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WherethemathsyoulearnisusedBooklet PDF
WherethemathsyoulearnisusedBooklet PDF
This booklet was compiled by Vivien Easson and Michael Yates with the help of the following staff
and research students of the School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary: Andy Drizen, Joe
Elliston, John Faben, Jonit Fischmann, Nicholas Illman, Saiful Islam, Mudakkar Khadim, Jennifer
Klim, Javier López Peña, Ben Parker, Wei Roberts, Manjula Samarasinghe, Lynne Stockman, Emil
Vaughan and Francis Wright. Thanks also to David Arrowsmith, Peter McOwan, Abi Sharma and Explicit links from the mathematics curriculum
Hugo Touchette for advice.
to applications in science, technology, business
and industry....…
Any university degree will help you Mathematics was created all around the world.
From the Maya of South America to Greece,
develop your thinking skills and India and Arabia, mathematics was useful.
improve your chances of getting a The Babylonians living four thousand years ago
job when you leave. A degree in in what is now Iraq used an algebraic formula
mathematical sciences will certainly involving the difference of two squares to
multiply any two numbers together by using a
do both of those. But what's the table of squares of numbers.
point of the maths you learn?
Here we explain where the maths you learn
at university has been used in the past, where
people use it now, and what it might lead to in
the future.
Around the year 600, mathematics was taught social statistics which help the government and Whether you enjoy working in a team or on
as part of the civil service examinations in businesses plan for the future. The Government your own, work for a small company or a large
China, to aid with practical problems such Actuary’s Department provides consultancy on multinational, a mathematics degree will help
as surveying land, civil engineering and pensions and insurance. Mathematicians work you get where you want to be. So read on!
distribution of resources. Chinese textbooks in the Government Communication
“
r jobs
many othe
from this period include university-level Headquarters, one of the UK’s three intelligence
methods such as Gaussian elimination to solve agencies. There are many other jobs in the There are
ate
ic and priv
in the publ
systems of simultaneous linear equations, and public and private sector which require
e
ich requir
many other algebraic and geometric mathematical skills, and you can see some
sector wh
techniques. of them in this booklet or on
www.mathscareers.org.uk. mathemati
cal skil ,
ls
e some of
“ and
them
you can se
In the computer game Civilisation, you start out
with a small society and develop it through the
let.
ages, learning technologies as you go. in this book
Mathematics is needed in order to build bigger
buildings and structures, more powerful
t
Managemen
need to be
ed to
ey also ne
figures. Th
be able to
communic
find to
ate “
what they
ders
or sharehol
managers
Differential equations
and modelling
Differential equations can be used to assess
the rate of change of some quantity over time.
There are obvious uses for this in physics. For
example it’s straightforward to work out braking
distances for a car using differential equations.
But in a real accident the distance it takes for a
car to stop will be longer than the theoretical
distance because of the time needed for the
driver to see and react to a hazard. Any
mathematical model needs to take this into
account.
“
expressing a preference for that book over
fer of
ld you pre
Which wou
the other.
en
g: being giv
the followin
a
or tossing
10 pounds,
etting 21
coin and g
pounds if
it comes u
nothing if
p
it
“
heads but
tails?
Monte Carlo algorithms comes up
the outputs from many inputs to get an overall
picture of the kinds of outputs that arise.
Monte Carlo is a district of Monaco popularly For example, the inputs might be all possible
known for its casino. Monte Carlo methods are sequences of the next ten moves in a game and
computational algorithms based on repeated the operation would be a calculation evaluating
random sampling to compute the results. Their how strong your position is at the end of one of
applications can be found in almost all areas of those sequences of ten moves. For each of your
science and have been used to develop strong initial moves you can average the results of the
game-playing computer programs. They are calculations for all the sequences starting with
typically used when it’s difficult to compute it. A move with a good average score is more
what might happen exactly by mathematical likely to be a strong move.
analysis.
Note that Monte Carlo algorithms don’t look
The idea is as follows. First you need to define at all of the possible inputs but only a random
what inputs you will allow. Next you need to sample of them. You might get unlucky: you
select randomly from these inputs using a given might miss a brilliant move because you never
probability distribution. Then carry out a happened to pick a sequence to look at which
sequence of fixed operations on the chosen started with that move. In the long run,
input to get an output. Finally, combine all of however, you’ll be successful.
