washed clean, lightly steamed or boiled, and dried in an oven. Seeds
with yellowish-white shells and plump kernels with light yellowish cross-sections are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ Clean it for use, or bake it ■rst. It is crushed before clinical application.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter, astringent; neutral; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, bitter, neutral and slightly toxic in property, and mainly entering the
lung channel, it is good at descending and astringing the lung qi. It also can slightly resolve phlegm.
It also enters the kidney channel to secure essence and reduce urination. It is mainly applied for
wheezing or cough in critical bodily de■ciency condition, yet also for leukorrhea, seminal emission
and frequent urination.
［Actions］ Astringes the lung qi to relieve wheezing, relieves leukorrhea and reduces urination.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For critical wheezing with cough and phlegm, it can be used in
combination with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), which disperses lung qi, so that these two herbs work
together in a balanced way, astringing the lung and dispersing the lung qi.
For asthma with phlegm triggered by exterior wind cold, it is better used furthermore in
combination with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) in addition to má huáng (Herba
■phedrae), such as in the formula Yā Zhăng Săn (Duck Foot Powder). If the above cases are
complicated with phlegm heat inside, kŭ xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) and sāng bái pí (Cortex Mori) are used too in combination to disperse wind and cold
from the exterior, and clear heat and phlegm from the inside, such as in the formula Dìng Chuăn
Tāng (Wheezing-Arresting Decoction).
For chronic wheezing due to both lung and kidney de■ciency, it is commonly combined with
wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to tonify the lung and
kidney, and improve the effect on calming the wheezing.
2. For leukorrhea with clear discharge and aching pain and weakness in the loins and knees,
which is generally due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is combined with dry-fried shān yào
(Rhizoma Dioscoreae), lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis) and dry-fried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) to check the discharge and treat the spleen and kidney from the root.
For leukorrhea with aching pain and weakness in the loins and knees, and yellowish turbid
discharge with bad odor, it is applied with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chē qián zĭ
(Semen Plantaginis) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to check the discharge by clearing damp
heat and strengthening the spleen, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Yellow-Transforming
Decoction).
For whitish and turbid urine due to spleen and kidney de■ciency, it is combined with bì xiè
(Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and wū yào (Radix
Linderae) to clear up the urine by reinforcing the functions of the spleen and kidney.
3. For enuresis and frequent urination in the pattern of kidney cold de■ciency, it is combined
with wū yào (Radix Linderae), sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) to
For seminal and nocturnal emission in the pattern of kidney de■ciency, jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus
Rosae Laevigatae), shān yú ròu (Fructus Corni) and suŏ yáng (Herba Cynomorii) are commonly used
in combination with it to check the emission and nourish the kidney.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g crushed in decoction, or made into pills or
powder. Its toxicity is reduced during the dry-frying process. The episperm, intimal pellicle and bud
should be removed before use.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ An excessive application may cause poisoning, even when
dry-fried. It is basically used for cases with wheezing due to chronic de■ciency and should not be
used with cases where there is excess, because it will have an astringing effect. It is therefore not
suitable for patients with dif■cult expectoration of sputum.
Poisoning can result in fever, convulsions and dyspnea commonly, and nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, diarrhea, irritability, lethargy, cyanosis, lack of consciousness and slow or no
pupillary light reaction are also seen. Death through paralysis of the respiratory center can happen in
critical cases.
［Ingredients］ It contains ginkgotoxin, cashew nut acid and microelements. The kernel contains
proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of expelling phlegm, relaxing the bronchial
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smooth muscles to calm wheezing, immuno-depression, anti-allergy, anti-aging, anti-bacteria and

lowering the blood pressure.
Attachment: Yín Xìng Yè 银杏叶

Folium Ginkgo
［Source］ It is the dry leaf of Ginkgo biloba L., a deciduous tree of the family Ginkgoaceae. Initially appeared
in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要) in the Ming Dynasty (about
1505 A.D.).
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter, astringent; neutral; slightly toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, large intestine.
［Actions］ Activates blood, relieves pain, astringes the lung and intestines, relieves wheezing and checks
leukorrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ It is effective for chest constriction and pain, wheezing and cough with phlegm,
diarrhea, dysentery and leukorrhea.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction. Its tablet, injection, pills and powder made
from the extractives are also applied clinically. For external use: the fresh paste or decoction is applied topically.
［Pharmacological Research］ Research shows that the flavonoids it contains dilate the coronary arteries,
improve coronary blood ■ow, relieve angina pectoris, inhibit thrombosis, lower cholesterol, counteract lipid oxidation,
improve cerebral blood ■ow and metabolism, inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit bacteria and ■B-virus.
Summary
1. Herbs that transform phlegm
Bàn Xià vs. Tiān Nán Xīng
Medicinal Bàn Xià Tiān Nán Xīng
Properties Acrid; warm; toxic
Entered channels Lung, spleen

Similarities
· Dries dampness and transforms phlegm

Actions
· Reduces swelling and dissipates lumps when used externally
· Problems due to cold-phlegm and damp-phlegm retention

Indications
· Scrofula, lumps and nodules in particular (used externally)
Entered channels Stomach Liver
Actions Descends adverse qi and arrests vomiting ■xpels wind to relieve spasms
Differences
Nausea, vomiting, epigastric fullness Long-standing problems due to phlegm,

sensation, plum-stone qi (globus and other problems such as facial
Indications
hystericus), goiters and tumors, which paralysis and spasms due to sudden
are due to dampness or damp phlegm blockage of phlegm
Drying property is milder than tiān nán

xīng
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Xuán Fù Huā ＆ Bái Qián

Medicinal Xuán Fù Huā Bái Qián
Properties Acrid, bitter; slightly warm
Similarities

Actions Descends the lung qi and resolves phlegm
Indications Cough and wheezing with excessive phlegm
Properties Salty —
Entered channels Spleen, stomach, large intestine —
Differences
Actions Activates blood circulation —

Indications Chest pain Profuse sputum
Good at eliminating phlegm fluid,
Stronger than xuán fù huā in expelling
Special features vomiting and hiccups due to the adverse
phlegm
■ow of stomach qi
Jié Gĕng vs. Qián Hú

Medicinal Jié Gĕng Qián Hú
Properties Bitter, acrid
Similarities

Actions Disperses the lung qi and expels phlegm
Indications Profuse sputum
Properties Neutral Slightly cold
■ases the throat and improves purulent · Descends the lung qi
Actions
Differences
phlegm discharge · Resolves phlegm

Sore throat, hoarseness or loss of the
Cough and wheezing with profuse
voice, lung abscesses, cough with turbid
Indications yellowish turbid phlegm, or cases due to
sputum, dysuria, edema and constipation
exterior wind heat
by acting on the lung qi
Chuān Bèi Mŭ vs. Zhè Bèi Mŭ

Medicinal Chuān Bèi Mŭ Zhè Bèi Mŭ
Properties Bitter
Similarities
Entered channels Lung, heart

Actions Clears heat phlegm, dissipates lumps, relieves cough
Indications Cough, abscesses, swelling, scrofula, goiters and tumors
Properties Sweet, acrid; slightly cold Cold
Actions Moistens the lung —
Differences
Wheezing with profuse yellowish turbid

Indications Dry cough sputum, and lumps, swelling and scrofula
with heat signs
Stronger in purging heat and phlegm,
Special features — and clearing heat, resolving lumps and
relieving swelling
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Guā Lóu Pí vs. Guā Lóu Rén vs. Quán Guā Lóu
Medicinal Guā Lóu Pí Guā Lóu Rén Quán Guā Lóu
Properties Sweet, slightly bitter; cold
Entered channels Lung, stomach, large intestine
Actions Clears heat, resolves phlegm, and moistens the lung and large intestine
Similarities
Actions Moves chest qi — Moves chest qi
Cough, wheezing, acute

Indications Chest constriction and pain Dry stool constipation mastitis, lung abscesses
and intestinal abscesses
Good at clearing heat,

More effective in moistening Does everything that its
Special features resolving phlegm and
the lung and large intestine peel and seed can do
moving the chest qi
Zhú Rú vs. Zhú lì vs. Tiān Zhú Huáng
Medicinal Zhú Rú Zhú Lì Tiān Zhú Huáng

Similarities
Actions Clears heat and phlegm
Indications Cough and wheezing due to heat phlegm
Properties Sweet and slightly cold Sweet, cold Cold
Entered channels Lung, stomach, gallbladder Heart, lung and liver Heart, liver
■xpels heat phlegm,

· Clears heart fire and stomach
calms convulsions
Actions heat —
and resuscitates the
· Cools blood to arrest bleeding
mind
Differences
Both cough and wheezing

· Cough and wheezing with Stroke, high fever,
due to heat-phlegm retention,
yellowish sputum in light cases epilepsy with loss
and loss of consciousness,
· Anxiety, insomnia, vomiting of consciousness
Indications abnormal infantile night
due to heat, heat-triggered and hemiplegia in
crying, stroke, epilepsy
bleeding and abnormal vaginal the pattern of heat-
and high fever due to heat-
bleeding during pregnancy phlegm retention
phlegm accumulation inside
In the middle position in terms

Milder in effects compared to
Special features — of its effect on expelling and
zhú lì and tiān zhú huáng
resolving phlegm
Kūn Bù vs. Hăi Zăo

Medicinal Kūn Bù Hăi Zăo

Similarities
Entered channels Liver, stomach, kidney
Actions Resolves phlegm, softens hardness, promotes urination to alleviate edema
Indications Goiters, tumors, scrofula, and foot in■ammatory swelling or edema
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Continued
Medicinal Kūn Bù Hăi Zăo
Differences
Special features Stronger than hăi zăo in effects —
2. Herbs that arrest cough and calm wheezing
Zĭ Sū Zĭ vs. Kŭ Xìng Rén

Medicinal Zĭ Sū Zĭ Kŭ Xìng Rén
Entered channels Lung, large intestine
Similarities
Actions Descends the lung qi, lubricates the bowels

Indications Cough, wheezing, constipation
Differences
Properties Acrid; warm Bitter, slightly warm; slightly toxic
Zĭ Wăn vs. Kuăn Dōng Huā vs. Băi Bù

Medicinal Zĭ Wăn Kuăn Dōng Huā Băi Bù
Similarities
Actions Moistens the lung

Indications Cough in any pattern
Properties Acrid, bitter; slightly warm Acrid; warm Sweet, bitter; neutral
Actions Resolves phlegm Kills parasites
Differences
· Consumptive cough and

Indications More effective in relieving whooping cough
—
cough · Pinworm and pediculosis
capitis infections
Sāng Bái Pí vs. Tíng Lì Zĭ

Medicinal Sāng Bái Pí Tíng Lì Zĭ
Similarities
Actions Purges the lung to relieve wheezing and induces diuresis to alleviate edema
Wheezing with profuse phlegm fluid or turbid phlegm, edema, water retention and
Indications
dysuria
Properties Sweet; cold Bitter, acrid; very cold
Differences
Entered channels — Bladder

■xpels phlegm and fluid retention to
Special features Purges lung heat to relieve wheezing
relieve wheezing
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Zĭ Sū Zĭ vs. Lái Fú Zĭ
Medicinal Zĭ Sū Zĭ Lái Fú Zĭ
Properties Acrid
Similarities

Actions Descends the lung qi and resolves phlegm
Indications Wheezing with profuse phlegm
Properties Warm Sweet; neutral
Entered channels Large intestine Spleen, stomach
Differences
Promotes digestion and relieves abdominal

Actions Lubricates the bowels
distension
Indications Constipation Food retention with distension
Good at arresting cough and calming
Special features ■xcels at resolving phlegm
wheezing instead of resolving phlegm
Kŭ Xìng Rén vs. Táo Rén

Medicinal Kŭ Xìng Rén Táo Tén
Properties Bitter; slightly toxic
Similarities

Actions Relieves cough and wheezing, lubricates the bowels
Indications Cough, wheezing, constipation
Properties Slightly warm Sweet; neutral
Entered channels Lung Heart, liver
Actions — Activates blood
Differences
· Cough or wheezing with blood stasis

· Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum
abdominal pain, abdominal masses,
Indications Cough or wheezing without phlegm
trauma, lung abscesses and intestinal
abscesses with the complication of blood
stasis
Review Questions
1. ■xplain the concept, actions, common characteristics, cautions and contraindications of the herbs that transform
phlegm and stop coughing.
2. How many groups are the herbs in this chapter divided into according to their actions? What are the common
characteristics of each group?
3. Why should herbs that regulate qi be combined with herbs that resolve phlegm?
4. ■xplain the actions, indications, cautions and contraindications of different preparation methods of bàn xià.
5. Why can bàn xià be used for epigastric stuf■ness, thoracic accumulation and plum-stone qi?
6. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and indications of the following herbs: tiān nán xīng, kŭ xìng rén, băi bù, xuán
fù huā, guā lóu and sāng bái pí.
7. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: bàn xià and tiān nán xīng;
9-9◎05.indd 473 2014-12-17 13:56:56

bàn xià and chén pí; bái qián and xuán fù huā; qián hú and bái qián.
8. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: chuān bèi mŭ and zhè bèi
mŭ; jié gĕng and qián hú; kŭ xìng rén and táo rén; kŭ xìng rén and zĭ sū zĭ.
9. Compare the following grouped herbs in the aspects of properties, actions and indications: sāng bái pí and tíng lì zĭ;
zĭ wăn, kuăn dōng huā and băi bù; hăi zăo and kūn bù.
10. Jié gĕng, zĭ wăn, tíng lì zĭ, zĭ sū zĭ and bái guŏ are all used for cough and asthma. Compare these herbs in the
aspects of characteristics and indications.
11. Má huáng, shí gāo, gān jiāng, táo rén and bái jiè zĭ are all used for cough and asthma. Compare these herbs in the
aspects of characteristics and indications.
12. Shēng jiāng, lú gēn, zhú rú, bàn xià and xuán fù huā are all used for vomiting. Compare these herbs in the aspects
of characteristics and indications.
13. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and indications of the following herbs: dàn zhú yè, zhú rú, zhú lì and tiān zhú
huáng.
14. ■xplain the actions and indications of the following herbs: guā lóu gēn, quán guā lóu, guā lóu pí and guā lóu rén.
15. ■xplain the characteristics, actions and indications of the following herbs: sū yè, sū gĕng and sū zĭ.
16. Compare tiān nán xīng and dăn nán xīng in the aspects of source, properties, actions and indications.
9-9◎05.indd 474 2014-12-17 13:56:57

475
CHAPTER 14
Herbs that Calm the Mind
Section 1 Minerals and Shells that Strongly Suān Zăo Rén 酸枣仁 / 484
Calm the Mind / 476 Băi Zĭ Rén 柏子仁 / 485
Cí Shí 磁石 / 476 Shŏu Wū Téng 首乌藤 / 487
Lóng Gŭ 龙骨 / 477 Líng Zhī 灵芝 / 488
Lóng Chĭ 龙齿 / 480 Hé Huān Pí 合欢皮 / 490
Hŭ Pò 琥珀 / 480 Hé Huān Huā 合欢花 / 491
Zhēn Zhū 珍珠 / 482 Yuăn Zhì 远志 / 491
Section 2 Herbs that Mildly Calm the Mind / 484
［De■nition］ Herbs with the primary action of calming the mind and the heart are called herbs
that calm the mind.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are minerals, shells or plants and mainly enter
the heart and liver channels. Since the heart houses the spirit and governs mental activity, and the
liver houses the soul and governs the free ■ow of qi and the emotions, herbs in this category have the
actions of calming the mind and regulating emotional activities. Among them, minerals and shells
are heavy and solid in texture, indicating a descending and sinking property, so they basically present
stronger suppressing effects on the mind and heart. Plants, on the other hand, moisten and nourish
the heart blood and thus have milder calming effects on the mind and heart.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are mainly applied for different patterns of disturbances of
the spirit, which lead to such problems as palpitations, insomnia, dreaminess, mania and convulsions.
［Modi■cations］ The patterns of disturbances of the spirit vary according to different causes,
and therefore the treatments should differ. Besides herbs that calm the mind, herbs that treat the
cause of each problem are also needed. For instance, if the problem is caused by heart ■re, herbs for
clearing ■re should be used in combination with the herbs in this category; if the problem is caused
by phlegm heat, herbs that clear heat and resolve phlegm should be involved in the prescription.
In the same way, herbs for invigorating the spleen and tonifying qi are applied for qi and blood
de■ciency, herbs for tonifying blood and nourishing the liver are applied for heart and liver blood
deficiency, and herbs for nourishing yin and reducing fire are applied for yin deficiency with
deficiency ■re. As for convulsions and mania, herbs resolving phlegm for resuscitation and herbs for
pacifying the liver and subsiding interior wind are necessarily used as the chief herb, and the herbs in
this category are used as assistants.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Minerals and shells can readily spoil the stomach and
digestion if administered orally, so long-term application is not encouraged. For the same reason,
they should be used in combination with herbs that invigorate the digestion and protect the stomach,
and decocted earlier for a longer time. If herbs of this category are used particularly for insomnia,
they should be taken shortly before going to bed. Caution should of course be observed with toxic
herbs.
Herbs in this chapter are generally divided into two categories:
· minerals and shells that strongly calm the mind
9-9◎05.indd 475 2014-12-17 13:56:59

· herbs that mildly calm the mind
Section 1 Minerals and Shells that Strongly

Calm the Mind
Substances in this category are mostly derived from minerals, fossils or shells. They are heavy
and solid in texture and cold or cool in nature, and good at anchoring the heart, tranquilizing the
mind, calming panic and arresting convulsions. They are applied basically for disturbances of spirit
syndromes in excess pattern, which are normally triggered by exuberant heart ■re, phlegm ■re or a
scare. Some of them also can pacify the liver and subdue yang and can be used for the syndrome of
hyperactivity of liver yang.
CíShí磁石
MAGNETITUM
Magnetite
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is magnetite, one of several iron
oxides and a member of the spinel group.
［■xplanation of Name］ Cí “kind-hearted” and shí “stone”.
It originates from magnetic stone and attracts small pieces of iron,
just like a kind-hearted mother beckoning to her son. Magnetic
stones with strong magnetic force are named huó cí shí (活磁石)
or líng cí shí (灵磁石), where huó means “active” and líng means
“effectual”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning
and Guangdong provinces of China.
［Collection］ The magnetite is dug up, impurities are removed, and the stones with strong
magnetic force are selected for medicinal use. The ones with iron-colored cross-sections, compact,
lustrous and having less impurities are of good quality.
［Processing］ After cleaning, it is pounded into small pieces and used directly or ground into
■ne powder after soaking with vinegar.
［Characteristics］ It is salty in flavor, cold in nature and heavy in quality, indicating its
descending and sinking property. It not only can tranquilize the mind, but also can slightly tonify
the kidney. It enters the liver and heart channels to suppress fright and liver yang, and to tranquilize
the mind. It also enters the kidney channel to strengthen the kidney in order to improve hearing and
vision, and to arrest wheezing.
［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, paci■es the liver and subdues yang, improves
hearing and vision, and arrests wheezing.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, panic, insomnia or epilepsy due to kidney
9-9◎05.indd 476 2014-12-17 13:57:01

Chapter 14 Herbs that Calm the Mind 477
yin de■ciency and ■aming up of ■re to disturb the heart, it is often combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris)
and shén qū (Massa Medicata Fermentata) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Cí Zhū Wán
(Loadstone and Cinnabar Pill).
2. For vertigo due to the ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective in pacifying the
liver yang, and can also slightly replenish the liver yin, but better to combine it with shí jué míng
(Concha Haliotidis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) so as to improve
the effects.
3. For hearing loss, tinnitus and impaired vision due to kidney de■ciency, it is often combined
with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and chái hú (Radix
Bupleuri), so as to nourish the kidney and pacify the liver, such as in the formula Ĕr Lóng Zuŏ Cí
Wán (Deafness Left-Bene■ting Loadstone Pill).
For poor vision in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with gŏu qĭ
zĭ (Fructus Lycii), bái jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) to tonify
the liver and the kidney in addition.
4. For wheezing with kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae
Chinensis), hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) and gé jiè (Gecko) to strengthen the kidney in order to
improve grasping of qi and relief of wheezing.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g pieces in decoction and decocted ■rst for
longer time, or it is made into pills or powder and taken 1-3 g per day. For external use: it is ground
into powder and applied topically. For the purposes of suppressing fright, tranquilizing the mind and
pacifying the liver yang, the crude stone is used, while for the purpose of relieving wheezing the
vinegar-soaked stone is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with weak stomach and poor digestion
to take long-term, since it is mineral in origin and when taken orally may hamper the digestion.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains ferriferrous oxide (Fe3O4). It also contains silicon (Si), lead
(Pb), titanium (Ti), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr) and some arsenic
(As). The vinegar-soaked and calcined stone mainly contains ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferric acetate.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation and anti-convulsion, and the vinegar-
soaking process can enhance the effects. It also has the actions of anti-inflammation, increasing
blood coagulation and enriching the blood in iron-de■cient anemia patients.
Lóng Gǔ龙骨
OS DRACONIS
Dragon Bone
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fossilized bones of
mammals such as rhinoceros, deer, cow or elephant, or the
fossilized incisors of elephants.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lóng “dragon” and gŭ “bone”.
By legend, these are the bones of a dead dragon. The white,
grayish-white or yellowish-white ones are all called “white
dragon bones” (bái lóng gŭ, 白龙骨). The bluish-gray and
reddish-brown ones with different ■gures are called “color-
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striped dragon bones” (wŭ huā lóng gŭ, 五花龙骨).

［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Gansu of China, and the
color-striped dragon bones in Wuqi, Shaanxi, which are supposed to be best in quality.
［Collection］ Collected all year round and then cleaned. For the white dragon bones, the ones
which are solid in texture, white in color and of good absorbency are the best in quality. For the
color-striped dragon bones, the ones which are light in weight and easily crushed, layered, color-
striped and of good absorbency are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is ground into rough powder and stored for use,
or calcined ■rst.
［Characteristics］ The crude stones are good at tranquilizing the spirit and pacifying the liver
yang, and also can work as astringents; thus they are often used to treat anxiety, panic and ascendant
hyperactivity of liver yang. The calcined stones, on the other hand, are more effective at astringing
and the actions of tranquilizing the spirit and pacifying the liver yang are secondary. ■xternally
applied, the calcined powder is effective at healing ulcers.
［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, paci■es the liver and subdues yang, dries
dampness and arrests excess discharge of body ■uids.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, insomnia, panic, epilepsy and mania with
or without any de■ciency, it can be applied alone though better combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris)
and cí shí (Magnetitum) to improve the effects.
For those patients presenting with the pattern of heart fire harassing the spirit, it is often
combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Picrorhizae), zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) and zhī
zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) to calm the spirit and the mind.
For heart palpitations and insomnia due to heart blood de■ciency, it is often combined with
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) and băi zĭ rén (Semen
Platycladi) to nourish the heart and tranquilize the mind.
For insomnia accompanied by poor memory in the pattern of heart and kidney de■ciency, it
is combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and chāng pú
(Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to tonify the heart and kidney, and help calm the heart and tranquilize
the mind, such as in the formula Kŏng Zĭ Dà Shèng Zhī Zhĕn Zhōng Dān (Saint Confucius’s Pillow-
Stored ■lixir).
For epilepsy, convulsions and mania in the pattern of heat-phlegm accumulation, it is
combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), dăn nán xī ng (Arisaema cum Bile) and méng shí
(Chlorite-Schist) to clear heat and phlegm, extinguish wind, and suppress convulsions and
fright.
2. For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and de■ciency of liver yin, it can
pacify the liver yang, but more often it is combined with dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum), mŭ lì (Concha
Ostreae), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to settle the
liver yang, extinguish the liver wind, and nourish the liver and kidney yin, such as in the formulas
Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction) and Jiàn Líng Tāng
(Down Sweeping Decoction).
3. For incontinence of body fluids which may include seminal emission, enuresis, frequent
urination, metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, spontaneous sweating and night sweats, the calcined one is
particularly applied to arrest the excess discharge.
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For spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney deficiency, it is often combined
with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati) and qiàn shí (Semen
■uryales) to enhance the effect and tonify the kidney, such as in the formula Jīn Suŏ Gù Jīng Wán
(Golden Lock ■ssence-Securing Pill).
For frequent urination accompanied by poor memory due to deficiency of both heart and
kidney, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum
Testudinis) and fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) to nourish the heart and the kidney and
enhance the effects on arresting enuresis and emission, such as in the formula Sāng Piāo Xiāo Săn
(Mantis ■gg Shell Powder).
For metrorrhagia and leukorrhea due to qi deficiency failing to hold, it can be combined
with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), wū zéi gŭ (Oötheca Mantidis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae
Chinensis) to strengthen qi and enhance the effects on arresting bleeding and leukorrhea, such as in
the formula Gù Chōng Tāng (Penetrating Vessel-Securing Decoction).
For spontaneous sweating due to exterior de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix
Astragali), duàn mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) to strengthen qi and
consolidate the exterior.
For night sweats due to yin deficiency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae
Chinensis) to nourish yin, reduce heat and stop sweating.
4. For chronic uncontrolled ulcers, acute eczema, ulcerative skin lesions and traumatic bleeding,
the calcined one is particularly used to dry up the liquid secretions, help the healing of the lesions
and arrest the bleeding.
For chronic uncontrolled ulcers, it is often combined with ér chá (Catechu), shŏu gōng
(Gecko) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis).
For acute ulcerative skin lesions, it can be used alone or in combination with kū fán (Alumen
Dehydratum) in powder form and applied topically.
For acute eczema, it is used topically with kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), lú gān shí (Calamina)
and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) in powder form.
For traumatic bleeding, it is used topically with xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), rŭ xiāng
(Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) in powder form.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For oral administration: 15-30 g in decoction and decocted ■rst for
a longer time, or made into powder or pills. For external use: the calcined one is powdered ■rst and
applied directly. For the purposes of calming the mind and pacifying the liver yang, the crude stone
is used, while for other purposes the calcined one is more suitable.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with damp-heat accumulation
because of its astringing property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and calcium orthophosphate
(Ca3(PO4)2). It also has iron (Fe), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), aluminium (Al),
magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), sulfate radical, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The calcium salts it contains can promote blood coagulation,
decrease the permeability of the vessel walls and inhibit the excitement of skeletal muscles. It also
shows effects of anti-convulsion, sedation, hypnosis, shortening blood coagulation time, enhancing
immunity and promoting renovation of injured tissues.
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Attachment: Lóng Chǐ 龙齿

Dens Draconis
［Source］ It is the fossilized teeth of some large ancient mammals.

［Properties］ Sweet, astringent; cool.
［Actions］ Settles the heart and calms the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ It can be used for panic attacks, epilepsy, mania, palpitations, anxiety, insomnia and
dreaminess.
［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ It mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium
orthophosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), which show effects of anti-convulsion.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ The same as those of lóng gŭ. The crude one is particularly effective for
tranquilizing the mind.
HǔPò 琥珀
SUCCINUM
Amber
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing in the Liu Song
Period of the North and South Dynasties (420-479 A.D.). It
is the fossilized resin of pine trees.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hŭ “tiger” and pò “soul”.
According to legend, amber is transformed from the soul
of a dead tiger. It is also named as tiger soul (hŭ pò, 虎魄).
Amber is blood red and translucent like jade, so the original
Chinese characters “虎魄” have the character for jade (玉)
attached as the left component and are written as “琥珀”.
It is also called blood amber (xuè pò, 血珀) and red amber
(hóng hŭ pò, 红琥珀).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Yunnan and
Guangxi of China. That which is produced in Xixia, Henan
Province is of the largest output and best quality. Amber is also produced in Germany, Spain, Burma,
Pakistan, etc.
［Collection］ It can be collected all year round by digging it out and cleaning it. The red and
brittle amber with glassy cross-section is the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is crushed into pieces or ground into ■ne powder.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Heavy and solid in texture, it is sinking and moving in property. It is bland
or sweet, which indicates the action of draining dampness. It is neither too cold nor too hot and thus
can be used widely without fear of damage from cold or heat. It mainly enters the heart and the liver
channels, but also the bladder channel. It is good at tranquilizing the mind and the spirit, and is also
effective at activating blood and eliminating blood stasis. Additionally, it can induce diuresis and
relieve stranguria.
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［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, activates blood and eliminates blood stasis,
induces diuresis and relieves stranguria.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, panic and insomnia in the pattern of qi de■ciency and
phlegm accumulation, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), zhū shā
(Cinnabaris), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to replenish
qi, calm the spirit and tranquilize the mind, such as in the formula Hŭ Pò Dìng Zhì Wán (Amber
Spirit-Calming Pill).
For amnesia, absent-mindedness and insomnia due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is combined
with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and yuăn zhì
(Radix Polygalae) to tonify the body, improve the memory and tranquilize the mind, such as in the
formula Hŭ Pò Duō Mèi Wán (Amber Sleep-Improving Pill).
For infantile convulsions accompanied by high fever, unconsciousness or epilepsy in the
pattern of phlegm-heat accumulation, it is often combined with dăn nán xī ng (Arisaema cum
Bile), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to clear the heat and
transform the phlegm, calm the body and stop the convulsions, such as in the formula Hŭ Pò Bào
Lóng Wán (Amber Fire-■xtinguishing Pill).
2. For dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, chest constriction with heart pain and abdominal masses,
it is commonly used to activate blood and dredge the channels, and to transform blood stasis and
abdominal masses.
For dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea due to qi and blood stagnation, it is combined with dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to relieve
pain and unblock the channels by activating blood and promoting qi ■ow, such as in the formula Hŭ
Pò Săn (Amber Powder).
For chest constriction with heart pain due to heart blood stasis and obstruction, it is often used
together with sān qī (Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng) in fine powder form so as to resolve stasis,
dredge the channels and relieve pain.
For hematoma of the scrotum and labia, and postpartum in■ammatory pain with signs of blood
stasis, the powder can be taken alone with water.
For abdominal masses, it is combined with sān léng (Rhizoma Sparganii), dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to activate blood and dissipate masses.
3. For stranguria or retention of urine, it not only can promote urination and relieve stranguria,
but also can dissipate blood stasis and stop bleeding.
If combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma Imperatae), shí wéi (Folium Pyrrosiae) and zhù má
gēn (Radix Boehmeriae), it is very effective for stranguria complicated by hematuria.
For heat stranguria, and urolithic stranguria, it is often combined with jīn qián căo (Herba
Lysimachiae), hăi jīn shā (Spora Lygodii) and mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) to clear heat, promote
urination and remove urinary calculi.
For retention of urine with difficult urination, the powder is used along with dēng xīn căo
(Medulla Junci) decoction.
4. In addition, applied topically it also benefits the healing of sores and injured tissues by
promoting granulation.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1.5-3 g a day in powder instead of decoction,
and taken with water or honey water, or used in pills. For external use: the powder is applied alone
topically or in combination with other medicinal powders or adjuvants.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients presenting with yin de■ciency and
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internal heat because it may damage the body yin.

［Ingredients］ The resin mainly contains succooxyabietic acid, succinoabietinolic acid,
succinosilvic acid, succinoresinol, succinoabietol and succine acid. It also contains volatile oils and
inorganic salts.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of anti-convulsion, sedation, hypnosis, anti-
ulcer, detoxi■cation and anti-bacteria.
［Notes］ Besides blood amber, coal amber, which is mainly produced in Fushun, Liaoning
Province, is also medicinal, and the brownish-yellow colored amber with glassy cross-section is the
best in quality. ■xcept for the differences in texture and appearance, coal amber is the same as blood
amber in all other aspects.
Zhēn Zhū珍珠
MARGARITA
Pearl
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing during the Liu-
Song Period of the North and South Dynasties (420-
479 A.D.). It is the pearl produced inside the body
of mollusks such as Pteria martensii (Dunker) of the
family Pteriidae, Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea) of the
family Unionidae or Cristaria plicata (Leach) of the
family Pelecypoda.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhēn “authentic and
exquisite”, and zhū “perfectly round, smooth and
shining bead”. It is perfectly round, fine and valuable.
［Habitat］ Seawater pearls are mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong and Taiwan, and those
which are produced in Hepu, Guangxi Province are of the best quality. Fresh water pearls are mainly
produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang, Anhui and Shanghai in China, and also in Japan, India,
Australia, Sri Lanka and Mexico.
［Collection］ Natural pearls can be collected all year round, while the cultivated ones are
collected at the end of fall 2-3 years after the mollusks are inoculated. Seawater pearls are extracted
and washed clean for use. Fresh water pearls need to be soaked immediately in saturated saline water
for 5-10 minutes to get the mucilage removed ■rst, then rinsed with clean water and dried. The big,
round and purely white ones with lustrous and layered cross-sections, but without hard cores are the
best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, they are washed and dried in the sun. They are
crushed and then ground directly or with water into ■ne powder for use.
［Characteristics］ It is heavy and sinking in property so as to suppress fright, and sweet and cold
in nature so as to clear heat and slightly nourish yin. It enters the heart and the liver channels. Good
at suppressing fright and tranquilizing the mind, it is often used for anxiety, palpitations, insomnia,
convulsions and epilepsy. Also ef■cient at clearing liver heat so as to improve vision and remove
nebulae, it is often used for in■amed eyes and nebulae. It can also reduce toxic heat and promote
9-9◎05.indd 482 2014-12-17 13:57:10

granulation and the healing of sores and ulcers, so is often used for pharyngitis and mouth ulcers.
［Actions］ Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind, removes nebulae and improves vision, heals
sores and promotes granulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep with
heat signs, it can be used alone in powder form and taken with water or mixed with honey ■rst, or in
combination with other herbs.
For anxiety, irritation and insomnia in the pattern of heart blood de■ciency complicated with
heat, it is often combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi)
and yè jiāo téng (Caulis Polygoni Multi■ori).
For more serious palpitations due to blood de■ciency, it can be used together with shú dì
huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and suān zăo rén
(Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to nourish blood in particular, such as in the formula Zhēn Zhū Wán (Pearl
Pill).
2. For infantile convulsions due to phlegm-heat accumulation, and manifested as high fever,
unconsciousness, spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), hŭ
pò (Succinum) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), such as in the formula Jīn Bó Zhèn Xīn Wán
(Gold Foil Heart-Calming Pill).
For infantile epilepsy, fright and convulsions, it is combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris), niú
huáng (Calculus Bovis) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Zhèn Jīng Wán
(Fright-Suppressing Pill).
For infantile crying and convulsions in the pattern of phlegm ■re, it is often used together with
niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) in powder form and taken with dēng xīn căo (Medulla Junci) decoction,
such as in the formula Zhū Huáng Săn (Pearl and Cow Bezoar Powder).
3. For in■amed eyes and nebulae due to wind heat attacking the liver channel or the ■aming
up of liver fire, it can be used together with qī ng xiāng zĭ (Semen Celosiae), jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), such as in the formula Zhēn Zhū Săn
(Authentic Pearl Powder).
For keratitis, it can be used together with bī ng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), hŭ pò
(Succinum), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and péng shā (Borax) in re■ned powder form as eye drops.
For the beginning of nebulae, it is often combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), xióng dăn (Fel
Ursi) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), and applied in re■ned powder as eye drops, such as in the
formula Zhēn Zhū Săn (Pearl Powder).
4. For mouth ulcers, sore throat and chronic uncontrolled ulcers, it can effectively clear toxic
heat and promote granulation.
For mouth ulcers, it is combined with péng shā (Borax), huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis)
and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), such as in the formula Zhēn Băo Săn (Pearly-Treasured
Powder).
For in■ammatory swelling and ulcers in the mouth due to excessive internal toxic heat, it is
used with man-made niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), xī guā shuāng (Mirabilitum Praeparatum) and
ér chá (Catechu), such as in the formula Zhū Huáng Chuī Hóu Săn (Pearl and Cow Bezoar Throat-
Spreading Powder).
For chronic uncontrolled ulcers, it can be applied topically together with lú gān shí (Calamina),
huáng lián (Rhizoma Polygonati) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis) in powder.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.1-0.3 g per dose in powder and taken
with water, or made into pills, 2-3 times a day. For external use: the powder is used alone or in
9-9◎05.indd 483 2014-12-17 13:57:11

combination with other powders, or the re■ned powder for eye drops or throat spray.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with
de■ciency cold since it is cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains CaCO3 (over 90％), and also has keratin, varieties of amino acids,
porphyrin compounds, and varieties of mineral elements such as Mn, Zinc, Cu, Iron, Si, and Se, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, analgesia, anti-convulsion,
pyretolysis and inhibiting cortical electrical activity. It can also improve immunity, act against aging
and tumors, inhibit rabbit intestines in vitro and resist radiation. Zhēn Zhū Míng Mù Yè (Pearl ■ye-
Brightening Solution) can inhibit the formation of experimental cataracts.
Section 2 Herbs that Mildly Calm the Mind

Herbs in this category are mostly seeds or kernels which are sweet, moistening and nutritious,
and neutral in nature. They are good at nourishing the heart blood and tranquilizing the mind so as to
treat problems such as insomnia, palpitations, amnesia and dreaminess caused by blood de■ciency or
qi and blood de■ciency.
Suān Zǎo Rén 酸枣仁

SEMEN ZIZIPHI SPINOSAE
Spiney Date Seed
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the mature seed
of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex
H.F.Chou, a deciduous bush or small tree of the family
Rhamnaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Suān “sour”, zăo “date”
and rén “kernel”. The plant is similar to the date tree, the
fruit is very much like the date but the ■avor is sour, and
the kernel is medicinal only. It is called zăo rén for short.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shaanxi,
Shanxi and Shandong provinces of China.
［Collection］ The mature fruits are collected during
the end of autumn and the beginning of winter. The
■esh and the shell are removed and only the kernels are
collected and dried in the sun. Big and plump fruits with purplish-red, smooth and lustrous skin, and
with yellowish-white kernels are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it can be used directly or air dried ■rst. It is crushed
into pieces or ground into ■ne powder before use.
［Properties］ Sweet, sour; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, gallbladder.
［Characteristics］ Its sweetness indicates its nourishing action, while its sour ■avor indicates
astringency. Neutral and mild, it is good at nourishing the heart, liver and gallbladder, and tranquilizing
9-9◎05.indd 484 2014-12-17 13:57:13

the mind and spirit. It also can arrest sweating and thus is often used for spontaneous sweating and
night sweats complicated with de■ciency.
［Actions］ Nourishes the heart, liver and gallbladder, tranquilizes the mind and arrests sweating.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For insomnia, dreaminess and palpitations, it can nourish blood and
yin and tranquilize the mind at the same time.
For insomnia with anxiety in the pattern of blood de■ciency complicated with heat, it is often
combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae) to nourish the blood and yin, calm the mind and slightly clear heat, such as in the
formula Suān Zăo Rén Tāng (Sour Jujube Decoction).
For palpitations and insomnia in the pattern of heart and spleen de■ciency, it is often combined
with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), huáng qí (Radix Scutellariae) and lóng yăn ròu (Arillus
Longan), so as to tonify qi and blood, and calm the heart and mind, such as in the formula Guī Pí
Tāng (Spleen-Restoring Decoction).
For palpitations, insomnia, poor memory and nocturnal emission due to yin and blood
de■ciency, and ■re ■aming up, it is often combined with mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng
dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to replenish yin and blood, and calm
the heart and the mind, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor Heart-
Supplementing ■lixir).
2. For spontaneous sweating due to qi de■ciency, it is often combined with fú xiăo mài (Fructus
Tritici Levis), shēng huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and má huáng gēn (Radix et Rhizoma ■phedrae) to
strengthen qi, consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating.
For night sweats, it is often combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae
Annuae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to nourish yin, suppress heat and arrest sweating.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g pounded to pieces in decoction, or made
into pills and powder; or 1-3 g in powder and taken before bedtime. For insomnia with heat, the raw
unprepared herb is preferred.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with excessive heat or interior
stagnated ■re, because it is astringing and may worsen the situation.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains jujuboside. It also contains birch pentaerythritol tetranitrate,
betulic acid triterpenoid ■avones, swertisin, jujube seed alkali, ferulic acid, daucosterol, fatty oils,
volatile oils, amino acids, sitosterin, a great quantity of cAMP- like active substance, phytosterin and
vitamin C, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, hypnosis, anti-convulsion, anti-
arrhythmia, anti-myocardial ischemia, blood pressure and cholesterol decrease, anti-arteriosclerosis,
anti-anoxia, immunity enhancement, memory improvement, anti-burns, analgesia, body temperature
reduction and uterus excitation.
Bǎi ZǐRén 柏子仁

SEMEN PLATYCLADI
Oriental Arborvitae
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was băi shí (柏实). It is the dry mature seed of
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, an evergreen tree of the family Cupressaceae.
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［■xplanation of Name］ Băi “cypress tree”, zĭ “seed”

and rén “kernel”. It is the kernel of Chinese thuja, a kind
of cypress. The whole fruit was also used clinically in
ancient times with the name of băi shí, of which băi
means “cypress” and shí means “fruit”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Henan,
Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China.
［Collection］ The mature fruit ball is collected during
the autumn and winter. It is dried in the sun and crushed
so as to extract the seeds. The ones that are yellowish-
white, plump and full of oil but without oil leaking out
are the best in quality.
seeds are cleaned and used unprepared, or prepared so
that the surface is fully covered with frost-like powder (mirabilite-preparation).
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, kidney, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, nutritious, oily, moistening and neutral in nature. It enters the
heart and the kidney channels, and is good at nourishing yin and blood, and calming the heart and
the mind. It is particularly effective for insomnia, dreaminess and palpitations due to yin and blood
de■ciency. On the other hand, it can moisten the large intestine to relieve constipation, and thus can
treat constipation in the pattern of yin and blood de■ciency.
［Actions］ Nourishes the heart blood and calms the mind, moistens the large intestine and
relieves constipation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For insomnia with night sweats and palpitations due to heart-blood
de■ciency, it is combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula
Yăng Xīn Tāng (Heart-Nourishing Decoction).
For absent-mindedness, palpitations, dreaminess, amnesia complicated with night sweats due
to yin and blood de■ciency, and disharmony between the heart and kidney, it is often combined with
mài mén dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and shí chāng pú
(Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to nourish yin and blood, calm the heart and mind, moisten yin and tonify
the kidney, such as in the formula Băi Zĭ Yăng Xīn Wán (Arborvitae Seed Heart-Nourishing Pill).
2. For constipation due to de■cient intestinal ■uid as often happens in the elderly, used alone it
can lubricate the large intestine to relieve constipation, but better effect can be obtained if combined
with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and yù lĭ rén (Semen Pruni), such as in the formula Wŭ Rén Wán
(Five Kernels Pill).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-20 g pounded into pieces in decoction, or
made into pills or powder. For patients with loose stools, the mirabilite-prepared product is preferred.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools and profuse
phlegm since it is oily and moistening and acts as a laxative.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains fatty oils (about 14％). It also contains volatile oils, saponin,
vitamin A, proteins, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It is a lubricating laxative, and can tranquilize the mind and
improve memory.
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Shǒu WūTéng 首乌藤

CAULIS POLYGONI MULTIFLORI
Black-haired Vine
［Source］ Initially appeared in Story of He Shou Wu (Hé Shŏu Wū Zhùan, 何首乌传) in

the Tang Dynasty (about 813 A.D.). Its original name
was jiāo téng (交藤). It is the dry rattan of Polygonum
multi■orum Thunb., a perennial climbing vine of the family
Polygonaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shŏu wū “black-haired” and
téng “vine”. It is the twisting vine of the shŏu wū plant. It is
also known as yè jiāo téng (夜交藤), where yè means “night”,
jiāo means “meeting” and téng means “vine”. It is said that
during the night the vines twist around each other, while
during the day they separate.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hubei, Guangxi
and Guangdong of China.
［Collection］ The vines are collected during the autumn and winter. After the remaining
leaves are cleared away, the vines are gathered into bundles and dried in the sun. The big, solid and
regularly shaped vines with the outer skin colored brownish-red are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the vines are cleaned with water and chopped into
segments for use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, neutral and mild in action, it enters the heart and the liver channels.
It can nourish the heart blood and tranquilize the mind, and thus it often works as a chief herb in
formulas for anxiety, insomnia and dreaminess, particularly in the pattern of blood de■ciency. It also
can expel exterior wind and unblock channels and collaterals, and is often used for body pain and
numbness due to blood de■ciency, and for rheumatic and rheumatoid joint pain.
［Actions］ Nourishes the heart and tranquilizes the mind, expels wind and unblocks collaterals.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, insomnia and dreaminess due to heart blood de■ciency,
it is often combined with hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), hé huān pí (Cortex Albiziae) and
fried suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to improve the effects.
For whole night sleeplessness due to yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, it is often
combined with lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis), băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) and zhēn zhū mŭ (Concha
Margaritiferae Usta), so as to nourish yin, subdue yang and anchor the mind, such as in the formula
Jiă Yĭ Guī Zàng Tāng (Jia Yi Zang-Restoring Decoction).
2. For body pain and numbness due to blood de■ciency, and rheumatic and rheumatoid joint pain, it
not only can nourish blood, but can also expel exterior wind, unblock collaterals and relieve pain.
For body pain and numbness due to blood de■ciency and stagnation, it is often combined with
jī xuè téng (Caulis Spatholobi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma
Chuanxiong) to improve the effects.
For rheumatic and rheumatoid joint pain, it is often combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et
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Rhizoma Clematidis), sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori) and hăi fēng téng (Caulis Piperis Kadsurae) to
enhance the effects on dredging the collaterals and relieving pain.
3. Moreover, decocted alone and applied to rinse the skin topically, it can relieve skin itching.
For external use: it is decocted and applied to steam and rinse the local skin, or the fresh herb is
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains anthraquinones, which are composed of archen, chrysophanol,
physcion, emodin -6- ether, and emodin -8-O- β -D- glucoside, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, hypnosis, cholesterol decrease, anti-
fatty liver, anti-tumor, relief of cough, lowering of blood pressure, diuresis, antibiosis and killing of
leptospira.
Líng Zhī灵芝
GANODERMA
Reishi Mushroom
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original names were chì
zhī (赤芝) and zĭ zhī (紫芝). It is the dried fruiting
body of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst. or
Ganoderma japonicum (Fr.) Lloyd, fungi of the family
Polyporaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lí ng means “God’s
blessing”, “effective” and “magical”, and zhī means
“marvelous herb”. It grows on rotten wood or trees but
has a spiritually elegant appearance because it can gather
the spirit and essence of the tree. It is unexpectedly-
shaped and is so effective in treating diseases that it is like God’s blessing. It is also called zhī (芝)
and mù (“wood”) zhī (木芝).The ones with reddish-brown caps and stalks are called chì (“red”) zhī,
while the ones with purple and black caps and stalks are called zĭ (“purple”) zhī.
［Habitat］ Mainly cultivated in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi and Fujian of China.
［Collection］ The cultivated ones are collected when the fruiting body is mature, while the wild
ones are collected in autumn. After impurities and sediment are cleared away, they are dried in the air
or in an oven with the temperature 40-50℃. The ■rm, lustrous and purplish-red ones with complete
shape are of the best quality.
［Processing］ They are chopped into small pieces or ground into ■ne powder for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, spleen, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, nourishing and neutral in property, it enters the heart, kidney, lung and
spleen channels. It is good at nourishing the heart and calming the mind, and is an effective herb for
insomnia and dreaminess due to de■ciency. It can nourish qi and blood simultaneously, and also can
transform phlegm and relieve cough and wheezing.
［Actions］ Nourishes the heart, qi and blood, calms the mind, transforms phlegm, and relieves
cough and wheezing.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For insomnia, dreaminess, palpitations and poor memory along with
tiredness due to heart-qi or general qi and blood de■ciency, it can be used alone in powder form and
applied orally, or combined with cì wŭ jiā (Radix et Rhizoma seu Caulis Acanthopanacis Senticosi),
suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance the
effects.
2. For different patterns of consumptive diseases, it can nourish both qi and blood.
For mental and physical fatigue with sallow complexion, it can be used alone or combined
with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and zhì hé shŏu wū (Radix
Polygoni Multi■ori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae) to improve the effects.
For mental and physical fatigue with poor appetite and loose stools, it can be used together
with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), fú líng (Poria), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to tonify qi and activate the spleen.
For mental and physical fatigue in the elderly accompanied by aching pain and weakness in
the loins and knees, and dizziness, it is combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata),
gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) to tonify the liver and kidney, and
strengthen the loins and knees.
3. For chronic cough and wheezing, it can nourish qi and transform phlegm, and relieve cough
and wheezing as well.
For cases with signs of lung and kidney deficiency manifested with inhalation less than
exhalation, and scanty or no phlegm, it can be used alone, or in combination with dōng chóng xià căo
(Cordyceps) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to tonify the lung and kidney, and improve the effects
on relief of cough and wheezing.
For cases with signs of both excess and de■ciency manifested as cough and wheezing with
profuse phlegm, it is combined with fă bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum), chén pí (Pericarpium
Citri Reticulatae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance the effects on phlegm
transformation, and on alleviation of cough and wheezing.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-15 g in decoction, or 1.5-3 g each time in
powder, or brewed in wine.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients in excess type, because its main
action is to nourish.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains triterpenes, organic acids, alkaloids, volatile oils,
polysaccharides, proteins, polypeptides, steroids, nucleosides, different kinds of amino acid and trace
elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, analgesia, anti-convulsion,
stimulating the heart, decreasing blood pressure, anti-anoxia, anti-myocardial ischemia, decreasing
cholesterol, anti-arteriosclerosis, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-thrombus, dispelling phlegm,
relieving cough and dyspnea, protecting the liver, detoxi■cation, lowering blood sugar, anti-radiation,
anti-gastric ulcer, improving immunity, anti-tumor, anti-in■ammation, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, and
inhibiting bacteria, etc. It also stimulates the hematopoietic system to accelerate proliferation of bone
marrow cells, and to increase peripheral blood leukocyte count and hemoglobin content.
［Note］ In Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica, it was recorded that there were six kinds
of líng zhī—red, black, blue, white, yellow and purple. However, the commonly-encountered plants
are mostly red and purple.
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Hé Huān Pí合欢皮
CORTEX ALBIZIAE
Silktree Bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was hé huān
(合欢). It is the dried bark of Albizia julibrissin Durazz., a
deciduous tree of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hé “coming together”, huān
“happiness” and pí “skin”. The small leaves are distributed
bilaterally on the two sides of the branches. When evening
comes, every pair of the parallel leaflets come together
closely just like lovers. It is also called hé huān in brief,
or yè hé (夜合) which means “coming together during the
night”. Since the bark is medicinal, it is called hé huān pí
or yè hé pí. If the ■ower is used, it is named hé huān huā
(“■ower”).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui
and Zhejiang provinces of China. The output of Hubei Province is the greatest.
［Collection］ The bark is stripped off during the summer and autumn, cut into segments and
dried in the sun. Bark that is tender, without rough outer skin and with obvious blister-like pores is of
the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into
［Characteristics］ Sweet, neutral and dispersing in property, it enters the heart and the
liver channels. It is good at soothing the liver and relieving depression, delighting the heart and
tranquilizing the mind, so is effectively applied for depression, irritability and insomnia caused by
emotions. It also activates blood and relieves swelling, and is used for bone fractures, sores and
abscesses.
［Actions］ Relieves depression and tranquilizes the mind, activates blood and alleviates
swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For irritability, dreaminess and insomnia caused by anger or
depression, it can be used alone in decoction, or combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), yuăn zhì
(Radix Polygalae) and yè jiāo téng (Caulis Polygoni Multi■ori) to improve the effects on soothing
the liver, relieving depression, and calming the heart and mind.
2. For traumatic injuries, lung abscesses, sores and swelling, it can effectively alleviate swelling
and pain by activating blood and transforming blood stasis.
For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), rŭ xiāng
(Olibanum) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), and applied either internally or externally to
improve the actions of activating blood and transforming blood stasis, thereby alleviating swelling
and pain.
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For lung abscesses, it is often combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), yú xīng căo
(Herba Houttuyniae) and dōng guā rén (Semen Benincasae) to clear toxic heat, and facilitate
expectoration and transformation of the purulent phlegm.
For furuncles and sores, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), zĭ huā dì
dīng (Herba Violae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) to improve the effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills and
powder. For external use: it is ground into powder or extracted into cream and applied topically. For
activating blood and transforming blood stasis, and alleviating swelling and pain, the wine-brewed
herb is better.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women since it can activate
blood and may cause uterine bleeding.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains saponins, and the main ingredient is allibiside. It also contains
alkalines such as julibrine I, lactones such as Acacia three terpene lactones, and different kinds of
lignanoids, tannins, and saccharides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can tranquilize the mind, improve sleep, inhibit bacteria
and antagonize platelet-activating factor receptors. Allibiside can excite the uterus and has a
contraceptive effect.
Attachment: Hé Huān Huā 合欢花

Flos Albiziae
［Source］ It is the ■ower or bud of this plant. The former is called hé huān huā (“■ower”) and the latter is called
hé huān mĭ (“rice-like bud”).
［Actions］ Relieves depression, tranquilizes the mind and regulates the stomach qi.
［Clinical Applications］ It is generally used for anxiety, depression, poor memory and insomnia. However, it is
very mild and weak in action, so is better to be used in combination with other similar herbs.
Yuǎn Zhì远志
RADIX POLYGALAE
Thin-leaf Milkwort Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. or Polygala sibirica L.,
perennial herbs of the family Polygalaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yuăn “high and distant” and zhì “aspiration”. Yuăn zhì means “lofty
aspiration”, since it can improve the memory and intelligence, enabling a person to have lofty
aspirations.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the north, northeast and northwest parts of China. The output of
Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces is the greatest.
［Collection］ The roots are collected during the spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots and
earth are cleared away, the wooden cores of the roots are removed and dried in the sun. Big roots
which are smooth and tender and with thick skin are the best.
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［Processing］ After impurities are removed, the roots

are washed and moistened completely, and the wooden
cores are removed. These are cut into segments for use
or boiled with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae)
decoction ■rst.
［Properties］ Bitter, acrid; slightly warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, kidney, lung.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, bitter, slightly warm and
dispersing, it enters the heart to assist the heart yang
and qi, and helps to harmonize the kidney and heart to
achieve the effects of calming the mind and improving
the memory. It enters the heart and the lung to transform
phlegm and resuscitate the mind, so as to treat restless-
mindedness, epilepsy and mania due to phlegm accumulation, and cough along with cold phlegm.
Moreover, it can alleviate swelling, and thus is used to treat carbuncles, sores and abscesses.
［Actions］ Calms the heart and the mind, transforms phlegm and resuscitates the mind, and
alleviates swelling.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For anxiety, palpitations, panic attacks, insomnia and poor memory
due to defective interaction between the heart and the kidney, it can restore the coordination between
the heart and the kidney and has good effects on calming the heart and the mind. For such cases it
is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis) and fú shén
(Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Ān Shé Dìng Zhì Wán
(Spirit-Tranquilizing and Mind-Stabilizing Pill).
2. For epilepsy in the pattern of wind phlegm obstructing the heart channel manifested by sudden
unconsciousness, spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae),
tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to improve the effects on transforming phlegm,
calming the wind convulsions and resuscitation.
For depressive psychosis due to obstructed phlegm and qi manifested by delirium, it is often
combined with shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and dăn nán
xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) so as to regulate qi, soothe the liver, relieve depression, resolve phlegm
and resuscitate the mind.
For mania due to phlegm ■re ■aming upwards, it is often combined with shēng tiĕ luò (Frusta
Ferri), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) to settle the heart and clear
phlegm, and to purge the liver ■re.
3. For cough with profuse white sputum normally considered as cold phlegm, it alone can be
extracted into liquid and applied to disperse the lung qi, transform the phlegm and relieve the cough,
or can be combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and
bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to enhance the effects.
4. For sores, carbuncles and abscesses, it can be applied alone in powder and taken with rice
wine or applied topically in mixture with other liquid adjuvants to dredge the channels of qi and
blood so as to alleviate swelling.
For external use: the wine-brewed herb or the powder is applied topically. The raw herb is used for
clearing the lung, transforming phlegm and resuscitation; the herb prepared with gān căo (Radix
et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) decoction is much milder in all actions so is suitable for patients with
9-9◎05.indd 492 2014-12-17 13:57:25

vulnerable stomachs; and the honey-prepared herb is more suitable for relieving cough, and for
calming the heart and the mind.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with excessive heat, phlegm heat,
in■ammation or stomach ulcers, since it is warm and drying in property and may irritate the stomach
and trigger ■re if applied internally.
［Ingredients］ Contains different kinds of polygalic acids, alkaloids, polygala ketones,
polygalytol, fatty oils, resins, saccharides and so on.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of sedation, hypnosis, anti-convulsion, improving
memory, dispelling phlegm, promoting urination, decreasing blood pressure, exciting the uterus,
inhibiting bacteria, anti-mutation and anti-cancer.
Summary
1. Minerals and shells that strongly calm the mind
Lóng Gŭ vs. Lóng Chĭ
Medicinal Lóng Gŭ Lóng Chĭ
Properties Sweet, astringent

Similarities
Actions Suppresses fright and tranquilizes the mind
Indications Mania, anxiety, palpitations, insomnia and dreaminess
Properties Neutral Cool
Entered channels Heart, liver, kidney —
Pacifies the liver yang

Differences
·
Actions · Arrests excessive discharge of body ■uids and promotes —
granulation to heal sores and ulcers (when calcined)
· Dizziness caused by hyperactive liver yang

· Incontinence of body fluids due to extreme deficiency,
Indications —
chronic uncontrolled sores and ulcers, acute eczema and
ulcers, and traumatic bleeding (when calcined)
Hŭ Pò vs. Lóng Gŭ
Medicinal Hŭ Pò Lóng Gŭ

Similarities
Actions Calms fright and tranquilizes the mind
Indications Palpitations, panic attacks, depressive psychosis, mania and insomnia

Differences
Properties — Astringent
Entered channels Bladder Kidney
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Continued
Medicinal Hŭ Pò Lóng Gŭ
· Activates blood, transforms blood · Pacifies the liver yang
stasis, promotes urination and relieves · Astringingly arrests the excessive
Actions stranguria d i s c h a rg e o f b o d y f l u i d s , a n d
· Promotes granulation to heal sores and promotes granulation to heal sores
ulcers when applied externally and ulcers (calcined)
Dizziness caused by hyperactive
Differences
·
· Amenorrhea due to blood stagnation, liver yang
abdominal masses, retention of urine · Incontinence of body fluids due
Indications and dif■cult urination to extreme deficiency, chronic
· Chronic uncontrolled sores, and uncontrolled sores and ulcers, acute
traumatic bleeding (applied externally) eczema and ulcers, and traumatic
bleeding (calcined)
Both unprepared and calcined forms
Special features Only the unprepared form is used
are used
2. Herbs that mildly calm the mind
Suān Zăo Rén vs. Băi Zĭ Rén

Medicinal Suān Zăo Rén Băi Zĭ Rén
Similarities

Actions Nourishes the heart and tranquilizes the mind
Often used in combination to reinforce the effects on palpitations and insomnia due
Indications
to yin and blood de■ciency that fails to nourish the spirit
Properties Sour —
Entered channels Liver, gallbladder Kidney, large intestine
· Nourishes the liver blood and calms · Calms the heart and mind by nourishing
Differences
Actions the mind the kidney

· Stops sweating · Lubricates the large intestine
· Mental and heart problems that are due
to disharmony between the heart and
Indications Profuse sweating due to de■ciency
kidney
· Constipation
Hé Huān Pí vs. Hé Huān Huā

Medicinal Hé Huān Pí Hé Huān Huā
Similarities

Actions Soothes the liver qi and tranquilizes the mind
Indications Anxiety, irritability, insomnia and dreaminess due to emotional factors
Regulates qi and promotes stomach
Differences
Actions Activates blood to alleviate swelling

function
Traumatic injuries and inflammatory
Indications Poor appetite and chest constriction
lesions
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Review Questions
1. What is the concept of mind-tranquilizing herb?
2. How many groups are mind-tranquilizing herbs divided into according to the herb actions in this chapter? What are
the common characteristics, actions and indications of each group?
3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, indications and administration of the following herbs: cí shí, lóng gŭ and zhēn
zhū.
4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, cautions and contraindications of the following herbs: suān zăo rén, hé huān pí,
shŏu wū téng, yuăn zhì and líng zhī.
5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: zhū shā and cí shí; hŭ
pò and lóng gŭ; suān zăo rén and băi zĭ rén; hé huān pí and hé huān huā; yuăn zhì and fú líng.
6. Which pattern of mental disorder should zhū shā be best for? Why? What is the dosage for oral administration?
What are the cautions and contraindications?
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496
CHAPTER 15
Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind
Section 1 Herbs that Calm the Liver and Section 2 Herbs that Extinguish Wind and
Subdue Hyperactive Yang / 497 Relieve Convulsions / 508
Shí Jué Míng 石决明 / 497 Líng Yáng Jiăo 羚羊角 / 508
Zhēn Zhū Mŭ 珍珠母 / 499 Shān Yáng Jiăo 山羊角 / 510
Mŭ Lì 牡蛎 / 500 Gōu Téng 钩藤 / 511
Zhĕ Shí 赭石 / 502 Tiān Má 天麻 / 513
Zĭ Bèi Chĭ 紫贝齿 / 504 Dì Lóng 地龙 / 515
Jí Lí 蒺藜 / 505 Quán Xiē 全蝎 / 517
Luó Bù Má Yè 罗布麻叶 / 507 Wú Gōng 蜈蚣 / 519
Jiāng Cán 僵蚕 / 521
［Definition］ Herbs that calm the liver and extinguish wind are herbs that mainly have the
effects of pacifying liver yang, extinguishing wind and relieving convulsions.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ The herbs in this chapter all enter the liver channel and most of them
are minerals, shells or insects. There is an old saying, “heavy materials such as minerals and shells
can suppress and subdue yang; insects can extinguish pathogenic wind.” The actions of these herbs
can thus be summarized as calming the liver and subduing yang, extinguishing wind and stopping
convulsions, as well as calming fright and tranquilizing the mind.
［Indications］ The herbs in this chapter are mainly used for dizziness, giddiness due to
ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, internal stirring of liver wind, epilepsy and spasms, infantile
convulsions, tetanus, etc.
［Modifications］ When prescribing these herbs, combinations should be made based on
pathogenesis and accompanying symptoms. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, herbs that
extinguish wind and relieve convulsions are normally combined with herbs that replenish yin to
restrict hyperactive yang. For internal stirring of liver wind from hyperactivity of liver yang, they
should be used together with herbs that calm liver yang. For convulsions induced by extreme heat,
they are often combined with herbs that purge heat. For internal stirring of liver wind due to blood
and yin de■ciency, they are combined with herbs that nourish blood and yin. For sudden syncope,
they are combined with herbs that induce resuscitation. For cases complicated with insomnia,
dream-disturbed sleep, palpitations or agitation, they are combined with herbs that tranquilize. For
cases complicated with phlegm dampness, they are combined with herbs that resolve phlegm and
transform damp. For cases complicated with exuberant liver ■re, they are combined with herbs that
clear and purge liver ■re.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs that are cold or cool in nature are contraindicated for
chronic infantile convulsions with spleen de■ciency. Herbs that are warm and dry should be used
carefully for patients with blood and yin de■ciency.
· herbs that calm the liver and subdue hyperactive yang
· herbs that extinguish wind and relieve convulsions
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Chapter 15 Herbs that Calm the Liver and Extinguish Wind 497
Section 1 Herbs that Calm the Liver and

Subdue Hyperactive Yang
Most herbs in this section are cold or cool in nature and are minerals or shells, since heavy
minerals and shells are good at calming the liver and subduing yang. A few of the herbs are light
botanicals, which, in addition to calming liver yang, can also calm fright and tranquilize the mind,
clear liver heat and improve vision, mainly to treat dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant
hyperactivity of liver yang. They are also combined with herbs that extinguish wind and stop
convulsions to treat convulsions and spasms triggered by internal stirring of liver wind. If combined
with herbs that calm the mind, they are prescribed to treat vexation and insomnia due to ascendant
disturbance of ■oating yang.
ShíJué Míng 石决明

CONCHA HALIOTIDIS
Sea-ear Shell
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians during the Liang
Dynasty (500 A.D.) in the North and South Kingdoms.
It is the shell of Haliotis diversicolor Reeve, Haliotis
discus Hannai lno, Haliotis ovina Gmelin, Haliotis tuber
(Leach), Haliotis asinina Linnaeus or Haliotis laevigata
(Donovan).
［■xplanation of Name］ Shí “stone”, jué “move or
pluck aside” and míng “bright”. Shí jué míng translates
as “attached to stones and having the effect of removing
nebulae to brighten eyes”. Shells with nine holes are said
to have the best quality. They are also known as “nine-
hole shí jué míng” or “nine-hole shí jué” in short.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in coastal areas of China such as Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong,
Fujian, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Shangdong. Also produced in Australia and New Zealand.
［Collection］ The shells are collected in summer and autumn. After the meat is removed, the
shells are cleaned and dried in the sun. The best quality are those that are big, thick, complete, clean
and lustrous.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water, dried and crushed before
being used crude or calcined.
［Characteristics］ Its salty and cold properties allow it to clear and purge fire, while its
heaviness produces the effects of calming and suppressing. It enters the liver channel and slightly
enriches the liver yin, so it is good at calming liver yang and clearing liver ■re. It is an essential
component in treating ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and eye problems triggered by liver
9-9◎05.indd 497 2014-12-17 13:57:32

heat.
［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, clears liver ■re and improves eyesight.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective at calming
the liver and subduing yang, clearing liver ■re and enriching yin.
For dizziness and giddiness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is commonly
combined with cí shí (Magnetitum), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae) in order to strengthen the effect of calming liver yang.
For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang with liver and kidney yin de■ciency, it is combined
with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and mŭ lì (Concha
Ostreae) to promote calming of liver yang and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Yù Yīn Qián
Yáng Tāng (Yin-Nourishing and Yang-Subduing Decoction).
For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang with excess of liver ■re, it is combined with líng
yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae
Cum Uncis) to clear heat and calm the liver, such as in the formula Líng Yáng Jiăo Tāng (Antelope
Horn Decoction).
2. For bloodshot eyes, nebulae, blurred eyesight and other eye problems, it is effective in clearing
liver ■re and nebulae.
For bloodshot and swollen eyes due to liver ■re ■aming upward, it is combined with xià kū
căo (Spica Prunellae), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to clear liver ■re
and improve vision.
For bloodshot eyes with nebulae caused by wind heat, it is combined with chán tuì
(Periostracum Cicadae), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) to disperse
wind and clear liver heat and nebulae. It can also be combined with zhēn zhū (Margarita) and bīng
piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) and applied as eye drops.
For loss of eyesight and blurred vision with blood and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with
shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae)
to enrich blood and yin and improve eyesight.
3. It can also be combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to treat steaming bone and tidal fever.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction and decocted first; also
used in pills and powder. The crude shells are used for calming the liver and clearing liver heat,
whereas the calcined shells and ground powder can be mixed with water and applied externally as
eye drops.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with poor appetite and loose stools of the spleen and
stomach de■ciency-cold type need to be cautious, because its salty and cold properties may hurt the
spleen and stomach.
［Ingredients］ Contains over 90％ calcium carbonate, and other components such as various
amino acids, shell cutin, choline, silicate, phosphate, magnesium and iron. The calcined shells mainly
contain calcium oxide because its carbonate is broken down during calcination.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has anti-bacteria effects as well as effects of sedation, protection
of the liver, prevention of low oxygen levels, immune response suppression and relaxation of the
trachea muscle. The calcium salts not only neutralize surplus gastric acid, but also relieve fever,
tranquilize the mind, stop convulsions, inhibit in■ammation and stop bleeding.
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Zhēn ZhūMǔ珍珠母
CONCHA MARGARITIFERAE USTA
Mother-of-pearl
［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica in the Northern Song
Dynasty (1061 A.D.). Originally appearing as an appendix
to the item zhēn zhū (Margarita), it was ■rst referred to as
zhū mŭ (珠牡). It is the shell of Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea),
Cristaria plicata (Leach), or Pteria martensii (Dunker) of
the family Unionidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhēn zhū “pearl” and mŭ
“mother”. It is a shell in which the pearl grows like a son
being raised by his mother, so it is called zhēn zhū mŭ. It is
also known as zhū mŭ (珠母) for short.
［Habitat］ Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea) and Cristaria
plicata (Leach) are widely produced in lakes, rivers and
marshes in China. Pteria martensii (Dunker) is mainly produced in the coastal areas of Hainan,
Guangdong and Guangxi provinces.
［Collection］ It is collected the whole year round. The meat is removed, cleaned with water and
dried in the sun. The best quality are those that are big with clear white color and breakable but not
subject to being shattered.
［Processing］ After impurities and dirt are cleaned and removed, the shells are crushed before
use. It can be used crude or calcined.
［Characteristic］ It is salty, cold and heavy in weight, and enters the heart and liver channels.
The crude and calcined have different effects. The crude is effective at calming and subduing liver
yang, clearing liver heat, improving eyesight and tranquilizing the mind, and is therefore applied for
vertigo due to hyperactive liver yang, bloodshot eyes, palpitations and uneasiness caused by liver
■re. The calcined is effective at drying up dampness, so is applied particularly for acute eczema and
ulcerative sores.
［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, clears liver heat, improves vision and tranquilizes the
heart and mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is
effective at calming the liver, subduing liver yang and clearing liver ■re.
For dizziness along with headache and tinnitus due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver
yang, it is often combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and cí shí
(Magnetitum) to enhance the effects of calming and subduing liver yang.
For vexation due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and exuberant liver ■re, it is often
combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and xià kū căo
(Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects of clearing liver ■re and calming liver yang.
2. For bloodshot eyes and poor eyesight, it is effective at clearing heat and improving vision.
For bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it is often combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), jú
9-9◎05.indd 499 2014-12-17 13:57:35

huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to enhance the effects of clearing heat.
For dim or blurred vision due to liver blood and yin deficiency, it is combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ
(Fructus Lycii), nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) and hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) to nourish
the liver and improve vision. It is combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and animal liver in
decoction to treat night blindness.
3. For panic attacks, palpitations, insomnia, anxiety, depressive psychosis, mania and fright
epilepsy, it is effective at calming the heart and tranquilizing the mind.
For panic attacks, palpitations, insomnia and anxiety, it is combined with lóng gŭ (Os
Draconis), hǔ pò (Succinum) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to calm the heart and
tranquilize the mind.
For depressive psychosis, mania, convulsions and fright epilepsy with phlegm-heat
accumulation, it is combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum
Uncis) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) to clear phlegm heat, extinguish internal wind and
relieve convulsions.
4. Additionally, the calcined shells can be taken internally to neutralize gastric acid and relieve
stomachache. The ground ■ne powder, when used topically, can dry up dampness and improve the
healing of sores and eczema.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction and 1.5-3 g in powder. It
can also be used as pills. When used in decoction, it is boiled ■rst and applied externally with other
powders or liquids. The calcined is mainly applied to dry up dampness and assist the healing of
sores. The crude is used for other purposes.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with cold de■ciency of the spleen and stomach need to
be cautious because its cold property may hurt the stomach.
［Ingredients］ It contains over 90％ calcium carbonate, about 0.34％ organics and small amounts
of zinc, magnesium, iron, silicate, sulfate, phosphate, oxide, various amino acids, phosphatidyl
ethanolamine, galactosyl ceramide, hydroxy fatty acids, snail shell protein, etc. Recent studies show
that its effective compounds are amino acids and some trace elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has anti-gastric ulcer, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-allergy and
anti-tumor effects and also shows effects of resistance to crystal turbidity, sedation, anti-convulsion,
protection of the liver and neutralization of gastric acid. It also improves the healing of skin
ulcers.
MǔLì牡蛎
CONCHA OSTREAE
Oyster Shell
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the shell of Ostrea gigas (Thunberg), Ostrea talienwhanensis (Crosse)
or Ostrea rivularis (Gould), in the family Ostreiae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mŭ “male” and lì “big”. Oysters are only males and their shells are
big and strong, so ancient people named them mŭ lì. The ones with sharp protruberances turning
to the left are supposed to be the best, so they are also known as zuŏ ké (左壳) and zuŏ gù mŭ lì (左
顾牡蛎) —zuŏ “left”, ké “shell” and gù “looking”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the coastal areas of China.
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［Collection］ The oysters are collected the whole

year round. The shells are cleaned and dried in the sun
after the meat is removed. The best quality are those that
are big, solid, complete, lustrous and clean.
［Processing］ After impurities and attached adhesions
are removed, shells are crushed before use. Both crude
and calcined shells are used clinically.
［Properties］ Salty, astringent; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ ■ven though they both enter the
liver and kidney channels, the crude and the calcined
have different effects. The crude is salty in ■avor, cold
in nature and heavy in weight, and is effective at calming liver yang, calming fright, tranquilizing the
mind, softening hardness, dissipating masses and slightly enriching yin. The calcined is astringent in
nature, and is effective in securing, astringing, and absorbing and neutralizing gastric acid to relieve
stomach pain.
［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, calms fright, tranquilizes the mind, softens hardness,
dissipates masses, astringes and secures, and controls acid and pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant hyperactivity of
liver yang, it calms the liver, subdues yang and enriches yin.
For dizziness and tinnitus, it is often combined with crude guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum
Testudinis), crude lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to enrich yin, calm
yang and extinguish internal wind, such as in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating
and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction).
For convulsions with chronic listlessness due to kidney yin de■ciency and internal stirring of
wind, it is often combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis)
and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to enhance the effects of enriching yin and extinguishing
wind, such as in the formula Dà Dìng Fēng Zhū (Major Wind-Stabilizing Pill).
2. For palpitations, anxiety and insomnia, it suppresses fright and calms the mind, and is often
combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) to improve the effects.
For anxiety caused by yang deficiency that fails to nourish the heart spirit, it is combined
with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae) to nourish heart yang, such as in the formula Guì Zhī Qù Sháo Yào Jiā Shŭ Qī Mŭ Lì
Lóng Gŭ Jiù Nì Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction Without Peony Plus Antifebrile Dichroa Branchlet
and Leaf, Oyster Shell and Dragon Bones).
For palpitations, anxiety and insomnia caused by yin de■ciency and effulgent ■re, it is often
combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus
Schisandrae Chinensis) and zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) to enhance the effects of
enriching yin, reducing ■re, and suppressing and calming.
For palpitations, anxiety and insomnia caused by heart blood de■ciency, it is combined with
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii
Asini) and similar herbs to enhance the effects of supplementing the blood and nourishing the heart.
3. For phlegm nodules, scrofula and abdominal masses, it softens hardness and dissipates masses.
For phlegm nodules and scrofula due to phlegm-■re accumulation, it is often combined with
zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to dissolve phlegm
9-9◎05.indd 501 2014-12-17 13:57:38

and dissipate masses, such as in the formula Xiāo Luŏ Wán (Scrofula-Dissipating Pill).
For abdominal masses due to blood stasis and qi stagnation, it is combined with biē jiă (Carapax
Trionycis), dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) to
break up stagnation, dissolve phlegm, and enhance the effects of softening hardness and dissipating
masses. In recent times, it has been effectively applied for treating hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
4. For incontinence syndromes, the calcined shells are used for astringing and securing. For
seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, abnormal uterine bleeding, leukorrhagia, spontaneous
sweating and night sweats, they are often combined with calcined lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and other
herbs to enhance the effects of tonifying or strengthening qi, and astringing.
5. For gastric hypersecretion, the calcined shells are effective at neutralizing and absorbing acid.
Thus they are often used alone or in combination with powdered wū zéi gŭ (■ndoconcha Sepiae), zhè
bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii) and dry-fried zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) for internal use.
6. Additionally, the calcined shells are effective at drying dampness and improving the healing of
sores, so they are often applied alone or in combination to treat eczema or ulcerative sores externally.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, pills or powder. It is crushed
and boiled ■rst for decoction, and is ground into ■ne powder and applied alone or mixed with other
liquids for topical use. Generally the calcined is applied to astringe and secure, dry dampness, assist the
healing of sores and neutralize and absorb gastric acid, while the crude is used for all other purposes.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with excessive damp heat need to be cautious when
using the calcined, because its astringent property may cause retention of pathogenic damp heat. The
powder, when used in large doses internally, may cause constipation or dyspepsia.
［Ingredients］ It contains around 50％ calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate,
ferric oxide, organics, water and trace elements. The calcined mainly contains calcium oxide,
because its carbonate and organics are broken down during calcination.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of anti-ulceration, sedation, anti-in■ammation,
local anesthesia, enhancing immunity, reducing vascular permeability, absorbing and regulating
electrolyte balances and inhibiting neuron-muscular excitement. Oyster polysaccharides can reduce
blood lipids and prevent blood coagulation and thrombosis.
Zhě Shí赭石
HAEMATITUM
Hematite
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It belongs to the hematite group. Similar to corundum, it mainly contains
mineral oxides.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zhĕ “color of terra-cotta” and shí “stone”. It is named zhĕ shí because
it is a mineral stone with terra-cotta color. Since it is produced in the Dài area of Shanxi, and its
surface is uneven with some nail-headed protrusions, it is also named as dài zhĕ shí or dīng tóu “nail-
headed” zhĕ shí (钉头赭石).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the provinces of Shanxi, Hebei, Henan and Shandong.
［Collection］ It can be collected the whole year round. The stones are dug out and the super■cial
“nail head” parts are removed for use. The best quality are those that are brownish red with nail-
headed protrusions and overlapped layers when viewed in cross section.
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［Processing］ The mineral is cleaned and crushed for

external use. It can also be crushed into powder after being
soaked in vinegar.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and cold in properties and heavy
in weight, it dominates clearing and descending. It enters the
liver channel and is used for treating ascendant hyperactivity
of liver yang. It also enters the heart channel and is effective
at cooling and astringing blood to treat bleeding due to heat.
In addition, it enters the lung and stomach channels to treat
vomiting, hiccups and wheezing by descending the counter-
■ow of lung and stomach qi.
［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, descends the adverse rising of qi, cools blood and
stanches bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective at suppressing
and subduing liver yang, and clearing and descending liver ■re.
For dizziness due to liver and kidney yin de■ciency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang,
it is always combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), bái
sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to calm the liver, extinguish
internal wind, enrich yin and subdue yang, such as in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-
Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction).
For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and ■aming liver ■re, it is often
combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi) to enhance the effects of calming liver yang and clearing liver fire, such as in the
formula Dài Zhĕ Shí Tāng (Hematite Decoction).
2. For vomiting, hiccups and belching, it is often combined with xuán fù huā (Flos Inulae), bàn
xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to enhance the effects of
descending and suppressing the counter-■ow of stomach qi, such as in the formula Xuán Fù Dài Zhĕ
Tāng (Inula and Hematite Decoction).
3. For wheezing, its heaviness causes it to descend and suppress the counter-■ow of lung qi.
For wheezing with dyspnea, it can be applied alone as powder or taken with rice vinegar.
For wheezing with lung and kidney yin and yang de■ciency, it is often combined with dăng
shēn (Radix Codonopsis), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to tonify the
lung and kidney and help relieve wheezing and coughing, such as in the formula Shēn Zhě Zhèn Qì
Tāng (Codonopsis Root and Hematite Decoction).
4. For hematemesis, gingival bleeding, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it cools blood and stanches
bleeding.
For hematemesis and gingival bleeding, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae
Alba), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii), such as in the formula
Hán Jiàng Tāng (Cooling and Descending Decoction).
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat, it is combined with yŭ yú liáng
(Limonitum), chì shí zhī (Halloysitum Rubrum) and wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), such as in the
formula Zhèn Líng Dān (Spirit-Rousing ■lixir).
5. Additionally, it is used for depressive psychosis, mania, fright and epilepsy due to its excellent
9-9◎05.indd 503 2014-12-17 13:57:41

descending and suppressing effects.

For depressive psychosis or mania with wind-heat phlegm, it is combined with huáng lián
(Rhizoma Coptidis), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile).
For infantile convulsions and epilepsy, the calcined stones can be applied alone as powder, or
in combination with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction. It is crushed and then boiled.
It can be taken in pill or powder form, 1-3 g at a time. The crude is generally used for calming the
liver and descending the counter-flow of qi, while the calcined has the effects of astringing and
coagulating.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Pregnant women and patients with a cold need to be cautious
because of its bitter, cold and heavy properties. It contains a small amount of arsenic, so long-term
use is not encouraged.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains iron sesquioxide (Fe 2O 3), but it also contains some non-
medicinal substances such as magnesium, aluminum, silicon and arsenic.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation on the central nervous system.
Its iron improves the neogenesis of erythrocytes and hemoglobin. Internally, it astringes the walls
of the stomach and intestines, protects mucosa and stimulates the intestinal canal to bring about
hyperfunction of intestinal peristalsis.
ZǐBèi Chǐ紫贝齿
CONCHA MAURITIAE
Arabic Cowry Shell
［Source］ Initially appeared in the Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (659
A.D.). It is the shell of Mauritia arabica (Linnaeus.) of the
family Cypraeidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zĭ “purple”, bèi “shell” and chĭ
“tooth”. The shell’s interior is pale purple and has denticulate
edges. It is also called “zĭ bèi” for short. It was once used as
trade currency during ancient times and was called băo bèi (宝
贝) meaning “treasure”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced along coastal areas of China,
such as Hainan Island, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan and Fujian.
［Collection］ It is collected from May to July. The
shells are washed and dried in the sun after the meat is removed. The best quality are those that are
complete, clean, thick and pale purple on the inside.
［Processing］ The shells are cleaned, dried in the sun and crushed directly before use. They can
also be used calcined ■rst and then crushed into powder.
［Properties］ Salty; neutral.
［Characteristics］ It is heavy in weight and has salty and neutral but slightly cool properties. It
enters the liver channel and is effective at calming and subduing liver yang, clearing liver ■re and
improving eyesight. It can be used for dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and
bloodshot eyes triggered by liver ■re. It also enters the heart channel and has the effects of suppressing
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fright and tranquilizing the mind, and is applied for panic attacks, palpitations and insomnia.
［Actions］ Calms the liver, subdues yang, suppresses fright, tranquilizes the mind, clears liver
■re and improves eyesight.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions and epilepsy due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver
yang, it calms the liver and subdues yang.
For the above problems complicated with dizziness, it is often combined with mŭ lì (Concha
Ostreae), dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) and shēng bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to increase the effects
of calming the liver and subduing yang.
For acute infantile convulsions triggered by high fever, it is combined with líng yáng
jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and tiān má (Rhizoma
Gastrodiae) to clear heat and tranquilize internal wind to relieve the convulsions.
For chronic infantile convulsions or epilepsy with fatigue and fright due to spleen de■ciency,
it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to strengthen the spleen, calm the liver and suppress convulsions.
2. For panic attacks and insomnia, it is effective at suppressing fright and calming the mind.
For panic attacks, palpitations, anxiety, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep due to the heart
spirit being disturbed by hyperactive liver yang, it can be combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), cí shí
(Magnetitum) and fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) to assist the power of suppression and calming.
For palpitations, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep due to blood and yin de■ciency failing
to nourish the heart, it can be combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to enrich blood and yin, and help
tranquilize the mind.
3. For bloodshot eyes and nebulae, it is good at clearing liver heat and improving vision.
For inflamed bloodshot eyes with headache and blurred vision due to liver fire flaming
upwards, it can be combined with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), qīng xiāng zĭ (Semen Celosiae) and
xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) to enhance the effects.
For nebulae and blurred vision, it can be combined with mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis), gŭ
jīng căo (Flos ■riocauli) and shé tuì (Periostracum Serpentis) to assist the effects of clearing liver
heat, relieving nebulae and improving vision. The ■ne powder also can be used in eye drops.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. It is boiled ■rst after being
crushed. It also can be used in pills or powder. ■xternally, the water-infused powder can be used as
eye drops.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Those with vulnerable spleen and stomach need to be cautious.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains calcium carbonate and other organic matters. It also has
magnesium, iron, phosphate, silicate and sulfate. The calcined shells mainly contain calcium oxide
because the carbonates and organics break down during calcination.
JíLí蒺藜
FRUCTUS TRIBULI
Puncture Vine Caltrop Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■stern Han
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jí lí zĭ (蒺藜子). It is the dried ripe fruit of Tribulus
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terrestris L., an annual of the family Zygophyllaceae.

［■xplanation of Name］ Jí “quick, sharp” and lí
“cut”. It is a fruit with five segments in the shape of a
star. ■ach segment has a pair of short and long thorns
which are sharp and can easily damage the body.
Therefore, it is also known as cì jí lí (Fructus Tribuli),
where cì means “thorn”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hebei,
Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Sichuan
provinces of China.
［Collection］ The plant is collected in autumn
when the fruit ripens, dried in the sun and then the fruit
is removed and cleaned. The best quality are those that
have even segments and are plump and gray.
［Processing］ The fruit is cleaned and dried in the sun. It can be used raw or stir-fried until
yellow.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter with the effects of purging and descending, acrid with the effect of
dispersing, and neutral but slightly cool. It enters the liver channel exclusively. It is not only effective
at calming and suppressing liver yang, it soothes liver stagnation to treat dizziness due to yang
hyperactivity and hypochondriac pain, and also dispels exterior wind, improves vision and relieves
itching. It is best for bloodshot eyes triggered by pathogenic wind heat, and rashes and pruritus
triggered by exterior wind.
［Actions］ Calms and soothes the liver, dispels wind, improves vision and relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is effective at calming
and suppressing liver yang. For dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver
yang, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), zhēn zhū mŭ (Concha
Margaritiferae Usta) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to assist the action of calming the liver.
2. For hypochondriac pain, chest or breast pain, it conducts the liver qi and soothes liver
stagnation to stop the pain.
For hypochondriac pain, chest or breast pain due to liver qi stagnation, it is combined with
chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
Viride) to enhance the effects.
For poor lactation with breast pain triggered by liver stagnation, it can be used alone as
powder, or in combination with chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and wáng bù liú xíng (Semen
Vaccariae) to soothe the liver and improve lactation.
3. For inflamed, sore and swollen eyes or nebulae with tearing triggered by pathogenic wind
heat, it disperses the wind heat from the liver channel, relieves the nebulae and improves vision, and
is often used in combination with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and màn
jīng zĭ (Fructus Viticis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Jí Lí Săn (Caltrop Fruit
Powder).
4. For rashes, pruritus and vitiligo, it is good at dispelling wind and relieving itching.
For rashes and pruritus, it is often combined with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), jīng jiè
(Herba Schizonepetae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to increase the effects.
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For vitiligo, it can be used alone in powder form and taken with water, or brewed in alcohol
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, pills or powder. It can also
be decocted for topical rinsing, or brewed in alcohol and applied topically. The powder can also be
mixed with a liquid for topical compresses.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Pregnant women and those with qi and blood de■ciency need
to be cautious because its acrid property induces dispersing actions that may consume qi and blood.
［Ingredients］ It contains saponins, fatty oils, volatile oils, alkaloids, tannic acid, resin and
■avonoids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It increases the force of cardiac contractions, slows down the
heart rate, dilates the coronary arteries and peripheral blood vessels, reduces blood pressure, prevents
myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis and platelet aggregation, strengthens the body, delays aging,
promotes urination, enhances the sexual re■ex and desire of male rats, and boosts the rut of female
rats to improve fecundity.
Luó BùMá Yè 罗布麻叶

FOLIUM APOCYNI VENETI
Dogbane Leaf
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica for Famine Relief (Jiù Huāng Bĕn Căo, 救荒本
草) in the Ming Dynasty (1406 A.D.). Its original name of
zé qī (泽漆) is different from the zé qī (Herba ■uphoribiae
Helioscopiae) used today. It is the dried leaf of Apocynum
venetum L., a perennial of the family Apocynaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Luó bù “name of a plain in
Xinjiang”, má “hemp” and yè “leaf”. The plants are widely
grown in Xinjiang’s Rob Plain, where “Rob” is pronounced
as luó bù in standard Chinese. The fabric made from the
bark is often substituted for hemp because of its good
quality. Only the leaves are used herbally. It is also known
as zé qī má (泽漆麻).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northwest, north and northeast of China.
［Collection］ The leaves are collected in summer and dried in the sun. The best quality are those
that are complete and green without stalk.
［Processing］ It can be used directly after cleaning.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter; cool.
［Characteristics］ Its sweet, bitter and cool properties allow it to clear, purge and drain heat. It
enters the liver and heart channels, and is effective at calming the liver and the mind, clearing heat,
draining water and reducing blood pressure. It is widely used for ascendant hyperactivity of liver
yang, palpitations and edema.
［Actions］ Calms the liver and the mind, clears heat and drains water.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dizziness and blurred vision, it is good at clearing heat, calming
the liver and reducing blood pressure.
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For dizziness and blurred vision due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often
combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and bái sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Alba).
For dizziness and blurred vision due to the ■aming up of liver ■re, it is combined with gōu
téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and yĕ jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi
Indici).
For dizziness with hypertension, it can be used alone in decoction or brewed with boiled water
as tea.
2. For palpitations and insomnia, it clears heat and calms the heart and mind. For palpitations and
insomnia with heart yin de■ciency and heart ■re, it is combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi
Spinosae), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to enhance the effects of calming
the heart and the mind.
3. For edema or difficult urination, it clears heat and facilitates urination. For mild cases of
edema, it can be used alone. In severe cases, it is combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis),
mù tōng (Caulis Akebiae) and chuān niú xī (Radix Cyathulae) to enhance the effects of diuresis and
reducing edema.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction or brewed with boiled water
for internal use.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Over-use or long-term use is not encouraged to avoid buildup
of toxicity.
［Ingredients］ It contains quercetin, isoquercitrin, rutin, hyperin, anthraquinone, amino acids,
and potassium chloride.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of reducing blood pressure and cholesterol,
sedation, anti-convulsion, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-aging,
radioresistance and alleviating adverse reactions of chemotherapy. It also can increase the blood ■ow
of the kidney.
Section 2 Herbs that Extinguish Wind

and Relieve Convulsions
Herbs in this section are mostly poisonous insects with either cold or warm properties. They are
mainly effective in extinguishing wind, arresting convulsions, dissolving phlegm, resolving toxins,
unblocking collaterals and relieving pain, and are used for internal stirring of liver wind, epilepsy,
convulsions and tetanus. Some of them also calm liver yang or clear liver ■re, and can be used for
ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and excessive liver ■re.
Líng Yáng Jiǎo 羚羊角

CORNU SAIGAE TATARICAE
Antelope Horn
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■stern Han
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the horn of the antelope Saiga tatarica Linnaeus of the family Bovid.
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［■xplanation of Name］ Líng “smart”, yáng “goat” and jiăo “horn”.

Antelopes look similar to goats and are quite smart. Their horns are used as líng
yáng jiăo for medicinal purposes.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Russia, as well as Xinjiang and Qinghai in
China.
［Collection］ Antelopes are caught the whole year round. The horns are cut
at the root and dried in the sun. Best quality are those that are collected during
August and September, and are tender, smooth and generally white with a blood
streak crack.
［Processing］ The horns are soaked in warm water and then taken out and
sliced thinly. They can also be ground into powder or mixed with water for use.
［Characteristics］ Salty, cold and heavy in properties, it enters the liver channel and is effective at
calming the liver, extinguishing wind, clearing liver ■re and improving vision. Therefore it is used to treat
internal stirring of liver wind, yang hyperactivity and excessive liver ■re ■aming up. Since it also enters
the heart channel, it is effective at clearing toxic heat and is used to treat exuberant heart ■re.
［Actions］ Calms the liver, extinguishes wind, clears liver ■re, improves vision and clears toxic heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For internal stirring of liver wind, it is effective at clearing liver
heat, extinguishing liver wind, arresting convulsions and clearing toxic heat. It is effective in treating
internal stirring of liver wind and is best used for treating wind caused by extreme heat and acute
infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat.
For high fever with loss of consciousness and convulsions triggered by extreme heat, it is often
combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) and shēng dì
(Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, calm the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions, such as in
the formula Líng Jiăo Gōu Téng Tāng (Antelope Horn and Uncaria Decoction).
For high fever with loss of consciousness, delirium, mania and convulsions, it is often
combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum), hán shuĭ shí (Glauberitum) and xuán shēn (Radix
Scrophulariae) to clear heat, induce resuscitation, suppress convulsions and calm the mind, such as
in the formula Zĭ Xuĕ Dān (Purple Snow ■lixir).
2. For infantile convulsions or epilepsy, it is effective at clearing liver heat, extinguishing liver
wind and arresting convulsions.
For acute infantile convulsions manifested by fever, reddish burning face, loss of consciousness
and convulsions, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), tiān zhú huáng (Concretio
Silicea Bambusae) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to enhance the effects of clearing heat, calming the liver,
resuscitation and arresting convulsions.
For epilepsy, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), tiān zhú
huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae), yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to extinguish
wind, dissolve phlegm and arrest convulsions.
3. For ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver ■re ■aming up, it is good at calming the
liver, subduing yang and clearing liver ■re.
For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang with obvious heat signs, it is often
combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and tiān má (Rhizoma
Gastrodiae) to calm liver yang and relieve dizziness.
For headache, vertigo and in■amed eyes, it is combined with lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma
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Gentianae), jué míng zĭ (Semen Cassiae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to clear or purge liver
■re, such as in the formula Líng Yáng Jiăo Săn (Antelope Horn Powder).
4. For maculas, papules or rashes with toxic heat, it is effective at purging toxic heat and cooling
blood.
For maculas and papules due to toxic heat inside, it is combined with shēng dì (Radix
Rehmanniae), chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) and dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) to clear heat and
cool blood.
For vicious measles where eruption cannot occur due to reversed heat transmission to the
pericardium, manifested by high fever, loss of consciousness or delirium, it is combined with shuĭ
niú jiăo (Cornu Bubali), zĭ căo (Radix Arnebiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear
toxic heat and facilitate eruption.
5. Additionally, it can also clear lung heat and relieve cough, and is effective for coughing and
wheezing with lung heat, such as in the formula Líng Yáng Qīng Fèi Săn (Antelope Horn and Lung-
Clearing Powder).
■xternally, it can be applied to sores.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g boiled alone for over 2 hours and then taken
with a decoction of other herbs; 0.3-0.6 g each dose ground and mixed with water or in powder form;
or used in pills and powder. The decoction and powder mixed with water can be applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Contraindicated in cases of chronic convulsions with spleen qi
de■ciency, or cold de■ciency of the spleen and stomach because its cold property may hurt the yang
and qi.
［Ingredients］ It contains keratoproteins, cholesterol, various phospholipids, calcium phosphate,
vitamin A and insoluble mineral salts. The keratoproteins can be hydrolyzed into 18 varieties of
amino acids and polypeptides.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, hypnogenesis, anti-convulsion,
antipyresis, analgesia, reducing blood pressure and anti-hypoxia. The decoction or alcohol extracts at
low dosage strengthen toad cardiac contraction force in vitro. Medium dosage of the alcohol extracts
can cause heart block, while high dosage slows down the heart rate, reduces the heartbeat amplitude
and eventually leads to cardiac arrest.
Attachement: Shān Yáng Jiǎo 山羊角

Cornu Naemorhedi
［Source］ It is the horn of qīng yáng, Naemorhedus goral Hardwicke of the family Bovid.
［Actions］ Calms the liver, extinguishes wind, clears liver ■re, improves vision, invigorates blood and dissipates
stasis.
［Clinical Applications］ It is used for fright, epilepsy and convulsions due to internal stirring of liver wind,
dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, inflamed eyes due to liver fire flaming up and traumatic
injuries.
For dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is combined with shí jué míng (Concha
Haliotidis), tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) and gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis).
For in■amed eyes caused by liver ■re ■aming up, it is combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi) and sāng yè (Folium Mori).
For high fever with loss of consciousness and convulsions, it is combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis),
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huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) and quán xiē (Scorpio).

For traumatic injuries, it is combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and
dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ Compared to líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), it is similar but milder in
actions, so a bigger dose can be applied. For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. After it is sliced thin and boiled, it can
also be used as ■ne powder or in decoction 2-3 times a day, 1-3 g per dose.
Gōu Téng 钩藤
RAMULUS UNCARIAE CUM UNCIS
Gambir Plant

Period (500 A.D.) of the Northern and Southern
Dynasties. Its original name was diào téng (钓藤). It is
the dried vine stems and thorny branches of Uncaria
rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks., Uncaria macrophylla Wall.,
Uncaria hirsuta Havil., Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil.
or Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb., woody climbers of the
family Rubiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gōu “hook” and téng
“vine”. The plant is a woody evergreen vine. Its twig is
quadrilateral-column-shaped with single or paired spines
growing where the leaves branch out. The spines look like
a ■sh hook, so it is named gōu téng or diào téng, where
diào means “■shing”. The vines with two spines in a pair
are supposed to be the best, so it is also known as shuāng
gōu téng (双钩藤), where shuāng means “two” or “double”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Fujian
and Hunan of China.
［Collection］ The plants are collected in autumn and winter. After the leaves are removed, the
twigs are cut into segments and dried in the sun. The best quality are young and tender with thorns,
and brown or reddish brown in color.
［Processing］ After cleaning, it is moistened with water, cut into segments when soft and dried
before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, pericardium.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and cold in properties, it is light in texture and dominates dispersing.
It is non-poisonous with moderate effects, so is very suitable for children. It mainly enters the liver
and secondarily the pericardium channel. Good at calming liver yang, extinguishing liver wind,
clearing liver heat and dispersing pathogenic wind heat, it is an essential herb for treating infantile
convulsions, yang hyperactivity and liver wind. It is also commonly used for disorders caused by
liver heat or wind heat.
［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind and arrests convulsions, clears heat and calms the liver.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, night crying and epilepsy, it is good at extinguishing
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wind, cooling the liver, arresting convulsion and dispersing heat with its cold property.
For infantile convulsions, the herb is used alone in milder cases, while in severe cases
combination of other herbs is utilized.
For acute infantile convulsion caused by liver heat, it is often combined with chán tuì
(Periostracum Cicadae), jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and lóng dăn căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Gentianae) to cool the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions.
For chronic infantile convulsion with spleen deficiency, it is often combined with tiān má
(Rhizoma Gastrodiae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to nourish
the spleen, calm the liver and arrest convulsions.
For high fever with potential infantile convulsion, it can be added to a formula in order to
prevent the convulsions.
For infantile night crying with heart and liver heat, it is usually combined with chán
tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) and tōng căo (Medulla
Tetrapanacis) to enhance the effects.
For epilepsy, it is combined with tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae), chán tuì
(Periostracum Cicadae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), such as in the formula Gōu Téng Yĭn Zĭ
(Gambir Plant Drink).
2. For syndromes involving internal stirring of liver wind:
For convulsions triggered by high fever, it is often combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu
Saigae Tataricae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and fresh shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear
heat, cool the liver and extinguish wind, such as in the formula Líng Jiăo Gōu Téng Tāng (Antelope
Horn and Uncaria Decoction).
For headache, dizziness and syncope triggered by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang and
liver heat, it is combined with shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis), shēng mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae)
and shēng niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to calm the liver, extinguish wind and arrest
convulsion.
3. For headache and dizziness, it not only clears liver heat, but also calms liver yang and
unblocks the collaterals.
For headache and dizziness caused by liver ■re ■aming up, it is often combined with xià kū
căo (Spica Prunellae), zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to clear and
purge heat and calm the liver.
For headache and dizziness caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is often
combined with tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae), shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) and jú huā (Flos
Chrysanthemi) to calm the liver and subdue yang.
For post-stroke hemiplegia, it is combined with sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori), dì lóng (Pheretima)
and prepared chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to unblock the collaterals and assist healing of
paralysis; if caused by wind phlegm blocking the collaterals with the symptoms of limb spasms and
dragging pain, it is combined with jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus), quán xiē (Scorpio) and wēi
líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) to dispel wind and phlegm, unblock the collaterals and
relieve pain.
4. Additionally, it can be used for headache and in■amed eyes triggered by exterior pathogenic
wind heat if combined with such herbs as jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), bò he (Herba Menthae) and
sāng yè (Folium Mori), since it has the actions of dispersing wind and heat.
If for infantile vicious measles, it can be combined with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), zĭ
căo (Radix Arnebiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat, cool blood and
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facilitate eruption.
In recent years, 20％ gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) decoction has been used to treat
hypertension, since it showed a moderate action of lowering blood pressure.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction; also used in pills or powder.
The active ingredient, uncarine, is liable to be damaged during heating, so decocting for more than
20 minutes is not encouraged.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should be used with caution for those with spleen and
stomach de■ciency cold because of its cold property.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains alkaloids like uncarine and isorhynchophylline. It also has
■avonoids, catechins, tannin and terpene.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of lowering blood pressure, preventing
platelet aggregation, sedation, anti-convulsion, spasmolysis, anti-arrhythmia, and anti-thrombosis.
Uncarine can inhibit the intestines and excites the uterus in rats. Rhomotoxine can suppress
histamine-triggered asthma, stimulate the immune system and protect the liver in guinea pigs.
Tiān Má 天麻
RHIZOMA GASTRODIAE
Tall Gastrodis Tuber
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was chì jiàn (赤
箭). It is the dried stem tuber of Gastrodia elata Bl., a perennial
parasitic herb of the family Orchidaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān “heaven, god” and má “hemp”.
It was originally named tiān má because its growth seemed
miraculous like a blessing from the heavens and the underground
stem tubers resemble hemp shoes. It is also known as shén căo
(神草), where shén means “magical” and căo means “herb”. Its
stem and leaves are reddish and the plant somewhat resembles an
arrow, so it is also referred to as chì jiàn, where chì means “red”
and jiàn means “arrow”. It is effective at calming the liver and
extinguishing wind, so it is also called dìng fēng căo (定风草), where dìng means “stop”, fēng means
“wind” and căo means “herb”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Hubei provinces of
China. The best quality are those from Guizhou.
［Collection］ The plant is collected from the beginning of winter to the early spring. It is
immediately cleaned with water after collection, steamed well and dried in an open and low-
temperature area. The best quality are those that are solid, shaped like a parrot’s beak and have a
glossy cross section.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and moistened thoroughly in water and cut into slices. It can also be
steamed soft, sliced thin and dried for clinical use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, neutral and moderate, and soft but not dry, it enters the liver channel
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only, and is very effective at extinguishing wind, arresting convulsions and calming the liver.
It is widely used for internal stirring of liver wind due to cold, heat, deficiency or excess. It can
also dispel exterior wind and unblock collaterals, and is used for arthralgia, muscular spasms and
numbness either from cold or heat pattern.
［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, suppresses the liver, dispels wind and
unblocks collaterals.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For epilepsy and convulsions due to internal stirring of liver wind
and tetanus, it is effective at extinguishing wind and arresting convulsions. Therefore it is often
referred as dìng fēng shén căo (定风神草), where dìng means “stop”, fēng means “wind”, shén
means “magical” and căo means “herb or plant”. It is suitable for cold, heat, de■ciency and excess
types of internal stirring of liver wind.
For vertigo and loss of consciousness caused by hyperactivity of liver yang transforming into
wind, it is often combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and niú xī
(Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to calm the liver, subdue yang and extinguish wind.
For convulsions triggered by high fever, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum
Fibrosum), dà qīng yè (Folium Isatidis) and dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear heat, calm the
liver and extinguish wind.
For muscular twitching with yin and blood depletion, it is often combined with prepared
dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum
Testudinis) to enrich yin and blood and extinguish wind.
For acute infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat, it is combined with líng yáng jiăo
(Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) and quán xiē (Scorpio) to clear
heat, cool the liver, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Gōu Téng Yĭn Zĭ
(Gambir Plant Drink). For chronic convulsions due to spleen de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn
(Radix et Rhiaoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and jiāng cán (Bombyx
Batryticatus) to strengthen the spleen and tonify healthy qi, calm the liver, extinguish wind and arrest
convulsions, such as in the formula Xĭng Pí Săn (Spleen-■nlivening Powder).
For epilepsy and convulsions with phlegm heat inside, it can be combined with yù jīn (Radix
Curcumae), bái fán (Alumen) and tiān zhú huáng (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) to clear heat,
dissolve phlegm and arrest epilepsy.
For tetanus attacks, it is often combined with tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), bái fù zĭ
(Rhizoma Typhonii) and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to expel wind and arrest convulsions,
such as in the formula Yù Zhēn Săn (True Jade Powder).
2. For dizziness and headache due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang, it is excellent at
extinguishing liver wind and calming liver yang, and is commonly used for dizziness or vertigo.
For dizziness and headache due to liver and kidney yin de■ciency and ascendant hyperactivity
of liver yang, it is often combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), niú xī (Radix
Achyranthis Bidentatae) and shí jué míng (Concha Haliotidis) to enhance the effects of calming
the liver, subduing yang and extinguishing wind, such as in the formula Tiān Má Gōu Téng Tāng
(Gastrodia and Uncaria Decoction).
For vertigo and headache due to wind phlegm attacking the upper body, it is often combined
with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria)
to dissolve phlegm, calm the liver and extinguish wind, such as in the formula Bàn Xià Bái Zhú Tiān
Má Tāng (Pinellia, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Gastrodia Decoction).
For migraine, it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), màn jīng zĭ (Fructus
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Viticis) and jīng jiè suì (Spica Schizonepetae) to disperse wind, invigorate blood and relieve pain.
3. For hemiplegia and wind-damp arthralgia, it dispels wind, unblocks the collaterals and relieves
pain.
For stroke with hemiplegia, it is combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), chì
sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and dì lóng (Pheretima) to calm the
liver, extinguish wind, unblock collaterals and relax the sinews.
For wind-damp arthralgia with contraction and numbness, it is combined with qín jiāo (Radix
Gentianae Macrophyllae), qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii) and sāng zhī (Ramulus Mori)
to dispel wind, transform dampness, unblock the collaterals and relieve pain, such as in the formula
Qín Jiāo Tiān Má Tāng (Large Leaf Gentian Root and Tall Gastrodis Tuber Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction; 1-1.5 g at a time in powder or pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not recommended to be used alone for those with extreme
qi and blood de■ciency.
［Ingredients］ Contains gastrodin, gastrodine aglycone, vanillyl alcohol, vanillin, succinic acid,
polysaccharids, vitamin A substances and trace alkaloids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, analgesia,
increasing blood ■ow in the heart and brain, lowering blood pressure, slowing the heart rate, anti-
hypoxia, enhancing immunity, improving intelligence, delaying aging, anti-inflammation, anti-
platelet aggregation, radioresistance and stimulating the intestines.
［Notes］ Tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) is a symbiotic parasitic plant growing together with the
shoestring fungus. They form a close relationship in nourishment during growth and reproduction.
Research has proved that the solid nutrient base of the shoestring fungus has similar pharmacological
actions and clinical effects to that of tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae).
DìLóng 地龙
PHERETIMA
Earthworm
(about 200 A.D.). Its original name was bái jĭng qiū yĭn (白
颈蚯蚓). It is the dried body of the earthworm Pheretima
aspergillum (■.Perrier), Pheretima vulgaris Chen, Pheretima
guillelmi (Michaelsen), or Pheretima pectinifera Michaelsen
from the family Megascolecidae. The first of these is usually
called guăng dì lóng (广地龙), while the latter three are called
hù dì lóng (沪地龙).
［■xplanation of Name］ Dì “earth” and lóng “dragon”. It
moves like a dragon in the earth. Its original name was bái jĭng
qiū yĭn, where bái means “white”, jĭng means “neck”, qiū means
“mound” and yĭn means “contraction”. Its body contracts first
and then stretches to enable the body to move forward, and little
mounds appear in the earth when it is crawling.
［Habitat］ Guăng dì lóng is mainly produced in Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi of China; hù
dì lóng is mainly produced in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui of China.
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［Collection］ Guăng dì lóng is collected between spring and autumn, while hù dì lóng is collected
in summer. After collection, the belly is cut immediately, the internal organs are removed and the
earth and sand are cleaned away with water. It is then dried in the sun or in a low-temperature area.
The best quality are those that are dry, clean and smooth on the surface with plump ■esh.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed and cleaned away with water, the worm is cut into
segments and dried. It is generally used raw, but it can also be made into wine.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, bladder.
［Characteristics］ Salty and cold in properties, it is effective at clearing heat, unblocking the
channels, activating the collaterals and promoting discharge. It enters the liver channel to clear liver
heat, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions. It enters the lung channel to clear and purge lung heat
to relieve wheezing. It enters the bladder channel to promote urination and activate the collaterals.
［Actions］ Clears heat, extinguishes wind, unblocks and activates the collaterals, relieves
wheezing and promotes urination.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, epilepsy and mania with high fever, it clears heat,
extinguishes wind and relieves convulsions.
For loss of consciousness, delirium and convulsions triggered by extreme heat, it can be used
alone in decoction, or combined with gōu téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis), niú huáng (Calculus
Bovis) and jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) to enhance the effects.
For acute infantile convulsions with high fever, ground dì lóng (Pheretima) can be used
together with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to make pills.
For high fever, mania or epilepsy, the ■esh can be dissolved by salt into liquid and then consumed.
2. For post-stroke hemiplegia with qi de■ciency and blood stasis, it is effective at unblocking
the channels and collaterals. It is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) in order to boost qi, invigorate blood
and unblock the collaterals, such as in the formula Bŭ Yáng Huán Wŭ Tāng (Yang-Supplementing
and Five-Returning Decoction).
3. For wind damp arthralgia.
For arthralgia of the wind-damp-heat type with sore, swollen and aching joints with in■exible
movement, it is commonly combined with fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae), qín jiāo (Radix
Gentianae Macrophyllae) and rĕn dōng téng (Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae) to increase the effects of
clearing heat. It can also treat dampness, unblock collaterals and relieve pain.
For arthralgia of the wind-damp-cold type with inflexible joints and numbing pain in the
limbs, it can be combined with chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and
rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) to dispel wind, transform dampness, dissipate cold and relieve pain, such as in
the formula Xiăo Huó Luò Dān (Minor Channel-Activating ■lixir).
4. For asthma with lung heat, it is effective at clearing lung heat and relieving wheezing.
For wheezing with lung heat, it is often combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shè gān
(Rhizoma Belamcandae) and bái guŏ (Semen Ginkgo) to clear lung heat and relax the bronchi to
relieve wheezing.
For coughing and gasping, it can be combined with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), shí gāo
(Gypsum Fibrosum) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to enhance the effects.
5. For dysuria or urinary retention, it clears heat and facilitates urination. For disorders due to
heat accumulation in the bladder, the flesh of the worm is pounded and soaked in water, and the
■ltration is taken alone. It can also be combined with chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis), mù tōng (Caulis
9-9◎05.indd 516 2014-12-17 13:58:00

Akebiae), zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) and similar herbs to facilitate urination.

6. Additionally, the smashed ■esh can be mixed with sugar and applied topically for scalds, burns
and sores.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ Internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, 10-20 g if using the ■esh; 1-2 g
per use for dry powder administration. For external use: the ■esh is pounded and applied locally in
compresses.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Use cautiously in patients without excessive heat or with
de■ciency cold because its cold property may hurt the body’s yang.
［Ingredients］ Contains lumbrifebrine, lumbricin, terrestro-lumbrolysin, phospholipids,
cholesterin, vitamins, proteins, amino acids, xanthine, adenine, guanine, sinkaline, plasmin,
thrombolysis kinase and three kinds of collagenase.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its hot and alcohol extracts have the effects of sedation and anti-
convulsion. The decoction and lumbrifebrine are excellent for relieving heat. Tincture of guăng
dì lóng, dry powder suspension, hot extract and decoction all have the effects of lowering blood
pressure and anti-arrhythmia. Hypoxanthine from guăng dì lóng is most effective at relaxing
the bronchi and can counteract bronchial contraction triggered by histamine and pilocarpine.
Decoction of dì lóng (Pheretima) can improve hemorrheology, promote blood circulation and
inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombogenesis. Lumbrukinase of dì lóng (Pheretima) has
the action of thrombolysis. It also has the effects of anti-tumor, anti-bacteria, killing sperm,
facilitating urination, improving skin metabolism and stimulating the uterus both in vitro and in
vivo fertilization.
Quán Xiē 全蝎
SCORPIO
Scorpion
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of Sichuan in the Five Dynasty Period (950 A.D.).
Its original name was xiē. It is the dried body of the scorpion
Buthus martensii Karsch, an animal of the family Buthidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Quán “whole” and xiē
“scorpion”, with the original meaning of “resting”. It
normally is inactive during daytime and is active at night,
and hides while resting underneath stones or in wall
cracks. “Resting” shares the pronunciation with “scorpion”
in Chinese as xiē. The whole body is utilized, so it is called
quán xiē, or quán chóng (全虫) where chóng means “insect”.
Its tail is called xiē wĕi (蝎尾), where wĕi means “tail”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong and Henan
provinces of China. Can also be found in Hebei, Hubei,
Anhui and Liaoning.
［Collection］ It is collected between late spring and early autumn. After the silt is cleaned off
with water, the scorpions are put into boiling water or brine, taken out when the whole body is rigid
and then dried in the shade. The best are those that are complete with tawny color and some frosty
powder on the surface.
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［Processing］ It is cleaned or rinsed with water and then dried for use.
［Properties］ Acrid; neutral; toxic.
［Characteristics］ It exclusively enters the liver channel, and is effective at extinguishing wind,
arresting convulsions, counteracting toxins, dissipating masses, unblocking collaterals and relieving
pain. It is excellent for spasms and convulsions and is commonly used for vicious sores, scrofula,
uncontrolled headache and obstinate arthralgia arising initially from exterior wind damp attack.
［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, counteracts toxins, dissipates masses,
unblocks collaterals and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, epilepsy, tetanus, paralysis and hemiplegia, it calms
internal liver wind, extinguishes exterior wind, unblocks collaterals and arrests convulsions, and is
often combined with wú gōng (Scolopendra) to mutually reinforce effects, such as in the formula Zhĭ
Jìng Săn (Spasm-Relieving Powder).
For acute infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat with high fever, loss of consciousness
and spasms, it is often combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus
Uncariae Cum Uncis) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to clear heat, extinguish wind and arrest
convulsion.
For chronic infantile convulsions with spleen deficiency and manifested by emaciation,
weakness and listlessness, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to strengthen qi, tonify the spleen
and improve the effects of extinguishing wind and arresting convulsion.
For epilepsy and convulsions with phlegm heat, it is often combined with powdered yù jīn
(Radix Curcumae) and bái fán (Alumen) in equal doses to clear heat, dissolve phlegm and arrest
convulsions and epilepsy.
For tetanus with spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with wú gōng (Scolopendra),
tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) to dispel wind and arrest
convulsions, such as in the formula Wŭ Hŭ Zhuī Fēng Săn (Five Tigers ■xpelling Wind Powder).
For facial paralysis, it is often combined with bái jiāng cán (Bombyx Batryticatus) and bái fù
zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to dispel wind, transform phlegm, unblock collaterals and arrest convulsions,
such as in the formula Qiān Zhèng Săn (Symmetry-Correcting Powder).
For post-stroke hemiplegia, it is often combined with qí shé (Agkistrodon), chuān xiōng
(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī wĕi (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to dispel wind, activate blood
and unblock collaterals.
2. For vicious sores, scrofula and nodules, it is effective at counteracting toxins and dissipating
masses.
For vicious sores, it can be fried in oil and applied alone internally. In addition, seven pieces
each of quán xiē (Scorpio) and zhī zĭ (Fructus Gardeniae) can be fried in sesame oil and the oil can
then be combined with yellow wax and mixed into paste for external use.
For scrofula and nodules, it can be used in powder alone or combined with xià kū căo (Spica
Prunellae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae) and māo zhuă căo (Radix Ranunculi Ternati) in decoction.
It has been reported in recent years that an equal dose of quán xiē (Scorpio), wú gōng
(Scolopendra), dì lóng (Pheretima) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga), ground into
powder or made into pills, is effective for thromboangiitis obliterans, scrofula and osteoarticular
tuberculosis.
3. For migraine, headache and obstinate arthralgia, it is effective at clearing wind, unblocking
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collaterals and relieving pain.

For migraine and headache, it is often combined with wú gōng (Scolopendra), bái jiāng cán
(Bombyx Batryticatus) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the effects of dispelling
wind, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain.
For obstinate arthralgia with in■exible joint movement and joint deformity, it can be combined
with zhì chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata), qí shé (Agkistrodon) and mò yào (Myrrha) to dispel
wind, activate blood circulation, soothe the tendons and activate the collaterals.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction, 0.6-1 g per dose in powder.
Xiē wĕi is quite poisonous and has strong effects; its normal dosage is 1/3 that of quán xiē (Scorpio).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ A large dose is not recommended because it is toxic and acrid
and has dispersing effects. Pregnant women and those with blood de■ciency should not use it at all.
［Ingredients］ It contains buthotoxin (similar to a viper’s nerve poison), taurine, trimethylamine,
palmic acid, stearic acid, ornitrol, lecithin, lycine, katsu acid and 27 kinds of amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of anti-convulsion, anti-epilepsy, lowering
blood pressure, relieving pain, anti-thrombosis, reducing the platelet adhesion rate, prolonging
blood agglutination, anti-tumor, promoting immune function, anti-fungus and inhibiting cysticercus
cellulosae. The buthotoxin can promote saliva production, improve the secretion of antidiuretic
hormone, trigger uterus contractions that cause early abortion and initiate respiratory paralysis.
WúGōng 蜈蚣
SCOLOPENDRA
Centipede
Han Dynasty (about 220 A.D.). It is the dried body
of Scolopendra, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L.
Koch, an animal of the family Scolopendridae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wú “name of an ancient
kingdom, the area to the south of the Yangtze river” and
gōng “equal”. It mainly lives in the area of wú and has
21 pairs of ambulatory legs equally growing on both
sides of the body. It is also known as qiān zú chóng (千
足虫), in which qiān means “thousand”, zú means “foot”
and chóng means “worm” or “insect”.
Hubei, Hunan, Henan and Shaanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during spring and summer. A piece of bamboo is threaded from
head to tail to keep the body straight and it is then dried. The best are those that are complete, dry
and long with dark green body and red head.
［Processing］ After the bamboo is removed, the body is cleaned with water, roasted on a low
■re until yellow and then cut into segments.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm and toxic, it exclusively enters the liver channel and is effective
9-9◎05.indd 519 2014-12-17 13:58:05

at extinguishing wind and unblocking channels. It has stronger effects than quán xiē (Scorpio), so
they are often used in combination to enhance the effects.
［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, counteracts toxins, dissipates masses,
unblocks collaterals and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For convulsions, epilepsy, tetanus, paralysis and hemiplegia, it calms
internal liver wind, extinguishes exterior wind, unblocks collaterals and arrests convulsions, and is
often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio) to mutually reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Zhĭ
Jìng Săn (Spasm-Relieving Powder).
For acute infantile convulsions triggered by liver heat with high fever, loss of consciousness
and spasms, it is often combined with líng yáng jiăo (Cornu Saigae Tataricae), gōu téng (Ramulus
Uncariae Cum Uncis) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to clear heat, extinguish wind and arrest
convulsions.
For chronic infantile convulsions with spleen deficiency and manifested by emaciation,
weakness and listlessness, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to strengthen qi, tonify the spleen
and improve the effects of extinguishing wind and arresting convulsions.
For epilepsy and convulsions with phlegm heat, it is often combined with powdered yù jīn
(Radix Curcumae) and bái fán (Alumen) in equal doses to clear heat, dissolve phlegm and arrest
convulsions and epilepsy.
For tetanus with spasms and convulsions, it is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio), tiān
nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis) and chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae) to dispel wind and arrest
convulsions, such as in the formula Wŭ Hŭ Zhuī Fēng Săn (Five Tigers ■xpelling Wind Powder).
For facial paralysis, it is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio), bái jiāng cán (Bombyx
Batryticatus) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to dispel wind, transform phlegm, unblock collaterals
and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula Qiān Zhèng Săn (Symmetry-Correcting Powder).
For post-stroke hemiplegia, it is often combined with qí shé (Agkistrodon), chuān xiōng
(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and dāng guī wĕi (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to dispel wind, activate blood
and unblock collaterals.
2. For vicious sores, scrofula and nodules, it is effective at counteracting toxins and dissipating
masses.
For vicious sores and malignant ulcerative cancer, it is prepared into paste with xióng huáng
(Realgar) and pig bile for external use, such as in the formula Bù Èr Săn (Centipede and Realgar
Powder).
For scrofula and nodules, it can be used alone internally after being ground into powder or
combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and māo zhuă căo
(Radix Ranunculi Ternati) to be decocted for internal use.
For ulcerated scrofula, it can be ground together with tea and applied topically.
For snake venom poisoning, it is baked until yellow, ground into powder and then taken with
water, or it can be combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei)
and shēng gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae).
3. For migraine, common headache and obstinate arthralgia, it is effective at extinguishing and
clearing wind, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain.
For uncontrolled migraine and headache, it is often combined with tiān má (Rhizoma
Gastrodiae), bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to enhance the
effects of dispelling wind, unblocking collaterals and relieving pain.
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For obstinate arthralgia with in■exible joint movement and joint deformity, it can be combined
with zhì chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata), qí shé (Agkistrodon) and wēi líng xiān (Radix et
Rhizoma Clematidis) to dispel wind, transform dampness, activate collaterals and relieve pain.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in decoction or 0.6-1 g per dose in powder.
For external use, it is ground into powder and applied directly onto the skin, or soaked with oil and
applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ A large dose is not recommended due to its toxic and acrid
properties and dispersing effects. Pregnant women or those with blood de■ciency should not use it at all.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains centipede venom, which is composed of proteins, enzymes and
amino acids. It also has fatty acids such as hexadecylenic acid and glucide.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of anti-convulsion, immune function
enhancement, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, myocardial contraction enhancement, blood vessel
dilation, anti-tubercle bacillus and dermatophyte inhibition. Furthermore, it inhibits uterine
contractions, has histamine-like effects and promotes hemolysis.
Jiāng Cán 僵蚕
BOMBYX BATRYTICATUS
Stiff Silkworm
bái jiāng cán (白僵蚕). It is the dried corpse of a 4th-or-
5 th developmental-stage silkworm larva, Bombyx mori
Linnaeus of the Bombycidae family, which has been died
after being infected, either naturally or artificially, by
Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillant.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jiāng “rigid dead body” and
cán “silkworm”. The larvae of the silkworm are infected
by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillant until they die. The
original name was bái jiāng cán, in which bái means “white”,
because the body is rigid, white and will never rot. It is
commonly called jiāng cán for short.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in silkworm-rearing areas in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Sichuan
provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is usually produced in spring and autumn. The dead infected bodies are dried.
Best quality are those that are big, solid, white and with a lustrous cross section.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and dried again. It can be
used directly or stir-baked with bran.
［Properties］ Salty, acrid; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, lung.
［Characteristics］ Its salty property softens while its acrid property has the effects of dispersion
and dissipation. Neutral but slightly cool, it enters the liver and lung channels, so it is effective
at extinguishing wind, arresting convulsion, resolving phlegm, dissipating lumps and hardness,
dispelling wind, relieving pain and itching, and resolving toxins to relieve the throat. It is widely
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used in the clinic, especially for disorders due to wind heat, wind phlegm or phlegm with toxin
accumulation.
［Actions］ ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, dispels wind, relieves pain, resolves phlegm,
dissipates lumps and hardness, resolves toxins and relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For fright epilepsy and convulsions, it is effective in resolving
phlegm and in extinguishing internal liver wind to arrest convulsions.
For acute infantile convulsions with phlegm heat, it is often combined with quán xiē (Scorpio),
niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile) to clear heat and phlegm,
extinguish wind, and arrest convulsions and calm fright, such as in the formula Qiān Jīn Săn (Powder
Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces).
For chronic infantile convulsions with spleen de■ciency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix
Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and tiān má (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) to
replenish qi, invigorate the spleen, extinguish wind and arrest convulsions, such as in the formula
Xĭng Pĭ Săn (Spleen-■nlivening Powder).
For tetanus attack, it is combined with quán xiē (Scorpio), wú gōng (Scolopendra) and gōu
téng (Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shè Fēng Săn
(Wind-Controlling Powder).
2. For facial paralysis, it can dispel wind and arrest convulsions, and is often combined with
quán xiē (Scorpio) and bái fù zĭ (Rhizoma Typhonii) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula
Qiān Zhèng Săn (Symmetry-Correcting Powder).
3. For headache, sore throat, eye in■ammation and itchy rubella and urticaria triggered by wind
heat, it disperses wind heat to relieve pain and itching, clears toxins, dissipates masses, lessens
swelling and relieves the throat.
For headache triggered by wind heat attack, it is often combined with màn jīng zĭ (Fructus
Viticis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to disperse and clear
wind heat to relieve pain.
For eye inflammation and tearing in the wind due to wind heat in the liver channel, it is
often combined with sāng yè (Folium Mori), mù zéi (Herba ■quiseti Hiemalis) and jīng jiè (Herba
Schizonepetae) to disperse wind, clear heat, relieve swelling and improve vision, such as in the
formula Bái Jiāng Cán Săn (Silkworm Powder).
For sore, swollen throat and hoarse voice caused by wind heat attacking upward, it is
combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) to assist the actions of dispersing wind, clearing heat, reducing swelling and relieving
the throat.
For itchy rubella and urticaria, it can be ground into powder and applied alone or combined
with chán tuì (Periostracum Cicadae), bò he (Herba Menthae) and dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae) to dispel
wind and relieve itching.
4. For scrofula, nodules, mumps and sores, it resolves phlegm, dissipates nodules, clears toxins
and relieves in■ammation.
For scrofula and nodules caused by phlegm ■re accumulation, it is often combined with zhè bèi
mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii), xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae) and lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae)
to enhance the effects of clearing heat, resolving phlegm and dissipating nodules.
For mumps triggered by epidemic toxic wind heat, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica
Prunellae), băn lán gēn (Radix Isatidis) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear toxic heat,
dissipate nodules and relieve in■ammation.
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For sores or acute mastitis, it is often combined with pú gōng yīng (Herba Taraxaci), lián qiào
(Fructus Forsythiae) and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to clear toxic heat and assist the
healing of sores.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g in decoction; 1-1.5 g per dose in powder or
pills. For external use: it is decocted ■rst and then applied topically to wash the skin. The powder can
be applied directly with compresses or mixed with medicinal liquid and applied topically. The raw
form can be used for clearing wind heat, while the stir-fried form is used for other purposes.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Patients without wind pathogen should not use it.
［Ingredients］ Mainly contains proteins, ammonium oxalate, 17 kinds of amino acids such as
glycin, lactamine, serine and tyrosine, and 28 kinds of inorganic elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of reducing fever, relieving cough, phlegm
reduction, sedation, hypnosis, anti-convulsion, nerve regulation, anti-tumor, anticoagulation,
lowering blood sugar, promoting fat metabolism and anti-bacteria.
Summary
1. Herbs that calm the liver and subdue hyperactive yang
Shí Jué Míng vs. Zhēn Zhū Mŭ
Medicinal Shí Jué Míng Zhēn Zhū Mŭ

Similarities
Actions Calms the liver and subdues yang, clears liver ■re, replenishes yin
Dizziness due to hyperactivity of liver yang, eye problems due to liver fire or wind
Indications
heat in the liver channel, poor eyesight due to liver and kidney de■ciency
· Calms the heart and mind

Actions — · Dries dampness and improves the healing
Differences
of tissue (calcined and used externally)
· Palpitations, insomnia and anxiety

Acute infantile convulsions and steaming
Indications · Ulcerating sores and acute eczema
bone heat
· Gastric and duodenal ulcers
More effective at clearing heat, including

lung heat
Cì Jí Lí vs. Luó Bù Má Yè
Medicinal Cì Jí Lí Luó Bù Má Yè
Properties Bitter
Similarities
Actions Calms the liver and subdues yang
Indications Dizziness and headache due to hyperactivity of liver yang
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Continued　　
Medicinal Cì Jí Lí Luó Bù Má Yè
Properties Acrid; neutral Sweet; slightly cold
· Soothes the liver

· Clears liver fire and lowers blood
Disperses wind, improves vision and
Differences
·
Actions pressure
relieves itching
· Facilitates and promotes urination
· Moves qi and blood
· Hypochondriac and chest pain · Headache due to liver ■re ■aming up,
· ■ye inflammation triggered by wind distending head pain and hypertension
Indications heat, rubella, urticaria and vitiligo that is due to ascendant hyperactivity
· Amenorrhea, poor lactation and breast- of liver yang
distending pain · ■dema and dif■cult urination with heat
Mŭ Lì vs. Lóng Gŭ
Medicinal Mŭ Lì Lóng Gŭ
Properties Astringent

Similarities
· Calms the liver and heart, subdues yang and tranquilizes the mind (used raw)
Actions
· Secures and astringes substances (calcined)
· Palpitations, panic attacks, insomnia, dizziness, mania and irritability (used raw)
Indications
· Incontinence patterns due to general de■ciency (calcined)
Properties Salty; slightly cold Sweet; neutral
· Boosts yin, softens hardness and

Actions dissipate masses Dries dampness and heals sores (calcined)
Neutralize gastric acid (calcined)
Differences
· Internal stirring wind with de■ciency,

Uncontrolled ulcers, acute eczema and
Indications scrofula and nodules
bleeding wounds (calcined)
· Stomachache (calcined)
More effective in suppressing panic

More suitable for those problems in attacks, calming the mind, and securing
Special features
heat pattern and astringing body substances regardless
of heat or cold pattern
Dài Zhĕ Shí vs. Cí Shí
Medicinal Dài Zhĕ Shí Cí Shí
Properties Cold
Similarities
Entered channels Liver, heart
Actions Calms the liver and subdues yang
Indications Headache and dizziness caused by ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or liver ■re
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Continued　　
Medicinal Dài Zhĕ Shí Cí Shí
Properties Bitter Salty
Entered channels — Kidney
Suppresses panic attacks, calms the mind,

Descends adverse qi, clears fire, cools replenishes kidney essence, improves
Differences
Actions
blood and stanches bleeding hearing and vision, grasps qi and relieves
dyspnea
· Nausea, vomiting, hiccups and belching

Anxiety, panic attacks, palpitations,
due to adverse stomach qi flow and
dream-disturbed insomnia, epilepsy,
Indications wheezing due to adverse lung qi ■ow
tinnitus, deafness, dim vision and chronic
· Hematemesis, epistaxis and abnormal
wheezing due to kidney essence depletion
uterine bleeding caused by blood heat
Shí Jué Míng vs. Jué Míng Zĭ
Medicinal Shí Jué Míng Jué Míng Zĭ
Properties Salty

Similarities
Actions Clears liver ■re, improves vision and boosts yin
■ye in■ammation due to liver heat, headache and dizziness caused by ascendant
Indications hyperactivity of liver yang or fire and dim vision due to liver and kidney
de■ciency
Properties Cold Sweet, bitter; slightly cold
Entered channels — Kidney, large intestine

Differences
Calms the liver, subdues yang and boosts Nourishes kidney yin and moistens the
Actions
the liver yin large intestine to relieve constipation
· Ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang

or ■aming up of liver ■re
Indications Constipation caused by heat
· Acute convulsions, steaming bone and
consuming fever
Zhēn Zhū Mŭ vs. Zhēn Zhū
Medicinal Zhēn Zhū Mŭ Zhēn Zhū

Similarities
Actions Calms liver yang, clears liver ■re and improves vision
Palpitations, panic attacks, dream-disturbed insomnia, eye in■ammation and nebulae

Indications
triggered by liver heat
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Continued
Medicinal Zhēn Zhū Mŭ Zhēn Zhū
· Astringes and improves the healing of Cools heat toxins, relieves swelling and
Actions sores (calcined) improves the healing of sores (ground
· Tranquilizes the heart and mind into powder and used externally)
Differences
· Dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity

of liver yang Pharyngitis, mouth ulcers, ulcerative
Indications
· Acute eczema and ulcers gingivitis and chronic ulcers
· Convulsions, panic attacks and epilepsy
Special features Mainly enters the liver channel Mainly enters the heart channel
2. Herbs that extinguish wind and relieve convulsions
Líng Yáng Jiăo vs. Niú Huáng
Medicinal Líng Yáng Jiăo Niú Huáng

Similarities
Actions Clears heat, extinguishes wind and arrests convulsions
Indications High fever with loss of consciousness, delirium or convulsions
Properties Salty; cold Bitter; cool
Clears liver fire, calms liver yang, improves Clears heart fire, resolves phlegm,
Actions vision, counteracts toxins and dissipates resuscitates, clears toxic heat and
swelling relieves in■ammation
Differences
loss of consciousness and convulsions with

loss of consciousness and convulsions
extreme heat, headache and dizziness due
with phlegm heat, vicious sores and
to ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang or
swelling, ulcerated swollen sore
Indications liver ■re, eye in■ammation, and maculas and
throat, mouth and tongue ulcers,
papules due to toxic heat. It can also clear
scrofula, breast cancer and infantile
lung heat to treat cough and asthma triggered
vicious skin infection or allergy
by lung heat
Gōu Téng vs. Tiān Má
Medicinal Gōu Téng Tiān Má
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Actions ■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions and calms liver yang
Internal stirring of liver wind, infantile convulsions and dizziness caused by

Indications
hyperactive liver yang
Properties Slightly cold Neutral; moist

Differences
Entered channels Pericardium —
· Disperses heat
Dispels wind, unblocks collaterals and
Actions · Promotes eruptions of rashes and measles
relieves pain
to shorten the treatment process
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Continued
Medicinal Gōu Téng Tiān Má
· All kinds of internal wind patterns and

disorders caused by hyperactive liver
Internal wind due to liver heat, acute yang in excess or from cold and heat
Differences
infantile convulsions, infantile night de■ciencies

Indications
crying, headache and eye inflammation · Dizziness due to wind phlegm, chronic
due to liver ■re and epilepsy infantile convulsions and tetanus
· Limb numbness, spasms from stroke
and wind damp arthralgia
Quán Xiē vs. Wú Gōng
Medicinal Quán Xiē Wú Gōng

Properties Acrid; toxic
Similarities
■xtinguishes wind, arrests convulsions, unblocks collaterals, relieves pain, counteracts

Actions
toxins and dissipates masses
Post-stroke paralysis, acute or chronic convulsions, epilepsy, tetanus, wind-damp
Indications obstinate arthralgia, uncontrolled headache, vicious sores and swellings, scrofula,
nodules, cancer and tumors
Properties Neutral Warm
Differences
Indications — Poisonous snakebites

Has stronger toxicity and effects compared
to quán xiē
Dì Lóng vs. Jiāng Cán

Medicinal Dì Lóng Jiāng Cán
Properties Salty
Similarities

Actions ■xtinguishes wind and arrests convulsions
Indications Convulsions and epilepsy
Properties Cold Acrid; neutral
Entered channels Spleen, bladder Lung
· Clears heat · Transforms phlegm
· Unblocks collaterals · Disperses wind, relieves pain and itching
Actions
· Relieves wheezing and facilitates · Relieves inflammatory swelling and
Differences
urination dissipates masses

· Convulsions and epilepsy due to liver
· Delirium and convulsions triggered wind and phlegm from cold or heat
by high fever · Facial paralysis and tetanus
Indications · Wind-damp arthralgia and hemiplegia · Headache and in■amed eyes, rubella and
· Asthma with phlegm heat and urinary urticaria due to wind-heat accumulation
retention or stranguria due to heat · Swollen sore throat, scrofula, phlegm
nodules, sores, cancer and tumors
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Review Questions
1. How many groups is this chapter divided into according to the actions? What are the common characteristics,
actions and indications of each group?
2. ■xplain the properties, actions, indications and administration of the following herbs: shí jué míng, mŭ lì, dài zhĕ
shí, zhēn zhū mŭ and cì jí lí.
3. ■xplain the properties, actions, indications and administration of the following herbs: líng yáng jiăo, tiān má, gōu
téng, dì lóng, quán xiē, wú gōng and jiāng cán.
4. Compare the following paired herbs with respect to their characteristics, actions and indications: mŭ lì and lóng gŭ;
zhĕ shí and cí shí; shí jué míng and zhēn zhū mŭ; shí jué míng and căo jué míng; zhēn zhū and zhēn zhū mŭ; jí lí and
luó bù má yè.
5. Compare the following paired herbs with respect to their characteristics, actions and indications: líng yáng jiăo
and shí jué míng; dài mào and líng yáng jiăo; líng yáng jiăo and niú huáng; gōu téng and tiān má; quán xiē and wú
gōng; dì lóng and jiāng cán.
6. Which actions of dài zhĕ shí can demonstrate its heavy characteristic? What kind of illnesses can it be applied to?
7. How many herbs in this chapter can extinguish internal wind as well as dispel external wind? What are the
characteristics and actions of each?
9-9◎05.indd 528 2014-12-17 13:58:18

529
CHAPTER 16
Herbs that Open the Oriﬁces
Shè Xiāng 麝香 / 530 Chán Sū 蟾酥 / 537

Bīng Piàn 冰片 / 532 Chán Pí 蟾皮 / 539
Rén Gōng Bīng Piàn 人工冰片 / 534 Zhāng Năo 樟脑 / 539
Sū Hé Xiāng 苏合香 / 534 Ān Xī Xiāng 安息香 / 541
Shí Chāng Pú 石菖蒲 / 535
［De■nition］ Herbs that are pungent or aromatic and dispersing, and have the primary actions of
opening the ori■ces and resuscitating the mind are called herbs that open the ori■ces.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are basically pungent or aromatic, enter the heart
channel and can open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind by moving qi quickly and powerfully.
They can also activate blood circulation and relieve pain.
［Indications］ There are two patterns in Chinese medicine related to loss of consciousness—
deficiency and excess—which are also known respectively as collapse syndrome and blockage
syndrome. The former syndrome relies on nourishing and astringing herbs for treatment, which
obviously are not included in this category. The latter syndrome, the blockage syndrome, is caused
by the sudden blockage of qi and blood, and thus it should be treated with the herbs in this category,
which can quickly and powerfully move qi and blood to resuscitate the mind. Herbs in this category
are mainly applied for loss of consciousness or delirium in the pattern of heat trapped in the
pericardium during the course of pyretic diseases, or turbid phlegm blocking the channels of the
head, as well as for convulsions, epilepsy and stroke.
［Classification］ According to the different properties and clinical applications of each herb,
the herbs in this chapter can be classi■ed into two groups—warm herbs that open the ori■ces and
resuscitate the mind and cool herbs that open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind. The warm or hot
herbs are particularly used for cold blockage syndrome; in addition to the herbs shè xiāng (Moschus),
sū hé xiāng (Styrax), ān xī xiāng (Benzoinum), chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), zhāng năo (Camphora)
and shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) listed in this chapter, xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari)
and other similar herbs are also included in this group. The cool or cold herbs are especially used for
heat blockage syndrome; in addition to the herb bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) in this chapter,
niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) is also used for the same purpose.
［Modi■cations］ For cold blockage syndrome, in addition to the suitable herbs in this chapter,
other herbs for warming the interior and dispelling cold also need to be used in combination.
Similarly, for heat blockage syndrome, in addition to the suitable herbs in this chapter, other herbs
for clearing toxic heat should be used in combination. For blockage syndrome manifested as loss of
consciousness and convulsions, herbs that suppress wind and calm convulsions should also be used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this category are only suitable for loss of
consciousness due to blockage syndrome and are generally not used for loss of consciousness due
to collapse syndrome. They are emergency and symptom-relieving remedies, so should not be used
regularly over a long time, in order to avoid consumption of the primordial qi. Herbs in this category
are aromatic and volatile, so most of them are made into pills or powder instead of decoction.
9-9◎05.indd 529 2014-12-17 13:58:20

Shè Xiāng 麝香
MOSCHUS
Musk
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried secretions from
the navel sack of the mature male Moschus berezovskii
Flerov, Moschus sifanicus Przewalski or Moschus
moschiferus Linnaeus, animals of the family Corvine.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shè originally meant
“spreading” and xiāng means “aromatic”.
The animal looks like a deer, and the male has a sack
around its navel. The substance secreted by the sack is
so aromatic that the aroma spreads quickly over a long
distance, therefore it is named shè xiāng. The granular
substance is of high quality and often grows at the
bottom, opposite the entrance of the sack. The big ones with dark purple color are called dāng mén zǐ
(当门子), where dāng means “blocking”, mén means “gate” and zǐ means “substance”, because they
are big enough to block the entrance of the sack. The brown powdery ones, on the other hand, are of
low quality, and are called yuán cùn xiāng (元寸香).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia,
Xinjiang and Anhui of China.
［Collection］ Wild musk deer are mostly caught in the winter or the following spring. The sack,
which is called máo ké shè xiāng (毛壳麝香), is removed and dried in the shade. Full, thin-walled
and elastic sacks with strong aroma are the best.
Alternately, the sack is cut open, the shell is removed and only the contents are preserved. For
the domesticated musk deer, the contents, which are called shè xiāng rén (麝香仁), are removed
directly from the sack and dried in the shade. Oily ones with strong aroma and more dāng mén zǐ are
the best.
［Processing］ The contents from the simply prepared máo ké shè xiāng are removed and ground
into powder for use.
［Characteristics］ Slightly hot and aromatic, and warmly dispersing and moving in property, it enters
the heart and spleen channels. It can strongly open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind by moving qi and
unblocking channels to effectively treat either cold or heat blockage syndromes. It also can activate blood,
dredge the channels and relieve pain, and is effective for problems caused by blood stasis, no matter
whether acute or chronic. It can also be used for malignant sores and difficult labor.
［Actions］ Opens the orifices, resuscitates the mind, activates blood, dredges the channels,
relieves pain and shortens labor.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness, delirium accompanied by infantile
convulsions, epilepsy, and stroke due to heat trapped in the pericardium during the course of pyretic
diseases, or turbid phlegm blocking the channels of the head due to heat blockage syndrome, it
9-9◎05.indd 530 2014-12-17 13:58:21

Chapter 16 Herbs that Open the Oriﬁces 531
shows powerful effects on opening the ori■ces and dredging the blockage to resuscitate the mind.
For the above cases it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), bīng piàn (Borneolum
Syntheticum), zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and other similar herbs in cold formulas for resuscitation,
such as the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill), Zhì Băo Dān
(Supreme Jewel ■lixir) and Niú Huáng Bào Lóng Wán (Bovine Bezoar Dragon-Holding Pill). For
loss of consciousness due to brain stroke, environmental toxins or seasonal epidemic diseases with
manifestations of cold blockage syndrome, it is often combined in formulas with sū hé xiāng (Styrax),
tán xiāng (Lignum Santali Albi), ān xī xiāng (Benzoinum) and similar herbs that warm the interior,
transform the turbid phlegm, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, such as the formula Sū Hé
Xiāng Wán (Storax Pill).
2. For malignant sores, scrofula, subcutaneous nodules and severe sore throat, it is good at
activating blood, dissipating nodules, alleviating swelling and relieving pain both internally and
externally.
For malignant sores, it is often combined with xióng huáng (Realgar), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum)
and mò yào (Myrrha) to clear toxins, dissipate nodules, alleviate swelling and relieve pain, such as in
the formula Xǐng Xiāo Wán (Clearly Reducing Pill).
For scrofula, subcutaneous nodules and breast cancer, it is often used together with niú huáng
(Calculus Bovis), rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha) to clear toxic heat, resolve phlegm,
dissipate nodules and alleviate swelling, such as in the formula Xī Huáng Jiāo Náng (Bovine Bezoar
Capsule).
For severe sore throat, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), chán sū (Venenum
Bufonis) and zhēn zhū (Margarita) to clear toxic heat, and relieve swelling and pain, such as in the
formula Liù Shén Wán (Six-Ingredients Miraculous Pill).
3. For amenorrhea, abdominal masses, severe acute chest and abdominal pain, traumatic injuries
and arthralgia with signs of blood stasis, it is good at moving the blood to resolve the stasis, and to
unblock the channels and collaterals.
For amenorrhea, it is often combined with hóng huā (Flos Carthami), táo rén (Semen Persicae)
and chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to activate blood, dredge the channels, and dissipate stasis
and masses, such as in the formula Tōng Qiào Huó Xuè Tāng (Orifice-Opening Blood-Activating
Decoction).
For abdominal masses and lumps, it can be used together with dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Salviae Miltiorrhizae), é zhú (Rhizoma Curcumae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to resolve stasis
and masses.
For severe acute chest and abdominal pain, it can be combined with táo rén (Semen Persicae),
mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae) and bīng láng (Semen Arecae) to activate blood, move qi and relieve
pain, such as in the formula Shè Xiāng Tāng (Moschus Decoction).
For traumatic injuries, it is often used with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha), hóng huā
(Flos Carthami) and zì rán tóng (Pyritum) to activate blood, and to alleviate swelling and pain, such
as in the formulas Qī Lí Sǎn (Seven-Li Powder) and Bā Lí Sǎn (■ight-Li Powder).
For chronic arthralgia, it is combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), wēi líng xiān
(Radix et Rhizoma Clematidis) and zhì chuān wū (Radix Aconiti Praeparata) to dredge the channels
and relieve pain.
4. For difficult delivery and retention of the placenta, it can activate the uterus. It is more
effective if combined with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and applied in powder, such as Xiāng Guì
Sǎn (Musk and Cassia Bark Powder). It also can be used in combination with zhū yá zào (Fructus
9-9◎05.indd 531 2014-12-17 13:58:23

Gleditsiae Abnormalis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), combined with green onion juice into
pills, and applied vaginally, such as Duò Tāi Wán (Abortion-Inducing Pill).
5. It can be also applied for constipation and retention of urine, as well as for snakebite.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.03-0.1 g in pills or powder, or applied
sublingually. For external use: it is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically or administrated
in plaster form, or in throat and nose spray, and eye drops. It is usually used when the skin is not
ulcerated.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or women during
menstruation, nor for patients with deficiency, since it is strong in action and may cause qi
consumption and bleeding.
［Ingredients］ It contains muscone, muscol, cholesterol, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids,
urea, inorganic elements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows a bidirectional effect on the central nervous system with
excitation in small doses and inhibition in large doses. It also can relieve brain edema, reinforce the
hypoxic tolerance of the central nervous system, improve cerebral circulation, strengthen the heart,
increase the blood flow in the coronary arteries, antagonize myocardial ischemia, inhibit platelet
aggregation, antagonize thrombosis, increase blood pressure and respiratory rate, promote the
division and growth of schwann cells, and excite the uterus. The pregnant uterus is more sensitive
to its effects than the non-pregnant uterus. In addition, it has effects of analgesia, anti-in■ammation,
anti-tumor, anti-histamine, anti-snake-venom, anti-bacteria and similarity to male hormone.
［Notes］ According to studies, líng māo xiāng (灵猫香) collected from the sacks of Viverra
zibetha Linnaeus and Viverricula indica Desmarest shows similar effects as shè xiāng (Moschus),
and can also be taken internally and externally. In addition, synthetic arti■cial musk is almost the
same as the natural product in property, actions and indications, and thus is widely applied clinically
in its place so as to make up for the shortage of availability of the natural product.
Bīng Piàn 冰片
BORNEOLUM
Borneol

and South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). Its original
name was lóng nǎ o (龙脑). It is the natural
crystallized compound precipitated from the resin of
Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.f., an evergreen tree
of the family Dipterocarpaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bī ng “ice” and piàn
“flake”. The compound precipitated from the natural
tree resin is pure white and crystalline like ice, and
vividly plum-blossom-shaped as well, so that it is
named as bīng piàn, méi huā (“plum blossom”) bīng
piàn (梅花冰片), or just méi piàn (梅片). The pure and
white crystal compound looks like fatty brain marrow,
so it is also called lóng năo (“dragon brain”)，bīng piàn năo (冰片脑), méi huā năo (梅花脑), piàn năo (片
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脑) and năo zĭ (脑子).