“
ng
’s navigati
Whether it
ce
, the surfa
the galaxy
local
of the Eart
supermark
“h or your
et, maths
can
Aerodynamics
Imagine that you’re beginning to test a new
design for an aeroplane by looking at a
simulation of the plane in a wind tunnel. The
value of the Reynolds number will be the key
thing you look at here. Low values of the
Reynolds number mean that the flow is smooth
and constant. High values are bad news: they
mean that the flow is turbulent and has lots of
vortices and instabilities. The Reynolds number
has been used in fluid dynamics for over a
century and so is a well-tested concept. That’s
a good thing if it’s going to be used to keep
aeroplanes in flight!
Gravity
Gravity on a bigger scale is even more
complicated. Across our Solar system,
experiments can detect the influence of gravity
curving the fabric of spacetime. The maths
required for this starts with elementary
geometry, differential equations and vector
Relativity and GPS second this adds up to an error of around seven
spaces and then combines them to produce microseconds per day. General relativity has a
something called differential geometry. The Global Positioning System of larger effect. Because the satellites are further
Understanding differential geometry for satellites in orbit around the Earth is well from the Earth’s gravitational potential than we
surfaces is the first step towards understanding known and used by millions of people, are, the satellite clocks will run faster than ours
higher dimensional spaces. particularly with car satellite navigation. The due to the gravitational frequency shift. This
satellite beams information about its position effect is about 46 microseconds per day.
One application of differential geometry is the and the time on the atomic clock on board. A
description of gravity given by Einstein's General GPS receiver picks up a number of these and Combining both the above effects we get the
Theory of Relativity via the curvature of space- uses this information to pinpoint its location. result that the satellite clocks run faster than
time. Given two different frames of reference in The method used is extremely sensitive to the ours by about 39 microseconds per day. This
the theory of relativity, the transformation of the time measurements. It’s therefore crucial to get may seem really small. However, this error
distances and times from one to the other is the atomic clocks on the satellites absolutely would give a discrepancy of 10km per day and
given by a linear mapping between two vector accurate. worse, this effect would grow cumulatively! To
spaces. account for relativistic effects, the clocks on the
Relativity causes two problems here. Special satellites are set to a slightly off-set frequency
relativity tells us that the faster an object moves which is calculated to exactly counteract the
relative to us, the slower its onboard clock runs. relativistic effects. Specifically, this is
With orbital speeds around four kilometres per 10.22999999543 MHz instead of 10.23 MHz!
Polar coordinates
Any system with radial force is an ideal
candidate for using polar coordinates. In
navigation pilots use polar coordinates because it
is more efficient to give an angle to specify their
Networks and logistics streets and empty the rubbish bins left outside.
direction from a given object.
The council buy the diesel for the lorries and
It is a strange fact of the UK's rail network that, pay the wages of the staff. Obviously they want
when travelling from London to Manchester, it Calculations using complex numbers in the
to keep their costs as low as possible.
is sometimes cheaper to buy a series of tickets Cartesian form are frustrating. Each number x+iy
(London to Derby, Derby to Manchester) than One of the ways of lowering costs is choosing when multiplied or divided by another complex
it is to buy a direct ticket. To find the cheapest the fastest route for the lorry to take. For number, generates lots of different terms. Polar
fare, we could make an abstract graph of points example, suppose the lorry collects garbage coordinates make things much easier. The phase
(vertices) and lines (edges) joining them. The from one street, then returns to the depot, then parts only need to be added or subtracted,
vertices would be UK railway stations. We could moves off to another street, and returns to the unlike the multiplications and additions of real
join each pair of stations by an edge which is depot and continues until all the streets are and imaginary parts in the Cartesian case. This
“weighted” by how much it costs to travel on covered. This is probably not optimal unless makes multiplication or division quick and trivial.
that edge. Then we could use the shortest path your streets are laid out in a star formation with
algorithm to find the cheapest route between the depot in the centre – quite unlikely! An
any pair of stations. I don’t know of any third- algorithm called the Chinese Postman algorithm
party website which has implemented this but will provide you with a cheapest route to solve
I’d certainly use it if one existed! this problem. The algorithm is called this
because it was discovered by the Chinese
Here’s another scenario. A refuse collection mathematician Kwan Mei-Ko who wrote about
team have a number of streets for which they it in an article published in 1962.
are responsible. They must drive down all the
“
rely
be able to
We need to
on the info
rmation w
received
e “
send being
at the end
accurately
“
cal and
Mathemati
l modelling
statistica
lp
ons can he
of populati The UK target for 2020 is that 15% of its
Wave and wind power
scientists
work out w
take to pro
“
hat
tect
energy should come from renewable sources.
Renewable energy sources include solar power, Mathematicians have studied fluid dynamics
actions to wind and wave power, geothermal energy and for centuries. For example, in 1738, Daniel
at.
under thre
a species
hydroelectricity. Government websites suggest Bernoulli showed how to relate the pressure,
that achieving this target could provide £100 density and speed of a liquid or gas when it is
billion of investment opportunities and up to flowing – under certain technical conditions.
half a million jobs in the renewable energy One of the biggest problems in mathematics is
sector by 2020. to work out what happens in all the many cases
when those technical conditions don’t hold. The
To produce wave power on a large scale it is equations which describe how fluids behave in
vital for us to understand how large volumes any situation are known as the Navier-Stokes
of water behave. Mathematical theories of fluid equations. But there’s no proof yet that these
dynamics can provide good approximations equations always have a solution in any given
which are helping engineers design new kinds real-world situation. The Clay Mathematics
of power stations far out to sea. Institute in the USA has called this one of the
seven most important open questions in
At the same time, many of the world’s animal mathematics. It has offered a million-dollar
and plant species are under threat from prize for an answer!
predation or loss of habitat. Mathematical and
statistical modelling of populations can help The Navier-Stokes equations can be used to
scientists work out what actions to take to create computational models of many different
protect a species under threat. situations: airflow over an aeroplane wing or a
wind turbine; ocean currents; how blood flows
around the human body; air currents around
the world; lava flow from a volcano. In a
university course on fluid dynamics you’re likely
to focus on understanding simple situations
such as water flow in a pipe or along a shallow
river. These will give you an insight into the
problems faced when trying to understand fluid
flows in more complicated real-life situations.
“
underwater earthquakes or landslips which Doppler radar is used in meteorology. It can
atics
rapidly displace a large volume of water. Coastal in mathem
Advances
detect both precipitation and its motion whether
areas are in danger when these waves reach can
ting power
it is a simple rainstorm or a violent tornado.
shallow water near shore. Some parts of the and compu
world are also at high risk of flooding.
Monitoring the height of the water at the
Thames Barrier allows London to adequately
help us de
systems fo
sign bette
r generati
r
ng
“ Analysis of wildlife sightings can help predict
whether a species is at risk of becoming
endangered. Agricultural tests require well-
designed experiments. This is an area where
energy
renewable
plan further flood defences in the long term, techniques from astrophysics, statistics and
and in the short term to protect London from applied mathematics all provide useful tools.
flooding by raising the Thames barrier.
Mathematics doesn’t stop with the techniques, The full list of top-level subject areas is currently
theories and tools taught in any undergraduate as follows. Truly to infinity and beyond!
programme. Some parts of the subject are
thousands of years old and others are brand • 00: General material including
new! It is impossible for any person now living elementary mathematics
to understand the proof of every mathematical • 01: History and biography
theorem which has been discovered.
• 03: Mathematical logic and foundations
Mathematicians want their results to be • 05: Combinatorics and graph theory
beautiful as well as useful: the goal is to find a
• 06: Order, lattices, ordered algebraic
short proof which really explains why something
structures
is true, and which then enables other results to
be proved, or a technology to be developed • 08: General algebraic systems
which helps us understand our world or make it • 11: Number theory
a better place.
• 12: Field theory and polynomials
The Mathematics Subject Classification • 13: Commutative rings and algebras
developed by the American Mathematical
Society has thousands of separate topics. • 14: Algebraic geometry
Some examples are: 12H20 Abstract differential • 15: Linear and multilinear algebra;
equations; 52B20 Lattice polytopes; 85A20 matrix theory
Planetary and stellar atmospheres; 94A50
• 16: Associative rings and algebras
Theory of questionnaires.
• 17: Nonassociative rings and algebras
• 18: Category theory, homological algebra
• 19: K-theory
• 20: Group theory and generalizations
“
bject
s of the su
Some part • 22: Topological groups, Lie groups
rs
nds of yea
“
are thousa
old and oth
ers are br
and
• 26: Real functions and elementary calculus
• 28: Measure and integration
new!
• 30: Functions of a complex variable
• 31: Potential theory
• 32: Several complex variables
and analytic spaces
40 Curriculum Impact
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environmentally friendly material from
sustainable sources