［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sumatra in Indonesia.
［Collection］ The dry resin is collected from cracks in the tree trunk and processed. Big, thin,
pure white, brittle and fragrantly aromatic ■akes are the best in quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is ground into powder for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen, lung.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and aromatic so that it disperses, and slightly cold so that it clears
heat. It enters the heart, spleen and lung channels, and is very similar to shè xiāng (Moschus) in
actions and clinical applications, but slightly cold in nature. Used internally, it opens the orifices
and resuscitates the mind, and often plays a key role in formulas for loss of consciousness due
to blockage syndrome. Used externally, it clears heat to relieve swelling and pain, and promotes
granulation, and thus is often used for toxic-heat swelling.
［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, clears heat and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness due to either heat or cold blockage
syndrome, it can open the orifices and resuscitate the mind quickly. Since it is slightly cold, it
is very suitable for loss of consciousness due to heat blockage syndrome, which may manifest
as febrile disease, phlegm-heat blockage syndrome, sunstroke or acute infantile convulsions. It
is more effective if combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), shè xiāng (Moschus) and huáng
lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to clear toxic heat, resolve phlegm and subdue wind as well as open the
ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Ān Gōng Niú Huáng Wán (Peaceful Palace
Bovine Bezoar Pill). It also can be used for loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome, if
combined with sū hé xiāng (Styrax), shè xiāng (Moschus), bì bá (Fructus Piperis Longi) and similar
herbs for warming the interior and warmly resuscitating the mind.
2. For inflamed eyes, pharyngitis and mouth sores, it can remarkably clear heat,
eliminate swelling and relieve pain, and is therefore commonly used in ophthalmology and
otorhinolaryngology.
For in■amed eyes, it can be used alone or in combination with xuán míng fĕn (Natrii Sulfas
■xsiccatus) and applied in solution.
For in■amed eyes and nebulae, it is combined with lú gān shí (Calamina), shè xiāng (Moschus)
and xióng dăn (Fel Ursi), and applied in solution, such as in the formula Bō Yún Sǎn (Cloud-Dispelling
Powder).
For inflamed throat and mouth sores, it is often combined with péng shā (Borax), zhū shā
(Cinnabaris) and xuán míng fĕn (Natrii Sulfas ■xsiccatus) and applied as a throat spray, such as in
the formula Bīng Péng Sǎn (Borneol and Borax Powder).
3. For sores, ulcers and burns, it can quickly alleviate pain and in■ammation, reduce toxic heat
and promote tissue granulation.
For chronic sores, it can be used together with bā dòu shuāng (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum),
xióng huáng (Realgar) and shè xiāng (Moschus) in powder and applied topically, such as in the
formula Bá Dú Sǎn (Toxin-Removing Powder).
For uncontrolled ulcerated sores, it can be used together with such herbs as xuè jié (Sanguis
Draconis) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), as in the formula Shēng Jī Sǎn (Granulation-Promoting
Powder).
For burns, it is used together with yín zhū (HgS) and sesame oil to make a reddish-brown
ointment, and applied externally. It is also dissolved in walnut oil and made into ear drops for acute
9-9◎05.indd 533 2014-12-17 13:58:26

or chronic suppurative otitis media.

［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.03-0.1g in pills or powder only. For external
use: the powder or eye drops are applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women or patients with qi and
blood de■ciency, since it is dispersing and can result in consumption of qi and blood.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains d-borneol. It also contains humulene, β-elemene, caryophyllene,
oleanolic acid, alphitolic acid, asiatic acid, common gurjunoiltree ketone and erythrodiol, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can go through the blood-brain barrier to promote the division
and growth of glial cells. In addition, it has effects of sedation, analgesia, anti-myocardial ischemia,
antifertility, anti-in■ammation, anticorrosion and anti-bacteria.
Attachment: Rén Gōng Bīng Piàn 人工冰片

Borneolum Syntheticum
It is a colorless transparent or white translucent chemically synthesized crystal of camphor and turpentine. It is
also called hé chéng (“synthesized”) bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) (合成冰片) and jī zhì (“machine-made”)
piàn (机制片), and mainly contains racemized borneol. It is just the same as bīng piàn in property, entered channels,
characteristics, cautions and contraindications, dosage and administration.
SūHé Xiāng 苏合香

STYRAX
Storax
South Kingdoms (about 500 A.D.). It is the resin from the
trunk of Liquidambar orientalis Mill., a tree of the family
Hamamelidaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sū hé is a transliteration of the
Latin word strax, which is the name of an ancient country,
and xiāng means “aroma”. It is a translucent and sticky semi-
■uid which looks like oil, so it is also called sū hé yóu (“oil”)
(苏合油).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Turkey, and also in
Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer. The tree
bark is cut deep into the wood to enable the resin to penetrate
the bark. Up until autumn, the bark is stripped and the resin
is squeezed out, and the residue can be boiled with water to recover more of the resin. The resin is
dissolved in alcohol, and then ■ltered and the alcohol steamed off. The resin that is pure and sticky
like caramel, smooth, and translucent with strong aroma is the best.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic and warm, so that it disperses the stagnated qi and blood.
It enters the heart and spleen channels, and can greatly dispel ■lth, open the ori■ces and resuscitate
9-9◎05.indd 534 2014-12-17 13:58:28

the mind with its aromatic nature, as well as warmly dissipate coldness and relieve pain. It is
particularly suitable for loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome, chest constriction due
to cold and acute abdominal cold pain.
［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, dispels ■lth and relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome with signs
of cold phlegm accumulation manifested as bluish complexion, body coldness, white tongue coating
and slow pulse, it is often combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), ān xī xiāng (Benzoinum) and tán
xiāng (Lignum Santali Albi) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sū Hé Xiāng Wán
(Styrax Pill).
2. For constriction and cold pain in chest and abdomen that may be caused by cold phlegm
accumulation, or qi and blood stagnation resulting from coldness, it is often combined with bīng piàn
(Borneolum) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Guàn Xīn Sū Hé Wán (Styrax Coronary
Heart Disease-Relieving Pill) or Sū Bīng Dī Wán (Styrax and Borneol Dripping Pill).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.3-1 g in pills or powder only. For external use:
it is dissolved in alcohol, or made into ointments or liniments, and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for collapse syndromes, pregnant women or
those patients with yin de■ciency and internal heat, or with qi de■ciency, since it is acrid, warm,
aromatic and drying.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains balsam and oily liquids, which contain storesinol, styrol,
cinnamic acid, ethyl cinnamate, vanillin, borneol, soborneol, muscone, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It is a stimulatory product for dispelling phlegm, which has a
slight effect of antibiosis, so it can be used for many kinds of respiratory tract infections. It has a mild
stimulatory effect on topical tissue to relieve in■ammation and promote the healing of ulcers and
trauma. It also can increase hypoxic tolerance, antagonize thrombosis, inhibit platelet aggregation,
improve coronary flow, decrease myocardial oxygen consumption and antagonize myocardial
ischemia.
ShíChāng Pú石菖蒲
RHIZOMA ACORI TATARINOWII
Acorus
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was chāng pú. It is the dried rhizome of Acorus
tatarinowii Schott., a perennial herb of the family Araceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shí “stone”, chāng “prosperity” and pú “cattail”. It generally ■ourishes
around stones in water. It is said that the best ones normally have nine segments with the length of
one cun (3.33 cm), so it is also called jiǔ (“nine”) jié (“segment”) chāng pú (九节菖蒲).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China; the outputs
of Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces are the greatest.
［Collection］ It is collected during autumn and winter. The leaves, ■brous roots and sediment
are removed and it is dried in the sun. The big and plump ones with whitish cross-sections and strong
aroma are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is cleaned with water and moistened thoroughly
and then cut into thin slices and dried again for use. The fresh herb can also be used directly.
9-9◎05.indd 535 2014-12-17 13:58:29


［■ntered Channels］ Heart, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, aromatic, bitter and
warm, so that it can disperse and warmly dredge the
channels. It enters the heart and stomach channels, and
can resolve phlegm and dampness as well as open the
orifices, so it is able to treat problems caused by damp
phlegm. It also can anchor the heart spirit and calm the
stomach, and thus can treat palpitations, panic attacks,
insomnia, poor memory and absent-mindedness in the
pattern of heart qi de■ciency, and also problems resulting
from dampness retention in the middle jiao.
［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, tranquilizes the mind,
resolves dampness and calms the stomach.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness accompanied by high fever and delirium
with white or yellow greasy tongue coating due to damp heat obstructing the channels of the heart,
it is often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and zhú lì (Succus
Bambusae) to clear damp heat and phlegm, to ventilate the channels, and to open the ori■ces as well
as resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Chāng Pú Yù Jīn Tāng (Anemone and Turmeric Root
Tuber Decoction).
For epilepsy and convulsions due to phlegm heat complicated with de■ciency, it is combined
with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia), huáng lián (Rhizoma
Coptidis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to clear heat, resolve phlegm, suppress epilepsy
and supplement the de■ciency, such as in the formula Qīng Xīn Wēn Dăn Tāng (Heart-Clearing and
Gallbladder-Warming Decoction).
For dizziness and sleepiness due to turbid dampness clouding the brain, it can be used together
with pèi lán (Herba ■upatorii), huò xiāng (Herba Agastachis) and qīng bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae
Praeparata cum Alumen) to remove dampness, eliminate turbidity and resuscitate the mind.
2. For poor memory, tinnitus and deafness, it delights the spirit, resuscitates the mind and
dredges the blockage.
For poor memory due to heart qi de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), fú líng (Poria) and yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae), such as in the formula Kāi Xīn Sǎn
(Happiness-Inducing Powder) and Ān Shén Dìng Zhì Wán (Spirit-Tranquillizing and Mind-
Stabilizing Pill).
For tinnitus and deafness due to kidney deficiency, it is often combined with cí shí
(Magnetitum), fú líng (Poria), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chái hú (Radix
Bupleuri), such as in the formula Ĕr Lóng Zuŏ Cí Wán (Deafness Left-Benefiting Loadstone
Pill).
3. For the pattern of dampness retention in the middle jiao manifested as fullness or distension in
the epigastrium or abdomen, it is often combined with chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), fă bàn
xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae Of■cinalis) to dry dampness and
move qi to relieve fullness and distention.
For severe dysentery with serious nausea, vomiting and rectal tenesmus in the pattern of
excessive toxic damp heat, it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), shí lián zĭ and
fú líng (Poria) to clear toxic heat and dry dampness to relieve dysentery, such as in the formula Kāi
9-9◎05.indd 536 2014-12-17 13:58:31

Jìn Sǎn (Apastia-Relieving Powder).

For severe dysentery complicated with exterior pattern, it is combined with shí lián zĭ, gé gēn
(Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), while for dysentery due to spleen
deficiency, it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) and shí lián ròu (Semen Nelumbinis).
4. In addition, if used together with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii)
and là méi huā (Flos Chimonanthus Praecox), it can be used for hoarse voice due to laryngitis or
vocal cord edema. It also can be applied for wind-damp arthralgia, abscesses, carbuncles, scabies and
traumatic injuries.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, with dosage doubled if the
fresh herb is used, or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically, or
the decoction is made for topical rinsing.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin or blood de■ciency, and
those with spontaneous seminal emission and profuse sweating since it is acrid, warm and aromatic
and may cause leaking of qi and consumption of yin.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils which include asarone, caryophyllene, α-humulene,
sekishone, euasarone, asarolaldehyde and thymol. It also contains carbohydrates, organic acids,
amino acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of sedation, anti-convulsion, improving
learning and memory, anti-arrhythmia, promoting the secretion of digestive juices, inhibiting
abnormal gastrointestinal fermentation, relieving spasms of the gastrointestinal smooth muscles,
calming asthma, relieving cough, lowering lipids, anti-cancer and anti-bacteria.
［Notes］ Jiǔ jié chāng pú used nowadays is the dried rhizome of Anemone altaica Fisch., a plant
of the family Ranunculaceae. Though they share the same name jiǔ jié chāng pú, its properties are quite
different from those of the above herb. It only contains saponin, but not any chemical components of
volatile oils contained in shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii). Moreover, it is toxic.
Chán Sū蟾酥
VENENUM BUFONIS
Toad Venom
［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the 19th century. Its original
name was chán chú méi zhǐ (蟾蜍眉脂). It is the dried secretions
of Bufo bofo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus
Schneider, animals of the family Bufonidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chán “toad” and sū “a kind of
crisp cake made from goat’s milk or cow’s milk. The original
Chinese word for “toad” is chán zhū (蟾诸), where chán means
“chatterbox” and zhū means “argument”, because toads always
sing loudly. It is the serum secreted by the toad’s ear-side glands
and skin glands, which is white as milk when it ■ows out and
then becomes reddish-brown like curds or crisp cake after being
processed and dried.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu
9-9◎05.indd 537 2014-12-17 13:58:33

and Zhejiang provinces of China.

［Collection］ Toads are caught during summer and autumn. After their bodies are washed
and air dried, the glands are squeezed to obtain the white serum, and the serum is processed and
dried. Reddish-brown serum with tough and horny cross-section, translucent, lustrous, and creamily
expanding when exposed to water is of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is pounded into small pieces, soaked in alcohol, and the mixture is stirred until
a creamy substance is produced. This substance is dried and then pulverized.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart.
［Characteristics］ It is quite acrid and warm to perform the action of warmly dispersing. It is
very toxic and enters the heart channel only. Used internally, it is good at relieving pain, antagonizing
toxins, dispelling ■lth, opening the ori■ces and resuscitating the mind, while used externally it can
effectively reduce swelling and pain.
［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, relieves pain and antagonizes toxins.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For acute outbreak of epidemic disease with abdominal pain,
vomiting, diarrhea and loss of consciousness, it is good at aromatically opening the orifices,
resuscitating the mind and relieving pain. For acute epidemic diseases manifested by abdominal colic
pain, serious vomiting and diarrhea, fainting with signs of summerheat-dampness disturbance or
infective enteritis, it is often combined with shè xiāng (Moschus), dīng xiāng (Flos Caryophylli) and
cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to reinforce the effects on opening the ori■ces and transforming
dampness, such as in the formula Chán Sū Wán (Toad Venom Pill).
2. For malignant sores, scrofula, swollen and sore throat, and toothache, it can effectively
antagonize toxins, reduce swelling and relieve pain internally or externally.
For malignant sores, it is often combined with xióng huáng (Realgar), kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum)
and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) and made into mungbean-sized pills, ■ve pills taken with Cōng Bái Tāng (Onion
White Decoction) a time, such as in the formula Chán Sū Wán (Toad Venom Pill).
For scrofula with purulent discharge from the sinus tract, it is powdered ■rst, then mixed with
the powder of bái dīng xiāng Flos Caryophylli, hán shuĭ shí (Glauberitum) and bā dòu (Fructus
Crotonis), and then made into pills with refined honey, 1-3 pills every time applied in the sore
opening, such as in the formula Chán Sū Gāo (Toad Venom Cream).
For scarlet fever and serious sore throat, it is often combined with niú huáng (Calculus Bovis),
xióng huáng (Realgar) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) to clear heat toxins, and relieve
swelling and pain, such as in the formula Liù Shén Wán (Six-Ingredients Miraculous Pill).
For dental cavity with toothache, one pill of Liù Shén Wán is plugged into the cavity to relieve
pain.
3. For super■cial anesthesia, it is good at performing local anesthesia to relieve pain, but more
effective if applied topically with the mixture of the powder of chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), căo wū
(Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii), tiān nán xīng (Rhizoma Arisaematis), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae)
and distilled liquor, such as in the formula Wài Fū Má Yào Fāng (■xternal Application Anaesthetic
Formula) recorded in Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition (Yī Zōng Jī n Jiàn, 医宗金鉴).
Modi■ed formulas are widely used too.
4. In addition, it is often used for cancers internally or externally to directly antagonize the toxin.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.015-0.03 g in pills or powder. For external use:
the powder is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically, or the powder is applied in plaster
form.
9-9◎05.indd 538 2014-12-17 13:58:35

［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is very toxic and corrosive, so it is prohibited to use for

pregnant women and those with eye problems topically. ■xcessive application is not encouraged.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains bufotoxin (cardenolide which can be hydrolyzed to get
bufogenin), resibufogenin, bufalin, bufotenin, bufotenidine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, adrenaline, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It can excite breathing and the heart, increase blood pressure,
improve immunity, increase the amount of leukocytes, prevent cough, expel phlegm, calm asthma,
resist radiation, inhibit tumors, relieve inflammation, inhibit bacteria, kill pain and induce local
anesthesia.
Its bufotoxin shows obvious digitalis-like heart-strengthening effects like exciting the cardiac
muscles and nerves, increasing blood pressure and inducing vomiting. It also shows effects of
anti-myocardial ischemia by increasing myocardial alimentary blood flow, improving micro-
circulation and enhancing myocardial oxygen supply, exciting the central nervous system, exciting
the respiratory center to increase the frequency and depth of respiration, and inducing superficial
anesthesia, on which bufalin is the strongest ingredient, equaling 90 times the strength of cocaine and
lasting quite a long time yet without local irritant effect. The injection of toad total glycosides can
inhibit many kinds of coccobacteria. Its preparations are able to strengthen the phagocytic function
of the reticuloendothelial system, increase the concentration of serum lysozyme, and enhance non-
speci■c immunity, as well as excite striated muscles, and the uterus and fallopian tubes. In addition,
it has effects of relieving dyspnea and cough, analgesia, diuresis, anti-in■ammation, anti-allergy, anti-
tumor, resisting radiation, inhibiting the secretion of sweat glands and salivary glands, exciting the
smooth muscles and striated muscles, and controlling leukocyte decrease caused by chemotherapy
and radiotherapy.
Attachment: Chán Pí 蟾皮
Toad Skin
［Source］ It is the skin of Bufo bofo gargarizans Cantor, an animal of the family Bufonidae. It is also called lài
mo pí (癞蟆皮).
［Properties］ Acrid; cool; slightly toxic.
［Actions］ Clears toxic heat and drains the body ■uid to relieve edema.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applied for vicious sores and infantile malnutrition with dyspepsia. It is also used
nowadays for coughing and wheezing with profuse phlegm, and malignant tumors.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction, or made into powder. For external use: the
dried powder can be applied in mixture with other adjuvants and applied topically, while the fresh skin is applied with
outer side down directly on the patient’s skin.
Zhāng Nǎo 樟脑
CAMPHORA
Camphor
［Source］ Initially appeared in Essentials of Materia Medica Distinctions (Bĕn Căo Pĭn Huì
Jīng Yào, 本草品汇精要) in the Ming Dynasty (about 1505 A.D.). It is the granulometric crystals
extracted from the branch, trunk, leaf and root of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl, an evergreen
tree of the family Lauraceae.
9-9◎05.indd 539 2014-12-17 13:58:36

［■xplanation of Name］ Zhāng “camphor tree” and năo

“brain”. The white crystallized extract looks like fatty brain
marrow, so it is called zhāng năo. In some places it is also
called năo zĭ (脑子) and zhāng bīng (“ice”) (樟冰). That
which was produced in ancient Chaozhou was also called
cháo năo (潮脑), while that which is produced in Taiwan is
called tái bīng (台冰).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Taiwan and in the areas
south or southwest of the Yangtze river of China. That which
is produced in Taiwan is of large quantity and high quality.
［Collection］ The old trees are chopped down during
September and December, and the roots, trunks, branches
and leaves are chipped into fragments and put in alembic to perform distillation. In the process the
camphor and volatile oils contained in the camphorwood evaporate along with the water vapor, but
separate out when cooled down to get the crude camphor. The pure, white and transparent camphor
［Properties］ Acrid; hot; toxic.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, aromatic, hot, drying and toxic in property, it enters the heart
and spleen channels. Used internally, it can open the orifices, dispel filth, warmly disperse
coldness and relieve pain, and is commonly used for epidemic diseases with acute abdominal
pain, vomiting, diarrhea and fainting, while used externally it can warmly relieve pain, dry
dampness, antagonize toxins and kill worms, and is thus applied for mange, eczema, toothache
and traumatic injuries.
［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, dispels ■lth, dries dampness, kills worms and warmly relieves pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For acute epidemic diseases or acute summer enteritis in the pattern
of damp heat and manifested as abdominal pain, severe vomiting and diarrhea, and fainting, it
is good at drying dampness to suppress vomiting, diarrhea and pain, and opening the orifices to
resuscitate the mind, yet is more effective if combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum) and mò yào (Myrrha),
and applied in powder and taken with tea water. Alternately 10 g of it can be brewed in 50 ml of
sorghum wine for a day, 1 ml taken orally each time.
2. For mange and eczema, it can be applied externally to dry dampness, kill worms and relieve
itching.
For mange with dry skin and itching, it is combined with liú huáng (Sulfur) and qīng fĕn
(Calomelas) and applied topically in powder. For mange with suppuration, it is combined with liú
huáng (Sulfur), kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum) and chuān jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli), and the
powder mixed with sesame oil and applied topically, such as in the formula Zhāng Nǎo Sǎn (Camphor
Powder).
For chronic leg sores, it can be mashed with cōng bái (Bulbus Allii Fistulosi) and lard, and
applied topically.
For scrofula and chronic ulcers, it is used together with xióng huáng (Realgar) in equal dose
and powder form, mixed with sesame oil and applied topically.
3. For toothache and trauma, it can quickly relieve pain.
For toothache, it is used together with zhū shā (Cinnabaris) in powder form and applied
topically.
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For traumatic injuries, it is brewed alone or in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) in liquor until it dissolves
totally, and then applied frequently to the affected part to promote blood circulation and relieve
swelling and pain.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.1-0.2 g in pills or powder, or in wine. For
external use: it is powdered and applied alone or in mixture with liquid adjuvant topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with qi and
yin deficiency, and those with internal heat, since it is hot, drying and toxic. The calcined one is
prohibited.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains bicyclic terpene ketone (C10H16O).
［Pharmacological Research］ It can excite the central nervous system, strengthen the heart,
elevate blood pressure, expel phlegm and perform local anesthesia. Applied directly on the skin, it
makes the skin cool and stops pain, relieves skin itching, prevents skin rot and mildly irritates the
skin. It also irritates the gastrointestinal tract to produce a warm and comfortable feeling, but a large
dose may cause nausea and vomiting. It also excites the respiratory system and circulatory system.
-
A n XīXiāng 安息香
BENZOINUM
Benzoin
［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 659
A.D.). It is the dry resin of Styrax benzoin Dryand. or
Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart., arboreal trees
of the family Styracaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Ān xī “suppress” and xiāng
“aroma”. It is aromatic to dispel ■lth and can suppress all
pathogens. It is also said that the An Xi people (Persians)
brought this aromatic herb to China.
［Habitat］ Styrax benzoin Dryand. is mainly produced
in Indonesia, and Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex
Hart. is mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces of China.
［Collection］ The fresh resin is collected during summer and autumn when the trunk bark
is naturally split or arti■cially cut, and then dried in the shade. Pure oily and aromatic resin with
yellowish-brown surface and creamy white cross-section is of the best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is pounded to pieces or powder for use.
［Properties］ Acrid, bitter; neutral.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid and bitter in ■avor and neutral in nature so as to perform milder
dispersing and descending effects. It enters the heart, liver and spleen channels. It can dredge
blockage of the channels, dispel filth, open the orifices and resuscitate the mind, and thus can be
used for loss of consciousness due to cold blockage or heat blockage syndrome. It also can move
qi, activate blood, transform blood stasis and relieve pain, and therefore is applied to pain that is
particularly due to qi stagnation and blood stasis.
［Actions］ Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, dispels ■lth, eliminates phlegm, moves qi,
9-9◎05.indd 541 2014-12-17 13:58:39

activates blood and relieves pain.

［Clinical Applications］ 1. For loss of consciousness due to heat blockage syndrome caused
by internal excessive heat accumulation or heat phlegm accumulation, it is often combined with shè
xiāng (Moschus), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) and zhū shā (Cinnabaris) to clear heat toxins, open the
ori■ces and resuscitate the mind, such as in the formula Zhì Bǎo Dān (Supreme Treasured Pill). For
loss of consciousness due to cold blockage syndrome caused by excessive cold accumulation or cold
phlegm accumulation manifested by blue complexion, cold body, white tongue coating and slow
pulse, it is often combined with sū hé xiāng (Styrax), shè xiāng (Moschus) and chén xiāng (Lignum
Aquilariae Resinatum) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula Sū Hé Xiāng Wán (Styrax Pill).
2. For acute chest or abdominal pain, it relieves pain quickly by moving qi and blood.
For constricting chest pain and acute abdominal pain with signs of qi stagnation and blood
stasis, it can be used in powder alone, 1.5 g each time and taken with warm boiled water, or in
combination with sū hé xiāng (Styrax) and chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), such as in the
formula Sū Hé Xiāng Wán (Styrax Pill).
For infantile abdominal colic pain, the powder is mixed with the powder of chén xiāng (Lignum
Aquilariae Resinatum), mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), shè xiāng (Moschus) and honey to make into
small pills, and a pill is taken each time with zĭ sū (Folium et Caulis Perillae) decoction, such as in
the formula Ān Xī Xiāng Wán (Benzoin Pill).
3. For postpartum delirium or vertigo, lockjaw and lochiostasis which is considered as qi
stagnation and blood stasis, it is used together with wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori) (1∶5), and taken
with ginger decoction to activate qi and blood ■ow, open the ori■ces and resuscitate the mind.
4. In addition, it can promote the healing of ulcers.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 0.3-1.5 g in powder, or made into pills. For
external use: it is mixed with liquid adjuvant and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and deficiency
fire, since it is dispersing and drying and may consume yin and trigger internal ■re.
［Ingredients］ Styrax benzoin Dryand. mainly contains resin, which is composed of 3-cinnamoyl
sumaresinolic acid, coniferyl cinnamate, styracin, cinnamoylcinnamate, vanillin, phenylpropyl
cinnamate, and cinnamic acid. The resin of Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart. contains
3-benzoylsiaresinolic acid, coniferyl benzoate, cinnamoylcinnamate, and benzyl alcohol, but no
cinnamic acid.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its tincture improves expectoration by stimulating the tracheal
mucus membrane. ■xternally used, it can prevent skin rot, and can promote the healing of ulcers and
sores.
Summary
Shè Xiāng vs. Bīng Piàn

Medicinal Shè Xiāng Bīng Piàn
Properties Acrid
Similarities

Actions Opens the ori■ces and resuscitates the mind
Indications Loss of consciousness due to blockage syndromes including cold and heat types
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Continued
Medicinal Shè Xiāng Bīng Piàn

Properties Warm Bitter; slightly cold
Activates blood, dredges the channels,
Clears toxic heat, relieves swelling and
Actions relieves swelling, relieves pain and
pain
induces abortion
Differences
Amenorrhea, abdominal masses, acute

Sores and ulcers in heat type externally
pain in the chest and abdomen, traumatic
Indications during any stage, sore throat, mouth sores
injuries, sores and ulcers, and chronic
and in■amed eyes, inner ear in■ammation
obstinate arthralgia
· Stronger in effects
More suitable for the heat type than the
Special features · More suitable for the cold type than the
cold type
heat type
Sū Hé Xiāng vs. Ān Xī Xiāng

Medicinal Sū Hé Xiāng Ān Xī Xiāng
Properties Acrid
Similarities

Actions Dispels ■lth, opens the ori■ces and resuscitates the mind
Indications Stroke and epilepsy with phlegm accumulated inside
Properties Warm Bitter; neutral
Differences
Actions Disperses cold ■xpels phlegm, moves qi and activates blood

· Loss of consciousness of both the cold or
· Loss of consciousness of the cold
heat types
Indications type
· Problems caused by qi stagnation and
· Cold pain in the chest and abdomen
blood stasis
Chán Sū vs. Zhāng Năo

Medicinal Chán Sū Zhāng năo
Properties Acrid; toxic
Similarities
Actions Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind, dispels ■lth and relieves pain
· Acute infectious diseases or acute epidemic diseases manifested as acute abdominal
Indications pain, severe vomiting and diarrhea, and even fainting and loss of consciousness
· Toothache and injuries
Properties Warm Hot
Differences
· Serves as an anesthetic Warmly disperses and relieves pain, dries

Actions
· Antagonizes toxins and cancer dampness, kills worms and relieves itching
Serious sores and skin infections,
Indications Mange and ulcerated sores
scrofula, pharyngitis, tumors and cancer
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Shí Chāng Pú vs. Yuăn Zhì
Medicinal Shí Chāng Pú Yuăn Zhì

Similarities
Actions Opens the ori■ces, dispels phlegm and tranquilizes the mind
Anxiety, panic, palpitations and poor memory, as well as loss of consciousness,

Indications
delirium, epilepsy and mania due to phlegm obstructing the heart channel
Entered channels Stomach Kidney, lung
· Assists the interaction between the

· Resolves dampness and calms the heart and kidney to calm the heart and
stomach the mind
Actions
· Dries dampness and relieves itching · ■xpels phlegm
(used externally) · Dissipates nodules, carbuncles, sores
and breast swelling
Differences
· Problems due to phlegm accumulation

such as deafness, tinnitus, lethargy,
· Anxiety, insomnia, dreaminess and
sleepiness and dementia
poor memory
· Abdominal fullness and distention due
· Wheezing and cough, especially with
Indications to dampness obstructed in the middle
profuse cold phlegm
jiao
· Nodules, carbuncles, sores and breast
· Hoarseness, wind-damp arthralgia, as
swelling
well as traumatic injury
· ■czema and mange (used externally)
· Acrid property is dominant

· More effective in transforming phlegm
Special features Bitter property is dominant
to open the ori■ces and resuscitate the
mind
Bīng Piàn vs. Niú Huáng
Medicinal Bīng Piàn Niú Huáng
Properties Bitter
Similarities
Actions Opens the ori■ces, resuscitates the mind and fights against toxic heat
Loss of consciousness due to heat blockage syndrome, heat carbuncles and sores, sore
Indications
throat and mouth ulcers
Properties Acrid; slightly cold Cool

Differences
Entered channels Spleen, lung Liver
· Removes phlegm
Resolves phlegm, suppresses internal
Actions · Serves to prevent skin rot and promotes
wind and relieves convulsions
granulation (used externally)
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Continued
Medicinal Bīng Piàn Niú Huáng
· Loss of consciousness due to cold

· Loss of consciousness due to heat
blockage syndrome if combined
blockage syndrome or other problems
with warm herbs for resuscitation or
due to toxic heat or phlegm heat
dispersing cold
Differences
Indications accumulation
· Chest constriction and heart pain if
· Infantile convulsions in phlegm heat
combined with herbs that activate blood
pattern, epilepsy, mania, scrofula and
and resolve stasis
breast cancer
· Chronic sores (used externally)
Special features More effective in resuscitation ■ffectively antagonizes heat toxins
Review Questions
1. ■xplain the de■nition, characteristics, actions and indications of herbs for resuscitation.
2. What are the cautions and contraindications when herbs for resuscitation are used?
3. Give the details of properties, actions, main applications and administration of shè xiāng, bīng piàn, shí chāng pú,
sū hé xiāng and chán sū.
4. Compare the following pairs of herbs with respect to characteristics, action and clinical application: shè xiāng and
bīng piàn; shè xiāng and niú huáng; bīng piàn and niú huáng; sū hé xiāng and ān xī xiāng; shí chāng pú and yuǎn
zhì.
5. In this textbook, what herbs can be used for resuscitation? ■xplain the characteristics and actions of each herb.
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546
CHAPTER 17
Herbs that Tonify the Body
Section 1 Herbs that Tonify Qi / 548 Tù Sī Zĭ 菟丝子 / 586

Rén Shēn 人参 / 548 Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁 / 588
Rén Shēn Yè 人参叶 / 551 Gé Jiè 蛤蚧 / 589
Xī Yáng Shēn 西洋参 / 551 Zĭ Hé Chē 紫河车 / 590
Dăng Shēn 党参 / 553 Dōng Chóng Xià Căo 冬虫夏草 / 591
Tài Zĭ Shēn 太子参 / 554 Section 3 Herbs that Tonify Blood / 592
Huáng Qí 黄芪 / 555 Dāng Guī 当归 / 593
Bái Zhú 白术 / 558 Shú Dì Huáng 熟地黄 / 595
Shān Yào 山药 / 560 Bái Sháo 白芍 / 597
Bái Biăn Dòu 白扁豆 / 562 Ē Jiāo 阿胶 / 599
Biăn Dòu Huā 扁豆花 / 563 Hé Shŏu Wū 何首乌 / 601
Gān Căo 甘草 / 563 Lóng Yăn Ròu 龙眼肉 / 603
Dà Zăo 大枣 / 566 Section 4 Herbs that Tonify Yin / 604
Yí Táng 饴糖 / 567 Bĕi Shā Shēn 北沙参 / 604
Section 2 Herbs that Tonify Yang / 568 Nán Shā Shēn 南沙参 / 605
Lù Róng 鹿茸 / 568 Mài Dōng 麦冬 / 607
Lù Jiăo 鹿角 / 570 Tiān Dōng 天冬 / 608
Lù Jiăo Jiāo 鹿角胶 / 570 Shí Hú 石斛 / 610
Lù Jiăo Shuāng 鹿角霜 / 570 Yù Zhú 玉竹 / 612
Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉 / 571 Huáng Jīng 黄精 / 613
Suŏ Yáng 锁阳 / 572 Băi Hé 百合 / 615
Bā Jĭ Tiān 巴戟天 / 573 Gŏu Qĭ Zĭ 枸杞子 / 616
Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿 / 574 Nǚ Zhēn Zĭ 女贞子 / 617
Xiān Máo 仙茅 / 576 Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲 / 618
Hú Lú Bā 胡芦巴 / 577 Sāng Shèn 桑椹 / 619
Dù Zhòng 杜仲 / 578 Hēi Zhī Ma 黑芝麻 / 620
Xù Duàn 续断 / 579 Guī Jiă 龟甲 / 621
Gŏu Jĭ 狗脊 / 581 Guī Jiă Jiāo 龟甲胶 / 623
Gŭ Suì Bŭ 骨碎补 / 582 Biē Jiă 鳖甲 / 623
Bŭ Gŭ Zhī 补骨脂 / 583 Biē Jiă Jiāo 鳖甲胶 / 624
Yì Zhì Rén 益智仁 / 585
［De■nition］ Herbs that tonify the body in the aspects of qi, blood, yin or yang to improve the
functions of the zang-fu organs and generally improve the body constitution and anti-pathogenic qi
are called herbs that tonify the body.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are basically applied for deficiency patterns,
including qi de■ciency, blood de■ciency, yin de■ciency and yang de■ciency. Herbs that tonify qi and
yang are generally sweet in ■avor and warm in nature, and are particularly used to improve fatigue,
aversion to cold, cold limbs and low functioning of the organs. Herbs that tonify blood and yin are
9-9◎06.indd 546 2014-12-17 14:18:15

Chapter 17 Herbs that Tonify the Body 547
sweet in ■avor and slightly warm or slightly cold in nature, and are particularly used to replenish yin,
blood and body ■uid consumed in the process of disease and other problems.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are used for patterns of qi deficiency, yang deficiency,
blood de■ciency or yin de■ciency.
Qi de■ciency usually affects the spleen or the lung. Spleen qi de■ciency commonly manifests
as poor appetite, loose stools, fatigue and prolapse of the rectum or other organs, whereas lung qi
de■ciency is commonly seen in chronic cases with manifestations such as cough or dyspnea with
fatigue, spontaneous sweating and vulnerability to exterior wind and cold.
Yang de■ciency generally affects the kidney or the spleen. Kidney yang de■ciency commonly
manifests as aversion to cold, cold limbs, impotence, seminal emission, infertility and frequent night
urination. If chronic diarrhea is seen in kidney yang deficiency cases, it means that spleen yang
de■ciency is involved as well. If the above kidney yang de■ciency symptoms are seen in chronic
cough or wheezing cases, it means that both the kidney and the lung have de■ciency of yang.
Blood de■ciency generally affects the heart or the liver, and commonly-seen manifestations are
sallow complexion, pale ■ngernails and lips, dizziness, poor vision, heart palpitations and menstrual
irregularities.
Yin de■ciency generally affects the lung, the stomach, the heart, or the liver and kidney. Lung
yin deficiency commonly manifests as dry cough with scanty sputum and dry nose and throat;
stomach yin deficiency manifests as dry mouth, gastric upset, constipation and red tongue body
with little coating; heart yin de■ciency manifests as irritability and insomnia; and liver and kidney
yin de■ciency manifests as aching pain in the waist and knees, spontaneous seminal emission, hot
sensation in the palms and soles, tidal fever, night sweats and dry eyes.
［Modi■cations］ The human body is an organic whole with interaction between qi, blood, yin
and yang, even when they are in de■ciency. Yang de■ciency is always accompanied by qi de■ciency,
while qi de■ciency can develop into yang de■ciency. Yin de■ciency is often accompanied by blood
deficiency, while blood deficiency easily develops into yin deficiency. Qi deficiency and yang
de■ciency may affect the production of blood and yin, while blood and yin de■ciency may affect
the functioning of qi and yang due to poor substance supply. Qi and blood have a mother and son
relationship, so that a de■ciency of either of them will cause de■ciency of the other. Yin and yang
share the same source, so that a de■ciency of either of them will often be accompanied by de■ciency
of the other. Yin consumption is always accompanied by qi consumption, as is especially seen in
the process of febrile diseases and other chronic cases. Therefore, herbs for tonifying qi and yang
are commonly used in combination with herbs that replenish blood and yin. Herbs for nourishing
qi are also possibly applied together with herbs for tonifying yin, blood and yang, and with herbs
for moving qi if necessary. Herbs for nourishing yang can be applied together with herbs that tonify
yin and warm the interior if necessary. Herbs for nourishing blood can be applied together with
herbs that tranquilize the mind if insomnia occurs in the pattern of blood de■ciency, and herbs for
nourishing yin can be applied together with herbs that strengthen yang, clear heat or extinguish liver
wind.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this category are particularly applied for de■ciency
patterns. Patients with a generally healthy body and with no deficiency of any type are not
encouraged to use herbs in this category. Qi tonics are sweet and may affect digestion, so patients
with poor digestion and particularly those complicated with dampness retention should be careful.
Yang tonics are basically warm and drying in property and may consume body yin and assist ■re,
so they should not be used for cases with ■re ■aming up due to yin de■ciency. Blood tonics and yin
9-9◎06.indd 547 2014-12-17 14:18:17

tonics are moistening in property and may transform into dampness, so they should be used with care
in cases with dampness inside the body. When tonics are applied, herbal digestives should be used in
combination to improve transportation and transformation.
Deficiency patterns usually need a longer treatment course; thus tonics can be made into
honey-prepared pills, soft extracts, tablets, oral liquid, granules or wine preparation, for convenient
preservation and easier administration. For decoctions, herbs in this category should be decocted for
a longer time for better extraction of the active ingredients. A few of these herbs can also be made
into injections for emergency cases.
Herbs in this chapter are divided into four groups:
· herbs that tonify qi
· herbs that tonify yang
· herbs that tonify blood
· herbs that tonify yin
Section 1 Herbs that Tonify Qi

Herbs in this section are basically sweet in flavor, but some of them are also bitter or acrid.
They are generally warm in nature, but some of them are neutral, cool or cold. They are applied to
strengthen the functioning of the zang-fu organs, especially the lung and the spleen.
Herbs are chosen according to the symptoms and their accompanying complications. For
example, if a patient is diagnosed as having qi de■ciency complicated with yang or yin de■ciency,
yang tonics should be applied in combination with qi tonics. If there is bleeding, spontaneous
sweating, incontinence of urine, or blood and ■uid de■ciency due to insuf■cient qi, qi tonics should
be used in combination with, respectively, herbs that arrest bleeding, sweating or urination, or with
herbs that nourish blood and ■uid.
Rén Shēn 人参
RADIX ET RHIZOMA GINSENG
Ginseng
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., a perennial herb of the family
Acanthopanax gracilistylus.
［■xplanation of Name］ Rén “human body” and shēn
“spirit”. The root looks like a human body.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jilin, Liaoning and
Heilongjiang provinces of China, and in Korea.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. Yuán shēn (园
参), garden-cultivated ginseng, is cultivated for ■ve to six
years, and dried in the sun or baked for use. Wild ginseng
is directly dried in the sun for use. Big and solid roots that
are complete in shape are of the best quality. Wild ginseng is more valuable and effective than the
9-9◎06.indd 548 2014-12-17 14:18:18

cultivated variety.
［Processing］ It is sliced or powdered for use, or is steamed and then dried for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and slightly bitter, and slightly warm but not very drying in
property. It is extremely effective in tonifying qi, especially qi of the lung and spleen. It is not
only able to aid recovery from shock, loss of consciousness and similar emergency problems
due to qi collapse, but also to nourish the lung and spleen qi generally and gradually. It also
improves the production of body fluid by tonifying qi, tranquilizes the mind and improves
memory, and therefore is used to treat thirst resulting from ■uid consumption or from diabetes,
and also anxiety, heart palpitations, panic attacks and poor memory in the pattern of both qi and
blood de■ciency.
［Actions］ Powerfully toni■es the primordial qi, nourishes the spleen and the lung, tranquilizes
the mind and bene■ts the brain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For qi collapse resulting from massive blood loss, severe vomiting,
serious diarrhea or severe qi consumption in the late stage of chronic diseases, it alone is decocted
and highly concentrated for oral administration, such as in the formula Dú Shēn Tāng (Ginseng
Alone Decoction).
For qi and yang collapse, marked by body and limb coldness and diminishing pulse, it is often
combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) to tonify qi, rescue the collapse and restore
yang, such as in the formula Shēn Fù Tāng (Ginseng and Aconite Decoction).
For insuf■ciency of both qi and yin, marked by profuse spontaneous sweating and often
thirst, it is combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae
Chinensis) to replenish qi and nourish yin, such as in the formula Shēng Mài Săn (Pulse-
■ngendering Powder).
2. For chronic cough or wheezing with lassitude, which indicates lung qi de■ciency, it is often
combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and
zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) to relieve cough and wheezing, and replenish the lung qi as well,
such as in the formula Bŭ Fèi Tāng (Lung-Supplementing Decoction).
For chronic cough or wheezing with consumption of both lung and kidney qi, it is often
combined with hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) and gé jiè (Gecko) to enhance the effect on nourishing
the lung and kidney, such as in the formula Rén Shēn Hú Táo Tāng (Ginseng and Walnut Decoction)
and Rén Shēn Gé Jiè Săn (Ginseng and Gecko Powder)
3. For spleen qi de■ciency with symptoms of poor appetite, loose stools and pale complexion,
it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and gān
căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four Gentlemen
Decoction).
If the spleen de■ciency is accompanied by counter■ow of stomach qi marked by nausea and
vomiting, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) to calm the stomach and tonify the
spleen qi as well, such as in the formula Dà Bàn Xià Tāng (Major Pinellia Decoction).
For chronic diarrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency with dampness retention, it is often combined
with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album) and shā rén
(Fructus Amomi) to strengthen the spleen and drain dampness to relieve diarrhea, such as in Shēn
Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Macrocephalae Powder).
4. For high fever with thirst, sweating and weak pulse, which indicates both qi and body
9-9◎06.indd 549 2014-12-17 14:18:19

fluid deficiency, it is often combined with shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) to purge heat and nourish qi as well, such as in the formula Bái Hŭ Jiā Rén Shēn
Tāng (White Tiger Decoction Plus Ginseng).
For thirst, profuse sweating, tiredness and weak pulse, which indicates qi and yin de■ciency,
it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae
Chinensis) to replenish qi, generate ■uid, protect yin and check sweating, such as in Shēng Mài Săn
(Pulse-■ngendering Powder).
For consumptive thirst, including diabetes in the acute stage, it is often combined with tiān
huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali)
to strengthen the effect of nourishing qi and improve the production of body fluid, such as in Yù
Quán Wán (Jade Spring Pill).
5. For heart palpitations, insomnia and panic attacks due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is used
alone or in combination with fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis), lóng chĭ (Dens Draconis) or
yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to strengthen the effects on tranquilizing the mind and improving the
memory, such as in the formula Ān Shén Dìng Zhì Wán (Spirit-Tranquillizing Mind-Stabilizing Pill).
For insomnia, poor memory, tiredness and shortness of breath, which is generally due to qi
and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), lóng yăn ròu
(Arillus Longan) and suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to tonify qi and blood, such as in the
formula Guī Pí Wán (Returning to Spleen Pill).
For yin and blood de■ciency, marked by insomnia with irritability, it is often combined with
shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and dān shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to nourish yin and blood, and tranquilize the mind, such as in Tiān
Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor Heart-Supplementing ■lixir).
6. For general weakness, it can be used alone or in combination with other herbs to tonify qi and
yang and nourish blood.
For general tiredness, body vulnerability and sallow complexion due to qi and blood
de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)
and shú dì (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to tonify qi and nourish blood, such as in Rén Shēn Yăng
Róng Wán (Ginseng Nutrient-Nourishing Pill).
For impotence and infertility in the pattern of primordial qi and yang de■ciency, it is often
combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of icinalis) and zĭ hé
chē (Placenta Hominis) to nourish the kidney and invigorate the kidney yang, such as Shēn Róng Gù
Bĕn Wán (Ginseng and Deer Velvet Root-Consolidating Pill).
7. Additionally, it is used to arrest bleeding by nourishing qi. For exterior and excess syndrome
complicated by qi de■ciency, it is used in combination with herbs that release the exterior and purge
the large intestine.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-9 g generally in decoction, and decocted alone
at low temperature; 15-30 g in decoction and taken orally several times continuously for emergencies.
0.5-1 g every time orally in powder and taken 1-2 times a day. Wild ginseng shows excellent ef■cacy
and is effective enough for qi collapse emergency, shēng shài shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng
Cruda) is mild in property and is more suitable for the pattern of qi and yin def iciency, and hóng
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Rubra) is slightly warm in property and is more suitable for qi and
yang de■ciency. Ginseng produced in Korea is named gāo lì shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) or
bié zhí shēn (“Korean Ginseng”) and is similar to hóng shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng Rubra) in
effects.
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［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for use in the patterns of fire and excess,
because it is sweet and slightly warm in property. It is incompatible with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma
Veratri Nigri), wŭ líng zhī (Faeces Trogopterori), lái fú zĭ (Semen Raphani), zào jiá (Fructus
Gleditsiae), white radish and tea.
［Ingredients］ It contains more than 30 ginsenosides such as Rg1 and Rb1, volatile oils such as
α-panacene, organic acids such as panaxic acid, anthoxanthins such as panasenoside, and panaxan,
glycose, sterin, amino acids, polypeptides, proteins, enzymes, alkaloids, microelements, etc. The
main active components are panaxsaponin and panaxan.
［Pharmacological Research］ It regulates the central nervous system, improves memory,
activates the heart, counteracts myocardial ischemia, dilates blood vessels, regulates blood pressure,
counteracts shock and blood coagulation, improves ■brinolysis, improves hemorrheological indexes,
inhibits platelet and erythrocytic aggregation, improves hematogenesis of the marrow, counteracts
radiation, excites the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-
gonadal axis, affects thyroid function, two-way regulates cAMP and cGMP, regulates immunity
and glycometabolism, improves synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid, regulates lipid metabolism,
prevents aging, protects the liver, counteracts ulcers, inflammation and alarm reaction, alleviates
fatigue, inhibits tumors and bacteria, arrests bleeding, inhibits diuresis, and regulates skeletal
muscles and smooth muscles.
Long-term administration of it may cause “ginseng abuse syndrome”, which manifests as
headache, insomnia, euphoria, palpitations, increased blood pressure, weight loss and depression. A
large orally-applied dose may induce heat, agitation and nosebleed.
Attachment: Rén Shēn Yè 人参叶

Folium Ginseng
［Source］ It is the dried leaves of the ginseng plant.

［Properties］ Bitter, slightly sweet; cold.
［Actions］ Counteracts summerheat, improves body ■uid generation and descends ■re.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for summerheat, thirst due to febrile diseases, and toothache due to
stomach yin de■ciency.
XīYáng Shēn 西洋参

RADIX PANACIS QUINQUEFOLII
American Ginseng
［Source］ Initially appeared in Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Cóng Xīn, 本
草从新) in the Qing Dynasty (about 1751 A.D.). It is the dried root of panax quinquefolium L., a
perennial herb of the family Araliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xī “west”, yáng “ocean” and shēn “ginseng”. It is mainly produced in
Western countries and the best quality comes from the U.S. It is also called yáng shēn in short, or
huā qí (“colorful ■ag”) shēn (花旗参), since the national ■ag of the U.S. is colorful.
［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in the U.S. and Canada, but also in France. The best quality
is produced in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is also cultivated in the northeast, the north and the
9-9◎06.indd 551 2014-12-17 14:18:22

northwest of China.
［Collection］ 3-6 year-old roots are collected in
autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed, the main
roots are dried in the sun or in an oven. ■venly shaped
and solid roots with light fragrance, strong ■avor and
dense transverse striations on the surface are of the
best quality.
［Processing］ After impurities and small rhizomes
are removed, it is moistened well, cut into thin slices
and crushed for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; cool.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Slightly bitter and slightly sweet in ■avor, and cool in nature, it mainly enters
the heart, the lung and the kidney channels to nourish both qi and yin, slightly clear heat and improve
the generation of body ■uid. It is therefore mainly applied for the patterns of qi and yin de■ciency or
yin and ■uid de■ciency, especially that with heat.
［Actions］ Toni■es qi and yin, clears heat and generates ■uid.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of qi and yin deficiency with manifestations such
as thirst, lassitude and spontaneous sweating, it is commonly combined with mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii) to replenish
qi and yin, clear heat and generate fluid, such as in the formula Wáng Shì Qīng Shŭ Yì Qì Tāng
(Summerheat-Clearing Qi-Replenishing Decoction by Wang Meng-ying). For consumptive thirst
or general chronic thirst, it can be applied alone or in combination with tiān huā fĕn (Radix
Trichosanthis), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to replenish qi,
generate ■uid and clear heat as well.
2. For dry cough or cough with bloody sputum due to internal heat and yin de■ciency, it can
be applied alone in capsules, or in combination with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), chuān bèi
mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effects on relieving
cough, resolving phlegm, nourishing yin and clearing lung heat.
3. It can also be applied for heart palpitations and pain, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep and
bloody stools due to heat and yin-■uid de■ciency.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-6 g in decoction and decocted separately, or
made into pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yang de■ciency, damp cold
or ■re due to qi stagnation, because it is cool in property and may injure yang and increase dampness.
Contact with ironware and tea should be avoided when using it.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains ginsenosides, among which Rb1 is the largest component and
Rg is the smallest. It also contains volatile oils, polyyne, fatty acids, phosphatide, carbohydrates,
many kinds of amino acids, daucosterol, sterin, proteins, vitamins and mineral elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of tonification, anti-shock, anti-hypoxia, anti-
fatigue, anti-aging, improving growth and memory, lowering cholesterol, preventing hemolysis,
anti-oxidation, tranquilizing, anti-convulsion, anti-arrhythmia, counteracting myocardial ischemia,
arresting bleeding, anti-stress, improving immunity, anti-heterogenesis, improving glycometabolism,
anti-diuresis, protecting the liver and anti-virus.
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Dǎng Shēn 党参
RADIX CODONOPSIS
Codonopsis Root
［Source］ Initially appeared as shàng dăng rén shēn (上党人参) in Encountering the Sources
of the ‘Classic of Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Jīng Féng Yuán,
本经逢原) the Qing Dynasty (1695 A.D.). It is the dried
root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., Codonopsis
pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen or
Codonopsis tangshen Oliv., perennial herbs of the family
Campanulaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dăng “Shangdang”, ancient
name of a place in the southeastern area of Shanxi
Province, and shēn “ginseng”. Dăng shēn is the short
name of shàng dăng rén shēn.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shanxi, Sichuan,
Shaanxi and Gansu provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn, washed
clean and dried in the sun. Big and thick roots with solid but soft texture and loose skin, noticeable
fragrance, sweet taste and little ■bers are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with water, moistened well, cut into thick slices and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ Mildly sweet in taste and neutral in property, it is neither too drying nor too
moistening in effect. It is not as strong as ginseng in ef■cacy. It enters the spleen and lung channels
to nourish qi, especially the spleen and lung qi. By nourishing qi, it can also generate body ■uid and
blood.
［Actions］ Nourishes general qi and blood and generates body ■uid.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. It is often used as a substitute for ginseng in some prescriptions to
treat spleen and lung qi de■ciency in milder cases.
For spleen qi de■ciency marked by general lassitude, poor appetite and loose stools, it is often
combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo (Radix
et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to replenish qi, strengthen the spleen and promote body ■uid circulation,
such as in the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Wán (Four Gentlemen Pill).
For lung qi de■ciency with manifestations such as aversion to cold, low and weak voice, and
chronic cough or asthma, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus
Schisandrae Chinensis) to ef■ciently nourish the lung qi and alleviate cough and asthma as well.
2. For qi and blood deficiency with manifestations such as sallow complexion, frequent
dizziness, lassitude, palpitations and shortness of breath, it is commonly combined with bái zhú
(Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), shú dì (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Bā Zhēn Wán (■ight Precious
Ingredients Pill).
3. For qi and ■uid de■ciency with internal heat manifested by tiredness and chronic thirst, it is
9-9◎06.indd 553 2014-12-17 14:18:25

often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis)
to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shēng Mài Yĭn (Pulse-Reinforcing Decoction).
4. It also can be used together with herbs for constipation, common cold and other problems that
could involve qi de■ciency.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-10 g generally and 30 g maximum in decoction,
or made into pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with qi stagnation or exuberant
liver ■re.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains sterin, tangshenoside, codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide,
codonolactone, alkaloids, multi-amino acids, microelements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of tonification, anti-stress, improving memory,
anti-aging, cold hardiness, anti-radiation, anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidation, treating gastric ulcers and
gastric mucosa injury, adjusting gastrointestinal motility, improving digestion, strengthening heart
function, dilating peripheral blood vessels, anti-myocardial ischemia, regulating blood pressure,
preventing thrombosis, increasing the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and leukocytes, anti-
cancer, anti-in■ammation, alleviating pain, dispelling phlegm and alleviating cough.
Tài ZǐShēn 太子参

RADIX PSEUDOSTELLARIAE
Heterophylla False Satarwort Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Medical Plants in China (Zhōng Guó Yào Yòng Zhí Wù Zhì, 中
国药用植物志) in the modern period (1955 A.D.). It
is the dried root tuber of Pseudostellaria heterophylla
(Miq.) Pax ex Pax et Hoffm., a perennial herb of the
family Caryophyllaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tài zǐ “prince” and shēn
“ginseng”. It is similar to ginseng in shape but smaller.
It is also called hái ér shēn (孩儿参) or tóng shēn (童
参), where hái ér and tóng both mean “children”, since
it is particularly effective for spontaneous sweating in
children.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the summer when the stalks and leaves are withering. After
it is cleaned with water and the ■brous roots are removed, it is blanched in boiling water for a short
while and then dried in the sun. Big, solid and yellowish-white roots without any ■brous roots are
the best in quality.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly sweet, slightly bitter and neutral yet slightly cool in property.
It enters the spleen and lung channels to gently nourish the general qi and generate body ■uid. It is
basically used for mild patterns of qi and ■uid de■ciency complicated with heat, and for qi de■ciency
in children.
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［Actions］ Nourishes qi and generates body ■uid.

［Clinical Applications］ 1. For qi and fluid deficiency occurring in the late stage of febrile
disease with manifestations such as tiredness, dry mouth and poor appetite, it is generally
combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), bái biăn dòu (Semen Lablab Album) and dào yá
(Fructus Oryzae Germinatus) to gently recover qi, body ■uid and appetite. For severe cases due to
the same reason with manifestations such as exhaustion and spontaneous sweating, it is commonly
combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and fú
xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) to nourish qi, yin and ■uid, and consolidate the exterior to arrest
the sweating.
2. For dry cough in the pattern of qi and fluid deficiency, which may be due to dry heat
invading the lung, it is often combined with nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to replenish qi, generate ■uid and
nourish the lung to relieve the cough.
3. For qi and ■uid de■ciency with manifestations such as thirst, thready pulse and red tongue body,
it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and
zhú yè (Folium Phyllostachydis Henonis) to enhance the effects on nourishing yin and body ■uid. If
the qi and ■uid de■ciency is complicated with insomnia and palpitations, it is often combined with
mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), suān zăo rén (Semen
Ziziphi Spinosae) and băi zĭ rén (Semen Platycladi) to nourish qi and yin, and tranquilize the mind
as well.
For continuous fever or pediatric summer fever in the pattern of qi and yin de■ciency, it is
often combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), bái wēi (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati) and
qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to nourish qi and yin, and alleviate fever as well.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients presenting with excess patterns.
［Ingredients］ It contains saponins, carbohydrates, sterin, cerolein, phospholipids, volatile oils,
multi-amino acids and microelements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of toni■cation, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, improving
immunity, prolonging life, anti-virus and counteracting injury due to smoking.
Huáng Qí黄芪
RADIX ASTRAGALI
Astragalus Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Astragalus
membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao
or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., perennial herbs
of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Huáng “yellow” and qí “the top
one”. It is the top in tonifying qi.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi,
Heilongjiang, Gansu and Hebei of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early spring and the
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late autumn. After the root head, ■brous roots and impurities are removed, it is dried in the sun. Big
and solid roots rich in starch and with perfect sweet taste are of the best quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned, separated according to size, washed and moistened, cut into
thick slices and dried for use, or stir-fried with honey for use.
［Properties］ Sweet; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly warm in property, it mainly enters the spleen and lung
channels to raise the spleen yang, nourish the lung qi and drain water. It is commonly used for
prolapse of the internal organs, spontaneous sweating, edema and chronic ulcers. It is also effective
for sallow complexion due to blood deficiency, abnormal vaginal bleeding due to serious qi
de■ciency, consumptive thirst due to qi and ■uid de■ciency, and limb numbness and hemiplegia due
to qi de■ciency and blood stasis.
［Actions］ Toni■es qi, raises yang, consolidates the exterior to check sweating, drains water,
moves qi, generates ■uid and improves tissue granulation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For spleen qi de■ciency with manifestations such as lassitude, loss
of appetite and loose stools, it can be used alone, such as Huáng Qí Gāo (Astragalus Concentrated
Decoction), or is used in combination with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to
strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Qí Zhú Gāo (Astragalus and White Atractylodes
Concentrated Decoction).
For spleen qi deficiency in severe cases, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), such as in the formula Shēn Qí Gāo (Ginseng and Astragalus Concentrated Decoction).
For abdominal colic pain due to de■ciency cold, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus
Cinnamomi), processed bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and yí táng (Saccharum Granorum) to
alleviate the colic pain by tonifying qi and warming the middle yang, such as in the formula Huáng
Qí Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Astragalus Center-Fortifying Decoction).
For yang and qi de■ciency marked by chronic lassitude and spontaneous sweating, it is often
combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) to consolidate the exterior and relieve the
sweating by replenishing qi and warming yang, such as in formula Qí Fù Tāng (Astragalus and
Aconite Decoction).
For internal organ prolapse, such as anal prolapse, and chronic diarrhea due to extreme qi
deficiency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shēng má (Rhizoma
Cimicifugae) and chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) to replenish qi and raise yang, such as in the formula Bŭ
Zhōng Yì Qì Tāng (Center-Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction).
2. For lung qi deficiency with manifestations such as chronic cough and wheezing, shortness
of breath, weak voice and lassitude, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to tonify
the lung qi and relieve cough and wheezing as well, such as in the formula Bŭ Fèi Tāng (Lung-
Supplementing Decoction).
For chronic cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of lung qi and yin deficiency, it is
combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus
Schisandrae Chinensis) to nourish qi and yin of the lung and kidney, such as in the formula Huáng
Qí Jié Láo Săn (Astragalus Consumptive-Cough-Relieving Powder).
3. For spontaneous sweating due to exterior de■ciency and lung qi de■ciency, it is commonly
combined with mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and má huáng gēn (Radix et Rhizoma ■phedrae) to arrest
sweating, such as in the formula Mŭ Lì Săn (Oyster Shell Powder).
9-9◎06.indd 556 2014-12-17 14:18:29

For spontaneous sweating and aversion to wind cold due to exterior de■ciency and lung qi
de■ciency, it is combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fáng fēng (Radix
Saposhnikoviae) to consolidate the exterior and arrest sweating, such as in the formula Yù Píng Fēng
Săn (Jade Wind-Barrier Powder).
For spontaneous and continuous sweating due to severe yang and qi de■ciency, it is combined
with processed fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis
Recens) to both nourish qi and assist yang, and consolidate the exterior to stop sweating, such as in
the formula Qí Fù Tāng (Astragalus and Aconite Decoction).
For night sweats due to qi and yin de■ciency, it is combined with biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis), qín
jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to nourish yin and qi, and clear ■re to
check sweating, such as in the formula Huáng Qí Biē Jiă Săn (Astragalus and Turtle Shell Powder).
4. For edema and dysuresis, it is often combined with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria) and zhū líng (Polyporus) to relieve edema by strengthening qi and
draining water.
For edema complicated with wei qi de■ciency, which allows easy invasion of wind pathogens,
it is often combined with hàn fáng jĭ (Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae) and bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to invigorate spleen qi, release the exterior and promote urination, such
as in the formula Fáng Jĭ Huáng Qí Tāng (Stephania Root and Astragalus Decoction).
5. For consumptive thirst in the pattern of qi and ■uid de■ciency, it can be used alone in paste, or
in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and raw pig
pancreas, such as in the formula Zī Cuì Yĭn (Pancreas-Nourishing Decoction).
For thirst due to excessive internal heat, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae), gé gēn (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to nourish
yin, clear heat and generate ■uid, such as in Yù Yè Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction).
For consumptive thirst with infective sores, it is often combined with gān căo (Radix et
Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to replenish qi, generate ■uid and clear toxic heat, such as in the formula
Huáng Qí Liù Yī Tāng (Astragalus Six-to-One Decoction).
6. For sallow complexion due to qi and blood de■ciency, palpitations, lassitude and dizziness, it
is generally combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to tonify qi and blood, such as in
the formula Dāng Guī Bŭ Xuè Tāng (Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction).
For bloody stools, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, and purple skin patches due to the failure of
qi to control blood moving inside the vessels, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), lóng yăn ròu (Arillus Longan) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish qi and
blood, such as in the formula Guī Pí Wán (Returning to Spleen Pill).
7. For numbness due to blood stasis and qi deficiency, it is often combined with guì zhī
(Ramulus Cinnamomi) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to warmly unblock the
channels, such as in Huáng Qí Guì Zhī Wŭ Wù Tāng (Astragalus and Cinnamon Twig Five
For arthralgia and limb numbness, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma
Notopterygii), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and jiāng huáng (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) to
relieve pain and numbness by strengthening qi and blood circulation, such as in the formula Juān Bì
Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction).
For stroke hemiplegia due to qi de■ciency and blood stasis, it is often combined with dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), hóng huā (Flos Carthami) and dì
lóng (Pheretima) to tonify qi, activate blood and dredge the channels, such as in the formula Bŭ Yáng
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Huán Wŭ Tāng (Yang-Supplementing and Five-Returning Decoction).

8. For soft tissue purulent infections with sluggish ulceration in the pattern of qi and blood
deficiency, it is generally combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān shān jiă
(Squama Manitis) and zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) to expel pus and improve tissue granulation,
such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus-■xpelling Powder).
For chronic skin ulcers, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba), dān shēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and rŭ xiāng (Olibanum)
to improve granulation by nourishing qi and blood, such as in the formula Nèi Tuō Shēng Jī Săn
(Powder for Internal ■xpulsion and Promoting Granulation).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 30-120 g if necessary
in decoction, or made into pills or powder. It is used directly in general, while for the purpose of
nourishing qi and raising yang it is processed ■rst.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is contraindicated in patients with excessive pathogens inside,
qi stagnation, dampness accumulation, food stagnation, yin de■ciency with yang hyperactivity, and
sores and carbuncles due to excessive toxic heat, because it is warm in nature and may assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It contains glycosides, polycose, anthoxanthin, amino acids, blycine betaine,
microelements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It is effective in improving immunity, anti-aging, improving
memory, anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia, anti-radiation, strengthening the heart, dilating vessels, lowering
blood pressure, anti-platelet aggregation, improving blood rheology, promoting the production
of blood cells, improving hematogenesis, anti-pulmonary artery hypertension, improving protein
synthesis, regulating blood glucose, protecting the liver, stomach and kidney, improving diuresis,
anti-osteoporosis, improving bone growth, anti-bacteria, anti-virus, anti-heterogenesis, anti-tumor,
anti-in■ammation, tranquilizing and alleviating pain.
Bái Zhú白术
RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS MACROCEPHALAE
White Atractylodes Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.) under the name of zhú. Bái
zhú initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the
Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Jīng Jí Zhù, 本草经
集注) in the Liang period of the Southern Dynasty (about
420-589 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes
macrocephala Koidz., a perennial herb of the family
Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and zhú is a
Chinese pictographic character “术”, which looks like the
shape of the plant.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces, with the herbs
produced in Yuqian of Zhejiang Province being of the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in winter when the leaves have withered. After the sediment and the
■brous roots are removed, it is dried in an oven or in the sun for use. Big and solid rhizomes with
9-9◎06.indd 558 2014-12-17 14:18:32

surfaces sallow in color and with light yellow cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, washed well, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried in
an oven or in the sun for use. It can also be stir-baked with soil or bran.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; warm.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, warm, bitter and drying in property, it enters the spleen and stomach
channels mainly to warmly reinforce the antipathogenic qi, strengthen the spleen, drain dampness,
arrest sweating and prevent abortion. It is commonly used for general tiredness, edema, fluid
retention, spontaneous sweating and threatened abortion due to qi de■ciency.
［Actions］ Nourishes qi, strengthens the spleen, dries and drains dampness, arrests sweating and
prevents abortion.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For spleen and stomach qi de■ciency with manifestations such as
shortness of breath, lassitude, loss of appetite and abdominal distension, it alone can be decocted
into paste and taken orally, such as Bái Zhú Gāo (White Atractylodes Concentrated Decoction). If
combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), the effect of nourishing qi is increased, such
as the formula Shēn Zhú Gāo (Ginseng and White Atractylodes Concentrated Decoction). It can
also be used in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fú líng (Poria) and gān căo
(Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to enhance the effects, such as the formula Sì Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four
Gentlemen Decoction).
For diarrhea accompanied by abdominal distension in the pattern of deficiency cold, it is
commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis)
and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle) to warm the middle and
invigorate the spleen, such as in the formula Lĭ Zhōng Wán (Center-Regulating Pill).
For dyspepsia accompanied by abdominal distension due to spleen qi de■ciency, it is generally
combined with zhĭ shí (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) to improve the digestion, such as the formula
Zhĭ Zhú Wán (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill).
2. For dizziness, heart palpitations, cough and shortness of breath due to phlegm-■uid retention
and spleen yang de■ciency, it is commonly combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), fú líng
(Poria) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to invigorate the spleen, drain dampness and
warmly resolve the phlegm-■uid, such as in the formula Líng Guì Zhú Gān Tāng (Poria, Cinnamon
Twig, Atractylodes Macrocephala and Licorice Decoction). For severe edema or ■uid retention, it is
often combined with fú líng (Poria), zhū líng (Polyporus) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to increase
the effect of draining dampness and fluid, such as in the formula Sì Líng Săn (Powder of Four
Ingredients with Poria).
3. For spontaneous sweating due to qi de■ciency, it alone is applied in powder. If the spontaneous
sweating is accompanied by aversion to wind, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali)
and fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) to replenish qi and consolidate the exterior to arrest sweating,
such as the formula Yù Píng Fēng Săn (Jade Wind-Barrier Powder).
4. For threatened abortion with heat inside, it is combined with huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae) to
replenish qi and clear heat. If accompanied by abdominal fullness and distension, which is generally
due to qi stagnation, it is often combined with sū gĕng (Caulis Perillae), shā rén (Fructus Amomi)
and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to regulate qi and prevent abortion. If the threatened
abortion is seen along with signs of kidney essence de■ciency, it is necessarily used together with dù
zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to prevent the
abortion by tonifying the kidney.
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For vaginal bleeding occurring during pregnancy, it should be used in combination with
zhù má gēn (Radix Boehmeriae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and ài yè tàn (Folium Artemisiae Argyi
Carbonisatum) to prevent abortion by nourishing qi and blood.
For the purpose of nourishing qi and strengthening the spleen, the dry-fried herb should be used. For
the purpose of arresting diarrhea, the deeply dry-fried herb should be used. For the purpose of drying
and draining dampness, the unprocessed herb should be used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is contraindicated in cases of fluid or yin deficiency and
internal heat, because it is bitter and drying and may consume yin. It is not suitable for patients with
distension, since it may cause dyspepsia.
［Ingredients］ It contains atractylol, atractylone, selinene, lactone and multi-amino acids. Its
main components are volatile oils, which include atractylol, atractylone, selinen and lactone. It also
contains alkynes and vitamin A.
［Pharmacological Research］ It is effective in strengthening the constitution, anti-aging, anti-
oxidation, improving immunity, protecting the liver and gallbladder, anti-ulcer, regulating intestinal
function, inducing diuresis, reducing cholesterol and blood sugar, anti-blood coagulation, expanding
blood vessels, anti-bacteria and anti-tumor.
Shān Yào 山药
RHIZOMA DIOSCOREAE
Common Yam Rhizome
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was shŭ yù (薯
蓣). It is the dried rhizome of Dioscorea opposita Thunb., a
perennial vine of the family Dioscoreaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shān “mountain” and yào
“medicine”. Its original name was shŭ yù, where shŭ means
“a place to house something” and yù means “available”.
When planting, people stamped on the ground to make a
hole, and then put a piece of rhizome into the available hole
to plant it. According to Chinese tradition, the emperor’s name was forbidden to be shared. Since
shŭ was the name of one of the emperors in the Tang Dynasty and yù was the name of one of the
emperors in the Song Dynasty, the name shŭ yù had to be changed to shān yào.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Shanxi, Guangxi, Guangdong and Jiangsu of China. The
best specimens are produced in Jiaozuo of Henan Province.
［Collection］ It is collected in winter when the above-ground part is withered. After the root
head is cut off, the rhizome is washed well, the skin and ■brous roots are removed, and it is then
dried. Big, solid and starchy rhizomes with pure white color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and dried for use, or stir-
fried with bran for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, lung, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Mildly sweet and neutral in property, it enters the spleen, lung and kidney
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channels to mildly nourish qi, body fluid and yin. It can also check diarrhea, spermatorrhea and
leukorrhea.
［Actions］ Nourishes qi and yin of the spleen, the lung and the kidney, and checks diarrhea,
spermatorrhea and leukorrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For general spleen qi de■ciency with manifestations such as poor
appetite, lassitude and tiredness, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái
zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Shān Yù
Wán (Dioscorea Pill).
For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, it is generally combined with rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), fú líng (Poria)
and lián zĭ ròu (Semen Nelumbinis) to relieve diarrhea by invigorating the spleen and draining
dampness, such as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White Atractylodes
Powder).
2. For chronic cough and wheezing with consumption of lung qi, it is commonly applied together
with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), or shú dì
(Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and sū zĭ (Fructus Perillae) to nourish
both the lung and the kidney, such as in the formula Shŭ Yù Nà Qì Tāng (Dioscorea Qi-Reception-
Improving Decoction).
3. For seminal emission accompanied by panic attack in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is
often combined with qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales), lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis) and fú shén (Sclerotium
Poriae Pararadicis) to nourish the kidney, tranquilize the mind and secure the semen, such as in the
formula Jīn Suŏ Yù Guān Wán (Golden-Lock Jade Pass Pill).
For enuresis and frequent urination, it is often combined with yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae
Oxyphyllae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to warm the kidney, secure the essence and slow down
urination, such as in the formula Suō Quán Wán (Stream-Reducing Pill).
For clear leukorrhea due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus
Corni), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae) to improve the effects
on strengthening the kidney and securing essence. For clear and chronic leukorrhea due to spleen
de■ciency and dampness pouring down, it is often combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis),
bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) to check
leukorrhea by invigorating the spleen and draining dampness, such as in the formula Wán Dài Tāng
(Discharge-Ceasing Decoction). If the above cases present with yellow turbid leukorrhea, which is
generally due to spleen qi de■ciency and damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with huáng
băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis)
to check the leukorrhea by invigorating the spleen, drying dampness and clearing heat, such as in the
formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Yellow-Transforming Decoction).
4. For consumptive thirst with little heat signs, it can be used together with shēng dì (Radix
Rehmanniae), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and raw pig pancreas to quench thirst by replenishing
qi and nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zī Cuì Yĭn (Pancreas-Nourishing Decoction). If the
consumptive thirst is accompanied with frequent and profuse urination due to yin de■ciency with
internal heat or both qi and yin deficiency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali),
zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to increase the effects on
nourishing qi, yin and body ■uid, and clearing heat as well, such as in the formula Yù Yè Tāng (Jade
Fluid Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g generally and 60-250 g if necessary in
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decoction, or 6-10 g each time in powder, or made into pills. For external use: an appropriate amount
of the fresh herb is pounded and applied topically. For the purpose of strengthening the spleen, the
stir-fried herb is applied generally, while for nourishing yin the unprepared herb is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with profuse dampness in the
middle because it nourishes yin.
［Ingredients］ It contains diosgenin, saponins, mucoid substance, bilineurin, starch, allantoin,
polyphenol oxidase, glucoprotein, DA, sterin, carubinose, various minerals, inositol hexaphosphoric
acid and mannocarolose in the mucoid substance.
［Pharmacological Research］ It lowers blood sugar, improves intestinal movement, counteracts
hypoxia, increases immunity, counteracts oxidation, slows down aging and improves wound healing.
Bái Biǎn Dòu 白扁豆

SEMEN LABLAB ALBUM
White Hyacinth Bean
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié Lù,
名医别录) in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (about
420-589 A.D.). It is the dried mature seed of Dolichos
lablab L., an annual vine of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white”, biăn “flat”
and dòu “bean”. The seed is white in color and the bean
pods are ■at in shape.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Henan, Anhui
［Collection］ The fruit is collected during the autumn
and winter. After the fruit is dried, the seeds are removed
and dried in the sun. Plump seeds with whitish color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The seeds are cleaned for use, or stir-fried first. They are crushed before
application.
［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet and slightly warm in property, it works in milder ways and
seldom causes side effects. It mainly enters the spleen and stomach channels to invigorate the spleen
and transform dampness. It is applicable for nausea, vomiting and diarrhea caused by dampness. It is
also useful for food or medication poisoning.
［Actions］ Invigorates the spleen, transforms dampness, calms the stomach, and clears
summerheat and toxic substances.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For poor appetite, loose stools, vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen
qi de■ciency with dampness accumulation, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to invigorate the spleen
qi, transform dampness and calm the stomach, such as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng,
Poria and White Atractylodes Powder).
For leukorrhea accompanied by chronic lassitude, it is often combined with cāng zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to check the
9-9◎06.indd 562 2014-12-17 14:18:37

leukorrhea by invigorating the spleen and transforming dampness.

2. For nausea, vomiting or diarrhea due to summerheat complicated with dampness, it can
be used alone or in combination with xiāng rú (Herba Moslae) and hòu pò (Cortex Magnoliae
Of■cinalis) to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Xiāng Rú Săn (Mosla Powder).
3. For arsenic poisoning, the fresh herb is made into juice and taken orally. For alcohol
poisoning, it is applied together with gé huā (Flos Puerariae Lobatae), bái dòu kòu (Fructus Amomi
Kravanh) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi). For puffer ■sh poisoning, it is applied together with lú gēn
(Rhizoma Phragmitis).
For the purpose of invigorating the spleen and transforming dampness, the stir-fried herb is applied,
while for clearing summerheat or toxins, the raw herb is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ The raw herb should be used with caution since it contains
toxic proteins, which are reduced when boiled.
［Ingredients］ It contains proteins, fats, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors, amylase
inhibitors, hemagglutinin, stigmasterol, phospholipids, amylum, saccharose, fructose, calcium,
magnesium, iron, zinc, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of detoxification, anti-bacteria, anti-virus and
increasing the number of white blood cells.
Attachment: Biǎn Dòu Huā 扁豆花

Flos Lablab Album
［Source］ It is the dried ■ower of bái biăn dòu.

［Properties］ Slightly sweet; neutral.
［Actions］ Clears summerheat and transforms dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for summer diarrhea and leukorrhea.
Gān Cǎo 甘草
RADIX ET RHIZOMA GLYCYRRHIZAE
Licorice Root
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root and
rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza
in■ata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L., perennial herbs of
［■xplanation of Name］ Gān “sweet” and căo
“herb”. It is especially sweet and is herbal in origin.
Shanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early spring or
late autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed, it is dried in the sun. Solid and starchy roots with
less wrinkled and reddish colored outer skin and with yellowish-white cross-sections are of good
9-9◎06.indd 563 2014-12-17 14:18:38

quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and moistened completely, cut into thick pieces and dried for use, or
stir-fried with honey for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, spleen, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and neutral in property, it mainly enters the spleen and lung channels,
but also the stomach and heart channels. It tonifies qi, alleviates pain and moderates the harsh
properties of other herbs. It can also dispel phlegm, arrest cough and reduce toxins. The honey-fried
herb is slightly warm with a better effect of tonifying qi and alleviating pain, while the unprepared
herb is slightly cool with the effect of clearing heat and toxins.
［Actions］ Toni■es qi, clears heat and toxins, transforms phlegm, arrests coughing, alleviates
pain and moderates the harsh properties of other herbs.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For spleen and stomach qi de■ciency manifested as lassitude, poor
appetite and loose stools, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái
zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to enhance the effects, such as in Sì
Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Four Gentlemen Decoction).
2. For heart palpitations with intermittent pulse due to heart qi de■ciency, the honey-fried herb
is used together with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and guì zhī
(Ramulus Cinnamomi) to nourish yin and blood, and replenish qi to recover the pulse, such as in the
formula Zhì Gān Căo Tāng (Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction).
3. For any type of cough and wheezing, acute or chronic, interior or exterior origin, it not only
transforms phlegm, but also moistens the lung to directly relieve the cough.
For cough and wheezing triggered by exterior wind cold, it is generally combined with má
huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to warm the exterior and
disperse the lung qi, such as in the formula Sān Ào Tāng (Rough and Ready Three Decoction).
For cough and wheezing due to heat trapped in the lung, it is often combined with shí gāo
(Gypsum Fibrosum), má huáng (Herba ■phedrae) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to
disperse and purge the lung heat, such as in the formula Má Xìng Shí Gān Tāng (■phedra, Apricot
Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction).
For cough and asthma due to cold phlegm ■uid accumulated in the lung, it is often combined
with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma Asari) to relieve the cough and
wheezing by warming the lung and resolving the phlegm, such as in the formula Líng Gān Wǔ Wèi
Jiāng Xīn Tāng (Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Ginger and Asarum Decoction).
For cough with damp phlegm, it is often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and
fú líng (Poria) to dry and drain dampness, such as in the formula Èr Chén Tāng (Two Matured
4. For acute abdominal pain due to an overactive liver invading the spleen, or limb spasms due to
yin and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to relieve pain by
nourishing the liver yin and harmonizing the body, such as in the formula Sháo Yào Gān Căo Tāng
(Peony and Licorice Decoction).
For chronic abdominal pain due to poor supply of qi and blood and deficiency cold of the
spleen and stomach, it is commonly combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Alba) and yí táng (Saccharum Granorum) to relieve pain by warming the middle, tonifying
qi and harmonizing the body, such as in the formula Xiăo Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Minor Center-Fortifying
Decoction).
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5. For sores, abscesses and sore throat due to toxic heat, it can be applied alone internally
or externally to clear heat and toxins, or used in combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae
Japonicae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) to obtain
better effects, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yĭn (Immortal Formula Life-Giving
Decoction).
For serious sore throat, it can be applied alone or in combination with jié gĕng (Radix
Platycodonis), such as in the formulas Gān Căo Tāng (Licorice Decoction) or Jié Gěng Tāng
(Platycodon Decoction).
For suppurative tonsillitis, it is combined with jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis), xuán shēn (Radix
Scrophulariae) and niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) to strengthen the effects on purging heat and toxins,
such as in the formula Gān Jié Tāng (Licorice and Platycodon Decoction).
6. For food or medicinal poisoning, Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng,
本草图经) stated that “gān căo can counteract all kinds of poisoning”. For this purpose, it is used
alone, or used in combination with lǜ dòu (Semen Phaseoli Radiati), hēi dòu (Semen Sojae Nigrum)
and jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) to improve the effects.
7. For the purpose of moderating the harshness and toxicity of some herbs.
In the formula Tiáo Wèi Chéng Qì Tāng (Stomach-Regulating and Purgative Decoction), it
is applied to moderate the purgative property of máng xiāo (Natrii Sulfas) and dà huáng (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei) to avoid the potential side effect of abdominal pain.
In the formula Sì Nì Tāng (Frigid ■xtremities Decoction), it is applied to reduce the toxicity of
fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and moderate the drying property of gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata).
In the formula Bàn Xià Xiè Xīn Tāng (Pinellia Heart-Draining Decoction), it is applied
together with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis), huáng qín (Radix
Scutellariae) and huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to harmonize the cold and warm nature of each
herb.
decoction, or made into pills, powder or paste. For external use: an appropriate amount of its powder
is applied topically with other adjuvant, or it is boiled into cream and applied topically.
The unprepared herb is particularly applied for clearing heat and toxins, and the honey-fried herb
for other purposes.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness accumulation
in the middle, because it is sweet and may increase dampness. It is antagonistic to dà jǐ (Radix
■uphorbiae Pekinensis), gān suì (Radix Kansui), yuán huā (Flos Genkwa) and hăi zăo (Sargassum).
Over-use of it may cause water retention.
［Ingredients］ It contains total triterpenes such as glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, various
■avones such as liquiritigenin, coumarin compounds, alkaloids, glycyrrhizia polysaccharide, pectin,
liconeolignan, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows similar effects as adrenal cortex hormones and sexual
hormones. It also inhibits in■ammation and allergic reaction, regulates immunity, inhibits oxidation,
reduces cholesterol, protects ear vestibular function, counteracts peptic ulcers, protects the liver,
improves pancreatic juice secretion, relieves spasms, pain, fever and cough, tranquilizes the mind,
expels phlegm, counteracts arrhythmia, inhibits platelet aggregation, virus and bacteria, kills worms,
and counteracts intoxication, tumors and diuresis.
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Dà Zǎo 大枣
FRUCTUS JUJUBAE
Chinese Date
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry and ripe fruit
of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., a deciduous tree of the
family Rhamnaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dà “big” and zăo
“thorns growing one above another”. It is a deciduous
tree that has thorns on its branches one above another.
Its fruit is big and red.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shanxi, Hebei,
Henan, Shandong and Shaanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn when
the fruit is ripe and then dried in the sun. The best
specimens are red, sweet and plump with thick ■esh and small kernels.
［Processing］ They are cleaned with water and then dried in the sun for use. They are split with
the kernels removed before application.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, heart.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly warm in property, it is used both as a medicinal and an
edible substance. It enters the spleen and stomach channels to tonify qi and blood, and tranquilizes
the mind as well. Used together with herbs that are harsh in property, it is able to moderate the
harshness and protect the stomach from damage.
［Actions］ Toni■es qi and blood, and tranquilizes the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For spleen and stomach deficiency with manifestations such as
lassitude, loss of appetite and loose stools, it can be used alone or in combination with rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to improve
the effects on toni■cation.
2. For sallow complexion and hysteria in women due to blood de■ciency, it relieves the problems
by tonifying qi and blood, and tranquilizing the mind as well.
For sallow complexion in the pattern of blood deficiency, it is often combined with shú dì
huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to obtain better effects on
tonifying blood.
For female hysteria in the pattern of blood de■ciency, it is commonly combined with gān căo
(Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici) to improve the effects, such as in the
formula Gān Mài Dà Zăo Tāng (Licorice, Wheat and Jujube Decoction).
3. Used with gān suì (Radix Kansui), dà jĭ and yuán huā (Flos Genkwa), such as in the formula
Shí Zăo Tāng (Ten Jujubes Decoction), it acts to moderate the harshness of the other herbs, protect
the stomach and nourish qi to avoid damage from drastic purging. It is also commonly used in
combination with shēng jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) to improve the effect of relieving
exterior syndrome.
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decoction, or made into pills or powder. For pill form, the outer skin and kernel should be removed.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness, food retention,
parasite infection, gingivitis or cough with heat phlegm, because it is sweet and warm and may assist
dampness and heat.
［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenic acid, saponins, alkaloids, sterin, ■avonoids, amino acids,
carbohydrates, vitamins, cAMP, resin and various microelements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of central nervous system inhibition, improving
immunity, protecting the liver, increasing muscular force, lowering blood pressure, anti-allergy, anti-
mutation and anti-tumor.
YíTáng 饴糖
SACCHARUM GRANORUM
Malt Sugar

fermented sugar of grains such as rice, wheat, millet or
corn.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yí “clear and soft sugar” and
táng “sticky and hard sugar”.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in China. Both the soft
and the hard sugar are medicinal, but the soft one is better.
［Collection ＆ Processing］ Glutinous or regular rice
is ground into powder and cooked well. Maltose is added to
it, and it is stirred well and cooked for a short time at low
temperature. Sugar that has light yellowish color and that is
sticky and purely sweet is of the best quality.
［Characteristics］ It is warm but not drying in property, sweet and purely tonifying. It enters
the spleen, stomach and lung channels to nourish qi and relieve pain. It is generally applied for qi
de■ciency and chronic abdominal pain in the pattern of de■ciency cold, and also moistens the lung
to relieve cough.
［Actions］ Toni■es qi, alleviates spastic pain and moistens the lung to relieve cough.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For general qi de■ciency manifested by lassitude and loss of appetite,
it is combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae
Praeparata cum Melle) and dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to strengthen the effects.
2. For chronic abdominal pain in the pattern of de■ciency cold, it is often applied together with
guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and zhì gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma
Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle) to warm and nourish the middle, such as in the formula Xiăo
Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Minor Center-Fortifying Decoction). If the above case presents with severe
abdominal pain due to excessive cold based on de■ciency, it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and chuān jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli) to
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relieve the pain by warming the middle, such as in the formula Dà Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Major Center-
Fortifying Decoction).
3. For chronic cough with little phlegm in the pattern of lung de■ciency, it can be applied alone
or in combination with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and ē
jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effect on moistening the lung. For dry cough, it is steamed
together with radish soup, and taken slowly when warm.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 30-60 g in decoction, or made into paste or pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness, since it is
moistening and may assist the dampness.
［Ingredients］ It contains maltose, glucose, Alsace gum and a small amount of proteins, fats and
vitamin B.
Section 2 Herbs that Tonify Yang

LùRóng 鹿茸
CORNU CERVI PANTOTRICHUM
Deer Velvet
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the non-ossi■ed tender
horn of Cervus nippon Temminck or Cervus elaphus
Linnaeus, two kinds of deer of the family Cervidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lù “deer” and róng “f ine
and soft newly-sprouted grass”. The young horns of
the deer before ossification have fine hairs on their
surface like newly-sprouted grass.
［Habitat］ Cervus nippon Temminck is mainly
produced in Jilin, Liaoning and Hebei provinces of
China, while Cervus elaphus Linnaeus is mainly
produced in Jilin, Heilongjiang and Xinjiang of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and autumn. After simple processing, it is dried
in the shade or in an oven. For Cervus nippon Temminck, big horns with the main trunk round
and tender, the hair soft, and the skin reddish-brown and glossy are of the best quality. For Cervus
elaphus Linnaeus, big and non-ossi■ed horns with dark brown hair, without ridges at the bottom of
the trunk, and with honeycomb-shaped light yellow cross-sections are of good quality.
［Processing］ After the hair is burned and shaved off completely, the horns are moistened with
warm wine or ■lled with wine and then steamed slightly, cut into thin slices which are pressed ■at,
and dried for use. They also can be cut into small pieces or ground into powder and dried after the
skin is removed.
［Properties］ Sweet, salty; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, liver.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, salty and warm in property, it mainly enters the liver and kidney
channels to powerfully tonify the primordial yang, kidney essence and blood. It also strengthens the
9-9◎06.indd 568 2014-12-17 14:18:45

muscles and bones, regulates the penetrating and conception vessels, warmly nourishes the body and
effectively improves the healing of chronic infections.
［Actions］ Reinforces kidney yang, nourishes essence and blood, strengthens muscles and
bones, regulates the penetrating and conception vessels, and improves the healing of chronic
infections.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For kidney yang de■ciency marked by impotence, seminal emission,
infertility in the pattern of de■ciency cold, enuresis, frequent urination, cold pain in the waist and
knees, cold limbs and mental fatigue, the powder can be used alone, or the slices medicated in
wine together with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) for oral administration. It also can be used
in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), and made
into pills to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shēn Róng Wèi Shēng Wán (Ginseng and
Pilose Antler Life-Defending Pill).
2. For essence and blood deficiency with manifestations such as infantile maldevelopment,
and weak muscles and tendons, it can be used alone in powder, or in combination with shān zhū yú
(Fructus Corni), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis)
to strengthen the effects, such as in the formula Jiā Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Supplemented Rehmannia
Pill).
For general fatigue due to de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) to tonify the body, such as in the formula Shēn Róng Gù Běn Wán (Ginseng and Pilose
Antler Root-Consolidating Pill).
3. For uterine bleeding due to liver and kidney essence de■ciency complicated with cold, it is
often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and pú huáng
(Pollen Typhae) to arrest bleeding, such as in the formula Lù Róng Sǎn (Pilose Antler Powder).
For leukorrhea in the pattern of de■ciency cold, it is combined with gŏu jĭ (Rhizoma Cibotii)
and bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) to warm the kidney yang and check discharge, such as in the
formula Bái Liăn Wán (Japanese Ampelopsis Pill).
4. For chronic infections with clear pus, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) to improve the effects in warmly
nourishing essence and blood.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-2 g in powder or pills, or medicated in wine. A
small dose invigorates the mind and a large amount of it improves sexuality.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with yang hyperactivity, yin
de■ciency, excessive heat, exuberance of phlegm ■re, heat bleeding and febrile diseases, since it is
quite warm in nature.
A small dose of it is applied generally, and a gradually increased dose can also be used if
necessary.
［Ingredients］ It contains estrogen, androgen, lecithin, cephalin, nerve phosphatide, polypeptide,
amylose, polyamines, prostaglandin, various amino acids and trace elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of toni■cation, improving reproductive function,
improving hematopoiesis, synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, and immunity, anti-oxidation,
anti-aging, sedation, improving the recovery of central nervous system damage and regeneration of
peripheral nerves, improving memory, improving glycolysis, strengthening the heart, anti-ulcer, anti-
wound, anti-in■ammation and anti-tumor.
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Attachment: LùJiǎo 鹿角
Cornu Cervi
［Source］ It is the ossi■ed horn of the male sika deer or red deer.
［Properties］ Salty; warm.
［Actions］ Reinforces kidney yang. It works as a substitute of lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), but is milder
in effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction or powder. For external use: an appropriate
amount of it is ground into powder and applied topically with water.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re.
［Ingredients］ Modern research has shown that it contains colloids, Ca3(PO4)2, CaCO3, nitrides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has been shown to inhibit monoamine oxidase activity, increase heart stroke
volume and alleviate renal anemia.
LùJiǎo Jiāo 鹿角胶

Colla Cornus Cervi
［Source］ It is the solid glue of lù jiăo.

［Actions］ Nourishes the liver blood and kidney essence, and arrests bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ It is generally applied for the patterns of kidney yang de■ciency, blood and essence
def iciency, general weakness and vulnerability, and hematemesis, epistaxis, abnormal vaginal bleeding, hematuria in
the pattern of de■ciency cold and chronic abscesses.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g dissolved in boiling water or warm rice wine, or made into
pills or powder.
［Ingredients ＆ Pharmacological Research］ Modern research has shown that the ingredients it contains are
quite similar to those of lù jiăo, but that it has stronger effects of tonifying blood, anti-fatigue and promoting male
hormones.
LùJiǎo Shuāng 鹿角霜

Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum
［Source］ It is the degelatinated deer antler powder.

［Actions］ Applied internally, it shows mild effects of kidney yang tonification. Applied externally, it stops
bleeding and improves the healing of sores.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for the pattern of de■ciency cold with symptoms of aversion to cold,
poor appetite, vomiting in serious cases, loose stools, chronic vaginal bleeding and leukorrhea.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction. For external use: an appropriate amount.
［Ingredients］ The ingredients it contains are similar to those of lù jiăo.
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Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉

HERBA CISTANCHES
Desert Cistanche
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried fleshy
stem with scaly leaves of Cistanche deserticola Y.
C. Ma, a perennial ■eshy parasitic herb of the family
Orobanchaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Ròu “flesh” and cōng
róng “deliberately”. Its stem is fleshy and densely
covered by golden scaly leaves arranged in a spiral. It is
able to deliberately survive in the desert environment.
Gansu, Xinjiang and Qinghai of China; that which
is produced in Alxa of Inner Mongolia is of the best
quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early spring
when the plant is sprouting, and dried. Big and soft stems, dark brownish in color and covered
densely by scaly leaves, are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is simply cleaned and washed, moistened completely, cut into thick slices and
dried for use, or prepared with wine ■rst.
［■ntered channels］ Kidney, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, salty, and warm but not drying in property, it enters the kidney and
large intestine channels to tonify the kidney yang and essence, and to lubricate the bowels to act as a
laxative. It is basically applied for the patterns of kidney essence de■ciency and general kidney yang
de■ciency, and constipation particularly due to kidney yang de■ciency.
［Actions］ Toni■es the kidney yang, nourishes essence and blood, and lubricates the bowels.
［Clinical applications］ 1. For impotence due to kidney essence and yang deficiency, it is
combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and wŭ wèi
zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to improve sexual function by tonifying kidney yang and essence,
such as in the formula Ròu Cōng Róng Wán (Cistanches Pill).
For infertility due to kidney essence and yang de■ciency, it is combined with lù jiăo jiāo (Colla
Cornus Cervi), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and zĭ hé chē (Placenta Hominis) to tonify the
kidney yang and essence.
For weakness and aching pain in the waist and knees, it is often combined with bā jĭ tiān (Radix
Morindae Of■cinalis), bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae)
to strengthen the muscles and bones by tonifying kidney essence, such as in the formula Jīn Gāng
Wán (Ancient ■uphorbia Pill).
2. For dry stool constipation due to intestinal ■uid insuf■ciency and poor yang supply, it relieves
the constipation by warmly moistening the large intestine. It can be used alone or in combination
with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) to improve the effects, such
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as in the formula Jì Chuān Jiān (Fluid-Replenishing Decoction).

［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 60 g if necessary in
decoction, or made into pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with exuberant ■re based on yin
de■ciency, loose stools or heat constipation, because it is warm and moistening and may assist yang
and induce diarrhea.
［Ingredients］ It contains various amino acids, polysaccharides, glycosides, testosterone,
estradiol analogue, β-sitosterol, mannitol, a small amount of alkaloids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of improving immunity, regulating endocrine
secretion, improving salivation, RNA metabolism, and body growth and development, anti-aging,
anti-atherosclerosis, purgation, lowering blood pressure and anti-mutation.
Suǒ Yáng 锁阳
HERBA CYNOMORII
Songaria Cynomorium Herb
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to the ‘Extension of the Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo
Yăn Yì Bŭ Yí, 本草衍义补遗) in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368
A.D.). It is the dried ■eshy stem of Cynomorium songaricum
Rupr., a perennial fleshy parasitic herb of the family
Cynomoriaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Suŏ “closed” and yáng “erect
penis”. The fleshy stem looks like an erect penis before
seminal emission.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia,
Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in spring. After the flower
clusters are removed, it is cut into segments and dried. Big
solid stems with oily cross-sections are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and moistened completely, cut
into thin slices and dried for use.
［■ntered channels］ Liver, kidney, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, warm and moistening in property, it enters the liver, kidney and large
intestine channels to tonify the liver blood, kidney essence and yang, and lubricate the bowels. As
such it acts very much like ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches).
［Actions］ Toni■es the kidney essence and yang, and the liver blood, and lubricates the bowels.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence, nocturnal emission and male infertility in the pattern
of kidney yang deficiency, it is commonly combined with ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) for
mutual reinforcement, or combined with bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus
Psoraleae), and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to enhance its effects.
For weakness and chronic aching pain in the waist and knees, which is normally due to kidney
essence and blood deficiency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) and guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula
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Hŭ Qián Wán (Hidden Tiger Pill).

2. For dry stool constipation due to intestinal fluid insufficiency and poor yang supply, it is
cooked together with honey to make it into paste and taken with wine, such as in the formula Suǒ
Yáng Gāo (Cynomorii Paste). It also can be applied together with ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches),
huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to improve the effects in
nourishing and moistening.
powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with exuberant ■re based on yin
de■ciency, loose stools or heat constipation, because it is warm and moistening and may assist yang
and induce diarrhea.
［Ingredients］ It contains tannins, cynoterpene, acetyl ursolic acid, ursolic acid, fatty oils, fatty
acids, sterols, reducing sugar, volatile oils, various amino acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of improving sexual maturity of animals,
improving immunity, anti-anoxia, anti-stress, clearing away free radicals, anti-platelet aggregation,
lubricating the bowels to act as a laxative, anti-gastric ulcer, anti-tumor, lowering blood pressure and
improving salivation.
Bā JǐTiān 巴戟天
RADIX MORINDAE OFFICINALIS
Morinda Root
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Morinda
of■cinalis How, a shrub of the family Rubiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bā is the short form of bā shŭ
(巴蜀), which is an alternative name of Sichuan Province,
jĭ “a lance with two points” and tiān “sky”. It is native
to Sichuan, and is able to treat impotence effectively by
stiffening the penis, just like a lance pointing to the sky.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi
and Fujian of China; that which is produced in Xijiang,
Guangdong Province is of the best quality.
［Collection］ It can be collected the whole year round.
After it is cleaned and the ■brous roots are removed from
it, it is dried almost completely in the sun, pounded slightly and then dried thoroughly. Strong and
■eshy roots with purple color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is steamed or boiled with water or salt water. The woody core is removed while
still hot, and the root is cut into segments and dried. It can also be stir-fried with salt or licorice root
water.
［Properties］ Sweet, acrid; slightly warm.
［■ntered channels］ Kidney, liver.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet and moistening so that it is able to nourish the body essence
and blood, and strengthen the muscles and bones. It is acrid and warm so that it is able to disperse
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wind dampness from the exterior. Thus it is applicable for the pattern of kidney yang deficiency
accompanied by exterior wind dampness attack.
［Actions］ Toni■es kidney yang, strengthens the muscles and bones, and dispels wind damp.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence, male infertility and spermatorrhea due to kidney
yang deficiency, it is often combined with yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii), xiān máo (Rhizoma
Curculiginis) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Zàn Yù Wán
(Assisting Fertility Pill).
For female infertility, menstrual irregularity and abdominal cold pain in the sides of the lower
abdomen due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is commonly combined with gāo liáng jiāng (Rhizoma
Alpiniae Of■cinarum), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) to invigorate
kidney yang and warm the interior, such as in the formula Bā Jĭ Wán (Morinda Pill).
2. For osteoporosis and difficult movement in the pattern of kidney deficiency, it is often
combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae) to
improve its effect, such as in the formula Jīn Gāng Wán (Ancient ■uphorbia Pill).
For chronic arthralgia due to kidney and liver deficiency, it is often combined with qiāng
huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae) to dispel wind and damp, and warmly unblock the channels to relieve pain, such as in the
formula Bā Jĭ Săn (Morinda Pill).
powder, or wine-medicated.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and exuberant
■re or damp heat, because it is acrid and slightly warm and may assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains carbohydrates (mainly oligosaccharides) and anthraquinones
(mainly rubiadin). It also contains iridoid glycosides, sitosterol, organic acids and various inorganic
elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows effects of increasing weight and anti-fatigue.
Its alcohol extract can stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system, counteract free
radicals, increase the number of leukocytes and strengthen the body. It also shows effects similar to
androgenic hormone, anti-in■ammation and anti-depression.
Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿

HERBA EPIMEDII
Epimedium Herb
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Epimedium brevicornum
Maxim., Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., Epimedium pubescens Maxim.,
Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying or Epimedium koreanum Nakai, perennial herbs of the family
Berberidaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yín “libidinous”, yáng “goat” and huò “bean leaf”. The leaf of the herb
looks like that of a bean and is able to invigorate the sexuality of a human being. By legend, when
a goat eats the leaf it wants to have sexual intercourse one hundred times a day. It is also known as
xiān líng pí (仙灵脾).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Liaoning, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces of China.
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［Collection］ It is collected during the summer and autumn when the plant is flourishing.
After big stalks and impurities are removed, it is dried
in the sun or in the shade. Greenish-yellow plants with
■ourishing leaves and roots are the best in quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and the leaves are removed,
sprayed with water to slightly moisten them, cut into narrow
slices and dried for use. They can also be stir-fried with
sheep fat.
［■ntered channels］ Liver, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, sweet, warm and drying in
property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to powerfully
invigorate sexuality and strengthen the muscles and bones. It
is also often used for arthralgia.
［Actions］ Invigorates the kidney yang, strengthens the muscles and bones, and dispels wind
damp.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence, male infertility and frequent urination due to kidney
yang de■ciency, it alone can be wine-medicated and taken orally, such as the formula Yín Yáng Huò
Jiŭ (■pimedium Wine). It can also be used in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Officinalis) to improve the
effects, such as in the formula Zàn Yù Wán (Fertility-Assisting Pill).
For female infertility due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù róng (Cornu
Cervi Pantotrichum), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and xiān máo (Rhizoma Curculiginis) to
warm the kidney and the lower jiao, and nourish essence and blood as well, such as in the formula
Xǔ Dà Shī Zhòng Zǐ Fāng (Master Xu Pregnancy-Improving Formula).
2. For muscular flaccidity and weakness in the lower part of the body, it alone can be wine-
medicated and taken orally, or used in combination with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), bā jĭ tiān
(Radix Morindae Of■cinalis) and sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) to improve its effects.
3. For arthralgia, or limb numbness or spasms due to exterior wind-dampness attack, it alone
can be wine-medicated and taken orally, such as the formula Xiān Líng Pí Jiŭ (■pimedium Wine),
or used in combination with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiān Líng
Pí Săn (■pimedium Powder).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction or made into paste, pills or
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It iss not suitable for patients with yin deficiency and
exuberant ■re, or arthralgia in the pattern of damp heat, since it is acrid and warm and may damage
yin and assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains ■avonoid glycosides such as icariin. It also contains sterols,
polysaccharides, alkaloids, volatile oils, vitamin ■, tannins, fatty acids, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It improves genital gland functions, immunity and nucleic
acid synthesis. It has effects of anti-osteoporosis, improving osteosis, anti-aging, anti-hypoxia,
strengthening the heart, anti-arrhythmia, anti-myocardial ischemia, decreasing blood pressure, anti-
coagulation, brain protection, sedation, decreasing cholesterol, reducing blood sugar, eliminating
sputum, relieving cough and asthma, anti-in■ammation, anti-bacteria, etc.
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Xiān Máo 仙茅
RHIZOMA CURCULIGINIS
Common Curculigo Rhizome
Bĕn Căo, 海药本草) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.).
It is the dried rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., a
perennial herb of the family Amaryllidaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xiān “supernatural being” and
máo “thatch”. Its leaf looks like thatch, and people who take
it for a long time supposedly become supernatural beings.
By legend, it was offered as a tribute by Buddhist priests
from ancient India to Li Long-ji, one of the emperors in the
Tang Dynasty, who took it and found its effects to be similar
to those of ginseng. Therefore, it is also called pó luó mén
(“old India”) shēn (“ginseng”) (婆罗门参).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during autumn and winter. After the root apex and fibrous roots are
removed, it is cleaned and dried. Big, dry and solid rhizomes with black surfaces are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply with water, cut into segments and dried for use.
［Properties］ Bitter; warm; toxic.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, liver, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm and drying in property, it enters the kidney, liver and spleen
channels to powerfully invigorate the kidney yang. It is mainly applied for impotence and
spermatorrhoea in the pattern of kidney de■ciency. It is also applicable for chronic cold arthralgia
and chronic diarrhea in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency.
［Actions］ Invigorates kidney yang, strengthens the muscles and bones, and dispels cold
dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence, spermatorrhoea and infertility due to kidney
yang deficiency, it is often combined with yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii) and wŭ jiā pí (Cortex
Acanthopanacis) to increase its effects, such as the formula Xiān Máo Jiŭ (Curculigo Wine).
For enuresis or frequent urination due to kidney yang de■ciency, it alone is wine-medicated
and taken orally, or is used in combination with fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi), sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca
Mantidis) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae) to strengthen the effects in astringing and
consolidation.
2. For limb ■accidity and cold aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is often combined
with yín yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii), dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae
Of■cinalis) to tonify kidney yang and strengthen the muscles and bones.
For chronic cold arthralgia, it is often combined with wēi líng xiān (Radix et Rhizoma
Clematidis), dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis) and chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) to relieve pain and
spasms by warmly unblocking the channels and dispelling wind and dampness.
3. For abdominal cold pain, loss of appetite and chronic diarrhea in the pattern of kidney yang
de■ciency, it is often combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis)
9-9◎06.indd 576 2014-12-17 14:18:57

and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to strengthen the effects in warming the spleen
and kidney.
or wine-medicated.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with yin de■ciency, exuberant ■re
and pregnant women, because it is warm, drying and toxic and may damage the body yin and induce
side effects.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains curculigoside, curculigosaponin, curculigine, curculigenin,
curculigol, yuccagenin, lycorine, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and various long chain aliphatic
compounds.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows androgen-like effects. It also shows the effects of
improving immunity, anti-aging, anti-hypoxia, resisting high temperature, sedation, anti-convulsion,
dilating the coronary artery, strengthening the heart, lowering blood pressure, anti-thrombosis, anti-
tumor, analgesia, relieving fever, anti-in■ammation and anti-bacteria. Lycorine it contains interferes
with the glycometabolism of cancer cells. Its decoction increases the activity of Na+, K+-ATP enzyme.
HúLúBā 胡芦巴
SEMEN TRIGONELLAE
Common Fenugreek Seed
［Source］ Initially appeared in Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era (Jiā Yòu Bĕn Căo, 嘉祐本草) in
the Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.). It is the dry ripe seed of
Trigonella foenum-graecum L., an annual herb of the family
Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ It was originally produced in
western Asia with the Persian or Arabic name “Hulbah”. Hú
lú bā is the Chinese transliteration of “Hulbah”.
［Habitat］ Now mainly produced in Anhui, Sichuan and
Henan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in summer. Big, clean and
plump seeds are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is simply cleaned, washed completely
and dried for use. It also can be salt-water processed for use. It is pounded into pieces before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney.
［Characteristics］ Bitter and warm in property, it enters the kidney channel to warmly invigorate
the kidney yang, warm the the lower abdomen and expel cold dampness to relieve pain.
［Actions］ Invigorates the kidney yang and warms the interior to relieve pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For menstrual cold pain, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), wū yào (Radix Linderae), and vinegar-fried ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to
warmly relieve pain.
For testicular cold pain or abdominal colic cold pain, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng
(Fructus Foeniculi), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and chuān liàn zĭ (Fructus Toosendan) to warmly
relieve pain and warm the kidney yang, such as in the formula Hú Lú Bā Wán (Trigonellae Pill)
9-9◎06.indd 577 2014-12-17 14:18:58

recorded in Bene■cial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú
Fāng, 太平惠民和剂局方).
For foot edema and ulcers in the pattern of cold dampness, and cold pain in the feet and knees,
it is combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and mù guā (Fructus Chaenomelis) to warmly
relieve pain, warm the kidney yang and drain dampness, such as in the formula Hú Lú Bā Wán
(Trigonellae Pill) in Secret Formulas of the Yang Family (Yáng Shì Jiā Cáng Fāng, 杨氏家藏方).
2. For impotence, spontaneous seminal emission and premature ejaculation, it can warm the
kidney and assist yang.
For insufficient life gate fire and kidney yang deficiency, marked by impotence, male
infertility, spontaneous seminal emission and premature ejaculation, it is often combined with yín
yáng huò (Herba ■pimedii), jiŭ cài zĭ (Semen Allii Tuberosi) and chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae
Resinatum) to tonify the kidney and boost yang, consolidate essence and arrest emission, such as in
the formula Chén Xiāng Bǎo Shēng Wán (Aquilaria Fertility-Protecting Pill).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is prohibited for patients with heat, since it is warm and
drying and may damage the body yin.
［Ingredients］ It contains trigonelline, carpaine, fenugreek peptide ester, ■avonoids, diosgenin,
yucca schidigera extract, β-sitosterol, orientin, quercetin, nicotinic acid amide, lymphatic
temperament, fatty oils, proteins, stachyose, volatile oils, amaroid, vitamin B1, etc. The volatile oils
have an aroma which derives from the same aromatic compound used in the making of Swiss cheese.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-fertility, anti-androgen, protecting the kidney,
strengthening the heart, lowering blood sugar and blood pressure, diuresis, paralyzing the skeletal muscles
and anti-tumor. It also relieves spasms of the gastrointestinal smooth muscles and relieves pain. β-sitosterol
shows effects of relieving cough and expelling phlegm. Its seed oil induces lactation. Its mucoid substance
may cause diarrhea. It has a slight effect of dispelling intestinal nematodiasis.
DùZhòng 杜仲
CORTEX EUCOMMIAE
Eucommia Bark
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., a deciduous tree of the
family Eucommiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dù zhòng is the name of a person who
took this bark continuously for a long time and then became immortal,
so people gave this tree his name to honor him. When the bark is
broken, the white jelly-like sap can be seen.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and
Hubei provinces of China; the bark produced in Sichuan and Guizhou
provinces is the best in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected from April to June. After the outermost
rough bark is removed, the remaining bark is piled up to cause the sap
to come out. It is dried when the inner skin turns to purplish-brown.
Big and thick bark pieces with the rough bark completely removed,
9-9◎06.indd 578 2014-12-17 14:19:00

the inner skin purplish-brown and the cross-sections full of jelly-like sap are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After the rough bark is removed, it is washed clean, cut into pieces and dried for
use, or it is stir-fried with salt water for use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, warm and tonifying in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels
to nourish the liver and kidney, strengthen the muscles and bones, calm the fetus and lower blood
pressure. It is commonly applied for weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body and
threatened abortion due to kidney de■ciency.
［Actions］ Nourishes the liver and kidney, strengthens muscles and bones, and calms the fetus.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is wine-
medicated and applied alone, or it is applied in combination with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and hú táo
ròu (Semen Juglandis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Qīng É Wán (Young Maid Pill).
If used in combination with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba
Taxilli), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish
the liver and kidney, qi and blood, and dispel exterior wind and dampness, it is applicable for wind-
cold-damp lumbar pain, such as in the formula Dú Huó Jì Shēng Tāng (Pubescent Angelica and
Mistletoe Decoction).
For traumatic waist pain, it is combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), guì xīn
(Cortex Cinnamomi) and dān shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to relieve pain by
activating blood, such as in the formula Dù Zhòng Sǎn (■ucommia Powder).
For impotence, spontaneous seminal emission and frequent urination, it is combined with lù róng
(Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to tonify the
kidney yang and consolidate essence, such as in the formula Shí Bǔ Wán (Ten Supplements Pill).
2. For vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and threatened abortion, it is combined with xù duàn
(Radix Dipsaci) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), such as in the formula Dù Zhòng Wán (■ucommia
Pill). It can also be applied together with xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and ē
jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish the kidney, arrest bleeding and calm the fetus.
3. In addition, it is able to lower blood pressure.
powder. The stir-fried product is more effective than the unprepared one.
■re because of its warm nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains various lignans, glycosides, iridoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids,
free amino acids, eucommia ulmoides gum and trace elements such as Ge and Se.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-stress, anti-aging, vasodilation, lowering
blood pressure and blood lipids, diuresis, sedation, analgesia, anti-tumor, anti-in■ammation and anti-
bacteria.
XùDuàn 续断
RADIX DIPSACI
Himalayan Teasel Root
9-9◎06.indd 579 2014-12-17 14:19:01

Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Dipsacus

asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai, a perennial herb of
the family Dipsacaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xù “connect” and duàn
“broken”. It is particularly applied for traumatic injuries
to connect the broken tissues. It is also known as chuān
(“Sichuan Province”) duàn (川断).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Sichuan,
Guizhou and Hunan provinces of China; that produced in
Changyang, Hubei Province is of the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. After the root
head and ■brous roots have been removed, it is baked until half dry, left in a pile until the interior
turns greenish and then baked again until completely dry. Big soft roots with dark greenish cross-
sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is washed clean, moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use, or
salt-water processed ■rst for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet, acrid; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, warm, bitter and acrid in property, it not only toni■es the liver and
kidney, but also activates the blood circulation to improve the healing of traumatic injuries.
［Actions］ Toni■es the liver and kidney, strengthens the muscles and bones, arrests bleeding,
calms the fetus and improves the healing of traumatic injuries.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body due to
liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), niú xī (Radix
Achyranthis Bidentatae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán
(Dipsaci Pill) recorded in Essential Formulas of Prolonging Life (Fú Shòu Jīng Fāng, 扶寿精方).
For chronic arthralgia, it is often combined with bì xiè (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae),
fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and chuān wū (Radix Aconiti) to enhance the effects in relieving
pain and dispelling wind and dampness, such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán (Dipsaci Pill) recorded
in Bene■cial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy (Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú Fāng, 太平
惠民和剂局方).
2. For traumatic injuries, it is often combined with gŭ suì bŭ (Rhizoma Drynariae), zì rán tóng
(Pyritum) and tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu Steleophaga) to enhance its effects.
3. For threatened abortion due to liver and kidney deficiency, it is often combined with sāng
jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to stop bleeding
and calm the fetus by tonifying the liver and kidney, such as in the formula Shòu Tāi Wán (Fetus-
Sustaining Pill).
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis in the pattern of qi and blood deficiency, it is generally
combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae
Argyi) to check bleeding and strengthen qi, such as in the formula Xù Duàn Wán (Dipsaci Pill)
recorded in Fine Formulas for Women (Fù Rén Liáng Fāng, 妇人良方).
powder. For external use: an appropriate amount of it is ground into powder and applied topically.
The salt-processed herb is more effective for weakness and aching pain due to de■ciency, and the
dry-fried herb is more effective for bleeding.
9-9◎06.indd 580 2014-12-17 14:19:03

［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with heat arthralgia since it is
warm in nature.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains triterpenoid saponins which are composed of sperosaponin A,
C, ■, F, etc. It also contains volatile oils, gentianine, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, sucrose, titanium, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It counteracts insufficiency of vitamin ■, improves the healing
of bone injuries, inhibits osteoporosis, activates the uterus, induces lactation, inhibits in■ammation,
improves immunity, counteracts oxidation, arrests bleeding, relieves pain, improves tissue
regeneration, inhibits bacteria and kills parasites.
Gǒu Jǐ狗脊
RHIZOMA CIBOTII
Chain Fern
Cibotiumbarometz (L.) J. Sm., a perennial herb of the
family Dicksoniaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gŏu “dog” and jĭ
“backbone”. Its rhizome is long with many regular
protrusions and looks like the backbone of a dog. The
surface of the rhizome is dark brown and covered by
golden hairs, and thus it is also known as jīn gŏu jĭ
“golden dog backbone” (金狗脊).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Fujian, Sichuan,
Yunnan, Guangxi and Zhejiang of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn and winter. Sediment is cleaned from it, and it is
dried; or it is steamed ■rst, dried up to 70％ in the sun, cut into thick slices and then dried completely.
Big solid rhizomes with golden hairs outside are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is moistened and cut into thick slices if necessary.
［Properties］ Bitter, sweet; warm.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, sweet and warm in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels to
dispel exterior wind, cold and dampness, and strengthen the liver and kidney as well. It is commonly
used for chronic joint stiffness, weakness, aching pain and other problems due to liver and kidney
de■ciency, such as enuresis, frequent urination and leukorrhea.
［Actions］ Dispels wind dampness, toni■es the liver and kidney, strengthens the muscles and
knees, and consolidates essence.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic joint stiffness and aching pain complicated with kidney
de■ciency, it is often combined with dú huó (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), sāng jì shēng (Herba
Taxilli) and wŭ jiā pí (Cortex Acanthopanacis) to strengthen the effects.
For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body, it is often combined with herbs
that strengthen the bones and tonify the kidney, such as tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), dù zhòng (Cortex
■ucommiae) and xù duàn (Radix Dipsaci).
2. For frequent urination and enuresis in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency, it is combined
9-9◎06.indd 581 2014-12-17 14:19:04

with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and sāng piāo xiāo
(Oötheca Mantidis) to tonify the kidney and consolidate essence.
For profuse vaginal discharge in the pattern of de■ciency and cold, it is combined with lù
róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and bái liăn (Radix Ampelopsis) to check leukorrhea and warmly
tonify the kidney.
3. According to modern clinical research, it is applicable for stopping bleeding during tooth
extraction.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into pills, paste
or powder, or wine-medicated. For external use: the powder is applied topically, or the decoction is
used for steaming and rinsing topically, or the fresh juice or paste is applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with heat since it is warm and
drying in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains terpenes, volatile oils, vanilla planifolia hexanone, vanilline, β-sitosterol,
daucosterol, protocatechuic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It increases myocardial blood supply if continuously administered.
Its hair stops bleeding.
GǔSuìBǔ骨碎补
RHIZOMA DRYNARIAE
Drynaria Rhizome
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing by Liu Song in
the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 A.D.). It is
the dried rhizome of Drynariafortunei (Kunze) J. Sm., a
perennial herb of the family Polypodiaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gŭ “bone”, suì “fracture”
and bŭ “to mend”. It is particularly effective in the healing
of bone fractures.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the middle, south and
southwest parts of China, and also in Zhejiang, Fujian,
Gansu, Yunnan and Taiwan.
［Collection］ It is collected the year round. After
sediment is removed, it is dried and the hairy scales are
burned off from it. Big thick rhizomes with brownish color
are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, washed well with water,
moistened completely, cut into thin slices and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is bitter, warm and tonifying, and enters the liver and kidney channels.
It can move qi and dissipate stasis, tonify deficiency, invigorate blood and tonify the kidney. By
invigorating blood, it can heal bone fractures and damage due to trauma. By tonifying the kidney, it
can strengthen the tendons and bones, and treat waist pain, weakness of the feet and knees, tinnitus
and deafness due to de■ciency.
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［Actions］ Invigorates blood, heals broken bones, toni■es the kidney and strengthens the bones.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For bone fractures, it alone is wine-medicated and taken orally,
or is applied in combination with zì rán tóng (Pyritum), mò yào (Myrrha) and guī băn (Plastrum
Testudinis) to increase its effects, such as in the formula Gŭ Suì Bŭ Săn (Drynaria Powder).
■xternally, the powder alone is applied topically for cases with wound bleeding, and the mixture of
the powder and vinegar or wine is applied topically for injury without skin wounds.
2. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body in the pattern of kidney de■ciency,
it is commonly combined with sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae)
and stir-fried dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to enhance the effects.
For tinnitus, loss of hearing and frequently occurring toothache due to kidney essence
de■ciency, it is combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú (Fructus
Corni) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to tonify the kidney essence and slightly clear ■re.
For chronic diarrhea due to kidney yang de■ciency, it can be used alone or in combination
with ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus
Psoraleae) to invigorate the kidney yang and enhance the effects in arresting diarrhea.
3. In addition, the wine-medicated product is applied topically for alopecia areata. It is also
applied to counteract the side effects of Streptomycin through a large dose of it used in decoction.
or wine-medicated. For external use: the fresh herb, the dry powder or the wine-medicated product is
applied topically.
heat, since it is bitter, warm and drying in property and may assist ■re.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains iso■avones such as ■avanone and naringin. It also contains
starch, sterone and sterol.
［Pharmacological Research］ Its decoction improves bone calcium absorption, and increases
blood calcium and serum phosphate levels to improve bone calci■cation and formation. Its injection
reduces hyperlipemia in rabbits and prevents atherosclerosis plaque formation. Its decoction also
relieves acute adverse effects of Streptomycin. It also shows effects of anti-aging, anti-hypoxia,
strengthening the heart, tranquilizing, analgesia and anti-bacteria.
BǔGǔZhī补骨脂
FRUCTUS PSORALEAE
Psoralea Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing by Liu Song in
the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 A.D.). It is the dry ripe fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L.,
an annual herb of the family Leguminosae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bŭ gŭ zhī is the transliteration of the Sanskrit word “Vakuzi”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Henan, Shaanxi and Anhui provinces of China.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected in autumn when mature. They are dried and then rubbed
together to yield the pulp. Big, plump, solid and clean fruits with black color outside are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ The fruits are cleaned for use, or salt-water processed ■rst.
9-9◎06.indd 583 2014-12-17 14:19:07

［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, spleen.

［Characteristics］ Bitter, acrid, warm and drying in
property, it enters the kidney and spleen channels to invigorate
the kidney yang, consolidate essence, relieve frequent
urination and enuresis, improve qi reception of the kidney to
calm wheezing and warm the spleen to check diarrhea.
［Actions］ Invigorates the kidney yang, consolidates
essence, relieves frequent urination and enuresis, warms
the spleen to arrest diarrhea, improves qi reception of the
kidney to calm wheezing, disperses wind and reduces skin
pigmentation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence due to
kidney yang deficiency, it is often combined with tù sī zĭ
(Semen Cuscutae), chén xiāng (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum) and hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis) to
invigorate the kidney yang, such as in the formula Bŭ Gŭ Zhī Wán (Psoralea Pill).
For spermatorrhea due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is dry-fried together with salt and taken in
powder.
For frequent urination due to kidney yang deficiency, it is applied with huí xiāng (Fructus
Foeniculi), such as in the formula Pò Gŭ Zhī Wán (Psoralea Pill).
For cold pain in the waist and knees, it is commonly applied with dù zhòng (Cortex
■ucommiae) and hú táo ròu to tonify the liver and kidney, and strengthen the waist and knees, such
as in the formula Qīng É Wán (Young Maid Pill).
2. For early morning diarrhea due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with
wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and wú zhū yú (Fructus
■vodiae) to invigorate the spleen and kidney yang and arrest diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén
Wán (Four Spirits Pill).
3. For wheezing with shallow breathing in the pattern of kidney de■ciency, it is often combined
with hú táo ròu (Semen Juglandis), such as in Zhì Chuăn Fāng (Dyspnea-Relieving Formula). For
chronic wheezing due to lung and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng), yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris) and mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), such as
in the formula Láo Sòu Fāng (Consumptive Panting Formula).
4. In addition, its powder is wine-medicated and applied topically for vitiligo and skin pigmentation.
For external use: its wine-medicated tincture is applied topically. For internal purposes, it should be
dry-fried ■rst before use, while externally it is used directly.
or dry stool constipation, since it is warm and drying in property and may consume yin and assist
■re.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains coumarins such as psoralen and isopsoralen. It also contains
flavonoids and fatty acids such as bavachin, and triglycerides, volatile oils, sitosterol, saponins,
diterpene, organic acids, amylose and various inorganic elements such as Cu, Zn, Se, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows estrogen-like effects, and effects of strengthening the
heart, dilating the coronary artery, increasing coronary artery blood flow, improving immunity,
improving the content of leukocytes, relieving wheezing, anti-aging, anti-osteoporosis, anti-
procreation, arresting bleeding, improving the hyperplasia of skin pigment, anti-rejection, anti-
9-9◎06.indd 584 2014-12-17 14:19:09

mutation, anti-tumor, inhibiting platelet aggregation, anti-in■ammation, improving the recovery of

retinal function, and inhibiting bacteria, virus and parasites. Psoralen can contract the uterus and
relax the smooth muscles of the bronchus. Its crude preparation may cause photosensitivity.
YìZhìRén 益智仁
FRUCTUS ALPINIAE OXYPHYLLAE
Sharpleaf Galangal Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ in the Tang Dynasty (618-
907 A.D.). It is the dry ripe fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., a
perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yì “reinforcing”, zhì “intelligence”
and rén “kernel”. The fruit growth is closely related to the
climate of the year, so it is thought to be able to predict the
harvest. Moreover, it was considered to be able to improve
intelligence, and the kernel is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hainan, Guangdong,
Guangxi and Yunnan of China.
autumn when the fruit is mature. It is dried in the sun or at a
low temperature. Dry, big and plump fruits with distinctive
taste and smell are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned for use, or salt-water processed. It is crushed before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, warm, aromatic and drying in property, it enters the spleen and kidney
channels to warmly invigorate the kidney yang, consolidate essence and warm the spleen yang to
relieve diarrhea and chronic cold pain, and astringe excess salivation.
［Actions］ Warms the kidney and the spleen, invigorates yang, relieves spermatorrhoea and
enuresis, arrests diarrhea and astringes excess salivation.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For spermatorrhoea due to extreme kidney yang deficiency, it is
often combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and shú
dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to relieve the symptoms by powerfully invigorating the
kidney yang, such as in the formula Gŏng Dī Wán (Dike-Consolidating Pill).
For spermatorrhoea with mental fatigue, weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the
body, it is generally combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), shú dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae Praeparata) and tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to relieve the problems by tonifying
blood and kidney essence, such as in the formula Dà Wŭ Bŭ Wán (Major Five-Supplementing
Pill).
For enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with shān yào
(Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and wū yào (Radix Linderae) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula
Suō Quán Wán (Stream-Reducing Pill).
2. For diarrhea or chronic abdominal cold pain due to de■ciency cold, it is often combined with
chuān wū (Radix Aconiti), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and qīng pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
9-9◎06.indd 585 2014-12-17 14:19:10

Viride) to check diarrhea and relieve pain by warming the interior and moving the abdominal qi,
such as in the formula Yì Zhì Săn (Sharpleaf Galangal Pill).
For poor appetite and excessive drooling due to de■ciency cold of the spleen and stomach, it
alone is chewed, or is decocted and used in combination with Lĭ Zhōng Wán (Center-Regulating Pill)
or Liù Jūn Zĭ Tāng (Six Gentlemen Decoction).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency, exuberant ■re
or damp heat, since it is warm and drying in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils which are composed of α-cyperone, 1, 8-cineole,
4-terpineol, zingiberene, zingiberol, pinene and camphor. It also contains yakuchinone, various
vitamins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins and inorganic elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ The decoction shows effects of invigorating the stomach, anti-
diuresis and reducing the production of saliva. Its methanol extract significantly improves the
contractility of a guinea pig’s left atrium and inhibits the activity of prostaglandin synthetase. Its
water-alcohol extract has the effects of inhibiting ileum contraction and anti-cancer. It also has the
effects of anti-ulcer and increasing the number of white blood cells.
TùSīZǐ菟丝子
SEMEN CUSCUTAE
Dodder Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seed of
Cuscuta chinensis Lam., an annual parasitic herb of the
family Convolvulaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tù “rabbit”, sī “silk thread”
and zĭ “seed”. Its stem, yellow in color and similar to
a silk thread, attaches to the root of the host plant and
looks like a crouching rabbit. Its seed is medicinal.
［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin,
Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Jiangsu provinces
of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during autumn when
the fruit is ripe. Plump and clean seeds are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with water and dried in
the sun for use, or salt-water fried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Acrid, sweet, neutral and moistening in property, it enters the kidney channel
to nourish both yin and yang. It also has a slight astringing effect and enters the liver and spleen
channels to nourish the liver yin to improve vision, and to invigorate the spleen to arrest diarrhea. It
is used to prevent abortion and improve ■uid generation to quench thirst. Used externally, it can treat
skin pigmentation, vitiligo and acne.
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［Actions］ Nourishes the liver and kidney yin and yang, consolidates essence, relieves enuresis,
calms the fetus, improves vision and arrests diarrhea. Used externally, it disperses wind and cures
skin problems.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence and seminal emission, it is generally combined with
gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) to
enhance the effects on toni■cation and astringing, such as in the formula Wŭ Zĭ Yăn Zōng Wán (Five-
Seed Progeny Pill).
For female infertility due to yang de■ciency, it is often combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus
Corni), fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) and gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to nourish the liver and kidney, and
warm the lower jiao to facilitate conception, such as in the formula Bā Shèng Dān (■ight Sages
■lixir).
For enuresis, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis), lù róng (Cornu
Cervi Pantotrichum) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance the effects on
invigorating the kidney yang, and checking urination and emission, such as in the formula Tù Sī Zĭ
Wán (Dodder Pill).
For leukorrhea or prostatitis, it is often combined with fú líng (Poria), lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis)
and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to warmly nourish the spleen and kidney and arrest vaginal discharge,
such as in the formula Fú Tù Wán (Poria and Dodder Pill).
2. For weakness and aching pain in the lower part of the body due to deficiency of the liver
and kidney, it is powdered together with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and shān yào (Rhizoma
Dioscoreae), made into pills and taken with salt water. It also can be used in combination with niú xī
(Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to
improve the effects on toni■cation.
For injured or dim vision due to kidney essence de■ciency, it is often combined with shú dì
huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis)
to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Zhù Jǐng Wán (Sight-Retaining Pill).
3. For threatened abortion in the pattern of liver and kidney de■ciency, it is often combined with
chuān duàn (Radix Dipsaci), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to calm the
fetus and stop spotting by strengthening the liver and kidney, such as in the formula Shòu Tāi Wán
(Fetus-Prolonging Pill).
4. For poor appetite and loose stools or diarrhea due to both spleen and kidney yang de■ciency,
it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) to enhance the effects on arresting diarrhea
by invigorating the body yang, such as in the formula Pí Shèn Shuāng Bǔ Wán (Spleen-Kidney
Supplement Pill).
5. In addition, it alone is decocted and taken to quench thirst, which is applicable for chronic
thirst due to kidney yin deficiency. It also can be used in combination with tiān huā fĕn (Radix
Trichosanthis) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis). Applied externally, it is effective in
treating pigmentation, vitiligo and acne.
or wine-medicated and applied orally. For external use: wine-medicated and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It acts more for yang invigoration rather than for yin toni■cation
and astringing. It is not suitable for patients with constipation and scanty dark urine in the pattern of yin
de■ciency.
［Ingredients］ It contains quercetin, astragalin, hyperoside, cholesterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol,
9-9◎06.indd 587 2014-12-17 14:19:13

stigmasterol, resins, saccharides, etc.

［Pharmacological Research］ It shows estrogen-like effects, and the effects of anti-sterility,
improving immunity, antioxidation, anti-aging, toni■cation, protecting the liver, improving vision,
strengthening the heart, decreasing blood pressure, anti-mutation, anti-cancer and anti-bacteria.
Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁

SEMEN JUGLANDIS
Walnut
Emergency (Bèi Jí Qiān Jīn Yào Fāng, 备急千金要
方) in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). Its original
name was hú táo (胡桃). It is the dried mature seed
of Juglans regia L., a deciduous tree of the family
Juglandaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hú “foreign countries,
especially countries to the west of China”, táo “peach”
and rén “kernel”. It is peach-shaped with a bone-hard
shell, and was originally produced in countries to the
west of China. It is also known as hú táo rén (胡桃仁)
and hú táo ròu (胡桃肉).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong provinces of China; that which is
produced in Fenyang, Shanxi Province is the best in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. After the fruit peel is removed, it is dried in the sun, after
which the shell and woody diaphragm are removed and only the kernel is taken. Yellowish, big and
■eshy seeds rich with oil are the best in quality.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, lung, large intestine.
［Characteristic］ Sweet, slightly warm, tonifying and oily in property, it enters the kidney and
lung channels to nourish the kidney essence, tonify the body and warmly nourish the lung. It also
enters the large intestine channel to act as a laxative.
［Actions］ Nourishes the kidney, warms the lung and lubricates the large intestines.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For weakness and chronic aching pain in the lower part of the
body, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) to
improve the effects, such as in the formula Qīng É Wán (Young Maid Pill).
For impotence, seminal emission and enuresis in the pattern of kidney essence deficiency,
it is generally combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus
Schisandrae Chinensis) and lián zĭ (Semen Nelumbinis) to tonify the kidney and consolidate essence.
2. For chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of de■ciency cold of the kidney and the lung,
it is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shēng jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Recens) to warmly tonify the kidney and lung to relieve the problems, such as in the
formula Rén Shēn Hú Táo Tāng (Ginseng and Walnut Decoction).
3. For geriatric constipation, patients with general deficiency or with blood and body fluid
9-9◎06.indd 588 2014-12-17 14:19:15

de■ciency, it is applied alone or in combination with huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis), dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) and ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) to enhance the effects.
powder. For the purpose of relieving cough and wheezing the kernel with hard shell should be used,
while for lubricating the bowels the kernel alone is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency and de■ciency
heat, phlegm heat cough and wheezing, or loose stools.
［Ingredients］ It contains fatty oils, which are mainly composed of linoleic acid glyceride, a
small amount of linolenic acid and glyceryl oleate. It also contains proteins, ■avonoids, glycosides,
carbohydrates, carotene, riboflavin, quercetin, saccharides, various free amino acids, inorganic
elements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough, reducing blood lipids, anti-
lipid peroxidation, reducing fatty liver, improving growth, anti-aging, anti-mutation, etc.
Gé Jiè 蛤蚧
GECKO
Gecko
Páo Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Northern and Southern
Dynasties (420-589 A.D.). It is the dried body of Gekko
gecko Linnaeus of the family Gekkonidae, with the
internal organs removed.
［■xplanation of Name］ The name is based on the
sound made by the gecko.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guangdong
and Yunnan of China, and in other countries like Thailand,
Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam.
［Collection］ It is collected the year round. After the
internal organs are removed, the body is cleaned, stretched with bamboo chips and dried at a low
temperature. Completely, big and ■eshy ones are of the best quality.
［Processing］ The scales, head and feet are cut off from the body and then the body is cut into
small pieces for use, or it is wine-brewed ■rst and dried for use.
［Properties］ Salty; neutral.
［Characteristics］ Salty and neutral in property, it enters the lung and kidney channels to tonify
the lung and kidney to relieve wheezing in particular. It also nourishes the kidney essence generally.
［Actions］ Nourishes the kidney and lung, improves qi reception of the lung and relieves
wheezing, assists yang and toni■es the kidney essence.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of lung and kidney
essence de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), xìng rén (Semen
Armeniacae Amarum) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula
Rén Shēn Gé Jiè Sǎn (Ginseng and Gecko Powder).
For chronic cough with hemoptysis in the pattern of deficiency, it is often combined with
9-9◎06.indd 589 2014-12-17 14:19:17

chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to
dissolve phlegm, relieve cough and enrich the lung yin.
2. For impotence and seminal emission in the pattern of kidney yang and essence de■ciency, it
is wine-medicated alone, or applied in combination with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), yì zhì rén
(Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and bā jĭ tiān (Radix Morindae Of■cinalis) to invigorate kidney yang
and tonify kidney essence, such as in the formula Yǎng Zhēn Dān (Primordial-Qi-Nourishing ■lixir).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-9 g in decoction, 1-2 g each time in powder, or
1-2 pairs each dose wine-medicated.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with exterior wind-cold attack,
excessive heat inside, or cough and wheezing with damp phlegm.
［Ingredients］ It contains carnosine, choline, carnitine, guanine, proteins, cholesterol, various
free amino acids, phospholipids, fatty acids and inorganic elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows hormone-like effects. It also improves immunity,
counteracts oxidation, slows down aging, counteracts stress, relieves asthma, lowers blood sugar and
inhibits in■ammation. The tail is stronger than the body in effects.
ZǐHé Chē 紫河车

PLACENTA HOMINIS
Human Placenta
［Source］ Initially appeared in Supplement to ‘The Materia Medica’ (Bĕn Căo Shí Yí, 本草拾遗)
in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). It is the dried placenta
of a healthy woman.
［■xplanation of Name］ Zǐ “purple”, hé “river” and chē
“cart”. It is purplish in color, and acts like a cart carrying the
fetus into this world.
［Habitat］ It is produced everywhere in the world.
［Collection］ After the amniotic membrane and
umbilical cord are removed, the fresh placenta is cleaned
with water until the blood is completely removed, steamed or
boiled for a short while and then dried. Placentas which are
complete in shape, yellowish or purplish in color, and clean
with blood completely removed are best in quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned and mashed into small pieces,
or ground into powder for use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, salty, mild and moistening in property, it enters the lung, liver and
kidney channels to tonify qi, blood, yin and yang all at the same time.
［Actions］ Warmly toni■es qi, blood, yin and yang.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence, seminal emission, weakness and soreness in the
waist and tinnitus due to kidney essence de■ciency or excessive sexual activity, it can be used alone
continuously for better effects, or used in combination with lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to improve the
9-9◎06.indd 590 2014-12-17 14:19:18

effects, such as in the formula Hé Chē Fēng Suǐ Dān (Placenta Marrow-Retaining ■lixir).
For female infertility in the pattern of de■ciency cold, it can be used alone or in combination
with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and ròu cōng róng
(Herba Cistanches) to facilitate conception by tonifying kidney yang and essence.
For poor lactation due to shortage of qi and blood after delivery, it is commonly combined
with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and lù lù tōng (Fructus
Liquidambaris) to boost qi, nourish blood and promote lactation.
2. For chronic intermittent cough and wheezing in the pattern of lung and kidney de■ciency, it
alone is used to reinforce healthy qi and prevent recurrence. If the above case is complicated with
yin de■ciency and internal heat, it is applied in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis)
to nourish yin, clear heat, tonify the kidney and improve the reception of qi, such as in the formula
Hé Chē Dà Zào Wán (Placenta Major-Supplementing Pill).
3. For fatigue, emaciation, sallow complexion, poor appetite and shortness of breath due to qi
and blood de■ciency, it can be used continuously long-term to achieve signi■cant effect, or used in
combination with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis) to enhance the effects on toni■cation. For recurrent depressive psychosis, mental
fatigue and lassitude due to qi and blood de■ciency, it is applied alone in powder and taken orally.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1-3 g in powder, pills or capsules. Tablets and
injections are also now applied.
■re if applied alone, since it is warm in nature.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains proteins, amino acids, gonadotrophins A and B, estrone,
enzymes like lysozyme and kininase. It also contains various antibodies, interferons and substances
for improving cytopoiesis.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows estrogen-like effects, which include the effects of promoting
the development of the breasts, uterus, vagina, ovaries and testicles. It also activates the uterus, increases
blood pressure, improves immunity, inhibits fatigue, slows down aging, regulates immune functions,
inhibits infection and allergic reactions, improves blood coagulation and inhibits cancer.
Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo 冬虫夏草

CORDYCEPS
Chinese Caterpillar Fungus
［Source］ Initially appeared in Thoroughly Revised Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Cóng Xīn, 本草
从新) in the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912 A.D.). It is the dried
body of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., a fungus of the
family Clavicepitaceae, which parasitizes the bodies of
Hepialidae larvae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dōng “winter”, chóng
“worm”, xià “summer” and căo “grass”. In winter,
the Chinese caterpillar fungus invades the body of the
caterpillar and causes it to die. The following spring the
fungal mass sprouts out of the caterpillar and becomes a
9-9◎06.indd 591 2014-12-17 14:19:20

stroma, which looks very much like a piece of grass.

［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Tibet, Qinghai, the western region of Sichuan and the northwest
of Yunnan of China.
［Collection］ The stromas are collected in summer when they sprout out of the earth and before
the formation of spores. They are dried almost completely in the sun, and then, after impurities
are removed, they are completely dried in the sun or at a low temperature. Small, dry, ■eshy and
aromatic stromas with bright yellowish color and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best
quality.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, lung.
［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet, neutral and tonifying in property, it enters the kidney and lung
channels to nourish the kidney yang and the lung yin, and arrest bleeding and transform phlegm.
［Actions］ Toni■es the lung and kidney, arrests bleeding and resolves phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For impotence, seminal emission, weakness and soreness in the
waist and knees, it alone is wine-medicated and taken orally, or applied in combination with shú dì
huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), lù róng (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum) and yín yáng huò (Herba
■pimedii) to enhance the effects.
2. For chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of lung and kidney deficiency, it is often
combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), hú yáo ròu (Semen Juglandis) and gé jiè
(Gecko) to enhance the effects.
For chronic cough with hemoptysis in the pattern of lung and kidney yin deficiency, it is
combined with běi shā shēn (Radix Glehniae), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and ē
jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish the lung yin, and arrest bleeding and cough.
3. Additionally, it is applicable for patients with spontaneous sweating, susceptibility to cold and
weakness in the course of chronic diseases. For these purposes, it should be cooked together with
chicken, duck or pork.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction, or stewed together with
chicken, duck or pork.
■re. It is encouraged for long-term application.
［Ingredients］ It contains amino acids, cyclic peptides, nucleosides, sterols, organic acids,
polysaccharides, and different kinds of vitamins and inorganic elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of regulating sexual function and immunity,
anti-fatigue, anti-anoxia, antioxidation, anti-aging, inhibiting myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia,
decreasing cholesterol, improving hematogenesis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, protecting the
liver and kidney, preventing hepatic ■brosis, resolving phlegm, enhancing adrenal cortex functions,
tranquilizing, hypnogenesis, anti-convulsion, inhibiting smooth muscles, anti-mutagenesis,
preventing tumor formation, anti-inflammation and anti-bacteria. It also has similar effects as
androgen, such as antiestrogen and regulating sexual dysfunction.
Section 3 Herbs that Tonify Blood

Herbs in this section are basically sweet in taste and warm or neutral in nature, while a few
9-9◎06.indd 592 2014-12-17 14:19:21

of them are bitter in taste and cold in nature. They mainly enter the heart, liver, spleen and kidney
channels to nourish the blood and sometimes also the yin. They are mainly applied for the patterns of
blood de■ciency, blood and yin de■ciency, and blood and essence de■ciency.
To achieve better effects, herbs in this category should be used in combination with herbs that
nourish yin, such as ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and
sāng shèn (Fructus Mori), herbs that nourish qi, and herbs that activate the spleen and stomach,
because blood shares the same source as yin, qi generates blood, and herbs in this category may spoil
the appetite and digestion.
Dāng Guī当归
RADIX ANGELICAE SINENSIS
Chinese Angelica
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica in the ■astern Han Dynasty
(about 200 A.D.). It is the dry root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)
Diels, a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Dāng “the right channel”
and guī “coming back”. It is said to be able to conduct
and control qi and blood so that they move in the right
channels.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Gansu, Yunnan, Sichuan,
Shaanxi and Hubei provinces of China; that which is produced
in Min county of Gansu Province is of high quality and
large quantity.
［Collection］ It is collected in late autumn, left to dry
for a short while, bundled and then smoked slowly until it
dries completely. Big, long, sweet, oily and aromatic roots with few ■brous roots, yellowish-brown
outer skin and yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, moistened thoroughly with water, cut into thin slices and dried or
wine-processed for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, acrid; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, heart, spleen.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet so that it is tonifying, and acrid and warm so that it is able to
warmly activate blood circulation. It mainly enters the liver and heart channels, and also the spleen
channel to nourish blood, warm the channels, activate the blood circulation and lubricate the bowels
to act as a laxative. It is used internally and externally for female problems, heart problems, traumatic
problems and so on.
［Actions］ Nourishes blood, activates blood circulation, regulates menstruation and lubricates
the bowels.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For symptoms in the pattern of blood deficiency, it is used as an
essential herb to effectively nourish blood.
For sallow complexion, dizziness and heart palpitations due to blood deficiency, it is
often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni
Multi■ori) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to enhance the effect.
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For generally weak constitution with sallow complexion in the pattern of qi and blood
de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma
Ginseng) to replenish qi, strengthen the spleen and nourish blood, such as in the formulas Dāng Guī
Bŭ Xuè Tāng (Chinese Angelica Blood-Supplementing Decoction) and Rén Shēn Yăng Róng Tāng
(Ginseng Supporting and Nourishing Decoction).
2. For menstrual problems, it activates blood to relieve pain and regulate menstrual cycles.
For menstrual problems due to blood de■ciency and qi stagnation, it is often combined with
shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and chuān xiōng
(Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to nourish blood and unblock the channels, such as in the formula Sì Wù
Tāng (Four Substances Decoction).
For menstrual problems due to blood deficiency complicated with liver qi stagnation, it is
often combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) and bái sháo (Radix
Paeoniae Alba) to nourish blood, soothe the liver and alleviate menstrual pain.
For menstrual problems due to blood deficiency complicated with cold attack or yang
de■ciency, it is often combined with xiăo huí xiāng (Fructus Foeniculi), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi)
and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to warm and activate the blood.
For menstrual problems due to blood deficiency complicated with internal heat, it is often
combined with chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra), dān pí (Cortex Moutan) and dān shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) to cool and activate blood.
For both blood and qi de■ciency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dăng
shēn (Radix Codonopsis) and processed hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) to tonify qi, nourish
blood and regulate menstruation.
3. For postpartum abdominal dull pain, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi),
sháo yào (Radix Paeoniae Alba seu Rubra) and dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) to tonify blood and alleviate
pain, such as in the formula Dāng Guī Jiàn Zhōng Tāng (Angelica Center-Fortifying Decoction). For
lochiorrhea accompanied by cold pain in the lower abdomen due to blood de■ciency and cold attack,
it is often combined with chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and páo
jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to nourish and activate blood, and warm the channels to
alleviate pain, such as in the formula Shēng Huà Tāng (■ngendering and Transforming Decoction).
4. For abdominal cold pain in the pattern of de■ciency, it is often combined with guì zhī (Ramulus
Cinnamomi), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to tonify
the body and warm the middle jiao to alleviate pain. For arthralgia due to exterior wind dampness
attack, it is often combined with qiāng huó (Radix et Rhizoma Notopterygii), guì zhī (Ramulus
Cinnamomi) and huáng qí (Radix Astragali) to relieve pain by moving qi and blood, and dispelling
wind and dampness, such as in the formula Juān Bì Tāng (Impediment-Alleviating Decoction).
5. For trauma, carbuncles, furuncles and sores, it is commonly used to activate blood to relieve
swelling and pain, and tonify blood to promote granulation.
For traumatic injury with swelling and pain, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum),
mò yào (Myrrha), táo rén (Semen Persicae) and hóng huā (Flos Carthami) to relieve swelling and
pain, and activate blood, such as in the formulas Fù Yuán Huó Xuè Tāng (Original Qi-Restoring and
Blood-Moving Decoction) and Huó Luò Xiào Líng Dān (■ffective Channel-Activating ■lixir).
For carbuncles, furuncles and sores in the early stage with manifestations such as hard
swelling and burning pain, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), tiān huā
fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and blast-fried chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) to alleviate swelling pain
by clearing toxic heat, such as in the formula Xiān Fāng Huó Mìng Yǐn (Immortal Formula Life-
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Giving Beverage).
For carbuncles, furuncles and sores before ulceration, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix
Astragali), blast-fried chuān shān jiă (Squama Manitis) and zào jiăo cì (Spina Gleditsiae) to improve the
ulceration and the healing of the infection, such as in the formula Tòu Nóng Săn (Pus-■xpelling Powder).
For carbuncles, furuncles and sores in the chronic stage of ulceration, it is often combined
with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and shú dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae Praeparata) to improve the healing by tonifying qi and blood, such as in the formula Shí
Quán Dà Bŭ Tāng (Ten Major Tonics Decoction).
For chronic ulcers or gangrene, it is often combined with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae),
xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to clear toxic heat,
activate blood and unblock channels, such as in the formula Sì Miào Yŏng Ān Tāng (Four Wonderful
Herbs Resting Hero Decoction).
6. For constipation due to yin and blood de■ciency in the elderly, it is often combined with ròu
cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae)
to nourish yin and blood, and moisten the large intestine to relax the bowels, such as in the formula
Jì Chuān Jiān (Fluid-Replenishing Decoction). For constipation due to body ■uid de■ciency, it is
often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae)
and shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to relieve the problem by clearing heat and nourishing yin, such as
in the formula Dāng Guī Rùn Zào Tāng (Angelica Dryness-Moistening Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-15 g in decoction, or wine-medicated, or
made into paste, pills or power. For external use: it is made into ointment. The root trunk is good at
nourishing blood, while the ■brous root is good at activating blood. For a better effect on activating
blood, the wine-fried herb is applied, while for other purposes it is used directly.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness inside or loose
stools, since it is lubricating.
［Ingredients］ It contains volatile oils, which are composed of carvacrol, phenol, ligustilide,
α-pinene, camphanic acid, anisic acid, verbenone and safrole, involatile constituents such as palmitic
acid, angelicide, ferulic acid, nicotinic acid, succinic acid, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, monosaccharides,
polysaccharides, phospholipids, many kinds of amino acid, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin ■ and
inorganic elements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of improving hematopoiesis, inhibiting platelet
aggregation, anti-thrombosis, reducing blood lipids, dilating the coronary artery, anti-atherosclerosis,
enhancing immunity, anti-myocardial ischemia, dilating vessels, improving microcirculation, anti-
arrhythmia, lowering blood pressure, protecting the liver and gallbladder, regulating the uterus,
improving uterine hyperplasia, inhibiting prostate weight gain, anti-gonadotropin, anti-oxidation,
protecting the kidneys, correcting protein metabolic disorder, anti-inflammation, alleviating pain,
relieving asthma, inhibiting the central nervous system, anti-radiation, anti-injury, preventing tumor
formation, anti-bacteria, etc.
ShúDìHuáng 熟地黄
RADIX REHMANNIAE PRAEPARATA
Prepared Rehmannia Root
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Emergency Vol. 27 (Bèi Jí Qiān Jīn Yào Fāng-Juàn Èr Shí

Qī, 备急千金要方·卷二十七) in the Tang Dynasty (about
652 A.D.). It is the processed root of Rehmannia glutinosa
Libosch, a perennial herb of family Scrophulariaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shú “cooked”, dì “ground”
and huáng “yellow”. The fresh root is yellowish, and those
that can sink to the water bottom are of the best quality. It
is cooked for use.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi,
Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China; that which is
produced in Henan province is of the highest quality and
largest quantity and is called huái dì huáng.
［Collection］ Same as shēng dì huáng.
［Processing］ Rice wine is mixed into the fresh dì huáng, and steamed until the roots turn
brownish inside and outside. The roots are then taken out, left to dry partially, cut into thick slices or
cubes when the outer skin is slightly dry, and then dried completely. Big, ■eshy, soft and sweet roots
with dark brown color inside and outside are the best in quality.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, slightly warm, soft and moistening in property, it enters the liver and
kidney channels to nourish blood, yin and kidney essence. It is cloying and may affect appetite and
digestion.
［Actions］ Toni■es blood, yin and kidney essence.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For the pattern of blood deficiency with manifestations such as
sallow complexion, dizziness and heart palpitations, it is generally combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), processed hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori) and suān zăo rén (Semen
Ziziphi Spinosae) to nourish blood and calm the mind.
For menstrual irregularities due to blood de■ciency complicated with blood stasis, it is often
combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chuān xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) and bái
sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to nourish and activate blood and regulate menstruation, such as in the
formula Sì Wù Tāng (Four Substances Decoction).
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, and cold pain in the lower abdomen due to blood de■ciency
and cold, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini)
and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to tonify blood, arrest bleeding and warm the channels to relieve
pain, such as in the formula Jiāo Ài Tāng (Donkey-Hide Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction).
2. For yin de■ciency and yang hyperactivity with manifestations such as steaming bone fever,
tidal fever, night sweats and seminal emission, it is often combined with shān yào (Rhizoma
Dioscoreae), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and zé xiè (Rhizoma Alismatis) to suppress yang by
increasing yin, such as in the formula Liù Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill).
For yin de■ciency with de■ciency heat, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae),
huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to reduce ■re by
nourishing yin, such as in the formula Zhī Băi Dì Huáng Wán (Anemarrhena, Phellodendron and
Rehmannia Pill).
For consumptive thirst without obvious heat signs due to yin and ■uid de■ciency, it is often
combined with shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), huáng jīng (Rhizoma Polygonati) and mài dōng
9-9◎06.indd 596 2014-12-17 14:19:27

(Radix Ophiopogonis) to enhance the effects in nourishing yin and ■uid.

For yin de■ciency and internal heat, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis),
tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to clear heat, and nourish yin and
■uid to quench thirst.
3. For soreness and weakness in the waist and knees, dizziness and tinnitus due to blood and
essence de■ciency of the liver and kidney, it is often combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), shān
zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and lù jiăo jiāo (Colla Cornus Cervi) to nourish yin and kidney essence, such
as in the formula Zuŏ Guī Wán (Left-Restoring Pill). For premature white hair, poor memory and
aging, it is often combined with hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii)
and nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) to tonify essence and blood.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into pills, paste
or powder. It is often combined with shā rén (Fructus Amomi) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri
Reticulatae) to improve digestion.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with abdominal distension,
dampness and phlegm, poor appetite or loose stools, since it may affect appetite and digestion.
［Ingredients］ It contains xanthosine, catalpinoside, mannitol, rehmannin, jioglutin, jioglutolide,
many kinds of amino acids, carbohydrates, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, linoleic acid, vitamin A,
etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It improves erythropoiesis and generation of hemoglobin in
animals, and accelerates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and bone
marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. It also counteracts oxidation, slows down aging, improves
the synthesis of adrenal cortical hormone, improves adaptability of the human body, protects the
myocardium, reduces cholesterol, inhibits thrombosis, reduces blood sugar, lowers blood pressure,
induces diuresis, improves liver glycogen synthesis, counteracts hyperthyroidism and ulcers, and
arrests bleeding. It is similar to shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) in most respects.
Bái Sháo 白芍
RADIX PAEONIAE ALBA
White Peony Root
Paeonia lacti■ora Pall., a perennial herb of the family
Ranunculaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and sháo
“beautiful”. The ■ower of this herb is white and very
beautiful and elegant.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui
and Sichuan provinces of China; that which is produced
in Zhejiang Province is of the best quality.
autumn. After it is cleaned and the root head and
■brous roots are removed, it is blanched in boiling water so that its outer skin is easily peeled off,
and then dried in the sun. Big, long and solid roots with smooth outer skin and smooth and starchy
9-9◎06.indd 597 2014-12-17 14:19:28

white cross-sections are the best in quality.

［Processing］ It is cleaned simply with water, moistened thoroughly, cut into thin slices and
dried for use. It also can be dry-fried or wine-processed ■rst for use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sour; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, sour and slightly cold in property, it enters the liver and the spleen
channels to nourish blood, cultivate yin, calm the liver yang and alleviate pain, and also checks
sweating as well. It is applicable for the patterns of yin and blood de■ciency, liver yang hyperactivity
and spontaneous sweating.
［Actions］ Nourishes blood, cultivates yin, calms the liver and checks sweating.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood de■ciency with manifestations such as sallow complexion,
dizziness, heart palpitations, menstrual irregularities or dysmenorrhea, it is applied in combination
with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chuān
xiōng (Rhizoma Chuanxiong) to regulate the menstrual cycle and nourish the blood, such as in the
formula Sì Wù Tāng (Four Substances Decoction).
For shortened menstrual cycles with profuse menstruation, or irregular menstruation in the
pattern of yin de■ciency and exuberant heat, it is commonly combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish yin and cool blood to
check bleeding.
2. For chest pain due to blood de■ciency and liver qi stagnation, it is applied in combination with
dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) to soothe the liver and cultivate the blood yin, such as in the formula Xiāo Yáo Săn
(Free Wanderer Powder).
For limb spasms or abdominal pain due to liver blood deficiency, it is commonly applied
together with processed gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to nourish yin and blood to
alleviate spasms and pain, such as in the formula Sháo Yào Gān Căo Tāng (Peony and Licorice
Decoction).
For diarrhea with abdominal pain due to liver qi invading the spleen, it is generally applied in
combination with fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to relieve pain and diarrhea by soothing the liver and
strengthening the spleen, such as in the formula Tòng Xiè Yào Fāng (Important Formula for Painful
Diarrhea).
3. For spontaneous sweating due to disharmony between nutrient and defensive qi, it is generally
combined with guì zhī (Ramulus Cinnamomi) to relieve the problem, such as the formula Guì Zhī
Tāng (Cinnamon Twig Decoction).
For night sweats generally due to yin de■ciency, it is commonly applied in combination with
shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis)
to increase the effect in checking sweating.
For spontaneous sweating occurring in the process of some chronic diseases, it is often applied
in combination with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae)
to check sweating by replenishing qi and securing the exterior, such as in the formula Sháo Yào
Huáng Qí Tāng (Peony and Astragalus Decoction).
4. For headache and vertigo due to yin deficiency and ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang,
it is applied in combination with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), niú xī (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae) and dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) to nourish yin and blood and calm the liver yang, such as
9-9◎06.indd 598 2014-12-17 14:19:29

in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Sedating and Wind-■xtinguishing Decoction).
For trembling limbs and heart palpitations with deep thready pulse in the pattern of yin
and blood de■ciency, it is often applied together with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), ē jiāo
(Colla Corii Asini), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to restore the pulse by
nourishing yin and calming the liver yang, such as in the formula Sān Jiă Fù Mài Tāng (Three Shells
Pulse-Restoring Decoction).
decoction, or made into pills or powder. For nourishing blood, it is dry-fried or wine-fried. For
cultivating yin or calming the liver, it is used directly.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yang deficiency or cold
attack, since it is cold in nature. It is incompatible with lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri).
［Ingredients］ It contains paeoniflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin,
lacti■orin, albiflorine, β-sitosterol and volatile oils, similar to chì sháo (Radix Paeoniae Rubra).
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects in alleviating pain, tranquilizing, anti-convulsion,
spasmolysis, adjusting immunity, lowering body temperature, dilating blood vessels, counteracting
myocardial ischemia, adjusting blood pressure, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lowering blood sugar,
enhancing learning and memory, anti-oxidation, protecting the liver, alleviating cough, lubricating
the bowels, anti-inflammation, anti-ulcer, anti-mutation, detoxification, preventing tumors, anti-
bacteria and anti-virus.
■
■ Jiāo 阿胶
COLLA CORII ASINI
Donkey-hide Gelatin
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the solid glue made from the skin of Equus asinus Linnaeus, a
donkey of the family Equidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Ē is the short name of Dong’e, a
small town of Shandong Province, and jiāo “gelatin”. It is donkey-
hide gelatin, of which that produced in the town of Dong’e is the
best in quality.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong and Zhejiang
provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected the year round. The donkey
skin is soaked and the hair completely removed, then the skin is
cut into small pieces and then blanched in water. It is boiled and
filtered, and the filtrates are then combined and concentrated.
After it becomes hard when cool, it is cut into cubes and dried in
the shade. Cubes that are shiny with dark brown color and sweet taste are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is pounded into pieces for use, or stir-fried with clam shell powder to make
small balls for use.
［Characteristics］ Moistening and tonifying in effects, and sweet and neutral in property, it
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enters the lung, liver and kidney channels, and is good at tonifying blood and yin. It is also effective
in checking bleeding and moistening the lung and body.
［Actions］ Toni■es the blood, checks bleeding, nourishes yin and moistens the body.
［Clinical Application］ 1. For sallow complexion, dizziness, palpitations and muscular
weakness in the pattern of blood de■ciency, it can be stewed together with rice wine and applied
orally. It can also be applied in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), dāng
guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) for a better effect, such as in the
formula Ē Jiāo Sì Wù Tāng (Four Ingredients Decoction with Donkey-Hide Gelatin).
2. For bleeding in any pattern, it alone can be applied effectively, but often it is used in
combination with other herbs for better effects.
For hematemesis and epistaxis due to heat, it is often combined with pú huáng (Pollen
Typhae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to cool blood and stop bleeding, such as in the
formula Shēng Dì Huáng Tāng (Unprocessed Rehmannia Decoction).
For hematemesis and epistaxis in the pattern of serious qi deficiency, it is often combined
with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to arrest bleeding by
replenishing qi.
For hematemesis complicated with lung qi de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng), tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to tonify the lung to
stop cough and stop bleeding, such as in the formula Ē Jiāo Săn (Donkey-Hide Gelatin Powder).
For abnormal vaginal bleeding, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae)
and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi), such as the formula Jiāo Ài Tāng (Donkey-Hide Gelatin and
Mugwort Decoction).
3. For cough and wheezing due to lung yin de■ciency and exuberant ■re affecting the lung with
other manifestations such as dry throat and bloody sputum, it is often combined with mă dōu líng
(Fructus Aristolochiae), niú bàng zĭ (Fructus Arctii) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to
check the bleeding by nourishing the lung yin and suppressing the ■re, such as in the formula Bǔ Fèi
Ē Jiāo Tāng (Lung-Supplementing Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction).
For dry cough due to exterior dryness affecting the lung, it is often combined with sāng yè
(Folium Mori), pí pá yè (Folium ■riobotryae) and xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) to relieve
the cough by moistening the lung, such as in the formula Qīng Zào Jiù Fèi Tāng (Dryness-Clearing
Lung-Rescuing Decoction).
For chronic cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is
often combined with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi), băi hé (Bulbus Lilii) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae)
to relieve cough and reduce bloody sputum by nourishing the lung yin and checking bleeding, such
as in the formula Yuè Huá Wán (Moonlight Pill).
4. For irritability and insomnia, caused by stirring of wind due to yin de■ciency, it is good at
nourishing yin.
For irritability and insomnia due to febrile disease damaging yin, it is often combined with
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and egg yolk to nourish yin and
clear heat to relieve irritability, such as in the formula Huáng Lián Ē Jiāo Tāng (Coptis and Donkey-
Hide Gelatin Decoction).
For trembling or involuntary movement of the limbs occurring in the late stage of febrile
disease with yin and body fluid consumed, which is considered as the stirring of liver wind, it is
commonly combined with guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and bái
sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) to calm the liver and nourish yin, such as in the formula Dà Dìng Fēng
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Zhū (Major Wind-Stabilizing Pearl).

［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g dissolved in boiling water or rice wine
instead of boiling together with other herbs, or made into pills or powder. For checking bleeding, it is
better if fried together with pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) ■rst, while for moistening the lung, it is fried
together with clam shell powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It contains gelatin protein that can cause dyspepsia.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains gelatin protein, which produces many kinds of amino acids
when hydrolyzed, such as glycine, praline and glutamic acid. It also contains different kinds of
inorganic elements such as calcium and sulfur.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects in improving hematogenesis, increasing blood
pressure, anti-shock, improving immunity, anti-hypoxia, anti-fatigue, anti-muscular paralysis, anti-
radiation damage, increasing the body’s intake of calcium, dilating the vessels, improving the blood
supply of the organs, anti-thrombosis, providing nutrition for the fetus, improving intelligence,
increasing growth and development, anti-aging, promoting urination, relieving swelling, stopping
bleeding, etc.
Hé Shǒu Wū何首乌
RADIX POLYGONI MULTIFLORI
Fleeceflower Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Record of Fleece■ower Root (Hé Shŏu Wū Lù, 何首乌录) in the
Tang Dynasty (about 813 A.D.). It is the dried root tuber of
Polygonum multiforum Thunb., a perennial climbing herb
of the family Polygonaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hé is a family name, shŏu
“hair” and wū “shining black”. According to legend,
a man named He, who suffered from several diseases,
was instructed by a sage to use a certain kind of herb.
After taking the herb for years, his diseases were cured
completely, his hair became shining black, and luckily he
was able to father a child. ■very member of his family
ate this herb every day, and they found that the herb could
improve fertility and counteract aging. Later the herb was named in honor of this family.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan and
Jiangsu of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during autumn and winter when its leaves start withering. After the
two ends are cut off, it is cleaned well, cut into pieces and dried. Big and solid roots with brownish-
red outer skin and light brownish-red and starchy cross-sections with silky and wavy lines are of
good quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again if necessary, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices and
dried for use, or is processed with adjuvant of black soybean juice.
［Properties］ Zhì shŏu wū (the processed herb): sweet, astringent; slightly warm. Shēng shŏu wū
(the unprocessed herb): sweet, bitter; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Zhì shŏu wū (the processed herb): liver, kidney. Shēng shŏu wū (the
9-9◎06.indd 601 2014-12-17 14:19:34

unprocessed herb): heart, liver, large intestine.

［Characteristics］ It mainly enters the liver and kidney channels. Zhì shŏu wū is slightly warm
in nature and sweet in taste, and is able to tonify blood and essence of the liver and kidney and
improve hair growth. Shēng shŏu wū is slightly cool in nature and bitter and slightly sweet in taste,
and is mainly applied for decreasing toxins, treating and preventing malaria, and inducing diarrhea.
［Actions］ Zhì shŏu wū: toni■es blood and essence of the liver and kidney, and improves hair
growth. Shēng shŏu wū: decreases toxins, treats and prevents malaria, and induces diarrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For sallow complexion, dizziness and palpitations due to blood
de■ciency, the processed herb is commonly used together with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis),
shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and dry-fried suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae)
to improve the effects.
2. For premature gray hair, loss of hair, soreness and weakness in the waist and knees, seminal
emission, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and leukorrhea in the pattern of blood and essence de■ciency,
the processed herb is generally applied in combination with dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis),
gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula
Qī Băo Měi Rán Dān (Seven-Jewel Beard-Blackening Pill).
For dizziness, tinnitus and deafness, weakness in the waist and knees, and numb limbs in the
pattern of blood and essence de■ciency, the processed herb is often combined with sāng shèn (Fructus
Mori), hēi zhī ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to tonify essence and
blood and improve the body constitution, such as in the formula Shŏu Wū Yán Shòu Dān (Fleece■ower
Root Life-Prolonging Pill).
For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and leukorrhea in the pattern of essence and blood de■ciency,
the processed herb is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān zhū yú
(Fructus Corni) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to tonify blood and essence, and arrest bleeding and
vaginal discharge as well.
3. For sores, carbuncles, furuncles and ulcers, the unprocessed herb is often applied in
combination with jīn yín huā (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae), lián qiào (Fructus Forsythiae), kŭ shēn
(Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and jīng jiè (Herba Schizonepetae) to clear toxic heat, relieve
swelling and improve the healing of tissue, such as in the formula Hé Shŏu Wū Tāng (Fleece■ower
Decoction).
For urticaria with ■uid effusion and skin itching, it is often combined with kŭ shēn (Radix
Sophorae Flavescentis), fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) and bò he (Herba Menthae) to relieve the
problem by clearing heat and toxins, drying dampness and dispersing wind, such as in the formula
Hé Shŏu Wū Săn (Fleece■ower Powder).
For scrofula, it is often combined with xià kū căo (Spica Prunellae), tŭ bèi mŭ (Rhizoma
Bolbostematis) and kūn bù (Thallus Laminariae) to dissipate nodules, clear toxins and activate blood.
For chronic malaria with qi and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et
Rhizoma Ginseng) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to strengthen qi and blood to suppress
malaria, such as in the formula Hé Rén Yǐn (Fleece■ower and Ginseng Decoction).
For constipation due to blood-■uid de■ciency, it is commonly combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches), huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and hēi zhī
ma (Semen Sesami Nigrum) to improve the effects.
4. Research has shown that it lowers cholesterol.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, wine-medicated, or made
into paste, pills or powder. For external use: the decoction is applied topically in powder compresses
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or for skin rinsing. For tonifying, the processed herb is applied, while for other purposes, the
unprocessed herb is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ The processed herb is tonifying, and therefore patients
with dyspepsia due to dampness accumulation should not use it. The unprocessed herb may cause
diarrhea, so patients with loose stools should not use it.
［Ingredients］ It contains lecithin, chrysophanol, emodin, rhein, physcion, chrysophanol
anthrone, stilbenes compounds, gallic acid, catechin, fats, β-sitosterol, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It is full of lecithin, which shows the effects of promoting blood
cell growth and development, strengthening the function of liver glycogen, improving activity
of superoxide dismutase, inhibiting activity of monoamine oxidase, anti-aging, decreasing the
heart rate, increasing coronary blood flow, anti-myocardial ischemia, reducing cholesterol, anti-
atherosclerosis, anti-cold, anti-bacteria and anti-virus. Its decoctions can strengthen immunity, and
especially enhance speci■c immunity of T lymphocytes.
Lóng Yǎn Ròu 龙眼肉

ARILLUS LONGAN
Longan
［Source］ Initially appeared in Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo
Jīng, 神农本草经) in the ■astern Han Dynasty (about 200
A.D.). It is the dry ■esh of the fruit of Dimocarpus longan
Lour., an evergreen tree of the family Sapindaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lóng “dragon”, yăn “eye” and
ròu “flesh”. The fruit is ball-shaped, which looks like the
eye of a dragon, and its ■esh is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Fujian,
Taiwan and Guangxi of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer and autumn
when the fruit is mature, and dried. The kernel and shell are
then removed, and it is dried again. Dry, big and ■eshy fruits with yellowish-brown color and strong
sweet taste are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again if necessary for use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, warm and tonifying in property, it is medicinal and edible as fruit. It
enters the heart and spleen channels to tonify qi and blood, and calm the mind as well.
［Actions］ Toni■es qi and blood, and calms the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ For palpitations, insomnia, loss of memory, sallow complexion,
lassitude and poor appetite in the pattern of qi and blood deficiency, it can be used alone, or in
combination with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and suān zăo rén
(Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) to improve its effects, such as in the formula Guī Pí Tāng (Spleen-Restoring
Decoction). For general qi and blood deficiency occurring in the elderly, women after delivery
or during chronic diseases, it is steamed together with white sugar first, and taken with water to
tonify the body, such as in the formula Yù Líng Gāo (Dài Shēng Gāo) (Jade ■f■cacious Condensed
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Decoction).
decoction, or concentrated into cream, made into pills or powder, or wine-medicated.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness, phlegm or heat,
since it is sweet and warm in property and easily increases ■re and the accumulation of dampness.
［Ingredients］ It contains glucose, sucrose, tartaric acid, proteins, adenine, choline, fats, many
kinds of vitamins and inorganic elements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It is effective in body tonification, anti-stress, increasing the
weight of immune system organs, anti-aging, anti-cancer and anti-bacteria.
Section 4 Herbs that Tonify Yin

Herbs in this section are mostly sweet, though some of them are bitter or salty in taste. Most of
them are cool or cold in nature, and a few of them are neutral. They are mainly applied to nourish yin
and body ■uid and moisten the body, and thus they are generally applied for the pattern of yin and
■uid de■ciency.
Herbs in this category are often applied in combination with herbs that suppress ■re, herbs that
suppress yang and herbs that calm the liver in terms of different patterns and complications.
Yin and yang share the same source and interact positively with each other according to theory,
so yin tonics are usually applied in combination with yang tonics to achieve mutual improvement
and transformation between each other.
Yin tonics are sweet and cold and may improve dampness and cause loose stools or dyspepsia,
so patients with a weak stomach, dampness accumulation or loose stools should use them with
caution.
Běi Shā Shēn 北沙参

RADIX GLEHNIAE
Straight Ladybell Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Treasury of Words on the Materia Medica (Běn Căo Huì
Yán, 本草汇言) in the Ming Dynasty (about
1368-1644 A.D.). It is the dried root of Glehnia
littoralis Fr. Schmidt ex Miq., a perennial herb
of the family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Běi “north”, shā
“sand” and shēn “ginseng”. It usually grows in
sandy soil, in places like Liaodong in the north
of China and Laiyang in Shandong Province. It is
nourishing like ginseng in effect.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Hebei provinces of China; that
which is produced in Hucheng, Shandong Province, is of the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in summer and autumn. After the root head and ■brous roots are
removed, it is cleaned, dried slightly, blanched in boiling water to get an easy peeling of the skin, and
9-9◎06.indd 604 2014-12-17 14:19:38

then dried for use, or it is cleaned and directly dried for use. Roots that are even in size with beautiful
yellowish-white color are of good quality.
［Processing］ After remaining stems and impurities are removed, it is moistened slightly, cut
into segments and dried for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; slightly cold.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly cold in property, it mainly enters the lung and stomach
channels to nourish the lung yin and stomach yin in particular. It also improves body fluid
regeneration.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin and promotes ■uid production.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dry cough and thirst due to consumption of body fluid, it is
commonly combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and
sāng yè (Folium Mori) to nourish lung yin and improve the regeneration of body ■uid, such as in Shā
Shēn Mài Dōng Tāng (Coastal Glehnia and Ophiopogon Decoction).
For cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of yin de■ciency and chronic disease, it is often
combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to coolly check bleeding, nourish yin and moisten the
lung.
2. For thirst, burning pain in the stomach and epigastric upset in the pattern of stomach yin
de■ciency, it is generally combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba)
and gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) to relieve the pain by replenishing the qi and yin of
the stomach.
For thirst occurring in late stage of febrile disease of a patient with a crimson tongue, it
is usually combined with fresh dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Recens) and fresh shí hú (Caulis
Dendrobii) to cool heat and replenish yin and ■uid.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally and 15-30 g for the fresh herb
in decoction, or made into pills, powder or paste.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold and cold
■uid retention, or exterior wind cold attack, since it is slightly cold in nature and moistening in
effect.
［Ingredients］ It contains alkaloids, polysaccharides, coumarin compounds, volatile oils,
lecithin and cephaline.
［Pharmacological Research］ It relieves fever and pain, inhibits immunity, mutation, toxins and
the side effects from endoxan. The polysaccharides inhibit delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
Nán Shā Shēn 南沙参

RADIX ADENOPHORAE
Four Leaf Ladybell Root
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried root of Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. or
Adenophora stricta Miq., perennial herbs of the family Campanulaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Nán “south”, shā “sand” and shēn “ginseng”. It is mainly produced in
the south of China and grown in sandy soil, and has nourishing effects similar to ginseng.
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［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Hunan, Anhui,

Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in spring and autumn. The
■brous roots and the outer skin are removed when fresh, and
then it is washed clean and dried. Big, plump and yellowish-
white roots with the outer skin removed are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After the remaining stalks and impurities
are removed, it is moistened completely, cut into thick slices
and dried in the sun for use.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly cold in property, it mainly enters the lung and stomach
channels to coolly nourish the lung and stomach yin, and replenish qi and resolve phlegm as well. It
is suitable for patients with qi de■ciency complicated with heat or phlegm.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin, cools the lung and stomach, generates fluid, resolves phlegm and
replenishes qi.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dryness attacking the lung with manifestations such as thirst, dry
throat and mouth, dry cough or cough with scanty and sticky sputum, it is commonly combined with
sāng yè (Folium Mori), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) to
cool the dry heat and moisten the lung to relieve the cough, such as in the formula Sāng Xìng Tāng
(Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction).
For consumptive fever or dry cough with scanty bloody sputum, it is often combined with mài
dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae
Cirrhosae) to increase the effects in nourishing yin, cooling the lung, resolving phlegm and relieving
cough.
2. For stomach burning pain, poor appetite, irritable hot feeling and dry mouth due to stomach
yin de■ciency, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae) and yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) to nourish yin and ■uid, such as in Yì Wèi
Tāng (Stomach-Boosting Decoction).
For lassitude, dry mouth and poor appetite due to qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined
with tài zĭ shēn (Radix Pseudostellariae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and dry-fried dào
yá (Fructus Oryzae Germinatus) to replenish qi and nourish yin, generate fluid and improve
appetite.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in general and 15-30 g for the fresh herb
in decoction, or made into pills or powder. For clearing heat and nourishing yin and ■uid, the fresh
herb is more effective.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold and cold ■uid
retention, or exterior wind cold attack, since it is slightly cold in nature and moistening in effect. It is
antagonistic to lí lú (Radix et Rhizoma Veratri Nigri).
［Ingredients］ It contains triterpenoid saponins, taraxerone, carotene, daucosterol, β-sitosterol,
phosphatidic acid, polysaccharose, amylum, microelements, calcium, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It strengthens the heart, activates blood, regulates immunity,
inhibits radiation, expels phlegm and inhibits fungus.
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Mài Dōng 麦冬
RADIX OPHIOPOGONIS
Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It was originally called mài mén
dōng (麦门冬). It is the dried root tuber of Ophiopogon
japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl., a perennial herb of famliy
Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mài “wheat” and dōng “winter”.
Its leaf grows like a young millet shoot and never withers in
winter.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Zhejiang,
Jiangsu and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during summer. It is cleaned
and dried repeatedly in the sun until almost completely
dry. After the fibrous roots are removed, it is then dried
completely. Big, ■eshy and soft roots that are half transparent
and sticky to the teeth, with yellowish-white color and slightly sweet taste, are the best in quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with water, moistened until soft, pressed ■at and dried for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, slightly bitter; slightly cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, lung, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, slightly bitter and slightly cold in property, it slightly counteracts heat,
and nourishes yin and body ■uid. It enters the lung, heart and stomach channels to replenish yin,
generate body ■uid, calm the mind and lubricate the bowels.
［Actions］ Nourishes lung and stomach yin, generates body ■uid, and calms the heart and mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dry cough or cough with scanty sticky sputum accompanied by
dry throat and mouth due to dryness affecting the lung, it is often combined with sāng yè (Folium
Mori), xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to relieve cough
by moistening the lung, such as in the formula Qīng Zào Jiù Fèi Tāng (Dryness-Clearing Lung-
Rescuing Decoction).
For chronic cough with bloody sputum in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is
often combined with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Èr
Dōng Gāo (Ophiopogon and Asparagi Concentrated Decoction).
For cough getting worse in the afternoon, which is generally due to yin def iciency and
fire flaming up, it is often combined with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), zhī mŭ
(Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to relieve the cough by
powerfully nourishing yin and reducing ■re, such as in the formula Mài Mén Dōng Yĭn (Ophiopogon
Decoction).
For sore throat or diphtheria due to yin de■ciency with de■ciency heat, it is often combined
with xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and bèi mŭ (Bulbus
Fritillariae) to nourish yin, cool the lung and counteract toxic heat, such as in the formula Yăng Yīn
Qīng Fèi Tāng (Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction).
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2. For frequently occurring thirst due to consumption of stomach yin, it is often combined with
yù zhú (Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati) and shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) to increase
the effects, such as in the formula Yì Wèi Tāng (Stomach-Bene■ting Decoction).
For diabetes with consumptive thirst, it is often combined with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi),
tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to increase the effects of yin
and ■uid nourishment, such as in the formula Èr Dōng Tāng (Ophiopogon and Asparagi Decoction).
For diabetes with swift digestion followed rapidly by hunger, which is generally due to
stomach heat consuming the body yin, it is often combined with shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum),
zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to clear stomach
heat, nourish kidney yin and promote ■uid production to quench thirst, such as in the formula Yù Nǚ
Jiān (Jade Lady Decoction).
For constipation due to fluid consumption in febrile diseases, it is often combined with
xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to moisten the lung and
lubricate the large intestines, such as in the formula Zēng Yè Tāng (Humor-Increasing Decoction).
3. For insomnia in the pattern of yin deficiency and internal heat, it is often combined with
shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) and yuăn zhì (Radix
Polygalae) to calm the mind and nourish yin, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial
■mperor Heart-Supplementing ■lixir).
For loss of consciousness or delirium, or irritability and insomnia occurring in febrile diseases,
it is often combined with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), dān
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and zhú yè xīn (Folium Pleioblasti) to tranquilize
the mind and clear heat from the blood, such as in the formula Qīng Yíng Tāng (Ying Level Heat-
Clearing Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills or
powder. For nourishing yin, the root tubers with the core removed are applied, while for calming the
mind, the whole root tubers are used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold and cold ■uid
retention, or exterior wind cold attack, since it is slightly cold in nature and moistening in effect.
［Ingredients］ It contains various steroid saponins, such as ophiopogonin A, B, C, D, and
methyl-ophiopogonanone, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, various amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamin A,
volatile oils, and inorganic elements such as K, Na, Cu and Ca, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of improving myocardial contraction force and
heart function, increasing coronary flow, protecting the cardiac muscle, anti-hemorrhagic shock,
anti-arrhythmia, anti-anoxia, clearing free radicals, anti-aging, improving immunity, reducing blood
sugar, improving digestive function, sedation, anti-convulsion and antibiosis.
Tiān Dōng 天冬
RADIX ASPARAGI
Asparagus Tuber
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It was originally called tiān mén dōng (天门冬). It is the dried root tuber
of Asparagus cochinensis (Lour.) Merr., a perennial herb of the family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Tiān “sky, big” and mén dōng “Radix Ophiopogonis”. It is similar to
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mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) in shape and effects but

bigger in size and stronger in effects. Tiān dōng is the
short name for it.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guizhou, Sichuan
［Collection］ It is collected during the autumn and
winter. After it is cleaned with water and the stalk base
and fibrous roots are removed, it is boiled or steamed
well, and the outer skin is peeled off when hot. It is then
cleaned simply again and dried. Big, plump, thick and
translucent root tubers with yellowish-white color are of
the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply, cut into thin slices and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet so that it is nourishing and moistening in effect, and bitter and
cold, so that it is able to coolly purge heat. It enters the lung and kidney channels to moisten the lung,
purge lung ■re, nourish kidney yin, improve the generation of body ■uid and lubricate the bowels to
act as a laxative.
［Actions］ Nourishes lung and kidney yin, clears lung ■re and promotes ■uid production.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dry cough due to dry heat affecting the lung, it alone can
be decocted into paste and taken orally, or it is applied in combination with mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis), nán shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae)
to improve the effects in relieving cough and nourishing.
For whooping cough with sticky sputum, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis), băi bù (Radix Stemonae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to relieve
cough, slightly resolve phlegm and nourish lung yin as well.
For cough with yellow turbid sputum, it is often combined with băi bù (Radix Stemonae),
chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) and huà jú hóng
(■xocarpium Citri Grandis) to partly clear the heat, resolve the phlegm and nourish lung yin as well.
For consumptive cough with expectoration of blood, it is often combined with mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis), such as in the formula Èr Dōng Gāo (Ophiopogon and Asparagus Concentrated
Decoction), or is applied in combination with chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), shēng dì
huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to nourish lung yin, relieve cough and stop
bleeding.
For chronic cough with bloody sputum complicated with tidal fever and night sweats due to
lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài
dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus
Fritillariae Cirrhosae) to relieve the problems, such as in the formula Yuè Huá Wán (Moonlight Pill).
2. For night sweats, seminal emission, and soreness and weakness in the waist and knees due to
kidney yin de■ciency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata),
rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to boost
qi, nourish yin, reduce ■re and consolidate essence, such as in the formula Sān Cái Fēng Suĭ Dān
(Heaven, Human and ■arth Marrow-Retaining ■lixir).
3. For thirst due to qi and fluid insufficiency occurring in the course of febrile diseases, it
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is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Sān Cái Tāng (Heaven, Human and ■arth
Pill).
For wasting thirst due to internal heat, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to clear
heat, nourish yin and promote ■uid generation to quench the thirst.
For constipation with heat signs, it is basically combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) to clear heat,
nourish yin and lubricate the bowels.
For constipation due to yin and blood de■ciency, it is often combined with dāng guī (Radix
Angelicae Sinensis), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) to
relieve the constipation by nourishing blood and essence, such as in the formula Liù Chéng Tāng
(Six-Ingredient Decoction).
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with de■ciency cold or exterior
wind cold attack, since it is very cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains various steroid saponins, amino acids and polysaccharides.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-tumor, improving myocardial contraction,
increasing liver function, relieving cough and dispelling phlegm, anti-bacteria, prolonging antibody
existence and killing larvae of mosquitoes and ■ies.
ShíHú石斛
CAULIS DENDROBII
Dendrobium Stem
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fresh or dried stem of
Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe, Dendrobium fimbriatum
Hook. var. oculatum Hook., Dendrobium chrysanthum
Wall., Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl., or
Dendrobium nobile Lindl., several perennial herbs of the
family Orchid.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shí “stone” and hú
“container (in ancient times)”. The plant always attaches
to stones, and has branch-stems growing near the ground
that look like the bases of the ancient containers.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangxi, Guizhou, Guangdong, Yunnan and Sichuan of China.
［Collection］ It is collected the year round and better in the late spring, early summer or
autumn. The fresh herb can be used directly. Alternately, it is dried after the roots and leaves are
completely removed, and is blanched in boiling water so that the leaf sheath is easily removed. Juicy
stems are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is simply washed clean, cut into segments and dried for use.
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［■ntered Channels］ Stomach, kidney.

［Characteristics］ Sweet, slightly moistening and nourishing in property, and entering the
stomach and kidney channels, it is good at nourishing yin, improving vision and slightly cooling
heat. The fresh herb is more effective than the dried one.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin, generates body ■uid, cools heat, improves eyesight and toni■es the
body.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For low fever and dry throat seen in febrile diseases with body
fluid injured, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to nourish yin and promote ■uid generation to
cool heat and relieve thirst.
For the pattern of stomach yin de■ciency, marked by dry throat, poor appetite and occasional
nausea, it is often combined with shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and zhú rú (Caulis Bambusae in Taenia) to calm the stomach, nourish yin and
promote ■uid generation.
For consumptive thirst arising from internal heat, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix
Trichosanthis), shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to
quench the thirst by powerfully nourishing yin and replenishing ■uid.
2. For low fever in deficiency pattern seen in the late stage of febrile diseases, it is often
combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and mŭ dān pí
(Cortex Moutan) to relieve the heat and nourish yin.
For steaming bone fever occurring in chronic diseases due to yin being consumed and
failing to control yang, it is often combined with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae
Macrophyllae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to relieve fever and nourish yin.
3. For poor eyesight in the pattern of kidney yin and essence de■ciency, it is often combined
with jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi), gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) to improve eyesight by nourishing yin, tonifying kidney essence and slightly
clearing liver heat, such as in the formula Shí Hú Yè Guāng Wán (Night-Shining Pill with
Dendrobium).
For lassitude and weakness in the waist and knees due to kidney yin and essence de■ciency, it
is often combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), huái niú xī (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to totally tonify and strengthen the body.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: the dried herb 6-15 g and the fresh herb 15-30 g
in decoction, or in paste, pills or powder. When preparing the decoction, the dried herb should be
decocted earlier than other herbs. The fresh herb is more effective in replenishing body ■uid, and the
dried one is more applicable for yin de■ciency.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness inside, since it is
moistening in effect.
［Ingredients］ Dendrobium nobile Lindl. contains dendrobine, dendramine, nobilonine,
β-sitosterol, daucosterol, pectin, starch, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It relieves fever, alleviates pain, improves immunity, slows down
aging, improves gastric acid secretion, lowers blood sugar, inhibits cataracts and tumors, as well as
slows down heart rate and respiration, and decreases blood pressure.
［Notes］ Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl. (tiě pí shí hú, 铁皮石斛) is the best in quality.
Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (jīn chāi shí hú, 金钗石斛) is less effective than the above herb; its young
shoot is very mild in nature and is often used to make herbal tea.
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YùZhú玉竹
RHIZOMA POLYGONATI ODORATI
Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome of
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, a perennial herb of the
family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Yù “jade” and zhú “bamboo”.
Its rhizome is fleshy and juicy with yellowish-white color.
Its leaf is shaped like a bamboo leaf with the back jade-white
in color. It is also known as wēi ruí (葳蕤), which means
“■ourishing”.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hunan,
Guangdong, Jiangsu, Henan and Hebei provinces of China;
those produced in Hunan, Zhejiang and Guangdong are of
the best quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. After fibrous
roots are removed, it is cleaned, dried in the sun, rubbed repeatedly and dried again until it is
completely dry, or it is steamed well, rubbed and dried in the sun. Long, big, ■eshy, yellowish-white,
soft and sweet rhizomes are the best in quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned if necessary, moistened thoroughly, cut into thick slices or segments,
and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet, neutral and slightly cold in property, it is moistening and
nourishing in effects. It enters the lung channel to suppress cough by moistening the lung. It also
enters the stomach channel to replenish yin, generate ■uid and quench thirst.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin, moistens the lung and replenishes ■uid to quench thirst.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dry cough with heat signs, it is commonly combined with shā
shēn (Radix Adenophorae seu Glehniae), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and sāng yè (Folium
Mori) to relieve cough by cooling the lung and replenishing the lung yin and ■uid, such as in the
formula Shā Shēn Mài Dōng Tāng (Coastal Glehnia and Ophiopogon Decoction).
For dry cough with coldness signs, it is basically combined with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae
Amarum), sū yè (Folium Perillae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to relieve cough by warmly
moving the lung qi, improving ■uid regeneration and moistening the lung.
For chronic cough in the pattern of lung yin deficiency, it is effectively combined with
chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and băi bù (Radix
Stemonae) to relieve the cough by nourishing the lung yin.
2. For vexing thirst due to excessive stomach heat, it is generally combined with shēng dì huáng
(Radix Rehmanniae) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to increase the effect on nourishing the
stomach yin and ■uid, such as in the formula Yì Wèi Tāng (Stomach-Boosting Decoction).
For diabetic thirst due to chronic consumption of stomach yin by internal heat, it is commonly
9-9◎06.indd 612 2014-12-17 14:19:49

combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and zhī mŭ
(Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to clear heat and nourish yin and body ■uid to quench thirst.
3. In addition, it can be used for exterior wind heat complicated with yin de■ciency, if combined
with bái wēi (Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati), bò he (Herba Menthae) and dàn dòu chĭ (Semen
Sojae Praeparatum), which is seen in the formula Jiā Jiăn Wēi Ruí Tāng (Solomon’s Seal Variant
Decoction).
powder. Compared to the steamed herb, the fresh herb is more effective in suppressing heat.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with phlegm damp, since it is
juicy and moistening and may assist phlegm and dampness.
［Ingredients］ It contains convallamarin, convallarin, kaempferol glycoside, quercetin
glycoside, β-sitosterol, vitamin D, odoratam polysaccharide, mucus and minerals.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-aging, improving immunity, strengthening
the heart, dilating blood vessels, two-way regulation of blood pressure, reducing blood lipids, anti-
atherosclerosis, reducing blood sugar, increasing tyrosinase activity, lubricating the bowels to act as
a laxative, anti-tumor and anti-bacteria.
Huáng Jīng 黄精
RHIZOMA POLYGONATI
Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome

Dynasty (about 420-589 A.D.). It is the dried rhizome
of Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum
kingianum Coll. et Hemsl., or Polygonatum cyrtonema
Hua, perennial herbs of the family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Huáng “yellow” and
jīng “essence”. “Yellow” corresponds to “earth” in the
■ve-phase theory. The ancients considered it to come
from the essence of the earth, and it is yellow in color.
It is sweet and edible as food.
［Habitat］ Polygonatum sibiricum Red. is mainly
produced in Hebei, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi
provinces of China, while Polygonatum kingianum
Coll. et Hemsl. in Guizhou, Guangxi and Yunnan
provinces of China, and Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Anhui and
Zhejiang provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in spring and autumn. After the ■brous roots are removed from it, it
is washed clean, blanched quickly in boiling water and then dried for use. Big, ■eshy and yellowish-
white rhizomes with transparent cross-sections are the best in quality. Alternately, it is steamed ■rst
and dried for use. In this case, big, black and oily rhizomes are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned with water if necessary, slightly moistened, cut into thick slices and
dried for use, or wine-processed for use.
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［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, lung, kidney.

［Characteristics］ It is sweet, neutral, moistening and mild in property and effect. It enters the
spleen, lung and kidney channels to mildly nourish qi and yin.
［Actions］ Nourishes kidney essence, lung yin and spleen qi.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dry cough in the pattern of lung yin de■ciency, it alone can be
decocted into paste and taken orally, or is applied in combination with shā shēn (Radix Adenophorae
seu Glehniae), chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) to
For chronic cough in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with
shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi) and băi bù (Radix Stemonae) to
relieve cough and nourish yin.
2. For general lassitude and poor appetite, it is commonly combined with dăng shēn (Radix
Codonopsis) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to increase the effect on nourishing
the spleen qi.
For frequently occurring thirst, poor appetite and red tongue body with little coating, it is
basically combined with shí hú (Caulis Dendrobii), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and shān yào
(Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to enhance the effects in nourishing yin and body ■uid.
3. For dizziness, heart palpitations, aching pain and weakness in the waist and knees and
premature graying of hair, it is generally combined with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii) to tonify the liver
blood and kidney essence, such as in the formula Èr Jīng Wán (Double-■ssence Pill). It can also be
wine-medicated together with tiān dōng (Radix Asparagi), cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis), băi yè
(Cacumen Platycladi) and gŏu qĭ gēn (Radix Lycii) to nourish hair and strengthen the body, such as
in the formula Huáng Jīng Jiŭ (Polygonati Wine).
4. For consumptive thirst in mild cases, it can be applied alone in a large dose. If heat is
dominating, it is often combined with tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma
Anemarrhenae) and shēng shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum) to increase the effects on clearing heat
and replenishing body ■uid. For cases with serious symptoms re■ecting yin de■ciency, it is often
combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and tiān
dōng (Radix Asparagi) to nourish yin and promote fluid production to quench thirst. For cases
in the pattern of both qi and yin deficiency, it is often combined with shēng shān yào (Rhizoma
Dioscoreae), shēng huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) to nourish yin
and tonify qi.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g generally in decoction, or made into
paste, pills or powder, and the fresh herb 30-60 g in decoction.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with phlegm or dampness, since it
is moistening and may increase dampness.
［Ingredients］ It contains various steroid saponins, polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,
oligosaccharide, phlegmatic substance, starch, various amino acids and microelements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-aging,
increasing the number of white blood cells, increasing the activity of Na+,K+-ATP enzyme, reducing
blood lipids and blood sugar, increasing coronary blood ■ow, strengthening myocardial contraction
force, preventing myocardial ischemia, hemostasis, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, anti-virus,
etc. Its polysaccharide extract improves immunity and the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. Its
methanol extract arrests bleeding and inhibits the functions of the adrenal cortex.
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Bǎi Hé 百合
BULBUS LILII
Lily Bulb
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry ■eshy scale leaf of
Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii F. ■. Brown var.
viridulum Baker, or Lilium pumilum DC., perennial herbs of
the family Liliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bǎi “hundred” and hé
“closing”. Its bulb is composed of many layers of scale
leaves.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hunan and Zhejiang
provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in autumn. It is cleaned
with water, and only the scale leaves are blanched in boiling
water quickly and then dried. ■ven-sized, ■eshy, and solid
scale leaves with yellowish-white color, less ■bers and slightly bitter taste are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is used directly, or honey-processed ■rst.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and slightly cold in property, it enters the lung channel to coolly
nourish the lung yin and moisten the lung. It also works on the heart to calm the heart and mind. It is
effectively applied for dry cough, palpitations, insomnia and anxiety.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin, moistens the lung, and calms the heart and mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For cough with little sputum or bloody sputum, and dry throat in
the pattern of lung yin de■ciency, it is commonly combined with kuăn dōng huā (Flos Farfarae) to
increase the effects in moistening the lung to relieve cough, such as in the formula Băi Huā Gāo (Lily
Bulb and Coltsfoot Flower Decoction). For chronic cough with little sputum or bloody sputum in
the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is generally combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae), xuán shēn (Radix Scrophulariae) and chuān bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae)
to relieve cough by nourishing the lung yin, such as in the formula Băi Hé Gù Jīn Tāng (Lily Bulb
Metal-Securing Decoction).
2. For palpitations, anxiety, insomnia or absent-mindedness in the pattern of heart yin
de■ciency, it is often combined with zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae) to nourish the heart yin and calm the heart and mind, such as in the formulas Băi
Hé Zhī Mŭ Tāng (Lily Bulb and Anemarrhena Decoction) or Băi Hé Dì Huáng Tāng (Lily Bulb
and Rehmannia Decoction)
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or cooked as food.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold, loose stools or diarrhea,
because of its cold and moistening property.
［Ingredients］ It contains starch, phenolic acid glyceride, glycosides, colchicine, polysaccharides,
phospholipids, various vitamins, proteins, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cellulose, lipids and inorganic
9-9◎06.indd 615 2014-12-17 14:19:54

elements such as calcium, phosphorus and iron.

［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of relieving cough, dispelling phlegm, relieving
asthma, anti-stress injury, increasing the number of white blood cells, tranquilizing, hypnosis,
reducing blood sugar and anti-oxidation. The colchicine it contains has estrogen-like effects, inhibits
mitosis of cancer cells, and prevents multiplication of cancer cells and gout attack.
Gǒu QǐZǐ枸杞子
FRUCTUS LYCII
Chinese Wolfberry Fruit
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fruit of Lycium
barbarum L., a deciduous shrub of the family Solanaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Gǒu “dog”, qĭ “small shrub”
and zĭ “fruit”. The root looks like a dog in shape, the plant
is a small shrub and the fruit is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Ningxia and Gansu
of China; that which is produced in Ningxia is particularly
good in quality.
［Collection］ It is collected in summer and autumn
when turning red, and dried by machine or naturally in the
sun. Big, ■eshy, reddish, soft and sweet fruits with less seeds are of good quality.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, tonifying and neutral in propery, it mainly enters the liver, kidney and
lung channels to serve as an edible and medicinal substance. It is good at nourishing the liver and
kidney to improve vision and prevent aging, and nourishing the lung yin to relieve cough.
［Actions］ Nourishes liver and kidney yin and essence, improves vision and moistens the lung
to relieve cough.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For blood and essence de■ciency with manifestations such as chronic
aching pain and weakness in the waist and knees, dizziness, tinnitus, impotence, seminal emission, poor
vision and premature graying of hair, it can be applied alone or in combination with huáng jīng (Rhizoma
Polygonati) to enhance the effects, such as the formula Èr Jīng Wán (Double ■ssence Pill).
For osteoporosis in the pattern of kidney essence deficiency, it is generally combined with
shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and niú xī (Radix Achyranthis
Bidentatae) to strengthen the muscles and bones, such as in the formula Zī Yīn Bŭ Suǐ Tāng (Yin-
Nourishing and Marrow-Replenishing Decoction).
For impotence, seminal emission and infertility, it is applied in combination with wŭ wèi zĭ
(Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis), shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati) and tù sī zĭ (Semen
Cuscutae) to nourish essence and boost marrow, consolidate essence and arrest seminal emission,
such as in the formula Wŭ Zĭ Yăn Zōng Wán (Five-Seed Progeny Pill).
For poor vision in the pattern of blood and essence de■ciency, it is often combined with jú huā
(Flos Chrysanthemi), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni)
9-9◎06.indd 616 2014-12-17 14:19:55

to improve the effects, such as in the formula Qĭ Jú Dì Huáng Wán (Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum
and Rehmannia Pill).
For diabetes, it is often combined with shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to nourish yin and promote ■uid generation to
quench thirst.
2. For chronic cough in the pattern of lung and kidney yin de■ciency, it is often combined with
zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae) and ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) to relieve
the cough, nourish yin and moisten the lung.
powder, or wine-medicated for use.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness or loose stools,
because it is moistening to the body.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains betaine, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopoletin, polysaccharides,
ascorbic acid, various amino acids, linoleic acid, carotene, β-sitosterol, nicotinic acid, calcium,
phosphorus, iron, zinc, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of improving and regulating immunity, improving
hematopoiesis, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia, anti-radiation, increasing the
number of white blood cells, protecting the liver, decreasing blood lipids, anti-atherosclerosis,
decreasing blood sugar and blood pressure, anti-mutation, anti-cancer, anti-bacteria, antagonism of
lead immunotoxicity, etc. It can also promote acid production of lactobacillus.
NǚZhēn Zǐ女贞子
FRUCTUS LIGUSTRI LUCIDI
Privet Fruit
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the fruit of Ligustrum
lucidum Ait., an evergreen tree of the family Oleaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Nǚ “girl”, zhēn “chastity” and
zĭ “fruit”. The leaf of this plant is alive and green even in
bitter cold winter, just like a chaste girl who never surrenders
to dif■culties.
Hunan, Fujian and Sichuan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in winter when the fruit
is ripe. It is cleaned, steamed for a short while or blanched
in boiling water, and then dried, or dried directly without
steaming or blanching. Big, fleshy and dark-reddish fruits
are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply and then dried for use, or wine-medicated for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, bitter; cool.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, slightly bitter and neutral yet slightly cool in property. It enters
the liver and kidney channels to coolly nourish the liver and kidney yin. It is generally applied for
9-9◎06.indd 617 2014-12-17 14:19:56

premature graying of hair, de■ciency heat and poor vision.

［Actions］ Nourishes the liver and kidney yin, improves vision and suppresses de■ciency heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For liver and kidney yin de■ciency manifested as dizziness, tinnitus,
weakness and aching in the waist and knees, poor vision, and premature gray hair or loss of hair, it
is often combined with mò hàn lián (Herba ■cliptae), such as in the formula Èr Zhì Wán (Double
Supreme Pill), or is applied in combination with hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori), sāng shèn
(Fructus Mori) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to increase the effects, such as in the formula Shŏu Wū
Yán Shòu Dān (Fleece■ower Life-Prolonging ■lixir).
2. For heat resulting from yin de■ciency or complicated with yin de■ciency, it is often combined
with dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae
Annuae) to enhance the effects.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-15 g in decoction, or made into paste or pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with cold de■ciency or kidney
yang de■ciency.
［Ingredients］ It contains oleanolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid, glossy privet fruit glycoside,
ligustro■avone, quercetin, polysaccharides, volatile oils, various amino acids, phospholipids (mainly
phosphatidylcholine), microelements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of improving immunity, increasing the amount of
white blood cells, anti-mutation, restraining allergic reaction, reducing blood sugar and blood lipids,
anti-atherosclerosis, strengthening the cardiac function, increasing coronary blood ■ow, regulating
endocrines, protecting the liver, anti-aging, antioxidation, anti-cancer, anti-in■ammation, decreasing
eye pressure, diuresis, relieving cough, acting as a laxative, anti-bacteria, etc. Total extracts of acetic
acid counteract hypoxia.
Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲

HERBA ECLIPTAE
Yerbadetajo Herb
［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about
618-907 A.D.). It is the dried above-ground part of Eclipta
prostrata L., an annual herb of the family Compositae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Mò “black”, hàn “dry land”
and lián “lotus”. It grows on dry land, and the sap of the
stem and leaf turns black in a few minutes. The appearance
of the fruit is similar to a lotus seed pod.
Jiangxi, Guangdong and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected when the ■ower is blooming
and dried in the sun. Dry plants with dark green color and
■ourishing leaves are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is simply cleaned ■rst, quickly washed,
cut into segments and dried again for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, sour; cold.
9-9◎06.indd 618 2014-12-17 14:19:58

［Characteristics］ It is slightly sweet and sour in ■avor, and cold in nature. It enters the liver and
kidney channels to coolly nourish the kidney yin in particular. It also acts to cool blood and arrest
bleeding.
［Actions］ Nourishes the kidney yin, cools blood and arrests bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For dizziness, poor eyesight, loose teeth, premature hair whitening,
aching pain and weakness in waist and knees, seminal emission and tinnitus in the pattern of
kidney yin de■ciency, it is generally combined with nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) for mutual
reinforcement, such as the formula Èr Zhì Wán (Double Supreme Pill). It can also be combined with
zhì shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori Praeparata cum Succo Glycines Sotae), sāng shèn (Fructus
Mori) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to strengthen the effects, such as in Shŏu Wū Yán Shòu Dān
(Fleece■ower Life-Prolonging ■lixir).
2. For bleeding due to heat and yin de■ciency, such as hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, bloody
stools, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it can be applied alone, or in combination with shēng dì huáng
(Radix Rehmanniae), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and pú huáng (Pollen Typhae) to arrest bleeding,
nourish yin and cool blood.
3. In addition, either the fresh herb or the dry powder can be applied topically to check traumatic
bleeding.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into fresh juice,
paste, pills or dry powder. For external use: the fresh herb is pounded or the dry powder is applied
topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with coldness or yang de■ciency,
since it is cold in nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains various saponins, thiophene compounds, coumarin ethers, apigenin,
luteolin, quercetin, nicotine, vitamin A, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, proteins, amino acids,
stearic acid, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of improving immunity, increasing the
amount of white blood cells in peripheral blood, anti-chromosome damage, anti-mutation, protecting
the liver, increasing coronary blood ■ow, anti-anoxia, stopping bleeding, sedation, analgesia, anti-
in■ammation and anti-bacteria.
Sāng Shèn 桑椹
FRUCTUS MORI
Mulberry
［Source］ Initially appeared in Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty (about 618-
907 A.D.). It is the dry mature fruit of Morus alba L., a deciduous tree of the family Moraceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sāng “mulberry tree” and shèn “mulberry fruit”. It is the fruit of the
mulberry tree.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Sichuan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected from April to June when the fruit matures. It is dried directly in
the sun, or steamed ■rst and then dried in the sun. Big, complete, ■eshy, sweet and purplish-colored
fruits are of the best quality.
［Properties］ Sweet, sour; cold.
9-9◎06.indd 619 2014-12-17 14:19:59


［Characteristics］ It is sweet, slightly cold, nourishing
and moistening in property. It enters the heart, liver and
kidney channels to nourish body yin and blood, promote
■uid production and lubricate the bowels. It is applicable for
patients with yin and blood de■ciency, body ■uid de■ciency
with serious thirst or dry-stool constipation.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin and blood, promotes fluid
production and moistens dryness.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic aching pain and
weakness in the waist and knees, dizziness, tinnitus, poor
vision, heart palpitations, insomnia and premature graying of hair due to yin and blood de■ciency, it
can be applied alone, or in combination with the processed hé shŏu wū (Radix Polygoni Multi■ori),
nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) and mò hàn lián (Herba ■cliptae) to improve its effects, such as
in the formula Shŏu Wū Yán Shòu Dān (Fleece■ower Life-Prolonging ■lixir).
2. For excessive thirst resulting from body fluid consumption, it can be used alone or in
combination with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae) and shí hú (Caulis
Dendrobii) to improve its effects.
3. For dry-stool constipation due to body ■uid consumption or blood and yin de■ciency, it can
be applied alone for mild cases, or applied in combination with the unprocessed hé shŏu wū (Radix
Polygoni Multiflori), huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) and hēi zhī ma (Semen Cuscutae) for better
effect in lubricating the bowels to act as a laxative.
powder, or wine-medicated, or taken directly. 15-30 g for mulberry paste, taken with warm water.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with dampness or loose stools
since it is cold in nature and moistening in effect. Over-use in children may cause hemorrhagic
enteritis.
［Ingredients］ It contains carbohydrates, tannic acid, malic acid, carotenes, phospholipids,
proteins, rutin, rutoside, alcohol, various vitamins, fatty acids and microelements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of improving hematopoiesis and immunity,
lowering the activity of erythrocyte membrane Na +,K +-ATPase, promoting maturation of T
lymphocytes, promoting lymphocyte transformation, increasing white blood cells and anti-
mutagenesis.
Hēi ZhīMa 黑芝麻

SEMEN SESAMI NIGRUM
Black Sesame
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It was originally called hú má. It is the dried mature seed of Sesamum
indicum L., an annual herb of the family Pedaliaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hēi” black”, zhī “oil” and ma “sesame”. It was originally produced in
the far western areas of China, called hú (胡) in ancient times, so that it was called hú má (胡麻).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hebei
9-9◎06.indd 620 2014-12-17 14:20:01

provinces of China.
［Collection］ The plant is collected in autumn when the
fruit is ripe. It is dried ■rst and then struck to yield the seeds,
which are then cleaned and dried in the sun. Big, plump and
black seeds with pleasant aroma are of good quality.
［Processing］ They are cleaned if necessary and dried
in the sun for use, or dry-fried ■rst. They are pounded before
use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is slightly sweet, neutral, and tonifying and moistening in property. It is an
edible and medicinal substance, and enters the liver and kidney channels to tonify the body essence
and blood. It also lubricates the bowels to act as a laxative.
［Actions］ Toni■es body essence and blood, and moistens the large intestine.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For frequently occurring dizziness, tinnitus or deafness, and
premature graying or loss of hair in the pattern of body essence and blood deficiency, it can be
applied alone or in combination with sāng yè (Folium Mori), such as the formula Sāng Má Wán
(Mulberry Leaf and Sesame Pill), or applied in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata), nǚ zhēn zĭ (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi) and mò hàn lián (Herba ■cliptae) to strengthen the
effects on toni■cation.
2. For constipation due to intestinal dryness, it is applied alone or in combination with dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) and huŏ má rén (Semen Cannabis) to
nourish yin and release the bowels.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g stir-fried ■rst and applied in decoction, or
made into pills or paste.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with loose stools, because it is
oily.
［Ingredients］ It contains fatty oils (45％-55％), sesamin, sesamol, lecithin, vitamin ■,
phytosterol, folate, niacin, glycosides, proteins, sesamose, cytochrome C, various calcium oxalates,
phosphorus, kalium, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of tonification, lubricating the bowels to
act as a laxative, reducing cholesterol, preventing arteriosclerosis, reducing blood sugar, inhibition
of unsaturated fatty acid, inhibition of adrenal function, anti-aging, etc. In addition, coating the
mucosa with sterilized sesame oil can protect the mucosa from stimulation and improve recovery of
in■ammation.
GuīJiǎ 龟甲
CARAPAX ET PLASTRUM TESTUDINIS
Tortoise Shell
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the carapace (top shell) and plastron (bottom shell) of Chinemys
reevesii (Gray), a kind of tortoise of the family Testudinidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Guī “tortoise” and jiă “shell”. It is the shell of the tortoise. The
9-9◎06.indd 621 2014-12-17 14:20:02

plastron is plank shaped, so it is also called guī băn (龟板).

［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan,
Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected year round. The shell only is dried
in the sun. Big, complete and clean shells are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is steamed for 45 minutes, put in hot water
to conveniently remove the residues from the shell, washed clean
and dried in the sun for use, or dry-fried with sand ■rst and then
vinegar-quenched for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, kidney, heart.
［Characteristics］ It is sweet, salty and cold in property. It
enters the kidney channel to nourish the kidney yin and suppress de■ciency heat, the liver channel to
nourish liver yin and subdue liver yang, and the heart channel to cultivate and cool blood and arrest
bleeding as well. It is effective for heat signs or fever due to kidney yin de■ciency or hyperactivity of
liver yang due to yin de■ciency, stirring of wind due to yin de■ciency, muscular and bone weakness,
palpitations, insomnia, poor memory and profuse menstruation due to yin de■ciency and blood heat.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin, subdues yang, toni■es kidney essence, strengthens bones, nourishes
blood, cools blood and arrests bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For tidal ■ushing fever, night sweats and steaming bone fever due
to yin de■ciency, it is effective in reducing heat and nourishing yin. It is often used in combination
with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and huáng băi
(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Dà Bŭ Yīn Wán (Major
Yin-Supplementing Pill).
2. For dizziness and blurred vision, it is often combined with bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba),
dài zhĕ shí (Haematitum) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to nourish yin, subdue yang and calm internal
wind, such as in the formula Zhèn Gān Xī Fēng Tāng (Liver-Wind Suppressing Decoction). For
crimson and dry tongue body, and twitching of the limbs occurring in the late stage of febrile diseases
due to yin consumption, it is necessarily combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ lì
(Concha Ostreae) and biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) to enhance the effects on nourishing yin, subduing
yang and calming wind, such as in the formula Sān Jiă Fù Mài Tāng (Three Shells Pulse-Restoring
Decoction).
3. For weakness in the muscles and bones, delayed infantile fontanel closure, and retarded
dentition and physical development due to kidney essence de■ciency, it is commonly used alone or
in combination with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), suŏ yáng (Herba Cynomorii) and
niú xī (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) to increase the effects.
4. For fatigue, heart palpitations, insomnia and poor memory due to chronic consumption of the
body yin and blood, it is often combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) and
shí chāng pú (Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii) to tonify the body, and calm the heart and mind, such as
in the formula Kŏng Shèng Zhěn Zhōng Dān (Confucius’ Sage Wisdom Pillow ■lixir).
5. For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and profuse menstruation in the pattern of yin de■ciency and
blood heat, it is often combined with chūn gēn pí (Cortex Ailanthi), huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae)
and xiāng fù (Rhizoma Cyperi) to arrest bleeding by nourishing yin and cooling blood, such as in the
formula Gù Jīng Wán (Menses-Securing Pill).
9-9◎06.indd 622 2014-12-17 14:20:04

powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and cooked a longer time.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with coldness, since it is cold in
nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains bone collagen, various amino acids, inorganic elements, CaO, MgO,
SiO2, keratin, fats, cholesterin, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of reducing functions of the thyroid gland and
adrenal gland, improving immunity, anti-mutation, activating the uterus, anti-osteoporosis, anti-
aging, increasing coronary blood flow, decreasing the content of Cu in serum, relieving fever,
sedation, anti-tumor and anti-bacteria.
Attachment: GuīJiǎ Jiāo 龟甲胶

Colla Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis
［Source］ It is the solid concentration of the tortoise shells above after cooking. It is similar to guī jiă in
property, actions, clinical applications, and cautions and contraindications, but better in effects.
［Pharmacological Research］ Research indicates that it toni■es blood, increases the number of platelets and
white blood cells, and shortens bleeding time.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g melted in hot prepared decoction, or made into pills,
powder or paste.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose stools.
Biē Jiǎ 鳖甲
CARAPAX TRIONYCIS
Turtle Carapace
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the carapace of Trionyx
sinensis Wiegmann, a kind of soft-shelled turtle of the
family Trionychidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Biē “moving slowly” and jiă
“shell”. The turtle moves slowly and its shell is medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hubei, Jiangsu, Henan,
Hunan, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected year round. The shell only
is dried in the sun. Big, complete and clean shells are of
good quality.
［Processing］ It is steamed for 45 minutes, put in hot
water to conveniently remove the residues from the shell,
washed clean and dried in the sun for use, or dry-fried with sand ■rst and then vinegar-quenched for
use.
［Characteristics］ Salty and cold in property, it is an essential herb for reducing fever, softening
and resolving lumps and hard swelling, and nourishing kidney yin as well. It is commonly applied
9-9◎06.indd 623 2014-12-17 14:20:05

for chronic low fever or febrile sensation in the palms and soles, yang hyperactivity, internal wind
due to yin de■ciency, chronic malaria with splenomegaly and abdominal masses.
［Actions］ Nourishes yin, subdues yang, reduces fever and hot sensation, and softens hardness
and lumps.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For prolonged fever in the late stage of febrile diseases, it is
necessarily combined with qīng hāo (Herba Artemisiae Annuae), shēng dì (Radix Rehmanniae), zhī
mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to nourish yin and dissipate the heat,
such as in the formula Qīng Hāo Biē Jiă Tāng (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction).
For yin and blood de■ciency with manifestations such as bone steaming fever, night sweats,
emaciation, flushed face, dry throat and afternoon fever, it is commonly combined with dì gŭ pí
(Cortex Lycii), chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae) and dāng guī
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to nourish yin and blood, and reduce fever as well, such as in the formula
Qín Jiāo Biē Jiă Săn (Large Gentian and Turtle Shell Powder).
2. For trembling or twitching of limbs with dry crimson tongue body, and extremely weak pulse
due to yin seriously consumed by febrile diseases, it is commonly combined with shēng dì (Radix
Rehmanniae), guī jiă (Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to nourish yin,
subdue yang and extinguish wind, such as in the formula Sān Jiă Fù Mài Tāng (Three Shells Pulse-
Restoring Decoction).
For vertigo due to hyperactivity of yang and de■ciency of yin, it is often combined with shēng dì
(Radix Rehmanniae), mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and jú huā (Flos Chrysanthemi) to enhance its effects.
3. For chronic malaria with splenomegaly, abdominal masses or amenorrhea, it is often
combined with chái hú (Radix Bupleuri), mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan), tŭ biē chóng (■upolyphaga seu
Steleophaga) and dà huáng (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to move qi, activate blood, drain dampness and
soften hardness and swelling, such as in the formula Biē Jiă Jiān Wán (Turtle Shell Decocted Pill).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-30 g in decoction, or made into paste, pills
or powder. For decoction, it should be crushed ■rst and cooked a longer time. For the purpose of
nourishing yin and subduing yang it is used directly, while for softening hard lumps the vinegar-
soaked product should be used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with coldness, since it is cold in
nature.
［Ingredients］ It contains bone collagen, keratin, iodine, calcium carbonate, vitamin D, peptides,
various amino acids, inorganic elements, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of tonification, sedation, protecting the liver,
dissipating masses, reducing the oxygen consumption of hepatic tissue, anti-hypoxia, anti-fatigue,
improving immunity, anti-radiation, anti-mutation, decreasing the content of cAMP in serum,
inhibiting connective tissue proliferation, anti-cancer, etc. The ■uid of biē jiă jiāo (Colla Carapax
Trionycis) can increase hemoglobin.
Attachment: Biē Jiǎ Jiāo 鳖甲胶

Colla Carapax Trionycis
［Source］ It is the solid concentration of biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis). It is similar to biē jiă in property, actions,
clinical applications, and cautions and contraindications, yet it is more effective in nourishing yin and blood, reducing
fever and arresting bleeding.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g melted in hot prepared decoction, or made into pills,
9-9◎06.indd 624 2014-12-17 14:20:06

powder or paste.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with loose stools.
Summary
1. Herbs that tonify qi
Rén Shēn vs. Dăng Shēn

Medicinal Rén Shēn Dăng Shēn
Properties Sweet
Entered channels Spleen and lung
Similarities
Actions Tonif ies qi and promotes ■uid production

Fatigue due to spleen and stomach qi deficiency, shortness of breath due to lung
Indications qi insufficiency, thirst and shortness of breath due to qi deficiency and fluid
consumption, as well as qi and blood de■ciency
Properties Slightly bitter; slightly warm Neutral
· Tonif ies original qi
Tonif ies middle qi and lung qi and nourishes
Actions
· Calms the mind
blood without dryness or greasy property
· Qi collapse and consumptive thirst

Differences
· Restless heart and mind, insomnia,

Indications —
profuse dreaming, palpitations due
to fright, poor memory, impotence
· Used as a key herb for spleen and lung qi

Used as the first choice for internal deficiency, and for light or chronic cases
Special features damage, and severe and urgent cases of qi and ■uid or qi and blood de■ciency
of qi and ■uid consumption · Amount used should be doubled or tripled

when used as the substitute of rén shēn
Rén Shēn vs. Xī Yáng Shēn

Medicinal Rén Shēn Xī Yáng Shēn
Properties Sweet, slightly bitter
Similarities
Entered channels Heart, lung

Indications Vexing thirst due to qi and ■uid consumption
Properties Slightly warm Cold
Entered channels — Kidney
· R
estores the pulse and rescues from qi
Differences
collapse Nourishes (lung) yin and clears (lung)

Actions
· Tonif ies spleen qi and lung qi
■re
· Calms the mind

· Severe and urgent cases of qi de■ciency
· Qi and yin de■ciency with ■re

or qi and yin de■ciency · W heezing, cough and hemoptysis

Indications
· Spleen and lung qi de■ciency
arising from vigorous fire due to yin
· Insomnia and poor memory
de■ciency
9-9◎06.indd 625 2014-12-17 14:20:08

Tài Zĭ Shēn vs. Xī Yáng Shēn

Medicinal Tài Zĭ Shēn Xī Yáng Shēn
Properties Sweet, slightly bitter
Similarities

Indications Vexing thirst due to qi and ■uid consumption
Properties Neutral Cold
Entered channels Spleen Heart, kidney
Differences
Actions — Clears heat

Indications Qi and yin de■ciency with light ■re Qi and yin de■ciency with exuberant ■re
Has a weaker effect than xī yáng shēn
Special features in terms of nourishing yin, clearing ■re —
and promoting ■uid production
Rén Shēn vs. Huáng Qí

Medicinal Rén Shēn Huáng Qí
Properties Sweet; slightly warm
Similarities

Actions Tonif ies spleen and lung qi
Indications Spleen and lung qi de■ciency
Properties Slightly bitter —
Entered channels Heart Spleen
· T
onif ies central qi and raises yang qi
· Powerfully tonif ies original qi, restores
· Secures the exterior to stop sweating

the pulse and rescues from qi collapse · Promotes urination to relieve swelling

Actions · Tonif ies qi and promotes ■uid production
· Tonif ies qi to expel toxins and

· C
alms the mind promotes granulation
· Replenishes qi and assists yang
· Tonif ies qi to engender blood, contains

blood and promotes ■uid production
· Sinking of middle qi

· Spontaneous sweating due to exterior

deficiency or qi deficiency with
Differences
exterior pattern
· S welling due to qi deficiency and

dif■culty in urination
· I nward invasion of sores that are

· Qi and ■uid consumption

dif■cult to heal
Indications · Insomnia and poor memory
· S allow complexion due to blood

· Impotence

deficiency, menstrual flooding and
spotting, and bloody stools due
to failure of qi to contain blood,
consumptive thirst due to qi and
fluid insufficiency, and arthralgia,
numbness of the body and hemiplegia
due to qi de■ciency and blood stasis
The first key herb for internal damage
with de■ciency
9-9◎06.indd 626 2014-12-17 14:20:09

Huáng Qí vs. Bái Zhú

Medicinal Huáng Qí Bái Zhú
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Tonif ies qi and promotes urination, secures the exterior to stop sweating
Spleen qi deficiency and edema due to qi deficiency, spontaneous sweating and
Indications
profuse sweating due to qi de■ciency or exterior syndrome
Properties Slightly warm Bitter; warm
Entered channels Lung Stomach
· Raises yang

· Tonif ies the lung and defensive qi
· Dries dampness

Actions · ■ xpels pus, promotes granulation,
· Calms the fetus

tonif ies qi, promotes ■uid production and
Differences
moves qi
· S
inking of middle qi and failure of qi
to contain blood
· Lung qi de■ciency and night sweats
· Diarrhea, abnormal vaginal discharge,

· Chronic sores with ulceration, chronic
phlegm-■uid due to spleen de■ciency
Indications
pustules due to qi and blood de■ciency, and dampness accumulation
consumptive thirst due to qi and fluid · Restless fetus due to spleen qi de■ciency

deficiency, arthralgia, numbness and
hemiplegia
Shān Yào vs. Bái Biăn Dòu

Medicinal Shān Yào Bái Biăn Dòu
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Actions Fortif ies the spleen

Indications Diarrhea and abnormal vaginal discharge due to spleen de■ciency
Properties Neutral Slightly warm
Entered channels Lung and kidney Stomach
· R
emoves dampness without dryness
· Tonif ies qi and nourishes yin

or greasy property
Actions · T o n i f i e s t h e l u n g a n d k i d n e y
· Resolves summerheat

accompanied with astringent effect
· Resolves alcohol and puffer-■sh toxins

Chronic cough and wheezing due
· Spleen de■ciency with dampness and

to deficiency, consumptive thirst,
weak constitution after disease
Indications spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis
· Vo m i t i n g a n d d i a r r h e a d u e t o

and frequent urination due to kidney
summerheat
de■ciency
· Has a stronger tonifying effect
· Clears summerheat and resolves toxins

Tonif ies yin and promotes fluid
Differences
·
(raw)
Special features production (raw)
· I nvigorates the spleen and arrests

· Invigorates the spleen to stop diarrhea

diarrhea (dry-fried)
(dry-fried)
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Dà Zăo vs. Yí Táng

Medicinal Dà Zăo Yí Táng
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Tonif ies the middle and replenishes qi, harmonizes the toxicity of other herbs
Indications Spleen qi de■ciency
Entered channels Heart Lung
· Nourishes blood and calms the mind
· Relieves pain, moistens the lung and

· H armonizes the strong property of

Differences
relieves cough
tíng lì zĭ (Semen Descurainiae seu
· Resolves the toxicity of chuān wū (Radix

Actions Lepidii), and relieves the toxicity of
Aconiti), căo wū (Radix Aconiti
gān suì (Radix Kansui), dà jĭ (Radix
Kusnezof■i) and fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti
■uphorbiae Pekinensis) and yuán huā
Lateralis Praeparata)
(Flos Genkwa)
Sallow yellow complexion and anxiety Abdominal pain due to cold and cough
Indications
due to visceral dryness due to lung de■ciency
Bái Zhú vs. Cāng Zhú

Medicinal Bái Zhú Cāng Zhú
Properties Bitter and warm
Entered
Similarities
Spleen and stomach

channels
Actions Dries dampness and invigorates the spleen
Diarrhea, loose stools, vaginal discharge due to spleen deficiency and dampness
Indications
retention
Properties Sweet Acrid
· Tonif ies qi, arrests sweat and calms the
· D ispels pathogens, dispels wind

Actions fetus dampness and releases the exterior
P
romotes urination I
mproves vision
Differences
· ·
· ■xterior syndrome with dampness and

· Spontaneous sweating due to qi de■ciency,

wind cold damp bì
profuse sweating due to qi de■ciency with
· Night blindness

Indications exterior syndrome and restless fetus due
· Damp heat sores, dermatophytosis and

to spleen de■ciency
arthralgia when combined with bitter
· ■dema and excessive phlegm-■uid

and cold herbs
2. Herbs that tonify yang
Lù Róng vs. Zĭ Hé Chē

Medicinal Lù Róng Zĭ Hé Chē
Properties Sweet, salty; warm
Similarities
Entered channels Kidney, liver

Actions Tonif ies the kidney, essence and blood
Indications Kidney de■ciency and essence and blood insuf■ciency
9-9◎06.indd 628 2014-12-17 14:20:12

Continued　　
Medicinal Lù Róng Zĭ Hé Chē
· D rastically tonif i es original yang,

· Neutrally tonif ies qi, blood, essence

nourishes essence and marrow
Actions and yang
· Strengthens tendons and bones and
· Tonif ies the lung and kidney

regulates chong mai and ren mai
Differences
Wheezing due to kidney and lung

Retardation of walking, retardation
deficiency, sallow complexion, weak
in tooth eruption, non-closure of the
Indications constitution and reduced lactation after
fontanel in infants and abnormal vaginal
delivery due to insufficiency of qi and
discharge due to kidney de■ciency
blood
Key medicinal for kidney yang de■ciency

and insuf■ciency of essence and blood
Ròu Cōng Róng vs. Suŏ Yáng
Medicinal Ròu Cōng Róng Suŏ Yáng
Properties Sweet; warm
Entered channels Kidney, large intestine

Similarities
Tonif ies kidney yang, essence and blood, and moistens the intestines to promote
Actions
defecation
Impotence, seminal emission, infertility due to cold uterus, soreness and weakness
Indications of the waist and knees, weakness of the tendons and bones, and constipation due to
■uid consumption and intestinal dryness
Properties Salty —

Differences
Warm and dry, with a stronger effect

Warm without dryness, moistening
in assisting yang, and a lesser effect of
Special features without greasy property and moderately
moistening the intestines as compared to
tonifying
ròu cōng róng
Xiān Máo vs. Yín Yáng Huò vs. Bā Jĭ Tiān

Medicinal Xiān Máo Yín Yáng Huò Bā Jĭ Tiān
Entered
Kidney, liver
channels
Similarities
Actions Tonif ies kidney yang, strengthens tendons and bones, dispels wind and eliminates dampness
Kidney deficiency marked by impotence, seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination,

Indications
arthralgia due to wind damp, and paralysis due to weakness of bones
Sweet, acrid; slightly

Differences
Properties Bitter; warm; toxic Acrid, sweet; warm

warm
Entered
Spleen — —
channels
9-9◎06.indd 629 2014-12-17 14:20:13

Continued　　
Medicinal Xiān Máo Yín Yáng Huò Bā Jĭ Tiān
· Dissipates cold dampness

Actions · Tonif ies life gate ■re and warm
Tonif ies essence to treat impotence —
the spleen to arrest diarrhea
Differences
· C hronic arthralgia due to

· Infertility due to kidney

cold damp de■ciency and low sperm count Insuf■ciency of kidney
Indications · A
bdominal cold pain and · C
ough due to kidney yang yang and insuf■ciency
diarrhea due to kidney yang deficiency and high blood of liver and kidney
de■ciency pressure in menopausal women
Bŭ Gŭ Zhī vs. Yì Zhì Rén

Medicinal Bŭ Gŭ Zhī Yì Zhì Rén
Entered channels Kidney, spleen

Similarities
Tonif ies kidney yang, consolidates essence and reduces urination, warms the spleen
Actions
to relieve diarrhea
Impotence and infertility due to kidney yang de■ciency, seminal emission, enuresis
Indications and frequent urination due to insecurity of kidney, diarrhea due to spleen and kidney
de■ciency
Differences
Warms the spleen and dissipates cold,

Tonif ies kidney yang so that the kidney
Actions promotes digestion and controls excessive
can receive qi to relieve wheezing
drooling
Dù Zhòng vs. Xù Duàn

Medicinal Dù Zhòng Xù Duàn
Properties Sweet
Entered channels Liver and kidney

Similarities
Actions Tonif ies the liver and kidney, strengthens tendons and bones, calms the fetus
Liver and kidney deficiency marked by soreness and weakness of the waist and
Indications knees, and weakness of the tendons and bones, restless fetus due to liver and kidney
de■ciency
Properties Warm Bitter, acrid; slightly warm

· Moves blood and promotes the recovery

· Warms the kidney and strengthens the

of injured tendons and broken bones
Actions tendons
egulates the chong mai and ren mai
R
Differences
·
· Reduces high blood pressure

and stops bleeding
· Liver and kidney deficiency marked

by lumbar pain and weakness of the · Weakness of tendons and bones,

Indications knees and legs inhibited blood ■ow, trauma or fracture
· K idney deficiency or ascendant
· Menstrual ■ooding and spotting

hyperactivity of liver yang
9-9◎06.indd 630 2014-12-17 14:20:15

Gé Jiè vs. Dōng Chóng Xià Căo vs. Hé Táo Rén

Medicinal Gé Jiè Dōng Chóng Xià Căo Hé Táo Tén
Entered channels Kidney, lung
Similarities
Actions Tonif ies the kidney and lung to receive qi and relieve wheezing
Kidney and lung de■ciency marked by chronic cough and wheezing, and kidney
Indications yang deficiency marked by impotence, seminal emission, and soreness and
weakness of the waist and knees
Properties Salty; neutral Sweet; neutral Sweet, warm
Entered channels — — Large intestine
· Tonifies lung yin,

· Tonif ies lung qi, and relieves
dissolves phlegm
· Warms the lung

Actions wheezing and cough and stops bleeding
Differences
· Moistens the intestines

· Nourishes essence and blood
· Strengthens the body

after disease
· Chronic cough or wheezing due
· Cough due to

to lung and kidney de■ciency
de■ciency and cold
Indications · Kidney yang insuff iciency and
Chronic cough with
· C onstipation due to

insufficiency of essence and bloody sputum
fluid consumption and
blood marked by impotence
intestinal dryness
and seminal emission
Xù Duàn vs. Gŭ Suì Bŭ
Medicinal Xù Duàn Gŭ Suì Bŭ

Properties Bitter
Similarities
Tonif ies the kidney, strengthens bones, invigorates blood and promotes healing of
Actions
tendons
Pain and weakness of the waist and leg due to kidney de■ciency, trauma, swelling
Indications
and wound pain
Properties Sweet, acrid; slightly warm Warm
· T
onif ies liver and kidney Good at invigorating blood and relieving
Actions
· Calms the fetus
pain
Differences
· Tendon injury and bone fractures

Restless fetus, menstrual flooding and · Tinnitus, deafness, toothache and

Indications
spotting and profuse menstruation chronic diarrhea due to kidney
de■ciency
Special features Has stronger tonifying effect —
Dù Zhòng vs. Sāng Jì Shēng vs. Gŏu Jĭ

Medicinal Dù Zhòng Sāng Jì Shēng Gŏu Jĭ
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Entered
Liver, kidney
channels
Actions Tonif ies the liver and kidney, strengthens the waist and knees
Indications Soreness and weakness of the waist and knees due to liver and kidney de■ciency
9-9◎06.indd 631 2014-12-17 14:20:16

Continued　　
Medicinal Dù Zhòng Sāng Jì Shēng Gŏu Jĭ
Properties Warm Bitter; neutral Bitter; warm
· Nourishes blood

Actions Calms the fetus · Dispels wind dampness
Dispels wind dampness
· Calms the fetus

· Liver and kidney

insuf■ciency, yin-blood
Differences
de■ciency marked by
soreness and weakness of
· Lumbar pain due to kidney

the waist and knees, and Chronic arthralgia
Indications de■ciency
weakness of the tendons damaging the liver and
· Restless fetus due to liver

and bones kidney
and kidney insuf■ciency
· C
hronic arthralgia damaging
the liver and kidney
· Restless fetus due to liver

and kidney insuf■ciency
3. Herbs that tonify blood
Dāng Guī vs. Shú Dì Huáng

Medicinal Dāng Guī Shú Dì Huáng
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Tonif ies blood
Blood de■ciency marked by sallow complexion, dizziness, premature white hair,
Indications
palpitations, menstrual irregularities, amenorrhea and painful menstruation
Properties Acrid; warm Slightly warm
Entered channels Heart, spleen Kidney
· Invigorates blood, regulates
· Nourishes yin and tonif ies essence and

Actions menstruation and relieves pain marrow
· Moistens the intestines
· Promotes ■uid production

Blood de■ciency and stasis with pain

Differences
·
· Diseases in perinatal stage, abdominal
· K idney yin deficiency marked by

pain due to cold deficiency, pain
soreness and weakness of the waist
and numbness due to blood stasis,
Indications and knees, tidal fever and night sweats,
swelling due to trauma and chronic
and essence and blood de■ciency
abscesses with or without ulceration
· Consumptive thirst

· Constipation due to blood stasis and

intestinal dryness
Has less greasy property compared with
shú dì huáng
Dāng Guī vs. Bái Sháo

Medicinal Dāng Guī Bái Sháo
Similarities
Actions Tonif ies blood and regulates menstruation

Indications Blood de■ciency and menstrual irregularities
9-9◎06.indd 632 2014-12-17 14:20:18

Continued　　
Medicinal Dāng Guī Bái Sháo
Properties Sweet, acrid; warm Bitter, sour; slightly cold
Entered channels Heart —
· Invigorates blood and relieves pain
Astringes yin, soothes the liver and
Actions · Moistens the intestines and promotes
relieves pain, and calms the liver and
Differences
defecation subdues yang

· Blood de■ciency with heat

· Blood de■ciency with cold
· Night sweats due to yin deficiency,

· Blood deficiency with stasis or pain
spontaneous sweating due to exterior
Indications
due to blood stasis de■ciency, abdominal pain or spasms
· Constipation due to intestinal dryness
in the limbs, and dizziness due to
hyperactivity of liver yang
Shú Dì Huáng vs. Ē Jiāo

Medicinal Shú Dì Huáng Ē Jiāo
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Tonif ies blood and nourishes yin
Indications Blood and yin de■ciency
Properties Slightly warm Neutral
· Nourishes the lung and moistens dryness

Actions Tonif ies essence and marrow
· Stops bleeding

Differences
· Dry cough due to yin de■ciency, irritability

and insomnia due to yin deficiency, and
Liver, kidney essence and blood
stirring of wind due to yin de■ciency
de■ciency, marked by soreness and
· Coughing of blood, expectoration of blood,

Indications weakness of the waist and knees,
epistaxis, bloody stools and urine, and
dizziness and tinnitus, premature
menstrual ■ooding and spotting, especially
white hair
when these symptoms are accompanied by
yin de■ciency or blood de■ciency
Hé Shŏu Wū vs. Lóng Yăn Ròu

Medicinal Hé Shŏu Wū Lóng Yăn Ròu
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Actions Tonif ies blood

Indications Blood de■ciency
Astringent; slightly warm (processed)
Properties Warm
Bitter; neutral (raw)
Liver, kidney (processed)
Differences
Heart, liver, large intestine (raw)

· N
o u r i s h e s e s s e n c e a n d b l o o d
(processed)
Tonif ies the heart and spleen, boosts qi
Actions · Counteracts toxins, prevents malaria

and blood
attack, and moistens the intestines
and promotes defecation (raw)
9-9◎06.indd 633 2014-12-17 14:20:19

Continued　　
Medicinal Hé Shŏu Wū Lóng Yăn Ròu
· Premature white hair due to essence

Differences
and blood de■ciency (processed) Palpitations and insomnia due to heart

Indications · Sores and swelling, scrofula, chronic
and spleen de■ciency, and qi and blood
malaria and constipation due to de■ciency
intestinal dryness (raw)
Dà Zăo vs. Lóng Yăn Ròu

Medicinal Dà Zăo Lóng Yăn Ròu
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Nourishes blood, boosts qi and calms the mind
Indications Sallow complexion, anxiety due to blood de■ciency or qi and blood de■ciency
Entered channels Stomach —
· Tonif ies the middle

Differences
Actions · Harmonizes the properties of

Tonif ies heart and spleen qi and blood
other herbs
Visceral dryness due to blood Palpitations, insomnia, loss of memory due
deficiency, restlessness, fatigue, to heart and spleen deficiency, and weak
Indications
poor appetite and loose stools due constitution of aging patients with qi and
to center qi de■ciency blood de■ciency
Xiān Dì Huáng vs. Gān Dì Huáng vs. Shú Dì Huáng

Medicinal Xiān Dì Huáng Gān Dì Huáng Shú Dì Huáng
Similarities
Actions Nourishes yin and promotes ■uid production
Indications Yin, blood and ■uid de■ciency
Properties Bitter, sweet; very cold Bitter; cold Sweet; slightly warm
Clears heat and cools Nourishes blood and yin and
Actions Moistens the intestines
blood nourishes essence and marrow
· Blood de■ciency with cold or

· Blood heat and fluid

yin de■ciency with light fever
consumption, or essence,
· L iver blood insufficiency

blood, and yin fluid
marked by sallow complexion,
Blood heat or excessive de■ciency with heat, febrile
dizziness, palpitations,
Differences
heat due to yin de■ciency disease damaging yin with

menstrual irregularities,
especially for heat dark tongue, fever due to
menstrual flooding and
damaging the yin, dark yin de■ciency, consumptive
spotting, for treating kidney
Indications tongue, vexing thirst, thirst due to internal heat, thirst
yin deficiency marked by
macules and papules, due to fluid consumption,
soreness and weakness of
and hematemesis and hematemesis and epistaxis
the waist and knees, seminal
epistaxis due to blood due to blood heat, and macules
emission, night sweats, tinnitus
heat and papules
and deafness, and for essence
· C onstipation due to yin

and blood insuf■ciency marked
deficiency and intestinal
by dizziness and premature
dryness
white hair
9-9◎06.indd 634 2014-12-17 14:20:20

Continued　　
Medicinal Xiān Dì Huáng Gān Dì Huáng Shú Dì Huáng
Good at nourishing yin, with a
Has a weaker effect in
Differences
weaker effect of clearing heat

Special nourishing yin yet a
and cooling blood than xiān dì
features stronger effect in clearing
huáng, and is more greasy than
heat and cooling blood
xiān dì huáng
Chì Sháo vs. Bái Sháo
Medicinal Chì Sháo Bái Sháo

Similarities
Properties Bitter, slightly cold
Properties — Sour
Tonif ies and calms the liver, nourishes

Clears heat to cool blood and invigorates blood, astringes yin, soothes the liver
Actions
blood to relieve pain and relieves pain and calms the liver and
Differences
subdues yang
S allo w co mp lex ion d u e to bloo d

Heat entering ying-blood level, de■ciency, menstrual irregularities, night
macules and papules, hematemesis and sweats due to yin de■ciency, spontaneous
Indications epistaxis due to blood heat, as well as sweating due to exterior deficiency,
amenorrhea, painful menstruation due abdominal pain, spasms in the limbs, or
to blood stasis and trauma dizziness due to ascendant hyperactivity
of liver yang
4. Herbs that tonify yin
Nán Shā Shēn vs. Bĕi Shā Shēn
Medicinal Nán Shā Shēn Bĕi Shā Shēn
Properties Sweet; slightly cold

Similarities
Actions Nourishes yin, clears the lung, benef its the stomach and promotes ■uid production
Dry cough due to lung heat, consumptive cough due to yin de■ciency, dry mouth
Indications
and throat due to yin de■ciency and ■uid consumption
Source Family campanulaceae Family umbelliferae
Actions Replenishes qi and dispels phlegm —

Differences
Dry cough due to lung heat and Dry cough without sputum, consumptive
Indications consumptive cough due to yin de■ciency cough due to yin deficiency, and other
and insuf■ciency of qi and ■uid severe yin de■ciency conditions
Special features — Has a stronger effect in nourishing yin
9-9◎06.indd 635 2014-12-17 14:20:22

Mài Dōng vs. Tiān Dōng
Medicinal Mài Dōng Tiān Dōng
Properties Sweet

Similarities
Actions Nourishes yin, clears lung heat, moistens dryness and promotes ■uid production
Dry cough due to lung heat, consumptive cough or hemoptysis due to yin de■ciency,
Indications consumptive thirst due to internal heat and intestinal dryness due to fluid
consumption
Properties Slightly bitter; slightly cold Bitter; cold
Entered channels Heart, stomach Kidney
Benefits the stomach, promotes fluid

Actions production, clears heart ■re and relieves Nourishes yin and reduces ■re
Differences
irritability
Thirst due to stomach yin deficiency,

Steaming bone fever, night sweats and
Indications insomnia due to heart yin de■ciency or
seminal emission due to yin de■ciency
excessive heart ■re
Has a weaker effect in nourishing yin,

Special features clearing heat and moistening dryness —
compared to tiān dōng
Băi Hé vs. Mài Dōng
Medicinal Băi Hé Mài Dōng
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Entered channels Heart, lung
Actions Moistens the lung and clears heart ■re
Cough due to lung dryness, consumptive cough, hemoptysis and insomnia due to
Indications
de■ciency
Properties Cold Slightly bitter; slightly cold
Bene■ts the stomach and generates ■uid,

Differences
Actions Calms the mind moistens the intestine to relaxes the

bowels
Insomnia due to deficiency or heat Thirst due to stomach yin de■ciency or

Indications
remaining after febrile disease constipation due to intestinal dryness
Has a stronger effect in moistening the Has a better effect in clearing heart ■re
Special features
lung to relieve irritability
9-9◎06.indd 636 2014-12-17 14:20:23

Shí Hú vs. Yù Zhú

Medicinal Shí Hú Yù Zhú
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Entered channels Stomach

Actions Benef its the stomach and promotes ■uid production
Indications Vexing thirst due to ■uid consumption, and consumptive thirst due to internal heat
Properties Slightly cold Neutral
Differences
Clears de■ciency heat, improves vision,

Actions Nourishes yin and moistens the lung
strengthens the tendons and bones
· C ough due to lung dryness and

Fever due to yin de■ciency, poor vision consumptive cough due to yin de■ciency
Indications
and weakness in the tendons and bones · ■ xterior pattern fever with yin

de■ciency
Huáng Jīng vs. Gŏu Qĭ Zĭ

Medicinal Huáng Jīng Gŏu Qĭ Zĭ
Properties Sweet, neutral
Similarities
Actions Nourishes the kidney and lung

Dry cough due to yin deficiency, chronic and consumptive cough, and kidney
Indications essence insufficiency marked by soreness and weakness in the waist and knees,
dizziness and consumptive thirst due to internal heat
Entered channels Spleen, lung Liver
Nourishes blood and nourishes the
Actions Tonif ies spleen qi
essence, improves vision
Differences
■ssence and blood insuf■ciency marked

Indications Spleen and stomach de■ciency by impotence, seminal emission, sallow
complexion and poor vision
Key herb for tonifying qi and yin of the
Special features Key herb to tonify the liver and kidney
spleen, lung and kidney channels
Shān Yào vs. Huáng Jīng

Medicinal Shān Yào Huáng Jīng
Properties Sweet, neutral
Entered channels Lung, spleen and kidney
Similarities
Actions Key herbs for tonifying the three channels

Cough due to lung de■ciency, poor appetite and lassitude due to spleen de■ciency,
Indications soreness in the waist and knees due to kidney de■ciency, and consumptive thirst
due to internal heat
Differences
Properties Astringent —
Secures essence and reduces urination

Actions —
and leukorrhea
9-9◎06.indd 637 2014-12-17 14:20:24

Continued　　
Medicinal Shān Yào Huáng Jīng
Dry cough due to yin deficiency,
· Loose stools due to spleen de■ciency,

consumptive thirst due to internal heat,
and cough and asthma due to lung
and essence and blood insufficiency
Differences
Indications de■ciency
marked by dizziness, palpitations,
· Seminal emission, enuresis, frequent

soreness and weakness in the waist and
urination and excessive leukorrhea
knees, and premature white hair
Has a better effect in nourishing the
kidney and moistening the lung
Nǚ Zhēn Zĭ vs. Mò Hàn Lián

Medicinal Nǚ Zhēn Zĭ Mò Hàn Lián
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Entered channels Liver and kidney

Actions Tonif ies the liver and kidney
Indications Liver and kidney yin de■ciency marked by dizziness and premature white hair
Properties Bitter; cool Sour; cold
Actions Clears de■cient heat and improves vision Cools blood and stops bleeding
Differences
Yin deficiency with internal heat and

Bleeding due to yin de■ciency or blood
Indications poor vision due to liver and kidney
heat
de■ciency
Special features Good at nourishing yin Good at clearing heat
Sāng Shèn vs. Hēi Zhī Ma

Medicinal Sāng Shèn Hēi Zhī Ma
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Actions Nourishes yin and blood, moistens the intestines, promotes stool discharge
Insuf■ciency of liver and kidney, yin and blood insuff iciency marked by soreness
Indications and weakness of the waist and knees, dizziness, poor vision, premature white hair,
and intestinal dryness due to blood and ■uid insuf■ciency
Properties Sour; cold Neutral
Entered channels Heart Large intestine
Differences
Clears heat and promotes ■uid production Tonif i es liver and kidney, nourishes
Actions
to quench thirst essence and blood
Frequently occurring dizziness, tinnitus
Thirst due to fluid consumption and or deafness, and premature graying
Indications
consumptive thirst due to internal heat or loss of hair in the pattern of body
essence and blood de■ciency
9-9◎06.indd 638 2014-12-17 14:20:26

Guī Jiă vs. Biē Jiă

Medicinal Guī Jiă Biē Jiă
Similarities
Tonif i es liver and kidney yin to clear internal heat, subdues liver yang and
Actions
extinguishes wind
Yin de■ciency fever, yin de■ciency with yang hyperactivity and stirring of wind
Indications
due to yin de■ciency.
Properties Sweet —
· Nourishes blood and tonif ies the heart,

Tonif ies the kidney and strengthens the cools blood and stops bleeding
Actions
bones · Clears de■cient heat

Softens hardness and dissipates masses
Differences
·
· Palpitations, insomnia, poor memory

due to heart de■ciency, and ■ooding,
Weakness of bones due to kidney
spotting and profuse menstruation due
Indications de■ciency and non-closure of the fontanel
to insecurity of the penetrating and
in infants
conception vessels
· Fever due to yin de■ciency

Has a better effect of nourishing yin
than biē jiă
Review Questions
1. ■xplain the de■nition, common characteristics, actions, applications, preparations, cautions and contraindications
of herbs in this chapter.
2. ■xplain the classi■cations, characteristics, actions, cautions and contraindications of each type of tonic.
3. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of rén shēn, huáng qí, bái zhú and
gān căo.
4. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of dăng shēn, xī yáng shēn, shān
yào and dà zăo.
5. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of lù róng, zĭ hé chē, gé jiè, ròu
cōng róng and yín yáng huò.
6. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of bŭ gŭ zhī, tù sī zĭ, shā yuàn zĭ,
dù zhòng and xù duàn.
7. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of dāng guī, shú dì huáng, hé shŏu
wū, ē jiāo and bái sháo.
8. ■xplain the characteristics, actions, applications, cautions and contraindications of nán shā shēn, shí hú, mài dōng,
gŏu qĭ zĭ, guī jiă and biē jiă.
9. Compare the differences and similarities in characteristics, actions and applications of each group of herbs below:
rén shēn and dăng shēn; rén shēn and xī yáng shēn; dăng shēn and tài zĭ shēn; rén shēn and huáng qí; huáng qí
and bái zhú; shān yào and bái zhú; dà zăo and yí táng; cāng zhú and bái zhú.
lù róng and zĭ hé chē; ròu cōng róng and suŏ yáng; tù sī zĭ and shā yuàn zĭ, dù zhòng and xù duàn, xù duàn and gŭ
suì bŭ, bŭ gŭ zhī and yì zhì, xiān máo, yín yáng huò and bā jĭ tiān; dù zhòng, sāng jì shēng and gŏu jĭ; gé jiè, dōng
chóng xià căo and hé táo rén.
9-9◎06.indd 639 2014-12-17 14:20:27

dāng guī and shú dì huáng; dāng guī and bái sháo; shú dì huáng and ē jiāo; ē jiāo and lù jiăo jiāo; dāng guī and
jī xuè téng; dà zăo and lóng yăn ròu; bái sháo and chì sháo; xiān dì huáng, gān dì huáng and shú dì huáng.
nán shā shēn and bĕi shā shēn; tiān dōng and mài dōng; băi hé and mài dōng; shí hú and yù zhú; huáng jīng and
gŏu qĭ zĭ; shān yào and huáng jīng; nǚ zhēn zĭ and mò hàn lián; guī jiă and biē jiă; tiān dōng and zhī mŭ.
13. Lù róng, lù jiăo, lù jiăo jiāo and lù jiăo shuāng are all derived from the same thing. Compare the differences and
similarities in characteristics, actions and applications among them.
14. Sāng shèn, sāng yè, sāng zhī and sāng bái pí all come from the mulberry tree. What are the characteristics and
actions of each herb?
15. Zhī mŭ, tiān dōng, mài dōng, yù zhú, huáng jīng and băi hé are all in the lily family. What are the characteristics
and actions of these herbs?
16. Wŭ jiā pí, sān qī, rén shēn and xī yáng shēn are all in the family araliaceae. What are the characteristics and
actions of these herbs?
17. Lù jiăo jiāo, ē jiāo, guī jiă jiāo and biē jiă jiāo are all gums. What are the characteristics and actions of these
herbs?
18. Rén shēn, dăng shēn, nán shā shēn, xuán shēn and dān shēn all share similar properties and actions of ginseng.
What are the differences among them?
19. R én shēn, shān yào, dāng guī, shí hú and lù róng can all tonify deficiency. What are the differences in
characteristics and clinical applications among them?
20. Dù zhòng, sū gĕng, huáng qín, sāng jì shēng and bái zhú can all calm the fetus. What are the differences in
21. Bái zhú, shān yào, huáng lián, bŭ gŭ zhī and chē qián zĭ can all arrest diarrhea. What are the differences in
22. Lù jiăo jiāo, sān qī, mò hàn lián, bái jí and ài yè can all stop bleeding. What are the differences in characteristics
and clinical applications among them?
23. ■xplain the applications of the herbs below: rén shēn, xī yáng shēn, huáng qí, bái zhú, shān yào, biăn dòu, gān
căo, yí táng, lù róng, lù jiăo jiāo, zĭ hé chē, hé táo rén, dù zhòng, dāng guī, shú dì huáng, hé shŏu wū, ē jiāo, bái
sháo, shí hú, mài dōng, guī jiă, guī jiă jiāo, biē jiă, and biē jiă jiāo.
9-9◎06.indd 640 2014-12-17 14:20:29

641
CHAPTER 18
Herbs that Astringe
Section 1 Herbs that Arrest Sweating / 642 Shí Liú Pí 石榴皮 / 654
Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根 / 642 Section 3 H erbs that Secure Essence, Reduce
Fú Xiăo Mài 浮小麦 / 643 Urination and Check Leukorrhea / 656
Xiăo Mài 小麦 / 644 Shān Zhū Yú 山茱萸 / 656
Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根 / 644 Fù Pén Zĭ 覆盆子 / 658
Section 2 Herbs that Astringe the Lung and Large Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸 / 659
Intestine / 645 Jīn Yīng Zĭ 金樱子 / 660
Wŭ Wèi Zĭ 五味子 / 645 Hăi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸 / 661
Nán Wŭ Wèi Zĭ 南五味子 / 648 Lián Zĭ 莲子 / 663
Wū Méi 乌梅 / 648 Lián Xū 莲须 / 664
Yīng Sù Qiào 罂粟壳 / 649 Lián Fáng 莲房 / 664
Hē Zĭ 诃子 / 651 Hé Yè 荷叶 / 664
Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻 / 652 Hé Gĕng 荷梗 / 665
Chì Shí Zhī 赤石脂 / 653 Qiàn Shí 芡实 / 665
［De■nition］ Herbs with primary actions of astringing and consolidating are called herbs that
astringe.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Herbs in this category are commonly sour or astringent in flavor,
but can be warm or cold in nature. These herbs enter the lung, spleen, kidney or large intestine
channels to achieve the effects of arresting sweating, astringing the lung to relieve cough, astringing
the intestines to check diarrhea, securing essence and reducing urination, and astringing to check
leukorrhea and bleeding.
［Indications］ Herbs in this category are applicable for spontaneous sweating, night sweats,
chronic cough and wheezing, chronic diarrhea or dysentery, nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous
seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, leukorrhea and bleeding due to qi consumption or
de■ciency.
［Modi■cations］ Herbs in this category are applied basically to control symptoms rather than
root causes. Therefore, herbs for the treatment of the root cause are also necessary. The root causes
are usually considered as de■ciency in different patterns, such as qi de■cieny, yin de■ciency or yang
de■ciency, so herbs for nourishment of qi, yin or yang are often chosen in combination with herbs in
this category to increase the effects.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Herbs in this category should not be used for the patterns of
exterior pathogen attack, damp-heat diarrhea or dysentery, heat-derived bleeding or trapped internal
heat in order to avoid retaining of pathogens.
According to the effects, herbs in this category are classi■ed into three groups:
· herbs that arrest sweating
· herbs that astringe the lung and large intestine
· herbs that secure essence, reduce urination and check leukorrhea
9-9◎06.indd 641 2014-12-17 14:20:31

Section1 Herbs that Arrest Sweating

Herbs in this section are good at consolidating the exterior to check sweating. They are mainly
used for spontaneous sweating and night sweats. Spontaneous sweating is basically due to qi
de■ciency, so that herbs in this section are commonly used in combination with herbs for nourishing
qi to consolidate the exterior. Night sweats results from yin deficiency, so that in addition to the
herbs in this section, other herbs for nourishing yin and suppressing heat are necessarily used in
combination at the same time. For loss of consciousness with profuse sweating due to yang collapse,
herbs in this category are not effective enough.
Herbs in this section should not be prescribed in cases with sweating due to internal heat.
Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根

RADIX ET RHIZOMA EPHEDRAE
Ephedra Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica in

the Northern and Southern Dynasties (494 A.D.), under the
item of má huáng (Herba ■phedrae). It is the dry root and
rhizome of Ephedra sinica Stapf. or Ephedra intermedia
Schrenk et C. A. Mey., two kinds of shrubs of the family
Ephedra ceae.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner
Mongolia, Gansu and Sichuan of China.
［Collection］ The plants are collected at the beginning
of autumn. After the fibrous roots and stalks are removed,
the roots and rhizomes are dried in the sun. Roots that are
slightly hard in texture with brownish-red outer skin and
yellowish-white cross-sections are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again if necessary, lightly washed, moistened completely, cut into
thick pieces and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ Neutral in property, it enters the lung channel to act to consolidate the exterior
and check sweating. It is especially used for sweating, including spontaneous sweating and night
sweats. It can be used both internally and externally.
［Actions］ Consolidates the exterior to check sweating.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For spontaneous sweating, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix
Astragali) and bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to enhance the effects in strengthening
defensive qi and consolidating the exterior.
For night sweats due to yin deficiency, it is often combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix
Rehmanniae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to nourish yin and check sweating.
For profuse sweating frequently occurring in postpartum women in the pattern of qi and blood
9-9◎06.indd 642 2014-12-17 14:20:32

Chapter 18 Herbs that Astringe 643
deficiency, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis) to nourish both the yin and blood, such as in the formula Má Huáng Gēn Sǎn (■phedra
Root Powder).
2. Used externally, it can also check sweating. For profuse sweating in postpartum women, it
is often powdered together with calcined mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and applied topically. For sweaty
feet due to de■ciency, it is always powdered with huá shí (Talcum) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae), and
sprinkled over the feet.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, and also made into pills or
powder. For external use: the ■ne powder is applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with exterior wind-cold or wind-
heat attack.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains ephedra, ephedra root base and ephedra phenol.
［Pharmacological Research］ The alkaloid it contains can inhibit nicotine-induced fever and
sweating. ■phedrine can increase blood pressure. ■phedrine A and B can reduce blood pressure.
■phedrine can weaken the contractions of the isolated frog heart, expand the peripheral blood
vessels, and contract the intestines and uterine smooth muscles.
FúXiǎo Mài 浮小麦

FRUCTUS TRITICI LEVIS
Blighted Wheat
［Source］ Initially appeared in Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Méng Quán,
本草蒙筌) in the Ming Dynasty (1525 A.D.). It is the
dry grain of Triticum aestivum L., an annual herb of the
family Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fú “floating” and xiăo
mài “wheat”. It is the grain of the light wheat plant,
which is so light in texture that it always ■oats on top
of the water.
［Habitat］ Widely produced in China and other
countries.
［Collection］ It is collected when the wheat is
harvested, cleaned with water and dried. Grains that are
even in size, thin and clean are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned again with water and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart.
［Characteristics］ Sweet and cool in property, it especially enters the heart channel to check
sweating by slightly nourishing qi and yin and suppressing deficiency heat. It is applied for
spontaneous sweating and night sweats, and low fever or steaming bone fever due to yin de■ciency.
［Actions］ Checks sweating, nourishes qi and yin, and suppresses heat.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For spontaneous sweating and night sweats, it can be stir-fried
first and taken alone together with rice soup, or applied in combination with huáng qí (Radix
Astragali), baked mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) and má huáng gēn (Radix et Rhizoma ■phedrae) to check
9-9◎06.indd 643 2014-12-17 14:20:34

sweating by replenishing qi and consolidating the exterior, such as in the formula Mǔ Lì Sǎn (Oyster
Shell Powder). For night sweats, it is commonly applied in combination with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus
Schisandrae Chinensis), mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis) and dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to check
sweating by nourishing yin and reducing fever.
2. For chronic low fever due to heat and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with qīng hāo (Herba
Artemisiae Annuae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and mŭ dān pí (Cortex Moutan) to suppress
the fever by nourishing yin and reducing heat. For steaming bone fever, it is particularly combined
with qín jiāo (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and hú huáng lián
(Rhizoma Picrorhizae) to suppress the fever in different ways.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 15-30 g in decoction, or the stir-fried powder is
used orally. For checking sweating, the stir-fried herb is more effective.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains amylum, proteins, fats, coarse ■bers, enzymes, vitamins and
microelements.
［Pharmacological Research］ It promotes the body metabolism, inhibits the secretion of sweat
glands, reduces blood lipids and protects the liver.
Attachment: Xiǎo Mài 小麦

Fructus Tritici
［Source］ It is the dry grain of ripe wheat seeds.

［■ntered Channels］ Heart, spleen, kidney.
［Actions］ Mildly calms the heart and mind, nourishes qi and promotes ■uid production, checks sweating and
slightly induces diuresis.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for hysteria, anxiety, panic attacks, chronic thirst, profuse sweating and
chronic stranguria in the pattern of de■ciency. For hysteria, it is often combined with dà zăo (Fructus Jujubae) and gān căo
(Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae), such as in the formula Gān Mài Dà Zăo Tāng (Licorice, Wheat and Jujube Decoction).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 30-60 g generally in decoction, or taken as food.
Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根

RHIZOMA ET RADIX ORYZAE GLUTINOSAE
Glutinous Rice Root
［Source］ Initially appeared in Renewed Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Zài Xīn, 本草再新) in the
Qing Dynasty (1820 A.D.). It is the dried root or rhizome
of Oryza sativa L. var. glutinosa Matsum., an annual herb
of the family Gramineae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Nuò dào “glutinous rice”
and gēn “root”. It is the root and rhizome of the glutinous
rice plant.
［Habitat］ It is widely produced throughout China.
［Collection］ The glutinous rice plant is harvested
during summer and autumn. The root and rhizome are
taken only, washed clean and dried in the sun. Dry, long
9-9◎06.indd 644 2014-12-17 14:20:35

and yellowish-brown roots and rhizomes with stalks and leaves removed are of good quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is washed clean and dried for use.
［Characteristics］ Slightly sweet, neutral and cool in property, and entering the heart and liver
channels, it is good at checking sweating, promoting fluid production and suppressing deficiency
heat. It is applicable for spontaneous sweating, chronic fever and steaming bone fever.
［Actions］ Checks sweating, suppresses fever and nourishes stomach ■uid..
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For night sweats, it can be used alone or in combination with fú xiăo
mài (Fructus Tritici Levis), dì gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) to check
sweating, relieve fever and nourish yin and fluid. For spontaneous sweating, it is combined with
huáng qí (Radix Astragali), fú xiăo mài (Fructus Tritici Levis) and baked mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to
nourish qi, consolidate the exterior and check sweating.
2. For spontaneous sweating and chronic low fever, it is effectively combined with qīng hāo
(Herba Artemisiae Annuae), biē jiă (Carapax Trionycis) and zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae). For
steaming bone fever, which is basically due to yin consumption, it is often combined with huáng băi
(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and bái wēi (Radix et
Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati).
decoction. The fresh herb is more effective than the dried one.
［Ingredients］ It contains maize purine and its glucoside.
［Pharmacological Research］ 250-500 g per day applied in decoction shows effect on malayan
■lariasis.
Section 2 Herbs that Astringe the Lung and

Large Intestine
Herbs in this section are basically sour and astringent, and mainly enter the lung or large intestine
channels. They share the common actions of astringing the lung and large intestine to relieve cough
and check diarrhea. They are applied particularly for chronic cough and wheezing in the pattern of
lung qi de■ciency or lung and kidney de■ciency, and chronic diarrhea or dysentery in the pattern
of yang deficiency. In order to achieve a better effect, herbs in this section are often applied in
combination with herbs for nourishing qi or warming yang.
Herbs in this section are sour and astringent, so that they are not suitable for cough in the acute
stage, or for patients with dampness, phlegm or food retention.
WǔWèi Zǐ五味子
FRUCTUS SCHISANDRAE CHINENSIS
Chinese Magnolivine Fruit
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried mature fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., a
9-9◎06.indd 645 2014-12-17 14:20:37

perennial deciduous woody vine of the family Magnoliaceae.

［■xplanation of Name］ Wŭ “■ve”, wèi “taste” and zĭ
“fruit”. The whole fruit has five tastes—its skin and flesh
are sweet and sour, its seed acrid and bitter, and the whole
fruit tastes a bit salty.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in the northeast of China,
Inner Mongolia and Hebei.
［Collection］ The fruit is harvested when it turns
purplish-red, and is dried in the sun or shade. Purplish-red,
big, ■eshy and glossy fruits are of the best quality.
［Processing］ After the stalks are removed, it is cleaned
with water and dried for use, or vinegar-processed ■rst. It is
pounded slightly before use.
［Properties］ Sour, sweet; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, kidney, heart.
［Characteristics］ The sweet and sour tastes are dominating among its five flavors, so that it
mainly shows actions of nourishment and astringency. It enters the lung and kidney channels to
relieve cough and diarrhea, the heart channel to nourish the heart and calm the heart and mind,
and the kidney channel to check seminal emission. It nourishes qi and yin, promotes body fluid
production and consolidates the exterior to check sweating as well.
［Actions］ Astringes the lung and large intestine, nourishes the kidney, promotes fluid
production, checks sweating, enuresis and seminal emission, and calms the heart and mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic cough in the pattern of lung qi deficiency, it is often
combined with yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris) to reinforce the effects, such as in the formula
Wǔ Wèi Zǐ Wán (Magnolivine Fruit Pill).
For wheezing and cough in the pattern of lung qi de■ciency, it is often combined with rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), huáng qí (Radix Astragali) and zĭ wăn (Radix et Rhizoma Asteris)
to enhance the effects in reinforcing qi and relieving wheezing, such as in the formula Bŭ Fèi Tāng
(Lung-Supplementing Decoction).
For cough and wheezing in the pattern of both lung and kidney deficiency, it is often
combined with shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and shān
yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to relieve the problems by tonifying the lung and kidney to improve qi
reception of the kidney, such as in the formula Dū Qì Wán (Qi-Restraining Pill).
For chronic phlegm-fluid internal retention triggered by exterior wind cold attack, with
symptoms such as aversion to cold, fever and cough with profuse thin phlegm, it is often combined
with má huáng (Herba ■phedrae), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and xì xīn (Radix et Rhizoma
Asari) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Xiăo Qīng Lóng Tāng (Minor Green Dragon
Decoction).
2. For thirst with profuse sweating due to heat consuming the body qi and ■uid, it is commonly
combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), such as
in the formula Shēng Mài Săn (Pulse-Reinforcing Powder).
For consumptive thirst accompanied by frequent urination, it is often combined with huáng qí
(Radix Astragali), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), zhī mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) and tiān huā
fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) to replenish qi and promote ■uid production, such as in the formula Yù Yè
Tāng (Jade Humor Decoction).
9-9◎06.indd 646 2014-12-17 14:20:38

3. For spontaneous sweating, it is combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and mŭ lì (Concha Ostreae) to check sweating by nourishing qi and
consolidating the exterior. For night sweats, it is often commonly combined with salt-prepared zhī
mŭ (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and fú xiăo mài (Fructus
Tritici Levis) to check sweating by cultivating yin and reducing heat.
4. For seminal emission with fatigue, it alone can be boiled into paste and taken orally.
For spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of extreme kidney deficiency, it is often
combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis) and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), such as in the formula
Sāng Piāo Xiāo Wán (Mantis ■gg-Case Powder); or is combined with tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and
shé chuáng zĭ (Fructus Cnidii), such as in the formula Sān Cái Wán (Heaven, Human and ■arth Pill).
For nocturnal emission in the pattern of yin deficiency and def iciency heat, it is often
combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and
shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) to nourish kidney yin and secure essence, such as in the formula Mài
Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Ophiopogon, Magnolivine and Rehmannia Pill).
5. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined
with wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae), bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae)
to warmly check diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén Wán (Four Spirits Pill).
6. For anxiety, panic attacks, palpitations, insomnia and dreaminess due to yin and blood
deficiency, it is often combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) to calm the heart, tranquilize the mind,
and nourish yin and blood, such as in the formula Tiān Wáng Bŭ Xīn Dān (Celestial ■mperor Heart-
Supplementing ■lixir). It can also be used for insomnia due to other reasons.
7. In addition, its powder taken internally lowers the level of aminotransferase from chronic
hepatitis. Applied externally, it is effective for mouth ulcers.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 2-6 g in decoction, or 1-3 g each time in powder.
It also can be made into paste, pills or powder. For external use: its powder is applied topically, or
its decoction is applied for topical rinsing. For the purpose of astringing the lung, a small dose is
encouraged, while for nourishment or tranquilizing, a large dose is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with exterior syndrome, internal
heat, cough in the early stage or measles, since it is warm and astringent in property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains volatile oils and lignans. The volatile oils include α-pinene,
camphene, β-pinene, etc., while lignans contain lipid schisandrin and schisandrin B, C. It also
contains organic acids, sterols, tannins and resins.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows inhibitory and activating effects on the cerebral cortex
to tranquilize the mind and inhibit convulsions. It shows a similar adaptive effect as rén shēn (Radix
et Rhizoma Ginseng), increasing the defensive ability to the non-specific stimulation, increasing
the number of white blood cells, and promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogen decomposition to
improve the metabolism of glucose. It also shows the effects of anti-fatigue, anti-oxidation, anti-
aging, strengthening the heart, regulating the energy metabolism of myocardial cells, improving
myocardial nutrition and function, and increasing the coronary blood flow. It has a preventative
effect against liver injury, which can reduce liver cell necrosis and prevent fatty liver, and it also has
the effects of anti-hepatic fibrosis, improving liver function, accelerating repair and regeneration
of liver cells, enhancing the detoxi■cation ability of the liver and promoting bile secretion. It can
signi■cantly reduce the level of GPT; however, after stopping the use of it there can be a return to
previous levels. It excites the uterine smooth muscles of non-pregnant, pregnant and postpartum
9-9◎06.indd 647 2014-12-17 14:20:39

females. Its decoction has respiratory excitation effect, which can counter morphine-induced
respiratory inhibition. Its acidic composition has obvious expectorant and antitussive actions. Its
alcohol immersion can inhibit a variety of Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria in vitro, while in
vivo, it has anti-ulcer, anti-allergic, anti-cancer and anti-virus effects.
Attachment: Nán WǔWèi Zǐ 南五味子

Fructus Schisandrae Sphenantherae
［Source］ It is the dried and ripe fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils., an herb of the family
Magnoliaceae.
［Habitat］ It is mainly produced in Shaanxi and Hubei provinces of China.
It is similar to bĕi wŭ wèi zĭ in property, entered channels, actions, indications, dosage and administration,
cautions and contraindications, and modi■cations. However, their chemical components are not exactly the same.
WūMéi 乌梅
FRUCTUS MUME
Smoked Plum
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried nearly ripe fruit of
Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc., a deciduous tree of the
family Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Wū “black” and méi “plum”.
It is a kind of plum, and turns black after being smoked.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang,
Hubei, Guizhou and Hunan provinces of China; the ones
produced in Sichuan Province and Changxing of Zhejiang
Province are of the highest quality and quantity.
［Collection］ The fruits are collected when nearly ripe in summer. They are heated at a low
temperature to dry them, and their color turns to black. Big, ■eshy and soft fruits with an extremely
sour taste are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is simply cleaned and washed well, and then dried. It is used with the core
removed, or charred.
［Properties］ Sour, astringent; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Liver, spleen, lung, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sour, astringent and neutral in property. It enters the lung channel where
it astringes the lung to relieve cough, the large intestine channel where it astringes the intestines
to check diarrhea, and the liver and spleen channels where it astringes and stops bleeding. It has a
strong sour taste, which indicates an effect of sedating ascaris and promoting ■uid production.
［Actions］ Astringes the lung and relieves cough, astringes the intestines and checks diarrhea,
promotes fluid production to quench thirst, sedates ascaris to relieve pain and astringes to stop
bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic cough with scanty sputum or dry cough in the pattern
of lung de■ciency, it is often combined with yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris) to reinforce the
9-9◎06.indd 648 2014-12-17 14:20:41

effect, or with xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and ē jiāo (Colla
Corii Asini) to relieve the cough and moisten the lung, such as in the formula Yī Fú Sǎn (One-Dose
Release Powder).
2. For diarrhea or dysentery, it is often combined with ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae), rén shēn
(Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) to warmly strengthen the spleen qi and
yang, and check diarrhea, such as in the formula Gù Cháng Wán (Intestine-Consolidating Pill).
3. For thirst due to ■uid consumption, it can be used alone or in combination with gān căo (Radix
et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and salt in decoction.
For consumptive thirst in the pattern of both qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with
rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), tiān huā fĕn (Radix Trichosanthis) and mài dōng (Radix
Ophiopogonis) to activate qi and nourish yin and relieve the thirst, such as in the formula Yù Quán
Wán (Jade Spring Pill).
For chronic low fever or febrile sensation of the body, and thirst due to yin de■ciency, it is
often combined with mài dōng (Radix Ophiopogonis), shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and dì
gŭ pí (Cortex Lycii) to relieve the thirst and fever by nourishing yin and suppressing heat.
4. For syncope, abdominal pain, vomiting and cold limbs in the case of round worm infection, it
is commonly combined with huā jiāo (Pericarpium Zanthoxyli), gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and
huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis) to sedate round worms and relieve pain, such as in the formula Wū
Méi Wán (Mume Pill).
5. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is necessarily combined with zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus
Trachycarpi Carbonisatus) and charred páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) to improve the
effects. If the metrorrhagia and metrostaxis are triggered by heat, or the cases present with hemafecia
due to blood heat, it is combined with charred dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae), huái huā (Flos Sophorae)
and shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae). For hematuria, it is combined with bái máo gēn (Rhizoma
Imperatae), xiăo jì (Herba Cirsii) and huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae).
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g generally and 30 g if necessary in
decoction, or made into pills or powder. For stopping bleeding or diarrhea, the charred herb is used,
while for promoting ■uid production and sedating ascaris, the unprepared herb is used.
［Ingredients］ It contains citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, oleanolic acid and
other organic acids, a variety of ■avonoid glycosides and triterpene fatty acid esters.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with exterior pattern or excessive
pathogens accumulated internally, since it is astringing in effect.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows the effects of enhancing immunity and inhibiting cancer
in the isolated rabbit intestines. It counteracts the allergic reaction from protein, and shock from
histamine. Its decoction inhibits a variety of pathogenic bacteria and skin fungi, while it excites
ascaris suum. The bile of dogs fed with the decoction stimulates a withdrawal of ascariasis, and
slightly contracts the gallbladder.
Yīng SùQiào 罂粟壳

PERICARPIUM PAPAVERIS
Poppy Husk
［Source］ Initially appeared in Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica (Bĕn Căo Tú Jīng, 本草图
经) in the Northern Song Dynasty (1601 A.D.). It is the dried ripe fruit of Papaver somniferum L. , a
9-9◎06.indd 649 2014-12-17 14:20:42

biennial herb of the family Papaveraceae.

［■xplanation of Name］ Yīng “jar with big belly and small
mouth”, sù “millet” and qiào “shell”. The fruit is shaped like a
jar with big belly and small mouth, the seed is small and millet-
like, and the fruit peel is slightly hard like a shell.
［Habitat］ It is only used as medicine and is produced in
plantations under the control of the government.
［Collection］ The ripe fruit is collected with the sap removed on purpose. It is broken up and
dried in the sun. Big, solid and yellowish-white fruits with thick shells are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, washed, moistened thoroughly, cut into small strips or slices, and
dried for use, or honey- or vinegar-processed for use.
［Properties］ Sour, astringent; neutral; addictive.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, large intestine, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Sour, astringent, neutral and addictive in property, it enters the lung and
kidney channels to relieve cough by astringing the lung qi and the kidney qi, and enters the large
intestine channel to arrest diarrhea and relieve pain. It is addictive.
［Actions］ Astringes the lung and kidney to relieve cough, and astringes the large intestine to
check diarrhea and relieve pain.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic dysentery complicated with qi de■ciency, it is commonly
combined with zhĭ qiào (Fructus Aurantii), bái sháo (Radix Paeoniae Alba) and hē zĭ (Fructus
Chebulae) to strengthen qi and arrest diarrhea, such as in the formula Gù Cháng Tāng (Intestines-
Consolidating Decoction).
For chronic diarrhea, dysentery or rectal prolapse due to spleen and kidney yang de■ciency,
it is necessarily combined with ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae), ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi) and
bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to warmly invigorate the actions of the spleen and
kidney, and astringe to check diarrhea, such as in the formula Zhēn Rén Yǎng Zàng Tāng (■nlightened
Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction).
2. For uncontrolled chronic cough due to lung deficiency, the honey-prepared product is
powdered and taken orally, or is combined with wū méi (Fructus Mume), such as in the formula Xiǎo
Bǎi Láo Sǎn (Small Chronic Consumptive Cough-Relieving Powder).
3. In addition, it strongly relieves pain alone or in combination, and is applied for either internal
pain or muscular and joint pain. It can also be used to astringe emission, and is applied to control
spontaneous seminal emission.
For relieving cough, the honey-prepared herb is used, while for arresting diarrhea or relieving pain,
the vinegar-processed herb is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is astringent and addictive in property, so that over-use is not
encouraged. It is strictly prohibited for cases with cough or dysentery in the initial stage. Overdose
application may cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, restlessness, dyspnea and constriction of the
pupils.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains morphine, codeine, narcotine, papaverine, alkali and other
poppy alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of analgesia, hypnosis and relieving cough, and
has an inhibitory effect on breathing. It can also increase the tension of the gastrointestinal tract and
the sphincter, and reduce the secretion of digestive juices to check diarrhea.
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Hē Zǐ诃子
FRUCTUS CHEBULAE
Medicine Terminalia Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (Jīn Guì Yào Lüè, 金匮要
略) in the Han Dynasty (3rd century A.D.). Its original
name was hē lí lè (诃黎勒). It is the dried ripe fruit of
Terminalia chebula Retz. or Terminalia chebula Retz.
var. tomentella kurt., two kinds of deciduous trees of the
family Combretaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hē zǐ is the short form of
the transliteration of “haritaki” in Sanskrit, which means
“contolled by the gods”. It was originally produced in
India, and its fruit is so able to cure diseases that it is just
like angels sent by the gods to save peoples’ lives.
［Habitat］ It now is mainly produced in Lincang and
Dehong areas of Yunnan Province of China, and also in India.
［Collection］ The fruit is collected on sunny days in
the late autumn or early winter when it is ripe, and dried
in the sun. Big, brownish-yellow, solid, glossy and dry fruits are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, washed well and dried for use, or baked ■rst for use. It is pounded into
pieces before clinical application, or the kernel is removed, and only the ■esh kept for medicinal use.
［Properties］ Bitter, sour, astringent; neutral.
［Characteristics］ Bitter, sour, astringent and slightly cool in property, it enters the lung and
large intestine channels to astringe the lung and the large intestine to relieve cough and diarrhea,
and descend lung ■re to ease the throat and relieve hoarseness. It is applicable for chronic cough
complicated with lung de■ciency or heat, chronic diarrhea or dysentery, pharyngitis or laryngitis.
［Actions］ Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea, astringes the lung to relieve cough
and eases the throat.
［Clinical Application］ 1. For fecal incontinence in the pattern of de■ciency cold, its powder
alone is taken orally together with rice soup, such as in the formula Hē Lí Lè Sǎn (Terminalia
Powder).
For chronic diarrhea or dysentery, with possible prolapse of the rectum due to extreme de■ciency
cold, it is necessarily combined with yīng sù qiào (Pericarpium Papaveris), gān jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis) and chén pí (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) to warm the interior and consolidate qi to check
diarrhea, such as in the formula Hē Zǐ Pí Sǎn (Terminalia and Tangerine Powder).
2. For chronic cough in the pattern of lung qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined with rén
shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to achieve the
effects of nourishing and astringing the lung to relieve cough.
For hoarseness or loss of voice in the pattern of lung qi and yin de■ciency, it is often combined
with gān căo (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) and jié gĕng (Radix Platycodonis) to nourish the lung
and restore the voice, such as in the formula Hē Zǐ Tāng (Terminalia Decoction).
9-9◎06.indd 651 2014-12-17 14:20:45

For hoarseness or loss of voice accompanied by chronic cough, it is often combined with xìng
rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum) and tōng căo (Medulla Tetrapanacis), such as in the formula Hē Zǐ
Sǎn (Terminalia Powder).
For the purpose of relieving cough and hoarseness, the simple dried herb is used, while for checking
diarrhea the baked herb is used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with exterior syndrome, damp heat
retention, cough or dysentery in the initial stage, since it is astringent and may worsen the problems.
［Ingredients］ It contains 30％-40％ of tannins, which are composed of terminalia acid, blame
lile acid and gallic acid. It also contains shikimic acid, quinic acid, tannic acid enzyme, terchebin,
sennoside, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The tannin it contains can astringe the intestines to check diarrhea.
The terchebin it contains shows papaverine-like spasmolysis effects to the smooth muscles, and can
also relax the intestinal tract. Its decoction inhibits shigella flexneri, diphtheria bacillus, typhoid
bacillus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus and influenza
virus. It also counteracts oxidation.
Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻

SEMEN MYRISTICAE
Nutmeg
［Source］ Initially appeared in Treatise on Medicinal Properties in the Tang Dynasty (7th
century A.D.). It is the dried ripe kernel of Myristica fragrans
Houtt., a tall tree of the family Myristicaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Ròu “flesh” and dòu kòu
“katsumadai”. Its fruit appears like that of katsumadai, and its
kernel is medicinal. It is also called dòu kòu or ròu guǒ (肉果).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri
Lanka and India.
［Collection］ It is collected from April to June, or November
to December. The ripe fruit is picked, the peel and flesh are
removed, and the kernel only is retained and dried at a low
temperature. Big and solid kernels with strong aroma when
crushed are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned, washed quickly and dried for use, or roasted ■rst.
［Properties］ Sour; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, stomach, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Aromatic, warm, drying and astringent in property, it enters the spleen,
stomach and large intestine channels to warm the middle, warmly activate the stomach qi, and
astringe the large intestine to check diarrhea.
［Actions］ Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea, warms the middle and moves the
middle qi.
［Clinical Application］ 1. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery in the pattern of spleen and kidney
yang deficiency, it is commonly combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), ròu guì
9-9◎06.indd 652 2014-12-17 14:20:47

(Cortex Cinnamomi) and hē zĭ (Fructus Chebulae) to warmly astringe the intestines to check diarrhea
or dysentery, and replenish qi and yang as well, such as in the formula Zhēn Rén Yǎng Zàng Tāng
(■nlightened Master Viscera-Nourishing Decoction).
For early morning diarrhea due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with bŭ gŭ zhī
(Fructus Psoraleae), wú zhū yú (Fructus ■vodiae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to
warm the kindey yang, astringe the large intestine and check diarrhea, such as in the formula Sì Shén
Wán (Four Spirits Pill).
2. For abdominal distension and pain, vomiting and reduced appetite due to yang de■ciency of
the middle jiao, it is commonly combined with mù xiāng (Radix Aucklandiae), bàn xià (Rhizoma
Pinelliae) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to warm the middle and move the middle qi to relieve
the distension and pain.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-10 g in decoction, or 0.5-1 g per time in pills or
powder. It should be roasted before use to reduce the amount of oil it contains.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with damp heat or yin de■ciency
with def iciency heat, since it is warm and drying in property and may assist heat or ■re. Overdose
may cause poisoning, which may appear as loss of consciousness, dilated pupils and convulsions. It
has been reported that 7.5 g in powder can cause symptoms such as dizziness, delirium and lethargy,
and that a larger dose may even cause death.
［Ingredients］ It contains 25％-46％ fatty oils, 8％-15％ volatile oils and 4％ toxic myristicin.
The volatile oils are composed of sabinene, α-pinene, etc. It also contains myrislignan.
［Pharmacological Research］ The volatile oils it contains can release the exterior and invigorate
the stomach, increase gastric secretions and stimulate intestinal peristalsis. The terpenoid of the
volatile oils inhibits bacteria and mold. Nutmeg oil induces dilated pupils, unsteady gait, and slows
down breathing and re■exes. Myristicin induces hallucinations in healthy people, and moderately
excites the human brain. The whole kernel may affect blood vessel status, induce miosis, affective
impulse, loneliness and disturbance of intellectual activities.
ChìShíZhī赤石脂
HALLOYSITUM RUBRUM
Halloysite
Han Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is silicate halloysite
mineral.
［■xplanation of Name］ Chì “reddish”, shí “stone”
and zhī “fat”. It is dark reddish, and smooth and greasy
as fat.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Fujian, Henan,
Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected the year round. Reddish
and smooth stones that are easily crushed and sticky to
the teeth are of the best quality.
reduced to powder for use, or it is calcined first and
9-9◎06.indd 653 2014-12-17 14:20:48

pounded into pieces for use.

［Properties］ Sweet, sour, astringent; warm.
［■ntered Channels］ Large intestine, stomach.
［Characteristics］ Sour, astringent, warm and descending in property, it enters the large
intestine and stomach channels to warm and astringe at the same time. Internally, it is applied for
chronic diarrhea and dysentery, bleeding and leukorrhea. ■xternally, it is applied to dry dampness
and improve the healing of ulcers. It is particularly effective for fecal incontinence in the pattern of
de■ciency cold.
［Actions］ Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea, and astringes to arrest bleeding and
improve the healing of ulcers.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery, it is often combined with yŭ
yú liáng (Limonitum), such as in the formula Chì Shí Zhī Yǔ Yú Liáng Wán (Red Halloysite and
Limonite Pill); or it is combined with gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and jīng mĭ (Semen Oryza
Sativa) to warmly astringe the large intestine to check diarrhea, such as in the formula Táo Huā Tāng
(Peach Blossom Decoction).
2. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is often combined with hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha
Sepiae) and cè băi yè (Cacumen Platycladi) to enhance its effect, such as in the formula Zī Xuè Tāng
(Blood-Nourishing Decoction).
For leukorrhea with red and white vaginal discharge in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency,
it is often combined with lù jiăo shuāng (Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales)
to warm the kidney yang and dry the dampness to cure leukorrhea.
For hemorrhoidal bleeding due to damp heat pouring down, it is commonly combined with
huáng qín (Radix Scutellariae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to purge
heat, dry dampness, cool blood and arrest bleeding.
3. For eczema and chronic ulcers, it is powdered together with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis), lú gān shí
(Calamina) and xuè jié (Sanguis Draconis), and applied topically.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 10-20 g in decoction, pounded and boiled for a
longer time; or made into pills or powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically alone or
in mixture with other adjuvant or dry herbal powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for pregnant women and patients with damp heat or
food retention, since it is warm and astringent. It is contraindicated for use with ròu guì (Cortex Cinnamomi).
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains hydrated aluminium silicate [Al4 (Si4O10) (OH) 8 · 4H2O], and
also contains iron oxides.
［Pharmacological Research］ It internally absorbs toxic substances and the products of abnormal
food fermentation in the digestive tract, and locally protects in■amed gastrointestinal mucosa.
ShíLiúPí石榴皮
PERICARPIUM GRANATI
Pomegranate Husk
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing (Léi Gōng Páo
Zhì Lùn, 雷公炮炙论) in the Liu Song Kingdom of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (5th century
A.D.). It is the dried fruit peel of Punica granatum L., a deciduous shrub of the family Punicaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shí liú “solid tumor” and pí “peel”. The fruit grows densely on the tree
9-9◎06.indd 654 2014-12-17 14:20:49

branches, looking like many solid tumors or lumps.

［Habitat］ Widely produced everywhere in
China, but mainly in Jiangsu, Hunan, Shandong,
Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces.
［Collection］ The fruit is collected in autumn
when ripe and the tip is breaking up. After the seeds
and fruit segments are removed, the peel is cut into
pieces and dried in the sun. Fleshy peels with brown-
reddish color are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is simply washed and dried for
use, or deeply fried ■rst.
［Properties］ Sour, astringent; warm; slightly toxic.
［Characteristics］ Sour, astringent, warm and slightly toxic in property, it enters the stomach
and large intestine channels to astringe and arrest diarrhea, bleeding and vaginal discharge. It also
kills parasites.
［Actions］ Astringes to check diarrhea, bleeding and leukorrhea, and kills parasites.
［Clinical Application］ 1. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi deficiency,
it is combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae) and shā rén (Fructus Amomi) to enhance the effects in invigorating the spleen and
astringing the large intestine to check diarrhea.
For chronic dysentery with lingering damp heat, it is combined with huáng băi (Cortex
Phellodendri Chinensis), ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini) and gān jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis) to clear heat,
dry dampness, regulate the intestine and check diarrhea.
For fecal incontinence and rectal prolapse, it is decocted together with wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla
Chinensis) and bái fán (Alumen), and applied through topical rinsing.
For damp-heat diarrhea, it alone is decocted or powdered, and taken orally, or applied in
combination with huáng lián (Rhizoma Coptidis), qín pí (Cortex Fraxini) and bái tóu wēng (Radix
Pulsatillae) to purge heat and toxins and dry dampness to relieve diarrhea.
2. For bloody stools triggered by damp heat, it is combined with hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha
Sepiae), dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) and huái huā (Flos Sophorae) to cool blood, and astringe to
arrest bleeding. If the bloody stools are due to the pattern of de■ciency cold, it is combined with
charred páo jiāng (Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatum) and charred fáng fēng (Radix Saposhnikoviae)
to warmly arrest bleeding.
For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis and hypermenorrhea, it is often used in combination with other
herbs based on pattern differentiation to improve the effects.
For vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, it is often combined with ē jiāo (Colla Corii Asini),
fried dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) and charred ài yè (Folium Artemisiae Argyi) to nourish blood
and arrest bleeding to prevent abortion.
3. For yellow and turbid leukorrhea due to damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with
huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi) to clear heat and dry
dampness to check leukorrhea.
For clear thin leukorrhea due to damp cold, it is often combined with páo jiāng (Rhizoma
Zingiberis Praeparatum), processed cāng zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis) and ài yè (Folium Artemisiae
Argyi) to warmly dry the dampness.
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4. For intestinal parasite infection such as infection of ascaris, hookworm and tapeworm, it is
used alone, or in combination with wū méi (Fructus Mume), bīng láng (Semen Arecae) and chuān
jiāo (charred) to enhance the effects.
5. In addition, it is applied to treat mange, eczema, abscesses, swelling, sores, toxins and ulcers
by drying dampness.
For external use: it is decocted and applied through topical rinsing, or the powder is applied topically.
For the purpose of stopping bleeding it should be charred ■rst.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is toxic, so an excessive dose is not encouraged.
［Ingredients］ It contains tannins, wax, resins, mannitol, mucus quality, gallic acid, malic acid,
pectin, gums, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ The tannin it contains is astringent. Its decoction kills intestinal
parasites, bacteria, skin fungus, influenza virus and genital herpes virus. The powder resists
conception in women. The toxicity of pomegranate alkaloids is 25 times that of pomegranate, and
presents symptoms such as respiratory and physical movement paralysis.
Section 3 Herbs that Secure Essence, Reduce

Urination and Check Leukorrhea
Herbs in this section are sour and astringent in property, and mainly enter the kidney and bladder
channels. They are good at securing kidney essence, reducing urination and checking leukorrhea.
Some of them have the actions of nourishing kidney qi or essence. They are mainly applied for
nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis, frequent urination, metrorrhagia
and metrostaxis, and leukorrhea due to kidney qi or essence deficiency. Herbs in this section are
prohibited when these problems are due to completely different causes such as damp heat.
Shān ZhūYú山茱萸
FRUCTUS CORNI
Cornus
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the flesh of the ripe fruit of
Cornus of■cinalis Sieb. et Zucc., a small deciduous tree of the
family Cornaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shān “mountain”, zhū “tree trunk”
and yú “bending”. The tree grows on mountains and the trunks
are often bending.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang and Henan provinces,
but also in Anhui, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces of
China; that which is produced in Zhejiang is of large output and
highest quality.
［Collection］ It is collected from late autumn to early
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winter when the fruit is ripe. The fruit is blanched slightly in boiling water to facilitate the removal
of the seed and then dried at a low temperature. Fleshy and soft fruits with dark reddish color are of
the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply for use, or wine-processed for use.
［Properties］ Sour; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ Sour, astringent, slightly warm, moistening and tonifying in property and
effects, it enters the liver and kidney channels to astringe and tonify at the same time. Warm but not
very drying, it is tonifying but in a mild way. It toni■es the kidney yang and essence as well, and is
effective for incontinence that is completely due to de■ciency.
［Actions］ Toni■es and secures the essence of the liver and kidney.
［Clinical Application］ 1. For dizziness, tinnitus, and weakness and aching pain in the waist and
knees in the pattern of liver and kidney yin de■ciency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng
(Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and fú líng (Poria) to enhance
the effect in tonifying the liver and kidney yin, such as in the formula Liù Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Six-
Ingredient Rehmannia Pill).
For aching pain in waist and knees and difficult urination in the pattern of kidney yang
de■ciency, it is commonly combined with fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), guì zhī (Ramulus
Cinnamomi) and shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) to warmly tonify the kidney yang,
such as in the formula Jīn Guì Shèn Qì Wán (Golden Cabinet’s Kidney Qi Pill).
2. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney yin
de■ciency, it is commonly combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), gŏu qĭ zĭ
(Fructus Lycii) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to nourish the kidney yin and secure the essence,
such as in the formula Zuǒ Guī Wán (Left-Restoring Pill).
For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission due to kidney yang
de■ciency, it is often combined with bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae) and dāng guī (Radix Angelicae
Sinensis) to tonify the kidney yang and secure the kidney essence, such as in the formula Cǎo Huán
Dān (Yang-Recovering Pill).
For enuresis due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca
Mantidis), fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and goat’s bladder to nourish the kidney qi and
reduce urination.
For enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney qi deficiency in the elderly, it is often
combined with yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae), rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and
bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to reduce urination by tonifying and securing the
kidney qi.
3. For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis or hypermenorrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency failing to keep
blood flowing normally, it is often combined with huáng qí (Radix Astragali), bái zhú (Rhizoma
Atractylodis Macrocephalae), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and hăi piāo xiāo (■ndoconcha Sepiae) to arrest
bleeding and replenish the spleen qi, such as in the formula Gù Chōng Tāng (Penetrating Vessel-
Securing Decoction).
For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with blood that is light in color and thin, it is often combined
with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), dāng guī (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and ròu guì
(Cortex Cinnamomi) in order to check bleeding and warmly tonify and secure the kidney yang, such
as in the formula Yòu Guī Wán (Right-Restoring Pill).
4. For profuse sweating especially due to de■ciency, it is quite effective in checking sweating.
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For this purpose, it can be used alone or in combination with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng),
fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) to tonify qi, restore yang and
rescue from collapse, such as in the formula Lái Fù Tāng (Pulse-Returning Decoction).
5. In addition, combined with shēng dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae) and tiān huā fĕn (Radix
Trichosanthis) , it is used for diabetes in the pattern of both yin and yang de■ciency.
decotion, or made into pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with excessive heat, because it is
warm and astringent.
［Ingredients］ It contains tannins, dogwood glycosides, saponins, gallic acid, malic acid,
vitamin A, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It elevates the number of white blood cells, enhances immunity,
counteracts reaction from stress, inhibits hypoxia, oxidation and fatigue, improves memory,
strengthens the heart, dilates the peripheral vessels, inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis,
reduces cholesterol, inhibits arteriosclerosis, lowers blood glucose and blood pressure, induces
diuresis, and inhibits in■ammation and bacteria.
FùPén Zǐ覆盆子
FRUCTUS RUBI
Chinese Raspberry
［Source］ Initially appeared in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians (Míng Yī Bié

Lù, 名医别录) in the Liang Kingdom in the Northern and
Southern Dynasties (500 A.D.). It is the dried fruit of Rubus
chingii Hu, a deciduous shrub of the family Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Fù “covering”, pén “bowl”
and zĭ “seed-like fruit”. Its fruit grows to form a shape like
a bowl covering something. It is recorded that it is able
to reduce profuse urination, so that someone who takes it
will ■nd the enuresis gone, and the bed bottle will not be
needed anymore.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Zhejiang and Fujian,
but also in Sichuan, Anhui and Shaanxi provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in the early summer when the fruit turns from green to yellowish-
green. It is cleaned of impurities, blanched quickly in boiling water or steamed slightly for better
drying, and then dried for use. Complete, plump, sour and yellowish-green fruits are of the best
quality.
［Processing］ It is simply cleaned if necessary for use, or salt-processed for use.
［Properties］ Sour, sweet; slightly warm.
［Characteristics］ Sour, sweet and slightly warm in property, it enters the liver and kidney
channels to astringe and nourish at the same time. It is slightly warm but not drying, so that it can be
used for both yin and yang de■ciency. It also is used for incontinence due to kidney de■ciency.
［Actions］ Secures essence, reduces urination and cultivates yin and yang of the kidney.
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［Clinical Applications］ 1. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission in
the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati),
shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni) and jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae) to enhance its effects.
For enuresis and frequent urination in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined
with sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca Mantidis), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and shān yào
(Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to nourish the kidney qi and reduce urination.
2. For impotence and infertility in the pattern of kidney qi deficiency, it alone can be wine-
medicated and taken orally, or it is applied in combination with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), tù sī zĭ
(Semen Cuscutae) and wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to improve conception by tonifying
the kidney qi and yang, such as in the formula Wǔ Zǐ Yǎn Zōng Wán (Five-Seed Procreating Pill).
3. For loss of vision due to blood and essence deficiency, it is used alone or in combination
with gŏu qĭ zĭ (Fructus Lycii), shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and chŭ shí zĭ (Fructus
Broussonetiae) to improve the effects in toni■cation and improving eyesight.
or wine-medicated, or boiled into paste.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency with def iciency
heat or stranguria, because of its warm and astringing property.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains organic acids such as citric acid and gallic acid, and also
contains β-sitosterol, sugar and vitamin A-like substances.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows estrogen-like effects. Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus,
vibrio cholerae and human-type mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸

OÖTHECA MANTIDIS
Mantis Egg-case
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry egg case of Tenodera
sinensis Saussure, Statilia maculata (Thunberg) or Hierodula
patellifera (Serville), three kinds of insects of the family
Mantidae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Sāng “mulberry”, piāo “■oating”
and xiāo “silk”. It is the egg case of the mantis, which is light
like silk ■oating in air. It is considered that those produced in
mulberry trees are of the best quality.
［Habitat］ Produced in most parts of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during the late autumn and
the following spring. It is steamed until the eggs die, and then
dried. Dry, complete, yellowish, light and tough egg cases with eggs still inside are of good quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply, steamed well and dried for use, or salt-fried for use.
［Properties］ Sweet, salty; neutral.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, salty and neutral, it enters the liver and kidney channels to nourish the
kidney, secure essence and reduce urination.
9-9◎06.indd 659 2014-12-17 14:20:57

［Actions］ Secures essence, reduces urination and toni■es the kidney yang.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission
in the pattern of kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and wŭ wèi
zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) to enhance its effects, such as in the formula Sāng Piāo Xiāo Wán
(Mantis ■gg-Case Pill).
For enuresis and frequent urination, it can be used alone or in combination with lóng gŭ (Os
Draconis) and fù pén zĭ (Fructus Rubi) to improve the effects.
2. For impotence due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi
Pantotrichum), ròu cōng róng (Herba Cistanches) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) to reinforce the
effect of warmly invigorating the kidney yang.
For external use: the dry powders used alone or mixed with oil and applied topically.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin de■ciency with def iciency
heat or frequent urination due to dampness heat.
［Ingredients］ It contains proteins, fats, phospholipids, crude ■ber, calcium citrate and amino acids.
［Pharmacological Research］ It prolongs the time food remains in the stomach and improves the
secretion of digestive juices to help digestion of food. The ■ber it contains can lower blood sugar and
lipids. Lignin included in the ■ber can increase the activity of macrophage cells by 2 to 3 times, thereby
inhibiting the development and progression of cancer. It also has astringing and anti-diuretic effects.
Jīn Yīng Zǐ金樱子

FRUCTUS ROSAE LAEVIGATAE
Cherokee Rose Fruit
［Source］ Initially appeared in Master Lei’s Discourse on Medicinal Processing in the Liu Song
Kingdom in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (5th century
A.D.). It is the dried ripe fruit of Rosa laevigata Michx., an
evergreen climbing shrub of the family Rosaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Jīn “orange color”, yīng “jar
with big belly and small mouth” and zǐ “seed-like fruit”.
The seed-like fruit is orange colored and shaped like a jar
with a big belly and small mouth.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Guangdong, Jiangxi,
Zhejiang, Guangxi and Jiangsu of China.
［Collection］ It is collected during October and
November when the fruit turns reddish. It is dried slightly,
the burrs are removed from it and then it is dried thoroughly
in the sun. Big, reddish-yellow and glossy fruits with burrs removed are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is cleaned simply, washed well, moistened completely and cut into two parts.
After the burrs are removed from it, it is dried for use.
［Properties］ Sour, astringent; neutral.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, bladder, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ Sour, astringent and neutral in property, it is good at securing essence and
reducing urination.
9-9◎06.indd 660 2014-12-17 14:20:58

［Actions］ Secures essence, reduces urination and astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission,
enuresis and frequent urination, it can be used alone in paste, or in combination with qiàn shí (Semen
■uryales) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Shuĭ Lù Èr Xiān Dān (Land and Water Two
Immortals ■lixir).
For leukorrhea, it is brewed together with pig bladder and crystal sugar, or applied in
combination with chūn pí (Cortex Ailanthi), jī guān huā (Flos Celosiae Cristatae) and qiàn shí (Semen
■uryales) to drain and dry dampness and astringe to check vaginal discharge.
2. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery, it can be used alone or in combination with dăng shēn
(Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales)
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-18 g in decoction or in paste, or made into pills.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with internal heat or excessive
pathogens, since it is sour and astringent and may worsen the problems.
［Ingredients］ It contains citric acid, malic acid, tannins, saponins, resins, vitamin C, sugar, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It improves the secretion of gastric juices and decreases the secretion
of the intestinal mucus membrane, so as to check diarrhea. Its decoction inhibits staphylococcus aureus,
escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, tetanus, leptospirosis and in■uenza virus. It also resists
frequent urination and atherosclerosis.
Hǎi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸

ENDOCONCHA SEPIAE
Cuttlebone
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry inner shell of Sepiella
maindroni de Rochebrune or Sepia esculenta Hoyle, two kinds
of cuttle■sh.
［■xplanation of Name］ Hǎi “sea”, piāo “floating” and
xiāo “unprocessed silk”. Cuttlefish live in the sea, and their
inner shell is as light as silk and easily ■oats in the water. It is
also known as wū zéi gǔ (乌贼骨), where wū means “black” or
“ink”, zéi means “thief”, and gǔ means “bone”. The cuttle■sh
is a kind of mollusk with an ink sac that excretes ink to hide its
body when escaping, and its inner shell looks like a bone.
［Habitat］ Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune is mainly
produced in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China, while Sepia esculenta Hoyle is produced in
Liaoning, Shandong and Jiangsu provinces of China.
［Collection］ The bone-like inner shell is collected, washed clean and dried. Large, dry, white
and complete shells are of good quality.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed, it is rinsed in water until it is free from salty taste,
dried and pounded into small pieces for use, or dry-fried ■rst.
［Properties］ Salty, astringent; slightly warm.
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［Characteristics］ Salty and astringent in property, it enters the liver and kidney channels.
With main actions of checking bleeding and leukorrhea, it is particularly applied for metrorrhagia,
metrostaxis and leukorrhea, since the liver and kidney are deeply involved in the functioning of
the uterus and the dai mai, which adjusts menstruation and vaginal discharge. Naturally absorbent,
it is used to absorb profuse gastric acid in order to relieve stomachache that is due to excessive
secretion of gastric acid, and to promote granulation in order to improve the healing of ulcers or
eczema.
［Actions］ Astringes to check bleeding and vaginal discharge, secures essence to arrest seminal
emission, reduces gastric acid to relieve pain and dries dampness to improve the healing of sores.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is combined with huáng qí
(Radix Astragali), shān zhū yú (Fructus Corni), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) and zōng lǚ tàn (Petiolus
Trachycarpi Carbonisatus) to arrest bleeding by nourishing qi and astringing, such as in the formula
Gù Chōng Tāng (Thoroughfare-Securing Decoction).
For gastrorrhagia, it is commonly combined with bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) and applied in
equal doses orally, such as the formula Wū Jí Sǎn (Cuttlebone and Bletilla Powder).
For traumatic bleeding, the powder is applied alone topically.
2. For leukorrhea, it is combined with bái zhĭ (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and xuè yú tàn
(Crinis Carbonisatus) to enhance the effects, such as in the formula Bái Zhǐ Sǎn (Dahurian Angelica
Powder).
For seminal emission in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with shān zhū yú
(Fructus Corni), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati) to tonify
the kidney qi and and secure essence.
3. For gastric hypersecretion, it is often combined with zhè bèi mŭ (Bulbus Fritillariae
Thunbergii), such as the formula Wū Bèi Sǎn (Cuttlebone and Fritillary Powder), or combined
with yán hú suŏ (Rhizoma Corydalis), wă léng zĭ (Concha Arcae) and bái jí (Rhizoma Bletillae) to
enhance the effect in absorbing acid and relieving stomachache.
4. For eczema and sores with profuse effusion, it is combined with lú gān shí (Calamina), qīng
dài (Indigo Naturalis) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum), and applied topically in powder.
For chronic purulent sores with profuse effusion, it is used alone or in combination with
the calcined shí gāo (Gypsum Fibrosum Praeparatum), lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and kū fán (Alumen
Dehydratum), and applied topically in powder.
5. Applied externally, it is used to treat otitis media and in■amed eyes.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-12 g in decoction, or 1.5-3 g each time in
powder. For external use: the powder is applied topically alone or in combination for ear or eye
problems. For the purpose of arresting bleeding and vaginal discharge, the baked one is used, while
for the treatment of profuse gastric acid secretion and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the powder
should be used.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with yin deficiency with heat,
because it is slightly warm in nature. A large dose or long-term application may cause constipation,
so herbs for lubricating the bowels should be used at the same time.
［Ingredients］ It contains 85％ calcium carbonate and even more in the calcined product. It
also contains horny shell 6％-7％, mucus substance 10％-15％, 17 kinds of amino acids such as
methionine, and 10 kinds of inorganic elements such as manganese, strontium, calcium, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It improves bone repair and resists radiation. The calcium
carbonate it contains can neutralize stomach acid, improve the healing of ulcers, change the pH value
9-9◎06.indd 662 2014-12-17 14:21:01

of stomach contents and reduce the activity of pepsin. The glial it contains can form a protective ■lm
on the surface of ulcers after acting with the organic matter and gastric juices of the stomach, which
induces blood coagulation and stops bleeding. Its acetone extracts have anti-tumor effect.
Lián Zǐ莲子
SEMEN NELUMBINIS
Lotus Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dried ripe seed of
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a perennial aquatic herb of the
family Nymphaeaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Lián “attaching” and zǐ
“seed”. The lotus pods look like beehives, with the hivelike
spaces attached to each other inside, and the seeds are
medicinal.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hunan, Fujian, Jiangsu
［Collection］ The fruits are collected when ripe in the
fall. The seeds are taken out, the peel is stripped off while
still fresh and the seeds are dried in the sun. Big and plump seeds are of the best quality.
［Processing］ It is moistened thoroughly and cut into two parts. The seed is then removed from
it and dried for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, kidney, heart.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, astringent and neutral in property, it is medicinal and edible. It enters
the spleen, kidney and heart channels to tonify the spleen, kidney and heart in a mild way. It also acts
to check diarrhea, secure essence, relieve leukorrhea and tranquilize the mind by means of astringing
or nourishing.
［Actions］ Toni■es the spleen to check diarrhea and leukorrhea, toni■es the kidney to secure
essence and nourishes the heart to calm the mind.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic diarrhea and poor appetite in the pattern of spleen qi
deficiency, it is often combined with rén shēn (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng), fú líng (Poria) and
bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) to check diarrhea by invigorating the spleen qi
and draining dampness, such as in the formula Shēn Líng Bái Zhú Săn (Ginseng, Poria and White
Atractylodes Powder).
For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen and kidney yang de■ciency, it is combined with
bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), ròu dòu kòu (Semen Myristicae) and shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali
Complanati) to check diarrhea by warmly astringing the intestines and tonifying yang.
2. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission in the pattern of kidney qi
de■ciency, it is combined with shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati), qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales)
and lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) to improve the effects, such as in the formula Jīn Suǒ Gù Jīng Wán
(Golden-Lock Semen-Securing Pill).
3. For leukorrhea due to dampness ■owing down because of spleen qi de■ciency, it is combined
9-9◎06.indd 663 2014-12-17 14:21:03

with bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and fú líng (Poria) to check vaginal discharge
by strengthening the spleen qi to reduce the production of dampness, and draining the existing
dampness as well.
For leukorrhea due to both spleen and kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with dăng shēn
(Radix Codonopsis), shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) and qiàn shí (Semen ■uryales) to reduce
vaginal discharge and tonify the spleen and kidney.
4. For anxiety, insomnia and heart palpitations due to disharmony of the heart and kidney, it is
combined with suān zăo rén (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), fú shén (Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis) and
yuăn zhì (Radix Polygalae) to calm the heart and mind.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 6-15 g pounded with the hearts removed in
decoction, or made into pills or powder.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with stomach fullness and
distension, or constipation.
［Ingredients］ It mainly contains starch, and alkaloids such as nuciferine. It also contains rutin,
■avonoids such as quercetin, as well as proteins, polysaccharides and fats.
［Pharmacological Research］ It shows effects of anti-aging, immunity enhancement, astringing
and sedation. The N-demethyl nuciferine it contains induces diuresis.
Attachment: Lián Xū 莲须
Stamen Nelumbinis
［Source］ It is the stamen of the lotus.

［Actions］ Clears heart ■re and consolidates the kidney, secures essence and arrests bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis,
frequent urination, bleeding and leukorrhea.
［Ingredients］ Research has shown that it contains quercetin, luteolin glycosides and alkaloids.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 1.5-5 g in decotion.
Lián Fáng 莲房
Receptaculum Nelumbinis
［Source］ It is the ripe ■oral receptacle of the lotus.

［Properties］ Bitter, astringent; warm.
［Actions］ Transforms blood stasis and arrests bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for vaginal bleeding, hematuria, hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse and
eczema. It is mild in effects and often works as an adjunct herb in formulas.
［Ingredients］ Research has shown that it contains proteins, fats, carotene, thiamine, ribo■avin and vitamin C.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 5-10 g in decoction. For stopping bleeding, the charred herb is
used.
Hé Yè 荷叶
Folium Nelumbinis
［Source］ It is the leaf of the lotus.
9-9◎06.indd 664 2014-12-17 14:21:04


［Actions］ Clears summer heat and drains dampness, raises yang and arrests bleeding.
［Clinical Applications］ Often used for problems due to summerheat or dampness, and bleeding triggered by heat.
［Ingredients］ Research has shown that it contains nelumbine, nuciferine, miltanthin, quercetin, oxalic acid,
succinic acid, tannins, etc.
Hé Gěng 荷梗
Petiolus Nelumbinis
［Source］ It is the petiole or stalk of the lotus, and is also called ǒu gǎn (藕杆), hé yè gĕng (荷叶梗) or lián
péng gǎn (莲蓬杆).
［Actions］ Clears summerheat, moves qi and resolves dampness.
［Clinical Applications］ It is applicable for problems due to summerheat or summerheat stroke.
［Ingredients］ Research has shown that it contains miltanthin, ■avonoid glycosides, asparagine, resins and tannins.
Qiàn Shí芡实
SEMEN EURYALES
Euryale Seed
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was jī tóu shí
(鸡头实). It is the dry ripe kernel of Euryale ferox Salisb.,
an annual aquatic herb of the family Nymphaeaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Qiàn “lack” and shí “grain”.
The shape of the fruit is like a chicken head or goose
head, the kernel is sphere-like and resembles rice, and
it can be used as food during times of famine. It is also
called jī tóu shí, jī tóu mĭ (鸡头米) or yàn tóu (雁头).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Jiangsu, Hunan,
Anhui, Shandong and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected in batches from late autumn
to early winter. The seeds are picked out, washed and then
dried. The best ones are full, starchy and uniform in shape,
with no impurities.
［Processing］ After the tough shell and impurities are removed, it is used raw or fried with bran.
It is crushed before use.
［■ntered Channels］ Spleen, kidney.
［Characteristics］ Sweet, astringent and neutral in property, it enters the spleen and kidney
channels to achieve the effects of nourishment and astringing. It nourishes the spleen qi, drains
9-9◎06.indd 665 2014-12-17 14:21:05

dampness, nourishes the kidney and secures essence. It is applicable for chronic diarrhea, nocturnal
seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and leukorrhea due to spleen qi de■ciency
or both spleen and kidney de■ciency.
［Actions］ Nourishes the spleen, checks diarrhea, strengthens the kidney, secures essence,
drains dampness and checks leukorrhea.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi deficiency, it is
combined with dăng shēn (Radix Codonopsis), bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) and
fú líng (Poria) to strengthen the spleen, drain dampness and check diarrhea.
2. For nocturnal seminal emission and spontaneous seminal emission, it is often combined
with jīn yīng zĭ (Fructus Rosae Laevigatae), such as in the formula Shuĭ Lù Èr Xiān Dān (Land
and Water Two Immortals ■lixir), or combined with shā yuàn zĭ (Semen Astragali Complanati),
lóng gŭ (Os Draconis) and lián xū (Stamen Nelumbinis) to enhance the effects in consolidating the
kidney and securing essence, such as in the formula Jīn Suŏ Gù Jīng Wán (Golden Lock ■ssence-
Securing Pill).
For enuresis either in adults or children due to kidney qi de■ciency, it is often combined with
tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), yì zhì rén (Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae) and sāng piāo xiāo (Oötheca
Mantidis) to warmly strengthen the kidney and reduce urination.
For whitish and turbid urine or whitish discharge after urination in males in the pattern of
kidney qi de■ciency, it is combined with fú líng (Poria) to improve the functions of the spleen and
kidney, and drain the turbid dampness.
3. For leukorrhea in the pattern of kidney and spleen qi de■ciency, it is often combined with shān
zhū yú (Fructus Corni), tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae) and shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) to consolidate
the kidney and spleen qi, and check vaginal discharge.
For yellowish turbid leukorrhea due to damp heat pouring down, it is often combined with
huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) and chē qián zĭ (Semen Plantaginis) to clear heat and dry
dampness, such as in the formula Yì Huáng Tāng (Transforming Yellow Decoction).
or cooked together with rice.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is not suitable for patients with constipation, difficult
urination or food stagnation, because it is astringent in property.
［Ingredients］ It contains starch, proteins, fats, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium,
phosphorus, iron, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It improves intestinal absorption, and increases urinary xylose
excretion and serum carotene concentration. It also shows the effects of nourishment and astringency.
Summary
1. Herbs that arrest sweating
Má Huáng Gēn vs. Fú Xiăo Mài vs. Nuò Dào Gēn

Medicinal Má Huáng Gēn Fú Xiăo Mài Nuò Dào Gēn
Properties Sweet
Similarities
Actions Arrests sweating

Indications Applied in combination for spontaneous sweating and night sweats
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Continued　　
Medicinal Má Huáng Gēn Fú Xiăo Mài Nuò Dào Gēn
Properties Neutral Cool Neutral
Entered channels Lung Heart Heart, liver

Differences
Slightly suppresses heat, and slightly

Actions — Relieves heat
nourishes the heart qi and yin
Sweating internally or Sweating, steaming bone fever and Night sweats and
Indications
externally irritability chronic low fever
2. Herbs that astringe the lung and large intestine

Wū Méi vs. Yīng Sù Qiào
Medicinal Wū Méi Yīng Sù Qiào
Properties Sour, astringent; neutral

Similarities
Entered channels Lung, large intestine
Actions Astringes the lung and stops cough, astringes the intestines and checks diarrhea
Indications Chronic cough due to lung qi de■ciency, chronic diarrhea and dysentery
Properties — Addictive
Entered channels Liver, spleen Kidney

· Q uietens ascaris and promotes fluid

Differences
Actions production to quench thirst (unprocessed) Consolidates qi and relieves pain

· Arrests bleeding (deeply-fried)

· Thirst due to ■uid consumption

· Syncope, abdominal pain, vomiting and

Seminal emission, frequent urination
Indications cold limbs in the case of round worm
and pain
infection
· Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis

Ròu Dòu Kòu vs. Shí Liú Pí

Medicinal Ròu Dòu Kòu Shí Liú Pí
Properties Sour; warm

Similarities
Actions Astringes the intestines and checks diarrhea
Indications Chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery and rectal prolapse
Properties — Astringent; slightly toxic
Entered channels Spleen —

Differences
Warms the middle and moves the middle Kills parasites, checks seminal emission,
Actions
qi bleeding and leukorrhea
Abdominal distension and pain, vomiting Bloody stools triggered by damp heat,
Indications and reduced appetite due to yang de■ciency yellow and turbid leucorrhea, intestinal
of the middle jiao parasite infection
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Hē Zǐ vs. Bái Guŏ

Medicinal Hē Zǐ Bái Guŏ
Properties Bitter, astringent; neutral
Similarities

Actions Astringes the lung to relieve cough
Indications Cough
Properties Sour Sweet; slightly toxic
Entered channels Large intestine Kidney
Differences
Checks vaginal discharge and

Actions Astringes the large intestine to check diarrhea
reduces urination
· Hoarseness and chronic cough (unprocessed)

Cough or wheezing in the pattern
Indications · Chronic diarrhea, dysentery or rectal prolapse

of lung de■ciency
(processed)
3. Herbs that secure essence, reduce urination and check leukorrhea
Shān Zhū Yú vs. Fù Pén Zĭ

Medicinal Shān Zhū Yú Fù Pén Zĭ
Properties Sour; slightly warm
Similarities
Actions Tonif ies the liver and kidney, nourishes essence and blood, assists the kidney yang
Dizziness, weakness and aching pain in the waist and knees, impotence and infertility,
Indications nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent
urination due to liver and kidney de■ciency
Properties — Sweet
· Improves vision

Actions Arrests bleeding
· Reduces urine

Differences
· Loss of vision due to blood and essence de■ciency

Metrorrhagia, metrostaxis or
Indications · ■nuresis and frequent urination in the pattern

hypermenorrhea
of kidney qi de■ciency
Stronger than fù pén zǐ in clinical
effects
Fù Pén Zĭ vs. Sāng Piāo Xiāo

Medicinal Fù Pén Zĭ Sāng Piāo Xiāo
Properties Sweet
Similarities

Actions Tonif ies yin and yang, secures essence and reduces urination
Impotence, infertility, nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission,
Indications
enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney qi de■ciency
Properties Sour; slightly warm Salty; neutral
Assists kidney yang
Differences
·
Actions Improves vision · C
hecks vaginal discharge and male
urinary whitish turbid discharge
Loss of vision due to blood and essence
Indications —
de■ciency
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Jīn Yīng Zĭ vs. Qiàn Shí

Medicinal Jīn Yīng Zĭ Qiàn Shí
Properties Astringent; neutral
Similarities
Tonif ies the kidney, secures essence, tonif ies the spleen and checks diarrhea and
Actions
leukorrhea
Chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, nocturnal seminal emission,
Indications spontaneous seminal emission, enuresis and frequent urination due to kidney
de■ciency, and leukorrhea due to spleen de■ciency or spleen and kidney de■ciency
Properties Sour Sweet
Differences
Entered channels Bladder, large intestine Spleen

Actions Arrestes bleeding Drains dampness
Whitish and turbid urine or whitish discharge after
Indications Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis
urination in males in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency
Lián Zĭ vs. Qiàn Shí

Medicinal Lián Zĭ Qiàn Shí
Properties Sweet, astringent; neutral
Similarities
Entered channels Spleen, kidney

Actions Tonif ies the spleen and checks diarrhea, tonif ies the kidney and secures essence
Chronic diarrhea in the pattern of spleen qi de■ciency, seminal emission, enuresis and
Indications
frequent urination in the pattern of kidney qi de■ciency
Actions Calms the heart and mind Drains dampness
Differences
Whitish and turbid urine or whitish discharge

Anxiety, insomnia and heart palpitations
Indications after urination in males in the pattern of
due to disharmony of the heart and kidney
kidney qi de■ciency
Special features More effective in strengthening the spleen Milder in nourishing compared to lián zĭ
Sāng Piāo Xiāo vs. Hăi Piāo Xiāo

Medicinal Sāng Piāo Xiāo Hăi Piāo Xiāo
Properties Salty
Similarities

Actions Secures essence and checks leukorrhea internally
Nocturnal seminal emission, spontaneous seminal emission and leukorrhea in the
Indications
pattern of kidney qi de■ciency
Properties Sweet; neutral Astringent; slightly warm
· C
hecks bleeding
Strengthens the kidney yang
Actions R educes gastric acid to relieve pain and dries
Differences
·
and reduces urination
dampness to improve the healing of sores
· B leeding, profuse gastric acid secretion and

Impotence, infertility, enuresis
leukorrhea internally
Indications and frequent urination due to
· ■czema and chronic ulcers with profuse effusion,

kidney yang de■ciency
as well as traumatic bleeding (used externally)
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Review Questions
1. What kinds of herbs are de■ned as herbs that astringe? How many categories of herbs that astringe are discussed in
this chapter? Describe the common characteristics, actions and indications of each category.
2. Describe the herbs in this chapter as to know how they are used in combinations, and cautions and contraindications.
3. Describe the properties, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of wŭ wèi zĭ, shān zhū yú, hăi
piāo xiāo and chì shí zhī.
4. Describe the properties, actions, clinical applications, cautions and contraindications of wū méi, hē zĭ and lián zĭ.
5. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and indications: má huáng gēn and fú
xiăo mài; wŭ wèi zĭ and wŭ bèi zĭ; wū méi and yīng sù qiào; hē zĭ and bái guŏ; ròu dòu kòu and shí liú pí.
6. C ompare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions, indications, cautions and
contraindications: shān zhū yú and fù pén zĭ; fù pén zĭ and jīn yīng zǐ; sāng piāo xiāo and hăi piāo xiāo; lián zĭ and
qiàn shí.
7. Yīng sù qiào is toxic. Describe its properties, actions, clinical applications, preparation, dosage, cautions and
contraindications.
8. In this chapter, which herbs have effects of both astringing and tonifying? Describe their characteristics and actions
individually.
9. Both wŭ wèi zĭ and má huáng gēn can be used for profuse sweating, and both huáng lián and wū méi can treat
diarrhea. Describe the differences in the characteristics and clinical applications of each.
10. Both huáng qín and hē zĭ can be used to treat cough, and both qiàn shí and huáng băi can be used to treat
leukorrhea. Describe the differences in actions and clinical applications of each.
11. Both lián zĭ and lóng gŭ can be used to treat insomnia, and both gé gēn and chì shí zhī can be used to treat diarrhea
and dysentery. Describe the differences in actions and clinical applications of each.
12. Bái zhǐ, mù xiāng, chuān xiōng, dāng guī and yīng sù qiào are effective in relieving pain. Describe the differences
in actions and clinical applications of each.
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671
CHAPTER 19
Herbs that Kill Parasites and Dry Dampness
to Relieve Itching
Xióng Huáng 雄黄 / 671 Shé Chuáng Zǐ 蛇床子 / 676

Liú Huáng 硫黄 / 673 Tǔ Jīng Pí 土荆皮 / 678
Bái Fán 白矾 / 675
［Definition］ Herbs with a primary action of counteracting toxins, killing parasites, drying
dampness and relieving itching are called herbs that kill parasites and dry dampness to relieve
itching.
［Properties ＆ Actions］ Most of the herbs in this category are toxic, either warm or cold. Mainly
for external use, some of them are also for oral administration. They are good at counteracting toxins,
killing parasites, drying dampness and relieving itching, and some of them are also able to prevent
malaria and reinforce yang.
［Indications］ The herbs in this category are mainly used for treating scabies, tinea, eczema,
carbuncles and abscesses, as well as leprosy, syphilis and venomous snake bites, while some of them
are also used for treating malaria and kidney yang de■ciency.
［Modifications］ For external use, these herbs are applied by grinding into fine powder,
mixing with sesame oil and tea, making into ointment and rubbing, making into medicated threads
or suppositories, decocting for steaming and washing, applying with a heated pad, etc. For oral
administration, these herbs should be made into pills that allow slow absorption, except for the ones
with no toxic side effects.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ Most of the herbs in this chapter are toxic. Caution must be
exercised when applying the extremely poisonous herbs externally, avoiding high doses and long-
term continuous use, as well as application to a large area or to the face and ■ve sense organs. At
the same time, to avoid adverse reactions caused by local severe stimulation, there should be strict
conformity to the standards of processing, dosage, application, compatibility and incompatibility
of herbs. Toxic herbs for oral application should be regulated by the same standards, and should be
made into pills in order to ensure safe application and avoid cumulative toxi■cation, and they should
not be used continuously.
Xióng Huáng 雄黄
REALGAR
Realgar
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is a sul■de mineral of the realgar group.
［■xplanation of Name］ Xióng “male, powerful” and huáng “yellow”. It is orange yellow, and
is often found in the south faces of mountains. The ancients thought that it possessed abundant yang
qi and looked lustrous, so named it xióng huáng or míng xióng huáng (明雄黄).
9-9◎06.indd 671 2014-12-17 14:21:15

［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hunan, Guizhou,

Hubei, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected the year round. It is soft
as mud underground, where it is mined with a bamboo
knife, and then becomes hard when exposed to air.
The best ones have large size, red color, crisp property,
lustrous surface and no foreign matter.
ground with water for use.
［■ntered Channels］ Heart, liver, stomach.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, bitter, warm and dry, as well as toxic and powerful, and is mainly
for external use. It not only can treat malignant diseases with its poison, but also can dry dampness
to eliminate phlegm, prevent malaria attack and arrest convulsions. It is also used for treating
carbuncles, scabies, tinea, parasites, asthma and malaria.
［Actions］ Resolves toxins and kills parasites.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For carbuncles and furuncles, sore throat, eczema, scabies, tinea,
and insect and snake bites, it not only resolves toxins and dries dampness, but also kills parasites to
relieve itching.
For carbuncles and furuncles, it is often combined with rŭ xiāng (Olibanum), mò yào (Myrrha)
and shè xiāng (Moschus) to expel toxins and resolve blood stasis, as well as dissipate masses and
disperse abscesses, such as in the formula Xĭng Xiāo Wán (Waking and Resolving Pill).
For sore throat, it is often combined with chán sū (Venenum Bufonis), zhū shā (Cinnabaris)
and niú huáng (Calculus Bovis) to remove toxins and relieve sore throat, such as in the formula Liù
Shén Wán (Miraculous Pill of Six Ingredients).
For eczema and scabies, it is often dissolved with bái fán (Alumen) in tea and spread on
the afflicted part, such as in the formula Èr Wèi Bá Dú Săn (Toxin-Removing Powder with Two
Ingredients).
For insect and snake bites, it can be ground alone into ■ne powder, dissolved in sesame oil
and spread on the af■icted part, or infused with yellow rice wine.
2. For abdominal pain due to parasites, it kills intestinal parasites to relieve pain, and is often
combined with bīng láng (Semen Arecae), qiān niú zĭ (Semen Pharbitidis), etc., such as in the
formula Qiān Niú Wán (Pharbitidis Pill). For pruritus ani due to pinworm, it is often combined with
verdigris as powder to spread on the anus, or made into paste with vaseline and then inserted into the
rectum with antiseptic gauze.
3. For fright epilepsy, malaria and asthma, it can dry dampness to eliminate phlegm, prevent
malaria attack and arrest convulsions.
For infantile fright epilepsy due to phlegm heat, it is often combined with zhū shā (Cinnabaris),
dăn nán xīng (Arisaema cum Bile), niú huáng (Calculus Bovis), etc., such as in the formula Niú
Huáng Bào Lóng Wán (Bovine Bezoar Dragon-■mbracing Pill).
For malaria, it is often combined with shān cí gū (Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones),
hóng yá dà jĭ (Radix Knoxiae), qiān jīn zĭ (Semen ■uphorbiae), etc., such as in the formula Tài Yĭ Zĭ
Jīn Dān (Tai Yi Purple Gold Pill).
For asthma, it can be used as ■our and water paste pills, 500 g made into 1000 pills, 1
pill each time for adults, 1/2 pill each time for 10-15 year-old patients, 1/3 pill each time for 5-9
9-9◎06.indd 672 2014-12-17 14:21:17

Chapter 19 Herbs that Kill Parasites and Dry Dampness to Relieve Itching 673
year-old ones, 1/4 pill each time for 2-4 year-old ones, 3 times a day, taken with warm boiled
water.
4. Additionally, its effect of counteracting toxins can also be used for treating cancer.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For external use: ground into ■ne powder, spread or applied like
moxa through fumigation at an appropriate dose. For internal use: 0.05-0.1 g in pills or powder; it
cannot be used in decoction.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is extremely poisonous, so it cannot be applied to large
areas or long-term for external use, and it also cannot be applied in large doses or long-term
or continuously for oral application. It cannot be used for pregnant women or those with yin
and blood de■ciency. After being calcined, it may produce arsenic trioxide which can increase
its toxicity, so the calcined product should be avoided for oral administration. It is soluble in
alcohol, so it cannot be immersed in wine for oral administration. The main toxic symptoms are
vomiting and diarrhea.
［Ingredients］ Its major component is arsenic disulfide, which contains about 75％ arsenic,
and 24.9％ sulfur. Other components are a small amount of arsenic trioxide and some other heavy
metallic salts.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has an inhibitory effect on many kinds of dermatophytes, such
as a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus proteus and Aeruginosus bacillus. It also
has anti-schistosomiasis and anti-hemoplasmodium effects.
［Notes］ It cannot be used when it is dark yellow, or red outside and white inside after being
crushed, or when it has white crystals, because these characteristics indicate that it contains arsenic
trioxide (shí huáng) or other foreign matter.
LiúHuáng 硫黄
SULFUR
Sulfur
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was shí liú huáng
(石硫黄). It is the naturally-occurring sulfur mineral, or is
obtained by processing minerals containing sulfur.
［■xplanation of Name］ Liú “flowing” and huáng
“yellow”. It is yellow colored; the ancients thought that it was
the essence of yang ■owing out from volcanoes.
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Shanxi, Henan and
Shandong provinces of China.
［Collection］ It is collected at any time and heated to melt
and remove foreign matter. The best sulfur is regular, yellow,
glossy, brittle and with no foreign matter.
［Processing］ After foreign matter is removed, it is broken
into pieces or ground into powder for external use. For oral
administration, clean sulfur is boiled with bean curd until the bean curd becomes blackish-green, and
then the sulfur is taken out, washed well and dried in the shade.
［Properties］ Sour; warm; toxic.
9-9◎06.indd 673 2014-12-17 14:21:18

［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, large intestine.

［Characteristics］ It is sour, warm and toxic, and enters the kidney and large intestine channels.
It kills parasites and relieves itching, is used externally for treating scabies and tinea, and internally
for reinforcing yang to relax the bowels in cases of kidney yang de■ciency.
［Actions］ Kills parasites and relieves itching when used externally; reinforces yang for
relaxing the bowels when taken orally.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. ■xternally applied for scabies, tinea, eczema and pruritus, it can
remove toxins, kill parasites and relieve itching. It is often used alone ground into ■ne powder and
spread on the affected part of the body with sesame oil.
For tinea and itching, it is often ground into powder with bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum)
and qīng fĕn (Calomelas), made into ointment with sesame oil and ■our, and spread on the affected
part of the body.
For eczema, it is often ground into powder with lime, qiān dān (Minium), putty powder, etc.,
and spread on the affected part of the body.
For genital eczema and itching, it can be used alone or ground into powder with shé chuáng zĭ
(Fructus Cnidii) and kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum), and spread on the affected part of the body to kill
parasites, dry dampness and relieve itching.
2. For dyspnea due to kidney de■ciency, impotence and constipation due to yang de■ciency, it
can tonify ■re and reinforce yang for relaxing the bowels when taken orally.
For treating dyspnea due to failure of the kidney to receive qi or kidney yang de■ciency, it is
more effective when combined with hēi xī (Stannum), fù zĭ (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata), ròu
guì (Cortex Cinnamomi), etc., such as in the formula Hēi Xī Dān (Black Tin Pill).
For impotence due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often combined with lù róng (Cornu Cervi
Pantotrichum) and bŭ gŭ zhī (Fructus Psoraleae), and for constipation due to yang de■ciency, it is
often combined with bàn xià (Rhizoma Pinelliae), such as in the formula Bàn Liú Wán (Pinellia and
Sulfur Pill).
3. Additionally, for treating rosacea, it can be ground into powder with qīng fĕn (Calomelas) and
xìng rén (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), and spread on the nose.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For external use: an appropriate quantity is applied topically after
being ground into powder and mixed with oil or calcined. For internal use: 1-3 g in pills or powder;
it cannot be used in decoction.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is warm and toxic, so it should be used only after being
processed, and should not be applied in large quantities or over a long term. It is contraindicated
in cases of pregnancy or hyperactivity of ■re due to yin de■ciency. It cannot be used with pò xiāo
(Mirabilitum).
［Ingredients］ Its major component is sulfur, other components include small amounts of
tellurium, selenium, iron and arsenic.
［Pharmacological Research］ Liú huáng has the effects of killing parasites and mold, because
it may produce hydrogen sul■de and sulfuric acid after touching the skin. Sublimated sulfur has the
effects of softening the epidermis, depilation, killing sarcoptic mites, etc. Liú huáng may produce
hydrogen sul■de in the intestines, which can stimulate the intestinal wall to induce diarrhea. It also
has anti-in■ammatory, antitussive and expectorant effects.
9-9◎06.indd 674 2014-12-17 14:21:19

Bái Fán 白矾
ALUMEN
Alum
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). Its original name was fán shí (矾石). It
is a processed crystal of alunite.
［■xplanation of Name］ Bái “white” and fán sounds like the
word for “burn” in Chinese. It is a processed crystal of alunite,
which is colorless or white, and is obtained by “burning” or
calcining alunite. It is also called míng fán (明矾).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Wuwei of Anhui Province,
Pingyang of Zhejiang Province, Fuding of Fujian Province, and
also in Shanxi, Hebei and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ It can be collected at any time, then broken
into pieces, dissolved in water and filtered. The filtrate is heated
to a concentrate, which produces crystals when it becomes cold. The best ones are large, colorless,
transparent and with no foreign matter.
［Processing］ After foreign matter is removed, it is pounded into pieces or calcined before use.
The calcined one is called kū fán (Alumen Dehydratum).
［Properties］ Sour, astringent; cold.
［■ntered Channels］ Lung, spleen, liver, large intestine.
［Characteristics］ It is sour, astringent, and cold with potent effect and wide application.
■xternally applied, it can counteract toxins, kill parasites, dry dampness to relieve itching and
astringe to stop bleeding. Internally applied, it can stop bleeding, check diarrhea, clear heat, disperse
phlegm and dispel dampness heat to treat jaundice.
［Actions］ ■xternally applied, it counteracts toxins, kills parasites and dries dampness to relieve
itching. Internally applied, it stops bleeding, checks diarrhea, clears heat and disperses phlegm.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For eczema, scabies and tinea, it can counteract toxins, kill parasites,
eliminate dampness and relieve itching, especially for ulcerous wounds with itching.
For eczema with itching, suppurating after being scratched, it is often combined with
xióng huáng (Realgar) and spread with strong tea, in order to dry dampness to relieve itching and
counteract toxins, such as in the formula Èr Wèi Bá Dú Săn (Toxin-Removing Powder with Two
Ingredients).
For scabies and itching, it is often ground into ■ne powder with liú huáng (Sulfur) and qīng
fĕn (Calomelas) to kill parasites and relieve itching.
For mouth ulcers, it is often ground into fine powder with huáng băi (Cortex Phellodendri
Chinensis) and bīng piàn (Borneolum Syntheticum) for external use.
For superficial infections and sores, it is often ground into fine powder with xióng huáng
(Realgar) and huáng dān (Yellow Lead) for external use to counteract toxins, such as in the formula
Èr Xiān Săn (Two-Immortals Powder).
2. For bleeding, lingering dysentery and diarrhea, it can astringe to stop bleeding and astringe the
intestines to check diarrhea.
9-9◎06.indd 675 2014-12-17 14:21:21

For hematemesis, epistaxis and bleeding wounds, it can be ground into ■ne powder with ér
chá (Catechu) for internal or external use.
For bloody stools, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is often combined with wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla
Chinensis) and dì yú (Radix Sanguisorbae) to enhance the effect of stopping bleeding.
For lingering dysentery and diarrhea, it can be used with wŭ bèi zĭ (Galla Chinensis), hē zĭ
(Fructus Chebulae), etc., to astringe the intestines to check diarrhea and dysentery, such as in the
formula Yù Guān Wán (Jade Customs Pill).
3. For stroke and phlegm syncope and epilepsy due to phlegm heat, it can not only cause
vomiting to resolve phlegm and ■uid retention, but also clear heat and resolve phlegm to promote
resuscitation.
For stroke and phlegm syncope, marked by phlegm in the throat, loss of consciousness and
aphasia, it is often combined with zào jiá (Fructus Gleditsiae), made into powder and dissolved in
warm boiled water to resolve phlegm and bring back consciousness, such as in the formula Xī Xián
Săn (Drool-Thinning Powder).
For epilepsy due to phlegm heat, it is often combined with yù jīn (Radix Curcumae) to
clear heat and resolve phlegm to suppress epilepsy, such as in the formula Bái Jīn Wán (Alum and
Curcuma Pill).
4. For jaundice with damp-heat pathogens, it can clear damp heat to relieve jaundice. For this
purpose it can be powdered and made into capsules or made into 5％ alum syrup, and can also be
used in formulas.
5. Additionally, because of its astringent effects, it is often made into injections and used for
treating hemorrhoids, hysteroptosis, anal prolapse, etc.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For external use: an appropriate quantity, ground into powder,
spread, or sprayed into the throat, or dissolved in water for washing. For internal use: 0.6-1.5 g in
pills or powder. The raw one is used for removing toxins and killing parasites, while the calcined
product is used to dry dampness and astringe.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is cold and sour with powerful astringency, which is
dif■cult to take and easily causes vomiting. Overdose for oral administration should be avoided. It is
contraindicated in cases of stomach de■ciency or phlegm ■re.
［Ingredients］ The major component is aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has the effects of stimulating the gastric mucosa, inducing
vomiting, checking diarrhea, diminishing in■ammation, astringing, antiseptic, coagulating proteins,
hardening the skin, stopping bleeding, anti-epileptic, benefiting the gallbladder, reducing blood
lipids, anti-bacteria, killing Trichomonas vaginalis, etc. It also has the effect of purifying turbid
water.
Shé Chuáng Zǐ蛇床子

FRUCTUS CNIDII
Cnidium Fruit
Dynasty (about 200 A.D.). It is the dry ripe fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss., an annual herb of
the family Umbelliferae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Shé “snake”, chuáng “bed” and zǐ “seed”. The ancients observed that
9-9◎06.indd 676 2014-12-17 14:21:23

snakes like staying below this herb and eating its fruit, and
its ripe fruit is small and resembles a seed. Alternate names
are shé sù (蛇粟) or shé chuáng shí (蛇床实).
［Habitat］ Mainly produced in Hebei, Shandong,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui of China.
［Collection］ The fruit is collected in summer and autumn
when ripe, and then dried in the sun. The best fruits are fully
developed and grayish-yellow with a strong fragrance.
［Processing］ After impurities are removed and dust is
screened out, it is used raw.
［■ntered Channels］ Kidney, spleen.
［Characteristics］ Acrid and dispersing, bitter and dry,
warming yang and descending, it enters the kidney and spleen channels, and can eliminate pathogens
and reinforce healthy qi. It can not only dry dampness, kill parasites, dissipate cold and dispel wind
to treat scabies and itching caused by wind dampness, but also warm and tonify kidney yang to treat
coldness in the uterus due to kidney yang de■ciency, and other problems of the kidney channel or
organ.
［Actions］ Dries dampness, kills parasites, dispels wind, relieves itching, warms the kidney and
reinforces yang.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For genital itching, eczema and scabies, it is good at drying
dampness, expelling wind and relieving itching.
For genital or scrotum itching, it can be used alone or decocted with bái fán (Alumen), kŭ
shēn (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), dì fū zĭ (Fructus Kochiae), etc., to wash the affected body part.
For eczema or scabies, it can be ground into powder with kŭ shēn (Radix Sophorae
Flavescentis), kŭ liàn pí (Cortex Meliae) and bái xiān pí (Cortex Dictamni), and applied on the
affected body part.
2. For leukorrhea due to cold dampness, and cold dampness lumbago, it can not only dry
dampness and dispel wind, but also warm the kidney and dissipate cold.
For cold dampness leukorrhea due to spleen and kidney de■ciency, it is used with shān zhū yú
(Fructus Corni), dry-fried shān yào (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), dry-fried bái zhú (Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macrocephalae), etc.
For cold dampness lumbago, it is often combined with dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae), xù
duàn (Radix Dipsaci), sāng jì shēng (Herba Taxilli), etc.
3. For impotence and infertility due to cold congealing in the uterus, it is good at warming the
kidney to invigorate yang. For impotence and infertility due to kidney yang de■ciency, it is often
combined with wŭ wèi zĭ (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) and tù sī zĭ (Semen Cuscutae), such as
in the formula Sān Zĭ Wán (Three-Seed Pill), or combined with shú dì huáng (Radix Rehmanniae
Praeparata) and dù zhòng (Cortex ■ucommiae) to tonify the kidney, supplement essence and assist
yang.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For internal use: 3-9 g, used in decoction, pills or powder form.
For external use: 15-30 g, made into decoction for steaming and washing, or ground into powder for
topical application, or made into suppositories or ointment.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It should not be used for yin de■ciency with def iciency heat or
for damp heat in the lower jiao, because it is warm.
9-9◎06.indd 677 2014-12-17 14:21:24

［Ingredients］ Its major components are volatile oils, including pinene, camphene, bornyl
isovalerate and isoborneol. It also contains coumarins such as osthole, etc.
［Pharmacological Research］ It has gonadal hormone-like effects, as well as antiarrhythmic,
anti-aging, anti-allergy, anti-mutagenesis, anti-in■ammatory, anti-fungus and anti-virus effects, and
can also decrease blood lipids, eliminate phlegm, relieve dyspnea, kill infusorian and anesthetize
locally.
TǔJīng Pí土荆皮
CORTEX PSEUDOLARICIS
Golden Larch Bark
［Source］ Initially appeared in Tests of Medicinal Harvest (Căi Yào Shū, 采药书) by Wang
Lian-shi in the Qing Dynasty. Its original name was jīn
qián sōng pí (金钱松皮). It is the dry root bark or stem
bark near the root of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gord., a
deciduous tree of the family Pinaceae.
［■xplanation of Name］ Another name is tǔ jĭn pí (土
槿皮).
Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei provinces of China.
［Collection］ The bark or root bark is collected in
late autumn, and dried in the sun. The best quality is big, regular shaped, yellow-brown and without
cork.
［Processing］ After foreign matter is removed, it is washed well, moistened slightly, cut into
slivers and dried in the sun. It is used raw.
［Characteristics］ It is acrid, warm and toxic, only for external use and not for oral
administration. It is good at killing parasites and relieving itching, so it has good effect on treating
itchy tinea.
［Actions］ Kills parasites and relieves itching.
［Clinical Applications］ 1. For itchy tinea, scabies and eczema, it is good at dispelling
dampness, killing parasites and relieving itching.
For itchy tinea, it can be used alone by being ground into ■ne powder, and soaked with vinegar
or wine for topical application. Now it is often made in 10％-50％ tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis)
tincture, or combined with salicylic acid, benzoic acid, etc., such as Fù Fāng Tŭ Jīng Pí Tincture
(Compound Larch Bark Tincture).
For eczema, 6 g of tŭ jīng pí (Cortex Pseudolaricis) can be immersed in 100 ml of wine for 1-2
days, and then spread on the affected body part.
2. Additionally, for treating localized neurodermatitis, it is ground into ■ne powder with mì tuó
sēng (Lithargyrum), qīng fĕn (Calomelas), băi bù (Radix Stemonae), etc.
［Dosage ＆ Administration］ For external use: appropriate quantity immersed in vinegar or
wine, or ground into powder and mixed with vinegar for topical application.
［Cautions ＆ Contraindications］ It is highly toxic, so cannot be used for oral administration.
9-9◎06.indd 678 2014-12-17 14:21:26

［Ingredients］ It mainly contains pseudolaric acid, tannin, aetherolea, etc.

［Pharmacological Research］ It has antifungal, antifertility, hemostatic and antitumor effects.
Summary
Xióng Huáng vs. Liú Huáng

Medicinal Xióng Huáng Liú Huáng
Similarities
Properties Warm; toxic
Actions ■xternally used for killing parasites, scabies and itching
Properties Acrid Sour

Entered channels Heart, liver, stomach Kidney, large intestine
· ■ liminates dampness and relieves

· Removes toxins (applied externally)

itching (applied externally)
Actions · Dries dampness to eliminate phlegm

Tonif ies ■re, assists yang and relaxes
Differences
·
(applied orally)
the bowels (applied orally)
· ■czema and pruritus (applied externally)

· C
arbuncles, insect bites and snakebite · Dyspnea due to kidney yang de■ciency,

(applied externally)
Indications impotence, frequent urination and
· Parasite infestation, malaria, asthma

constipation due to yang deficiency
and fright epilepsy (applied orally)
(applied orally)
Special features More poisonous than liú huáng —
Review Questions
1. Describe the definition, range of applications, methods of use, cautions and contraindications of the herbs for
killing parasites, drying dampness and relieving itching.
2. Describe the characteristics, actions and clinical applications of bái fán and shé chuáng zĭ.
3. Describe the dosage and administration, cautions and contraindications of xióng huáng, liú huáng and bái fán.
4. Compare the following paired herbs in the aspects of characteristics, actions and clinical applications: xióng huáng
and liú huáng.
5. Liú huáng, bái fán, shé chuáng zĭ and kŭ shēn all relieve itching. What are the differences in their actions and
clinical applications?
9-9◎06.indd 679 2014-12-17 14:21:27

680
Index by Chinese Medicinals-Pinyin Names
Cāng ■■r Zǐ 苍耳子, 79 Dì Gǔ Pí 地骨皮, 177

A Cāng Zhú 苍术, 230 Dì Lóng 地龙, 515
■ n Xī Xiāng 安息香, 541
A Cǎo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻, 239 Dì Yú 地榆, 358
ˋ
A i Yè 艾叶, 382 Cǎo Guǒ 草果, 240 Dīng Xiāng 丁香, 293
Cǎo Wū 草乌, 208 Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo 冬虫夏草, 591
B Cè Bǎi Yè 侧柏叶, 362 Dōng Guā Pí 冬瓜皮, 252
Bā Jǐ Tiān 巴戟天, 573 Chái Hú 柴胡, 94 Dōng Guā Zǐ 冬瓜子, 253
Bā Jiǎo Huí Xiāng 八角茴香, 292 Chán Pí 蟾皮, 539 Dōng Kuí Zǐ 冬葵子, 268
Bái Biǎn Dòu 白扁豆, 562 Chán Sū 蟾酥, 537 Dú Huó 独活, 204
Bǎi Bù 百部, 461 Chán Tuì 蝉蜕, 88 Dù Zhòng 杜仲, 578
Bái Dòu Kòu Ké 白豆蔻壳, 239 Chē Qián Cǎo 车前草, 258
Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻, 238 Chē Qián Zǐ 车前子, 256
E
Bái Fán 白矾, 675 Chén Pí 陈皮, 306 ■ Jiāo 阿胶, 599
■
Bái Guǒ 白果, 467 Chén Xiāng 沉香, 319 ˊ
■ Zhú 莪术, 398
Bǎi Hé 百合, 615 Chì Sháo 赤芍, 170
Bái Huā Shé Shé Cǎo 白花蛇舌草, 163 Chì Shí Zhī 赤石脂, 653
F
Bái Jí 白及, 376 Chì Xiǎo Dòu 赤小豆, 254 Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶, 195
Bài Jiàng Cǎo 败酱草, 155 Chōng Wèi Zǐ 茺蔚子, 413 Fáng Fēng 防风, 69
Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根, 363 Chòu Wú Tóng 臭梧桐, 219 Fáng Jǐ 防己, 205
Bái Qián 白前, 437 Chuān Bèi Mǔ 川贝母, 442 Fó Shǒu 佛手, 314
Bái Sháo 白芍, 597 Chuān Liàn Zǐ 川楝子, 321 Fú Líng Pí 茯苓皮, 247
Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁, 159 Chuān Niú Xī 川牛膝, 418 Fú Líng 茯苓, 245
Bái Wēi 白薇, 176 Chuān Shān Jiǎ 穿山甲, 421 Fù Pén Zǐ 覆盆子, 658
Bái Xiān Pí 白鲜皮, 138 Chuān Wū 川乌, 207 Fú Píng 浮萍, 100
Bái Zhǐ 白芷, 73 Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲, 143 Fú Shén 茯神, 247
Bái Zhú 白术, 558 Chuān Xiōng 川芎, 393 Fú Xiǎo Mài 浮小麦, 643
Bǎi Zǐ Rén 柏子仁, 485 Cí Shí 磁石, 476 Fù Zǐ 附子, 283
Bǎn Lán Gēn 板蓝根, 146 Cōng Bái 葱白, 83
Bàn Xià 半夏, 429
G
Běi Dòu Gēn 北豆根, 159
D Gān Cǎo 甘草, 563
Běi Shā Shēn 北沙参, 604 Dà Fù Pí 大腹皮, 324 Gān Jiāng 干姜, 285
Bì Bá 荜茇, 298 Dà Huáng 大黄, 190 Gǎo Běn 藁本, 78
Bì Xiè 萆薢, 270 Dà Jì 大蓟, 355 Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜, 294
Biǎn Dòu Huā 扁豆花, 563 Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶, 145 Gé Gēn 葛根, 98
Biǎn Xù 萹蓄, 263 Dà Zǎo 大枣, 566 Gé Huā 葛花, 100
Biē Jiǎ Jiāo 鳖甲胶, 624 Dàn Dòu Chǐ 淡豆豉, 102 Gé Jiè 蛤蚧, 589
Biē Jiǎ 鳖甲, 623 Dǎn Nán Xīng 胆南星, 434 Gǒu Jǐ 狗脊, 581
Bīng Láng 槟榔, 348 Dān Shēn 丹参, 406 Gǒu Qǐ Zǐ 枸杞子, 616
Bīng Piàn 冰片, 532 Dàn Zhú Yè 淡竹叶, 118 Gōu Téng 钩藤, 511
Bò He 薄荷, 84 Dāng Guī 当归, 593 Gǔ Jīng Cǎo 谷精草, 124
Bǔ Gǔ Zhī 补骨脂, 583 Dǎng Shēn 党参, 553 Gǔ Suì Bǔ 骨碎补, 582
Dào Yá 稻芽, 337 Gǔ Yá 谷芽, 336
C Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草, 269 Guā Lóu 瓜蒌, 446
Cán Shā 蚕沙, 209 Dì Fū Zǐ 地肤子, 264 Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香, 234
索引.indd 680 2014-12-17 14:21:56

Index by Chinese Medicinals-Pinyin Names 681
Guī Jiǎ Jiāo 龟甲胶, 623 Jīn Qián Cǎo 金钱草, 273 Mì Méng Huā 密蒙花, 125
Guī Jiǎ 龟甲, 621 Jīn Yín Huā 金银花, 139 Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲, 618
Guì Zhī 桂枝, 59 Jīn Yīng Zǐ 金樱子, 660 Mò Yào 没药, 397
Jīng Jiè 荆芥, 67 Mǔ Dān Pí 牡丹皮, 168
H Jǐng Tiān Sān Qī 景天三七, 369 Mǔ Dīng Xiāng 母丁香, 294
Hǎi Fēng Téng 海风藤, 221 Jú Hé 橘核, 308 Mù Guā 木瓜, 216
Hǎi Jīn Shā Téng 海金沙藤, 266 Jú Hóng 橘红, 308 Mǔ Lì 牡蛎, 500
Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙, 265 Jú Huā 菊花, 91 Mù Xiāng 木香, 312
Hǎi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸, 661 Jú Sān Qī 菊三七, 368 Mù Zéi 木贼, 101
Hǎi Tóng Pí 海桐皮, 211 Jué Míng Zǐ 决明子, 123
Hǎi Zǎo 海藻, 452
N
Hé Gěng 荷梗, 665
K Nán Guā Zǐ 南瓜子, 350
Hé Huān Huā 合欢花, 491 Kǔ Liàn Pí 苦楝皮 , 347 Nán Shā Shēn南沙参, 605
Hé Huān Pí 合欢皮, 490 Kǔ Shēn 苦参, 136 Nán Wǔ Wèi Zǐ 南五味子, 648
Hé Shǒu Wū 何首乌, 601 Kǔ Xìng Rén 苦杏仁, 455 Niú Bàng Zǐ 牛蒡子, 86
Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁, 588 Kuǎn Dōng Huā 款冬花, 460 Niú Huáng 牛黄, 150
Hé Yè 荷叶, 664 Kūn Bù 昆布, 454 Niú Xī 牛膝, 416
Hē Zǐ 诃子, 651 Nǚ Zhēn Zǐ 女贞子, 617
Hēi Zhī Ma 黑芝麻, 620
L Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根, 644
Hóng Huā 红花, 410 Lái Fú Zǐ 莱菔子, 337
Hóng Téng 红藤, 154 Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤, 210
O
Hòu Pò Huā 厚朴花, 233 Léi Wán 雷丸, 351 Oǔ Jié 藕节, 381
Hòu Pò 厚朴, 232 Lián Fáng 莲房, 664
Hú Huánɡ Lián 胡黄连, 180 Lián Qiào 连翘, 142
P
Hú Jiāo 胡椒, 295 Lián Xū 莲须, 664 Páo Jiāng 炮姜, 385
Hú Lú Bā 胡芦巴, 577 Lián Zǐ 莲子, 663 Pí Pá Yè 枇杷叶, 463
Hǔ Pò 琥珀, 480 Líng Yáng Jiǎo 羚羊角, 508 Pú Gōng Yīng 蒲公英, 147
Huā Jiāo 花椒, 296 Líng Zhī 灵芝, 488 Pú Huáng 蒲黄, 371
Huá Shí 滑石, 258 Liú Huáng 硫黄, 673
Huái Huā 槐花, 360 Lóng Chǐ 龙齿, 480
Q
Huái Jiǎo 槐角, 361 Lóng Dǎn Cǎo 龙胆草, 134 Qiàn Cǎo 茜草, 369
Huáng Bǎi 黄柏, 132 Lóng Gǔ 龙骨, 477 Qián Hú 前胡, 441
Huáng Jīng 黄精, 613 Lóng Yǎn Ròu 龙眼肉, 603 Qiàn Shí 芡实, 665
Huáng Lián 黄连, 130 Lú Gēn 芦根, 115 Qiāng Huó 羌活, 72
Huáng Qí 黄芪, 555 Lú Huì 芦荟, 196 Qín Jiāo 秦艽, 214
Huáng Qín 黄芩, 127 Lù Jiǎo Jiāo 鹿角胶, 570 Qín Pí 秦皮, 160
Huǒ Má Rén 火麻仁, 198 Lù Jiǎo Shuāng 鹿角霜, 570 Qīnɡ Hāo 青蒿, 174
Lù Jiǎo 鹿角, 570 Qīng Xiāng Zǐ 青葙子, 126
J Lù Róng 鹿茸, 568 Qīnq Pí 青皮, 308
Jí Lí 蒺藜, 505 Luó Bù Má Yè 罗布麻叶, 507 Qú Mài 瞿麦, 261
Jī Nèi Jīn 鸡内金, 338 Luò Shí Téng 络石藤, 215 Quán Xiē 全蝎, 517
Jī Shǐ Téng 鸡矢藤, 340
Jī Xuè Téng 鸡血藤, 415
M R
Jiàn Qū 建曲, 334 Mǎ Chǐ Xiàn 马齿苋, 161 Rěn Dōng Téng 忍冬藤, 141
Jiāng Cán 僵蚕, 521 Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根, 642 Rén Gōng Bīng Piàn 人工冰片, 534
Jiāng Huáng 姜黄, 404 Má Huáng 麻黄, 57 Rén Gōng Niú Huáng 人工牛黄, 152
Jiàng Xiāng 降香, 374 Mài Dōng 麦冬, 607 Rén Shēn Yè 人参叶, 551
Jiāo Mù 椒目, 298 Mài Yá 麦芽, 334 Rén Shēn 人参, 548
Jié Gěng 桔梗, 439 Màn Jīng Zǐ 蔓荆子, 92 Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉, 571
Jiè Zǐ 芥子, 434 Máng Xiāo 芒硝, 193 Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻, 652
索引.indd 681 2014-12-17 14:21:58

Ròu Guì 肉桂, 286 Tán Xiāng 檀香, 320 Xuán Míng Fěn 玄明粉, 195
Rǔ Xiāng 乳香, 395 Táo Rén 桃仁, 408 Xuán Shēn 玄参, 166
Tǐ Wài Péi Yù Niú Huáng 体外培育牛 Xuè Yú Tàn 血余炭, 379
S 黄, 151
Sān Léng 三棱, 400 Tiān Dōng 天冬, 608
Y
Sān Qī 三七, 366 Tiān Huā Fěn 天花粉, 116 Yā Zhí Cǎo 鸭跖草, 119
Sāng Bái Pí 桑白皮, 464 Tiān Má 天麻, 513 Yán Hú Suǒ 延胡索, 401
Sāng Jì Shēng 桑寄生, 223 Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星, 432 Yì Mǔ Cǎo 益母草, 411
Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸, 659 Tián Xìng Rén 甜杏仁, 457 Yí Táng 饴糖, 567
Sāng Shèn 桑椹, 619 Tiān Zhú Huáng 天竺黄, 451 Yì Yǐ Rén 薏苡仁, 247
Sāng Yè 桑叶, 89 Tíng Lì Zǐ 葶苈子, 465 Yì Zhì Rén 益智仁, 585
Sāng Zhī 桑枝, 220 Tōng Cǎo 通草, 260 Yín Chái Hú 银柴胡, 179
Shā Rén Ké 砂仁壳, 238 Tǔ Bèi Mǔ 土贝母, 445 Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿, 272
Shā Rén 砂仁, 236 Tǔ Fú Líng 土茯苓, 152 Yín Xìng Yè 银杏叶, 469
Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根, 158 Tǔ Jīng Pí 土荆皮, 678 Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿, 574
Shān Yáng Jiǎo 山羊角, 510 Tǔ Niú Xī 土牛膝, 420 Yīng Sù Qiào 罂粟壳, 649
Shān Yào 山药, 560 Tù Sī Zǐ 菟丝子, 586 Yù Jīn 郁金, 402
Shān Zhā 山楂, 330 Yù Lǐ Rén 郁李仁, 199
Shān Zhū Yú 山茱萸, 656
W Yù Mǐ Xū 玉米须, 255
Shé Chuáng Zǐ 蛇床子, 676 Wáng Bù Liú Xíng 王不留行, 420 Yú Xīng Cǎo 鱼腥草, 153
Shè Gān 射干, 157 Wēi Jiāng 煨姜, 65 Yù Zhú 玉竹, 612
Shè Xiāng 麝香, 530 Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙, 212 Yuǎn Zhì 远志, 491
Shén Qū 神曲, 333 Wú Gōng 蜈蚣, 519
Shēng Dì Huáng 生地黄, 164 Wǔ Jiā Pí 五加皮, 222
Z
Shēng Jiāng Pí 生姜皮, 65 Wǔ Líng Zhī 五灵脂, 372 Zé Lán 泽兰, 413
Shēng Jiāng Zhī 生姜汁, 65 Wū Méi 乌梅, 648 Zé Xiè 泽泻, 251
Shēng Jiāng 生姜, 63 Wǔ Wèi Zǐ 五味子, 645 Zhāng Nǎo 樟脑, 539
Shēng Má 升麻, 96 Wū Yào 乌药, 317 Zhè Bèi Mǔ 浙贝母, 444
Shí Chāng Pú 石菖蒲, 535 Wú Zhū Yú 吴茱萸, 289 Zhě Shí 赭石, 502
Shí Gāo 石膏, 112 Zhēn Zhū Mǔ 珍珠母, 499
Shí Hú 石斛, 610
X Zhēn Zhū 珍珠, 482
Shí Jué Míng 石决明, 497 Xī Xiān Cǎo 豨莶草, 218 Zhī Mǔ 知母, 113
Shǐ Jūn Zǐ 使君子, 346 Xì Xīn 细辛, 76 Zhǐ Qiào 枳壳, 312
Shí Liú Pí 石榴皮, 654 Xī Yáng Shēn 西洋参, 551 Zhǐ Shí 枳实, 310
Shí Wéi 石韦, 266 Xià Kū Cǎo 夏枯草, 121 Zhī Zǐ 栀子, 120
Shǒu Wū Téng 首乌藤, 487 Xiān Hè Cǎo 仙鹤草, 377 Zhú Lì 竹沥, 450
Shú Dì Huáng 熟地黄, 595 Xiān Máo 仙茅, 576 Zhū Líng 猪苓, 249
Shuǐ Niú Jiǎo Nóng Suō Fěn 水牛角浓 Xiāng Fù 香附, 315 Zhù Má Gēn 苎麻根, 365
缩粉, 174 Xiāng Rú 香薷, 65 Zhú Rú 竹茹, 448
Shuǐ Niú Jiǎo 水牛角, 173 Xiǎo Huí Xiāng 小茴香, 291 Zǐ Bèi Chǐ 紫贝齿, 504
Sōng Zǐ Rén 松子仁, 200 Xiǎo Jì 小蓟, 357 Zǐ Cǎo 紫草, 171
Sū Hé Xiāng 苏合香, 534 Xiǎo Mài 小麦, 644 Zǐ Hé Chē 紫河车, 590
Suān Zǎo Rén 酸枣仁, 484 Xiè Bái 薤白, 323 Zǐ Huā Dì Dīng 紫花地丁, 149
Suǒ Yáng 锁阳, 572 Xīn Yí 辛夷, 81 Zǐ Sū Gěng 紫苏梗, 63
Xióng Huáng 雄黄, 671 Zǐ Sū Yè 紫苏叶, 61
T Xù Duàn 续断, 579 Zǐ Sū Zǐ 紫苏子, 457
Tài Zǐ Shēn 太子参, 554 Xuán Fù Huā 旋覆花, 436 Zǐ Wǎn 紫菀, 458
索引.indd 682 2014-12-17 14:22:00

683
Index by Chinese Medicinals-Latin Names
568 FOLIUM MORI, 89

A CORNU SAIGA■ TATARICA■, 508 FOLIUM P■RILLA■, 61
ALO■, 196 CORT■X ACANTHOPANACIS, 222 FOLIUM PYRROSIA■, 266
ALUM■N, 675 CORT■X ALBIZIA■, 490 FOLIUM S■NNA■, 195
ARILLUS LONGAN, 603 CORT■X CINNAMOMI , 286 FRUCTUS ALPINIA■ OXYPHYLLA■,
CORT■X DICTAMNI, 138 585
B CORT■X ■RYTHRINA■, 211 FRUCTUS AMOMI KRAVANH, 238
B■NZOINUM, 541 CORT■X ■UCOMMIA■, 578 FRUCTUS AMOMI, 236
BOMBYX BATRYTICATUS, 522 CORT■X FRAXINI, 160 FRUCTUS ARCTII, 86
BORN■OLUM , 532 CORT■X LYCII, 177 FRUCTUS AURANTII IMMATURUS,
BULBUS ALLII FISTULOSI, 83 CORT■X MAGNOLIA■ 310
BULBUS ALLII MACROST■MI, 323 OFFICINALIS, 232 FRUCTUS CANNABIS, 198
BULBUS FRITILLARIA■ CIRRHOSA■, CORT■X M■LIA■, 347 FRUCTUS CHA■NOM■LIS, 216
442 CORT■X MORI, 464 FRUCTUS CH■BULA■, 651
BULBUS FRITILLARIA■ CORT■X MOUTAN, 168 FRUCTUS CITRI SARCODACTYLIS,
THUNB■RGII, 444 CORT■X PH■LLOD■NDRI 314
BULBUS LILII, 615 CHIN■NSIS, 132 FRUCTUS CNIDII, 676
CORT■X PS■UDOLARICIS, 678 FRUCTUS CORNI, 656
C CRINIS CARBONISATUS, 379 FRUCTUS CRATA■GI, 330
CACUM■N PLATYCLADI, 362 FRUCTUS ■VODIA■ , 289
CALCULUS BOVIS, 150
E FRUCTUS FO■NICULI , 291
CAMPHORA, 539 ■NDOCONCHA S■PIA■, 661 FRUCTUS FORSYTHIA■, 142
CARAPAX ■T PLASTRUM ■NDOTH■LIUM CORN■UM FRUCTUS GARD■NIA■, 120
T■STUDINIS, 621 GIG■RIA■ GALLI, 338 FRUCTUS HORD■I G■RMINATUS,
CARAPAX TRIONYCIS, 623 ■XOCARPIUM B■NINCASA■, 252 334
CAULIS BAMBUSA■ IN TA■NIA, 448 FRUCTUS JUJUBA■, 566
CAULIS D■NDROBII, 610
F FRUCTUS KOCHIA■, 264
CAULIS PIP■RIS KADSURA■, 221 FA■C■S BOMBYCIS, 209 FRUCTUS LIGUSTRI LUCIDI, 617
CAULIS POLYGONI MULTIFLORI, FA■C■S TROGOPT■RORI, 372 FRUCTUS LYCII, 616
487 FLOS BUDDL■JA■, 125 FRUCTUS MORI, 619
CAULIS SARG■NTODOXA■, 154 FLOS CARTHAMI, 410 FRUCTUS MUM■, 648
CAULIS SPATHOLOBI, 415 FLOS CARYOPHYLLI , 293 FRUCTUS P■RILLA■, 457
CAULIS TRACH■LOSP■RMI, 215 FLOS CHRYSANTH■MI, 91 FRUCTUS PIP■RIS , 295
COLLA CORII ASINI, 599 FLOS ■RIOCAULI, 124 FRUCTUS PIP■RIS LONGI , 298
CONCHA HALIOTIDIS, 497 FLOS FARFARA■, 460 FRUCTUS PSORAL■A■, 583
CONCHA MARGARITIF■RA■ USTA, FLOS INULA■, 436 FRUCTUS QUISQUALIS, 346
499 FLOS LONIC■RA■ JAPONICA■, 139 FRUCTUS ROSA■ LA■VIGATA■, 660
CONCHA MAURITIA■, 504 FLOS MAGNOLIA■, 81 FRUCTUS RUBI, 658
CONCHA OSTR■A■, 500 FLOS SOPHORA■, 360 FRUCTUS SCHISANDRA■
CONCR■TIO SILIC■A BAMBUSA■, FOLIUM APOCYNI V■N■TI, 507 CHIN■NSIS, 645
451 FOLIUM ART■MISIA■ ARGYI, 382 FRUCTUS S■TARIA■ G■RMINATUS,
CORDYC■PS, 591 FOLIUM CL■ROD■NDRI, 219 336
CORNU BUBALI, 173 FOLIUM ■RIOBOTRYA■, 463 FRUCTUS TOOS■NDAN, 321
CORNU C■RVI PANTOTRICHUM, FOLIUM ISATIDIS, 145 FRUCTUS TRIBULI, 505
索引.indd 683 2014-12-17 14:22:01

FRUCTUS TRICHOSANTHIS, 446 RADIX ACONITI, 207

FRUCTUS TRITICI L■VIS, 643
L RADIX AD■NOPHORA■, 605
FRUCTUS TSAOKO, 240 LIGNUM AQUILARIA■ R■SINATUM, RADIX ANG■LICA■ DAHURICA■, 73
FRUCTUS VITICIS, 92 319 RADIX ANG■LICA■ PUB■SC■NTIS,
FRUCTUS XANTHII, 79 LIGNUM DALB■RGIA■ 204
ODORIF■RA■, 374 RADIX ANG■LICA■ SIN■NSIS, 593
G LIGNUM SANTALI ALBI, 320 RADIX ARN■BIA■, 171
GANOD■RMA, 488 RADIX ASPARAGI, 608
G■CKO, 589
M RADIX ASTRAGALI, 555
GYPSUM FIBROSUM, 112 MAGN■TITUM, 476 RADIX AUCKLANDIA■, 312
MARGARITA, 482 RADIX BO■HM■RIA■, 365
H MASSA M■DICATA F■RM■NTATA, RADIX BUPL■URI, 94
HA■MATITUM, 502 333 RADIX CODONOPSIS, 553
HALLOYSITUM RUBRUM, 653 M■DULLA JUNCI, 269 RADIX CURCUMA■, 402
H■RBA AGRIMONIA■, 377 M■DULLA T■TRAPANACIS, 260 RADIX CYATHULA■, 418
H■RBA ANDROGRAPHIS, 143 MOSCHUS, 530 RADIX DIPSACI, 579
H■RBA ART■MISIA■ ANNUA■, 174 MYRRHA, 397 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA ASARI, 76
H■RBA ART■MISIA■ SCOPARIA■, RADIX ■T RHIZOMA AST■RIS, 458
272
N RADIX ■T RHIZOMA CL■MATIDIS,
H■RBA CIRSII JAPONICI, 355 NATRII SULFAS, 193 212
H■RBA CIRSII, 357 NODUS N■LUMBINIS RHIZOMATIS, RADIX ■T RHIZOMA CYNANCHI
H■RBA CISTANCH■S, 571 381 ATRATI, 176
H■RBA COMM■LINA■, 119 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA ■PH■DRA■,
H■RBA CYNOMORII, 572
O 642
H■RBA DIANTHI, 261 OLIBANUM, 395 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA G■NTIANA■,
H■RBA ■CLIPTA■, 618 OMPHALIA, 351 134
H■RBA ■PH■DRA■, 57 OÖTH■CA MANTIDIS, 659 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA GINS■NG, 548
H■RBA ■PIM■DII, 574 OS DRACONIS, 477 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA
H■RBA ■QUIS■TI HI■MALIS, 101 GLYCYRRHIZA■, 563
H■RBA H■DYOTIS DIFFUSA■, 163
P RADIX ■T RHIZOMA NOTOGINS■NG,
H■RBA HOUTTUYNIA■, 153 P■RICARPIUM AR■CA■, 324 366
H■RBA L■ONURI, 411 P■RICARPIUM CITRI R■TICULATA■ RADIX ■T RHIZOMA NOTOPT■RYGII,
H■RBA LOPHATH■RI, 118 VIRID■, 308 72
H■RBA LYCOPI, 413 P■RICARPIUM CITRI RADIX ■T RHIZOMA RH■I, 190
H■RBA LYSIMACHIA■, 273 R■TICULATA■, 306 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA RUBIA■, 369
H■RBA M■NTHA■, 84 P■RICARPIUM GRANATI, 654 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA SALVIA■
H■RBA MOSLA■, 65 P■RICARPIUM PAPAV■RIS, 649 MILTIORRHIZA■, 406
H■RBA PA■D■RIA■, 340 P■RICARPIUM ZANTHOXYLI , 296 RADIX ■T RHIZOMA SOPHORA■
H■RBA PATRINIA■, 155 P■RIOSTRACUM CICADA■, 88 TONKIN■NSIS, 158
H■RBA POGOST■MONIS, 234 PH■R■TIMA, 515 RADIX G■NTIANA■
H■RBA POLYGONI AVICULARIS, PLAC■NTA HOMINIS, 590 MACROPHYLLA■, 214
263 POLL■N TYPHA■, 371 RADIX GL■HNIA■, 604
H■RBA PORTULACA■, 161 POLYPORUS, 249 RADIX ISATIDIS, 146
H■RBA SCHIZON■P■TA■, 67 PORIA, 245 RADIX LIND■RA■, 317
H■RBA SI■G■SB■CKIA■, 218 RADIX MORINDA■ OFFICINALIS,
H■RBA SPIROD■LA■, 100
R 573
H■RBA TARAXACI, 147 RADIX ACHYRANTHIS BID■NTATA■, RADIX OPHIOPOGONIS, 607
H■RBA TAXILLI, 223 416 RADIX PA■ONIA■ ALBA, 597
H■RBA VIOLA■, 149 RADIX ACONITI LAT■RALIS RADIX PA■ONIA■ RUBRA, 170
PRA■PARATA, 283 RADIX PANACIS QUINQU■FOLII,
索引.indd 684 2014-12-17 14:22:03

Index by Chinese Medicinals-Latin Names 685
551 RHIZOMA CIMICIFUGA■, 96 S■M■N C■LOSIA■, 126

RADIX P■UC■DANI, 441 RHIZOMA COPTIDIS, 130 S■M■N COICIS, 247
RADIX PLATYCODONIS, 439 RHIZOMA CORYDALIS, 401 S■M■N CUCURBITA■, 350
RADIX POLYGALA■, 491 RHIZOMA CURCULIGINIS, 576 S■M■N CUSCUTA■, 586
RADIX POLYGONI MULTIFLORI, RHIZOMA CURCUMA■ LONGA■, S■M■N D■SCURAINIA■ S■U
601 404 L■PIDII, 465
RADIX PS■UDOST■LLARIA■, 554 RHIZOMA CURCUMA■, 398 S■M■N ■URYAL■S, 665
RADIX PU■RARIA■ LOBATA■, 98 RHIZOMA CYP■RI, 315 S■M■N GINKGO, 467
RADIX PULSATILLA■, 159 RHIZOMA DIOSCOR■A■ S■M■N JUGLANDIS, 588
RADIX R■HMANNIA■ PRA■PARATA, HYPOGLAUCA■, 270 S■M■N LABLAB ALBUM, 562
595 RHIZOMA DIOSCOR■A■, 560 S■M■N MALVA■, 268
RADIX R■HMANNIA■ R■C■NS, 164 RHIZOMA DRYNARIA■, 582 S■M■N MYRISTICA■, 652
RADIX SANGUISORBA■, 358 RHIZOMA ■T RADIX CYNANCHI S■M■N N■LUMBINIS, 663
RADIX SAPOSHNIKOVIA■, 69 STAUNTONII, 437 S■M■N P■RSICA■, 408
RADIX SCROPHULARIA■, 166 RHIZOMA ■T RADIX ORYZA■ S■M■N PHAS■OLI, 254
RADIX SCUT■LLARIA■, 127 GLUTINOSA■, 644 S■M■N PINI KORAI■NSIS, 200
RADIX SOPHORA■ FLAV■SC■NTIS, RHIZOMA GASTRODIA■, 513 S■M■N PLANTAGINIS, 256
136 RHIZOMA IMP■RATA■, 363 S■M■N PLATYCLADI, 485
RADIX ST■LLARIA■, 179 RHIZOMA LIGUSTICI, 78 S■M■N PRUNI, 199
RADIX ST■MONA■, 461 RHIZOMA PHRAGMITIS, 115 S■M■N RAPHANI, 337
RADIX ST■PHANIA■ RHIZOMA PICRORHIZA■, 180 S■M■N S■SAMI NIGRUM, 620
T■TRANDRA■, 205 RHIZOMA PIN■LLIA■, 429 S■M■N SINAPIS, 434
RADIX TRICHOSANTHIS, 116 RHIZOMA POLYGONATI ODORATI, S■M■N SOJA■ PRA■PARATUM, 102
RADIX TRIPT■RYGII WILFORDII, 612 S■M■N TRIGON■LLA■, 577
210 RHIZOMA POLYGONATI, 613 S■M■N VACCARIA■, 420
RAMULUS CINNAMOMI, 59 RHIZOMA SMILACIS GLABRA■, 152 S■M■N ZIZIPHI SPINOSA■, 484
RAMULUS MORI, 220 RHIZOMA SPARGANII, 400 SPICA PRUN■LLA■, 121
RAMULUS UNCARIA■ CUM UNCIS, RHIZOMA ZINGIB■RIS SPORA LYGODII, 265
511 PRA■PARATUM, 385 SQUAMA MANITIS, 421
R■ALGAR, 671 RHIZOMA ZINGIB■RIS R■C■NS, 63 STIGMA MAYDIS, 255
RHIZOMA ACORI TATARINOWII, 535 RHIZOMA ZINGIB■RIS, 285 STYRAX , 534
RHIZOMA ALISMATIS, 251 SUCCINUM, 480
RHIZOMA ALPINIA■ OFFICINARUM,
S SUCCUS BAMBUSA■, 450
294 SACCHARUM GRANORUM, 567 SULFUR, 673
RHIZOMA AN■MARRH■NA■, 113 SARGASSUM, 452
RHIZOMA ARISA■MATIS, 432 SCOLOP■NDRA, 519
T
RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS SCORPIO, 517 TALCUM, 258
MACROC■PHALA■, 558 S■M■N ALPINIA■ KATSUMADAI, THALLUS LAMINARIA■; THALLUS
RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS, 230 239 ■CKLONIA■, 453
RHIZOMA B■LAMCANDA■, 157 S■M■N AR■CA■, 348
RHIZOMA BL■TILLA■, 376 S■M■N ARM■NIACA■ AMARUM,
V
RHIZOMA CHUANXIONG, 393 455 V■N■NUM BUFONIS, 537
RHIZOMA CIBOTII, 581 S■M■N CASSIA■, 123
索引.indd 685 2014-12-17 14:22:04

686
Index by Chinese Medicinals-English Names
Common Burreed Tuber, 400

A C Common Coltsfoot Flower, 461
Aconite Root, 283 Cablin Patchouli, 234 Common Curculigo Rhizome, 576
Acorus, 535 Camphor, 539 Common Day■ower, 119
Adzuki Bean, 254 Cape Jasmine Fruit, 120 Common Fenugreek Seed, 577
Aged Tangerine Peel, 306 Cassia Bark, 286 Common Monkshood Mother Root, 207
Aloe, 196 Cassia Seed, 123 Common Scouring Rush, 101
Alum, 675 Cassia Twig, 59 Common Self-heal Fruit-spike, 121
Amber, 480 Cattail Pollen, 371 Common Yam Rhizome, 560
American Ginseng, 551 Centipede, 519 Coptis, 130
Andrographis, 143 Chaenomeles Fruit , 216 Cornsilk, 255
Angelica Root, 73 Chain Fern, 581 Cornus, 656
Antelope Horn, 508 Charred Hair, 379 Corydalis Rhizome , 401
Aquilaria Wood, 319 Chastetree Fruit, 92 Cow Bezoar, 150
Arabic Cowry Shell, 504 Cherokee Rose Fruit, 660 Cowherb Seed, 420
Arborvitae, 362 Chicken Gizzard Lining, 338 Curcumae Rhizome, 398
Areca, 348 Chinese Anemone Root, 159 Cuttlebone, 661
Areca Peel, 324 Chinese Angelica, 593 Cyathula Root, 418
Arnebia Root, 171 Chinese Caterpillar Fungus, 591 Cynanchum Root and Rhizome, 437
Aromatic Madder, 65 Chinese Clematis Root, 212
Ash Bark, 160 Chinese Date, 566
D
Asparagus Tuber, 608 Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed, 199 Dandelion, 147
Astragalus Root, 555 Chinese Fevervine, 340 Danshen Root, 406
Atractylodes Rhizome, 230 Chinese Gentian, 134 Deer Velvet, 568
Chinese Hawthorn Fruit, 330 Dendrobium Stem, 610
B Chinese Lovage Root, 78 Dens Draconis, 480
Bamboo Sap, 450 Chinese Magnolivine Fruit, 645 Desert Cistanche, 571
Bamboo Shavings, 448 Chinese Raspberry, 658 Dictamnus Root Bark, 138
Bamboo Sugar, 451 Chinese Star Jasmine Stem, 215 Dodder Seed, 586
Belvedere Fruit, 264 Chinese Taxillus, 223 Dogbane Leaf, 507
Benzoin, 541 Chinese Waxgourd Peel, 252 Donkey-hide Gelatin, 599
Bitter Apricot Kernel, 455 Chinese Wolfberry Fruit, 616 Double Teeth Pubescent Angelica Root,
Black Cohosh Rhizome, 96 Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark, 177 204
Black Sesame, 620 Chrysanthemum Flower, 91 Dragon Bone, 477
Blackberry Lily Rhizome, 157 Cicada Moulting, 88 Dried Ginger Rhizome, 285
Black-haired Vine, 487 Clerodendron Leaf, 219 Drynaria Rhizome, 582
Bletilla Rhizome, 376 Clove Flower, 293 Duckweed, 100
Blighted Wheat, 643 Cluster Mallow Seed, 268 Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber, 607
Blond Magnolia Flower, 81 Cnidium Fruit, 676
Borneol, 532 Codonopsis Root, 553
E
Borneolum Syntheticum, 534 Coix Seed, 247 ■arthWorm, 515
Buddha’s Hand, 314 Combined Spicebush Root, 317 ■leutherococcus Root Bark, 222
Buffalo Horn, 173 Common Anemarrhena Rhizome, 113 ■phedra Root, 642
Common Aucklandia Root, 312 ■phedra, 57
索引.indd 686 2014-12-17 14:22:06

Index by Chinese Medicinals-English Names 687
■pimedium Herb, 574 Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome, Motherwort, 411

■rythrina Bark, 211 270 Mugwort Leaf, 382
■ucommia Bark, 578 Mulberry Leaf, 89
■uryale Seed, 665
I Mulberry Twig, 220
Immature Bitter Orange, 310 Mulberry, 619
F In Vitro Cultivated Ox Gallstone, 151 Musk, 530
Feather Cockscomb Seed, 126 Indian Bread, 245 Mustard Seed, 434
Fennel, 291 Indian Madder Root, 369 Myrrh, 397
Field Mint, 84 Inula Flower, 436
Field Thistle, 357 Isatis Root, 146
N
Figwort Root, 166 Natrii Sulfas ■xsiccatus, 195
Figwort■ower Picrorhiza Rhizome, 180
J Notoptetygium Root and Rhizome, 72
Fleece■ower Root, 601 Jack-in-the-pulpit Tuber, 432 Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome, 315
Flying Squirrel Feces, 372 Japanese Climbing Fern Spore , 265 Nutmeg, 652
Four Leaf Ladybell Root, 605 Japanese Thistle, 355
Four Stamen Stephania Root , 205 Juncus, 269
O
Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome, 612 Oldenlandia, 163
Frankincense, 395
K Oriental Arborvitae, 485
Fresh Ginger, 63 Kadsura Pepper Stem, 221 Oyster Shell, 500
Katsumadai, 239
G Kelp, 453
P
Galangal, 294 Knotweed, 263 Pagoda Tree Flower, 360
Gambir Plant, 511 Kudzuvine Root, 98 Pale Butter■y Bush Flower, 125
Garden Burnet Root, 358 Pangolin Scales, 421
Gecko, 589
L Patrinia, 155
Germinated Barley, 334 Large Leaf Gentian Root, 214 Peach Kernel, 408
Ginkgo Nut, 467 Licorice Root, 563 Pearl, 482
Ginseng, 548 Light Yellow Sophora Root, 136 Pepper Fruit, 295
Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome, 152 Lilac Pink , 261 Pepperweed Seed, 465
Glutinous Rice Root, 644 Lily Bulb, 615 Phellodendron Bark, 132
Golden Larch Bark, 678 Long Pepper Fruit, 298 Pine Nut, 200
Grain Sprout, 336 Long Stamen Onion Bulb, 323 Pinellia Rhizome, 429
Great Burdock Achene, 86 Longan, 603 Pipewort Flower, 124
Green Tangerine Peel, 308 Lophatherum Herb, 118 Plantago Seed, 256
Gypsum, 112 Loquat Leaf, 463 Platycodon Root, 439
Lotus Rhizome Node, 381 Polyporus, 249
H Lotus Seed, 663 Pomegranate Husk, 654
Hairy Vein Agrimonia, 377 Lysimachia, 273 Poppy Husk, 649
Halloysite, 653 Prepared Dried Ginger, 385
Heartleaf Houttuynia, 153
M Prepared Rehmannia Root, 595
Hematite, 502 Magnetite, 476 Prepared Soybean, 102
Hemp Seed, 198 Magnolia Bark, 232 Pricklyash Peel, 296
Heterophylla False Satarwort Root, 554 Malt Sugar, 567 Privet Fruit, 617
Highly Concentrated Powder of Buffalo Manchurian Wild Ginger, 76 Pseudoginseng Root, 366
Horn, 174 Mantis ■gg-case, 659 Psoralea Fruit, 583
Himalayan Teasel Root, 579 Medicated Leaven, 333 Pumpkin Seed and Husk, 350
Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb, 413 Medicinal ■vodia Fruit, 289 Puncture Vine Caltrop Fruit, 505
Hogfennel Root, 441 Medicine Terminalia Fruit, 651 Purslane, 161
Honeysuckle Flower, 139 Morinda Root, 573 Pyrrosia Leaf, 266
Human Placenta, 590 Mother-of-pearl, 499
索引.indd 687 2014-12-17 14:22:07

Silktree Bark, 490 Tortoise Shell, 621

R Silkworm Feces , 209 Tree Peony Bark, 168
Radish Seed, 337 Smoked Plum, 648 Tripterygium Root, 210
Ramie Root, 365 Snakegourd Fruit, 446 Tsaoko Fruit, 240
Rangoon Creeper Fruit, 346 Snakegourd Root, 116 Turmeric Root Tuber, 402
Realgar, 671 Sodium Sulphate, 193 Turmeric Root Rhizome, 404
Receptaculum Nelumbinis, 664 Songaria Cynomorium Herb, 572 Turtle Carapace, 623
Red Peony Root, 170 Spiney Date Seed, 484 Two-toothed Achyranthes Root, 416
Reed Rhizome, 115 Spring Onion, 83
Reishi Mushroom, 488 Starwort Root, 179
U
Rhubarb Root and Rhizome, 190 Stemona Root, 461 Unprocessed Rehmannia Root, 164
Rice Paper Plant Pith, 260 Stiff Silkworm, 521
Roasted Rhizoma Zingiberis Rosc., 65 Storax, 534
V
Rosewood, 374 Straight Ladybell Root, 604 Villous Amomum Fruit, 236
Round Cardamom, 238 Suberect Spatholobus Stem, 415 Virgate Wormwood Herb, 272
Subprostrate Sophora Root, 158
S Sulfur, 673
W
Saf■ower, 410 Swallowwort Root and Rhizome, 176 Walnut, 588
Sandalwood, 320 Sweet Wormwood, 174 Water Plantain Rhizome, 251
Saposhnikovia Root, 69 Weeping Forsythia Capsule, 142
Sargent Gloryvine Stem, 154
T White Atractylodes Rhizome, 558
Schizonepeta, 67 Talcum, 258 White Hyacinth Bean, 562
Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis, 247 Tall Gastrodis Tuber, 513 White Mulberry Root-bark, 464
Scorpion, 517 Tatarian Aster Root, 458 White Peony Root, 597
Scutellaria Root, 127 Tendrilled Fritillaria Bulb, 442 Woad Leaf, 145
Sea-ear Shell, 497 Thin-leaf Milkwort Root, 491 Woolly Grass, 363
Seaweed, 452 Thotowax Root, 94
Senna Leaf, 195 Thunberg Fritillary Bulb, 444
X
Sharpleaf Galangal Fruit, 585 Thunder Ball, 351 Xanthium Fruit, 79
Siberian Solomon’s Seal Rhizome, 613 Toad Skin, 539
Sichuan Chinaberry Bark, 347 Toad Venom, 537 Y
Sichuan Lovage Rhizome, 393 Tokyo Violet, 149 Yerbadetajo Herb, 618
Siegesbeckia , 218 Toosendan Fruit, 321
索引.indd 688 2014-12-17 14:22:08

1
Color Illustrations
Má Huáng 麻黄 GuìZhī桂枝 ZǐSūYè 紫苏叶
Shēng Jiāng 生姜 Xiāng Rú香薷 Jīng Jiè 荆芥
Fáng Fēng 防风 Qiāng Huó 羌活 Bái Zhǐ白芷
XìXīn 细辛 Gǎo Běn 藁本 Cāng■

E r Zǐ苍耳子
彩插.indd 1 2014-12-17 13:56:22

Xīn Yí辛夷 Cōng Bái 葱白 Bò He 薄荷
NiúBàng Zǐ牛蒡子 Chán Tuì蝉蜕 Sāng Yè 桑叶
JúHuā 菊花 Màn Jīng Zǐ蔓荆子 Chái Hú柴胡
Shēng Má 升麻 Gé Gēn 葛根 FúPíng 浮萍
MùZéi 木贼 Dàn Dòu Chǐ淡豆豉 ShíGāo 石膏
彩插.indd 2 2014-12-17 13:56:28

Color Illustrations 3
ZhīMǔ知母 LúGēn 芦根 Tiān Huā Fěn 天花粉
Dàn ZhúYè 淡竹叶 Yā ZhíCǎo 鸭跖草 ZhīZǐ栀子
Xià KūCǎo 夏枯草 Jué Míng Zǐ决明子 GǔJīng Cǎo 谷精草
MìMéng Huā 密蒙花 Qīng Xiāng Zǐ青葙子 Huáng Qín 黄芩
Huáng Lián 黄连 Huáng Bǎi 黄柏 Lóng Dǎn Cǎo 龙胆草
彩插.indd 3 2014-12-17 13:56:33

KǔShēn 苦参 Bái Xiān Pí白鲜皮 Jīn Yín Huā 金银花
Lián Qiào 连翘 Chuān Xīn Lián 穿心莲 Dà Qīng Yè 大青叶
Bǎn Lán Gēn 板蓝根 PúGōng Yīng 蒲公英 ZǐHuā DìDīng 紫花地丁
NiúHuáng 牛黄 TǔFúLíng 土茯苓 YúXīng Cǎo 鱼腥草
Hóng Téng 红藤 Bài Jiàng Cǎo 败酱草 Shè Gān 射干
彩插.indd 4 2014-12-17 13:56:38

Shān Dòu Gēn 山豆根 Bái Tóu Wēng 白头翁 Qín Pí秦皮
Mǎ ChǐXiàn 马齿苋 Bái Huā Shé Shé Cǎo 白花蛇舌草 Shēng DìHuáng 生地黄
Xuán Shēn 玄参 MǔDān Pí牡丹皮 ChìSháo 赤芍
ZǐCǎo 紫草 ShuǐNiúJiǎo Piàn 水牛角片 Qīng Hāo 青蒿
Bái Wēi 白薇 DìGǔPí地骨皮 Yín Chái Hú银柴胡
彩插.indd 5 2014-12-17 13:56:43

HúHuáng Lián 胡黄连 Dà Huáng 大黄 Máng Xiāo 芒硝
Fān Xiè Yè 番泻叶 LúHuì芦荟 Huǒ Má Rén 火麻仁
YùLǐRén 郁李仁 Sōng ZǐRén 松子仁 DúHuó 独活
Fáng Jǐ防己 Chuān Wū川乌 Cán Shā 蚕沙
Léi Gōng Téng 雷公藤 Hǎi Tóng Pí海桐皮 Wēi Líng Xiān 威灵仙
彩插.indd 6 2014-12-17 13:56:49

Qín Jiāo 秦艽 Luò ShíTéng 络石藤 MùGuā 木瓜
XīXiān Cǎo 豨莶草 Chòu WúTóng 臭梧桐 Sāng Zhī桑枝
Hǎi Fēng Téng 海风藤 WǔJiā Pí五加皮 Sāng JìShēng 桑寄生
Cāng Zhú苍术 Hòu Pò 厚朴 Guǎng Huò Xiāng 广藿香
Shā Rén 砂仁 Bái Dòu Kòu 白豆蔻 Cǎo Dòu Kòu 草豆蔻
彩插.indd 7 2014-12-17 13:56:54

Cǎo Guǒ 草果 FúLíng 茯苓 YìYǐRén 薏苡仁
ZhūLíng 猪苓 Zé Xiè 泽泻 Dōng Guā Pí冬瓜皮
Dōng Guā Zǐ冬瓜子 ChìXiǎo Dòu 赤小豆 YùMǐXū玉米须
Chē Qián Zǐ车前子 Huá Shí滑石 Tōng Cǎo 通草
QúMài 瞿麦 Biǎn Xù萹蓄 DìFūZǐ地肤子
彩插.indd 8 2014-12-17 13:56:59

Hǎi Jīn Shā 海金沙 ShíWéi 石韦 Dōng KuíZǐ冬葵子
Dēng Xīn Cǎo 灯心草 BìXiè萆薢 Yīn Chén Hāo 茵陈蒿
Jīn Qián Cǎo 金钱草 FùZǐ附子 Gān Jiāng 干姜
Ròu Guì肉桂 WúZhūYú吴茱萸 Xiǎo HuíXiāng 小茴香
Dīng Xiāng 丁香 Gāo Liáng Jiāng 高良姜 HúJiāo 胡椒
彩插.indd 9 2014-12-17 13:57:04

Huā Jiāo 花椒 BìBá 荜茇 Chén Pí陈皮
Qīnq Pí青皮 ZhǐShí枳实 ZhǐQiào 枳壳
MùXiāng 木香 Fó Shǒu 佛手 Xiāng Fù香附
WūYào 乌药 Chén Xiāng 沉香 Tán Xiāng 檀香
Chuān Liàn Zǐ川楝子 Xiè Bái 薤白 Dà FùPí大腹皮
彩插.indd 10 2014-12-17 13:57:09

Shān Zhā 山楂 Shén Qū神曲 Mài Yá 麦芽
GǔYá 谷芽 Lái FúZǐ莱菔子 JīNèi Jīn 鸡内金
JīShǐTéng 鸡矢藤 ShǐJūn Zǐ使君子 KǔLiàn Pí苦楝皮
Bīng Láng 槟榔 Nán Guā Zǐ南瓜子 Léi Wán 雷丸
Dà Jì大蓟 Xiǎo Jì小蓟 DìYú地榆
彩插.indd 11 2014-12-17 13:57:15

Huái Huā 槐花 Cè Bǎi Yè 侧柏叶 Bái Máo Gēn 白茅根
ZhùMá Gēn 苎麻根 Sān Qī三七 Qiàn Cǎo 茜草
PúHuáng 蒲黄 WǔLíng Zhī五灵脂 Jiàng Xiāng 降香
Bái Jí白及 Xiān Hè Cǎo 仙鹤草 Xuè YúTàn 血余炭
OǔJié 藕节 ˋ
A i Yè 艾叶 Páo Jiāng 炮姜
彩插.indd 12 2014-12-17 13:57:20

Chuān Xiōng 川芎 RǔXiāng 乳香 Mò Yào 没药
ˊ
E Zhú莪术 Sān Léng 三棱 Yán HúSuǒ 延胡索
YùJīn 郁金 Jiāng Huáng 姜黄 Dān Shēn 丹参
Táo Rén 桃仁 Hóng Huā 红花 YìMǔCǎo 益母草
Zé Lán 泽兰 JīXuè Téng 鸡血藤 Huái NiúXī怀牛膝
彩插.indd 13 2014-12-17 13:57:25

Chuān NiúXī川牛膝 Wáng BùLiúXíng 王不留行 Chuān Shān Jiǎ 穿山甲
Bàn Xià 半夏 Tiān Nán Xīng 天南星 Jiè Zǐ芥子
Xuán FùHuā 旋覆花 Bái Qián 白前 Jié Gěng 桔梗
Qián Hú前胡 Chuān Bèi Mǔ川贝母 Zhè Bèi Mǔ浙贝母
Guā Lóu Pí瓜蒌皮 ZhúRú竹茹 ZhúLì竹沥
彩插.indd 14 2014-12-17 13:57:30

Tiān ZhúHuáng 天竺黄 Hǎi Zǎo 海藻 Kūn Bù昆布
KǔXìng Rén 苦杏仁 ZǐSūZǐ紫苏子 ZǐWǎn 紫菀
Kuǎn Dōng Huā 款冬花 Bǎi Bù百部 PíPá Yè 枇杷叶
Sāng Bái Pí桑白皮 Tíng LìZǐ葶苈子 Bái Guǒ 白果
CíShí磁石 Lóng Gǔ龙骨 HǔPò 琥珀
彩插.indd 15 2014-12-17 13:57:35

Zhēn Zhū珍珠 Suān Zǎo Rén 酸枣仁 Bǎi ZǐRén 柏子仁
Shǒu WūTéng 首乌藤 Líng Zhī灵芝 Hé Huān Pí合欢皮
Yuǎn Zhì远志 ShíJué Míng 石决明 Zhēn ZhūMǔ珍珠母
MǔLì牡蛎 Zhě Shí赭石 ZǐBèi Chǐ紫贝齿
JíLí蒺藜 Luó BùMá Yè 罗布麻叶 Líng Yáng Jiǎo 羚羊角
彩插.indd 16 2014-12-17 13:57:40

Gōu Téng 钩藤 Tiān Má 天麻 DìLóng 地龙
Quán Xiē 全蝎 WúGōng 蜈蚣 Jiāng Cán 僵蚕
Shè Xiāng 麝香 Bīng Piàn 冰片 SūHé Xiāng 苏合香
ShíChāng Pú石菖蒲 Chán Sū蟾酥 Zhāng Nǎo 樟脑
■ Rén Shēn 人参
A n XīXiāng 安息香 XīYáng Shēn 西洋参
彩插.indd 17 2014-12-17 13:57:45

Dǎng Shēn 党参 Tài ZǐShēn 太子参 Huáng Qí黄芪
Bái Zhú白术 Shān Yào 山药 Bái Biǎn Dòu 白扁豆
Gān Cǎo 甘草 Dà Zǎo 大枣 YíTáng 饴糖
LùRóng Piàn 鹿茸片 Ròu Cōng Róng 肉苁蓉 Suǒ Yáng 锁阳
彩插.indd 18 2014-12-17 13:57:49

Bā JǐTiān 巴戟天 Yín Yáng Huò 淫羊藿 Xiān Máo 仙茅
HúLúBā 胡芦巴 DùZhòng 杜仲 XùDuàn 续断
Gǒu Jǐ狗脊 GǔSuìBǔ骨碎补 BǔGǔZhī补骨脂
YìZhìRén 益智仁 TùSīZǐ菟丝子 Hé Táo Rén 核桃仁
彩插.indd 19 2014-12-17 13:57:55

Gé Jiè 蛤蚧 ZǐHé Chē 紫河车 Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo 冬虫夏草
Dāng Guī当归 ShúDìHuáng 熟地黄 Bái Sháo 白芍
■
■Jiāo 阿胶 Hé Shǒu Wū何首乌 Lóng Yǎn Ròu 龙眼肉
Bǎi Shā Shēn 北沙参 Nán Shā Shēn 南沙参 Mài Dōng 麦冬
彩插.indd 20 2014-12-17 13:57:59

Tiān Dōng 天冬 ShíHú石斛 YùZhú玉竹
Huáng Jīng 黄精 Bǎi Hé 百合 Gǒu QǐZǐ枸杞子
NǚZhēn Zǐ女贞子 Mò Hàn Lián 墨旱莲 Sāng Shèn 桑椹
Hēi ZhīMa 黑芝麻 GuīJiǎ 龟甲 Biē Jiǎ 鳖甲
彩插.indd 21 2014-12-17 13:58:03

Má Huáng Gēn 麻黄根 FúXiǎo Mài 浮小麦 Nuò Dào Gēn 糯稻根
WǔWèi Zǐ五味子 WūMéi 乌梅 Yīng SùQiào 罂粟壳
Hē Zǐ诃子 Ròu Dòu Kòu 肉豆蔻 ChìShíZhī赤石脂
ShíLiúPí石榴皮 Shān ZhūYú山茱萸 FùPén Zǐ覆盆子
彩插.indd 22 2014-12-17 13:58:07

Sāng Piāo Xiāo 桑螵蛸 Jīn Yīng Zǐ金樱子 Hǎi Piāo Xiāo 海螵蛸
Lián Zǐ莲子 Qiàn Shí芡实 Xióng Huáng 雄黄
LiúHuáng 硫黄 Bái Fán 白矾 Shé Chuáng Zǐ蛇床子
TǔJīng Pí土荆皮
彩插.indd 23 2014-12-17 13:58:11

Chang Zhang-Fu - Chinese Materia Medica (2014) PDF

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International Standard Library of Chinese Medicine

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Ⅰ. ①中… Ⅱ. ①常…②贾…③贝… Ⅲ. ①中药学 - 教

中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2014）第 210183 号

人卫社官网 www.pmph.com 出版物查询，在线购书

主 编：常章富 贾德贤 James Bare（美）

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Jia De-xian （贾德贤）， Ph.D. TCM

James Bare， Ph.D.， L.Ac.

Cui Ying （崔瑛）， Ph.D. TCM

Lan Sen-lin （蓝森麟）， Ph.D. TCM

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Book Title: Chinese Materia Medica (International Standard Library of Chinese

Copyright © 2014 by People’s Medical Publishing House. All rights reserved. No

First published: 2014

Cataloguing in Publication Data:

Printed in The People’s Republic of China

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Members (Listed alphabetically by last name)

Cui Hai (崔海), Ph.D. TCM Deng Zhong-jia (邓中甲)

Ding Xiao-hong (丁晓红) Doug Eisenstark, L.Ac

Stephen X. Guo (郭鑫太), M.A. International Han Chou-ping (韩丑萍)

Hu Jun (胡俊), B.A. Medical English Hu Ke-xin (胡克信), Ph.D. TCM

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Jin Hong-zhu (金宏柱) Lixing Lao (劳力行), Ph.D. MB, L.Ac.

Li Wan-ling (李云宁) Liang Li-na (梁丽娜), Ph.D. TCM

Liu Zhan-wen (刘占文) Lü Ming (吕明)

Julie Mulin Qiao-Wong (乔木林) Andy Rosenfarb, M.S. TOM, L.Ac.

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Tsai Chun-hui, Ph.D. Tu Ya (图娅)

Wang Shou-chuan (汪受传) Wei Qi-ping (韦企平)

Douglas Wile, Ph.D. Jane Frances Wilson, M.S., L.Ac.

Xiao Ping (肖平) Xu Shi-zu (徐士祖), M.A. Chinese Martial Arts

Yan Dao-nan (严道南) Ye Qiao-bo (叶俏波), Ph.D. TCM

Zhang Ji (张吉) Zhang Ji (张季), Ph.D. TCM

Helen Q. Zhang (张齐), Ph.D. TCM, L.Ac. Zhang Qing-rong (张庆荣)

Zhou Gang (周刚), Ph.D. TCM Greg Zimmerman, M.S., L.Ac.

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Part One General Discussion.......................................................................1

Chapter 1 Chinese Herbal Properties. ..........................................................7

Section 1 Four Qi.................................................................................................. 7

Chapter 2 Application of Chinese Herbal Medicine................................17

Chapter 3 Chinese Medicinal Processing. .................................................29

Section 1 Purposes of Processing........................................................................ 29

Chapter 4 Storage of Chinese Herbs ..........................................................36

Section 1 Storage of Chinese Herbs. ................................................................... 36

Chapter 5 Collection of Chinese Medicinals.............................................43

Chapter 6 Habitat of Chinese Medicinals..................................................48

Section 1 In■uence of Habitat on Medicinal E■cacy ......................................... 48

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Section 1 Herbs that Disperse Wind Cold .......................................................... 57

Chapter 2 Herbs that Clear Heat ............................................................... 110

Section 1 Herbs that Clear Heat and Subdue Fire............................................. 111

Chapter 3 Herbs that Drain Downwards...................................................189

Section 1 Purgatives.......................................................................................... 189

Chapter 4 Herbs that Expel Wind and Damp...........................................203

Chapter 5 Herbs that Transform Dampness............................................229

主编：常章富贾德贤 James Bare（美）

Book Title: Chinese Materia Medica (International Standard Library of Chinese

Chapter 13 Herbs that Transform Phlegm, Arrest Cough and Calm

Chapter 19 Herbs that Kill Parasites and Dry Dampness to Relieve