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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

A livelihood is a means of making a living. It encompasses people’s

capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities

of life. A livelihood is sustainable when it enables people to cope with and

recover from shocks and stresses (such as natural disasters and economic or

social upheavals) and enhance their well-being and that of future generations

without undermining the natural environment or resource base.

Well being is best conceptualized within a livelihood’s framework. A

livelihood is defined as ‘the activities, the assets and the access that jointly

determine the living gained by an individual or household’ (Ellis, 2003).

Fundamental to the livelihood approach is the asset or resource status of

living individuals and household. Assets provide capabilities for achieving

satisfactory levels of living. Typically this means that the household is the

unit of analysis, whereby the household and its corresponding resource

profile is located within the context of the wider ‘vulnerability’ environment

(external influences such as hazards and shocks will cause livelihood to be

compromised and lead to adaptation strategies), the context of social

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vulnerabilities (such as age, ethnic, status, gender that casually impact how

livelihood are constructed and adopted) and within their policy and

institutional context. Rural livelihood diversification is defined as the

process by which household construct an increasingly diverse portfolio of

activities and assets in order to service and improves their standard of living

or well-being.

Much of the current focus on livelihood projects is due to the

emergence of concepts such as social vulnerability and resilience, and to

increasing awareness of these concepts within conservation organizations.

Livelihood projects are suggested to have the potential to reduce

vulnerability and increase the social resiliency of communities (Neely, 2007).

The City of Calamba is a first class urbanized city of Laguna. It is

one of the fastest-growing cities in the province, as evidenced with the large

populace of migrants working in the city’s industrial estates.

However, employment in these industries has increased in the last

three years, and most of the workers are non-residents of the city. This is

mainly due to the lack of manpower possessing skills required by the

industries located in the town. There is a need therefore, for the programs

to upgrade/ enhance the capabilities and skills of residents in the City of

Calamba focusing on the requirements to the industries. The potential for

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economic growth and poverty reduction is promoting opportunity to the poor

people to create and compensate their potentials in their field of interest,

facilitating empowerment and implementation that are responsive to that

needs of the people, removing barriers that result from distinction of social

status. This involves enhancing security and encouraging investment in

human capital, diversity household activities such as implementing

livelihood programs.

The effect of the worldwide recession is felt over in the City of

Calamba. Multinational companies venturing in semiconductor

manufacturing and electronics industries, most of them situated in the

Carmelray Industrial Part (CIP1) in Canlubang, Light Industry Science Park

2 (LISP2) and Carmelray Industrial Park 2 (CIP2) in Real and Laguna

Premier Industrial Park (LPIP) in Batino, laid-off thousands of employees in

order to survive the recession.

Currently, the city’s livelihood programs are meat processing, fish

processing, fruit and vegetables processing, perfume making, lotion making,

essential oil making, candle making, silk screen making, soap making,

fashion accessories making, fresh flower arrangements, handicrafts making,

health and wellness products making. They also conduct livelihood training
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such as tailoring and dressmaking, brown paper making and charcoal

briquetting.

In order to avail of the city’s Livelihood Loan Program, the beneficiary

is required to submit the filled up application form, most recent picture,

postal or voter’s ID, business proposal or income statement, barangay

clearance, residence certificate of employment, photocopy of latest pay slip

and company ID of two co-makers and house sketch. Final approval

depends on the result of the credit and background investigation conducted

by the officer of the City Cooperative Livelihood Development Office on the

beneficiaries. The amount of loan is based on the type of livelihood

program for the business approval and the income of the co-makers

presented by the beneficiary.

The researchers need to know the perception of beneficiaries in

terms of support of the trainers, implementors, and city government.

Through this study, the three proponents could reflect on the results that

they need to improve on and master, and enhance their strengths on it.

These have perked up their interest; hence they want to further investigate

the matter.
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Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the study of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

by Abraham Maslow. He believed people move through stages of five needs

that motivate behavior. He called these needs physiological, safety, love and

belongingness, esteem and self-actualization. Maslow believed each stage

of need had to be met before progression to the next stage of need could

occur. For example, before health and financial security becomes a priority,

physiological needs for food and water must be met first. At the second

stage of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the need for safety and security.

Safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs refer to the need for security

and protection. When we have our physiological needs for food and water

met, our safety needs dominate our behavior. These needs have to do with

our natural desire for a predictable, orderly world that is somehow within our

control.

Based on the above cited theoretical framework, the researchers

have conceptualized their research as shown in the figure given below:

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

― Perception of
beneficiaries in terms of Administration of
support of the following:
Questionnaires
> Trainers ― Proposed an
> Implementers action plan that
> City Government will improve the
livelihood
― Identified
Analysis and program.
problems of existing
livelihood programs of Interpretation of
the City of Calamba, data gathered
Laguna

FEEDBACK

Figure 1.Paradigm of the Study

As shown in figure 1, the input box contains the perception of

beneficiaries in terms of support of the trainers, implementers, city

government and the identified problems of existing livelihood programs of

the city of Calamba, Laguna. The process box contains the administration of

questionnaires, and analysis/ interpretation that the researchers utilized in

the study. The output box contains the outcome of the study which is the

action plan that the researchers want to show.

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Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to assess the existing livelihood programs

implemented by Calamba City, Laguna that would be a basis for making an

action plan.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. How do the beneficiaries perceive the existing livelihood program in

terms of support of the following:

1.1 Trainers;

1.2 Implementers;

1.3 City Government?

2. Is there a significant relationship between the perception of

beneficiaries on the existing livelihood programs in terms of support of

trainers, implementers and the city government?

3. What are the challenges encountered by the beneficiaries in the

implementation of the livelihood programs?

4. Based on the results of the study, what action plan can be proposed?

Hypothesis of the Study

The following hypothesis was tested for its significance.

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There is no significant relationship on the perception of beneficiaries

on the existing livelihood programs in terms of support of trainers,

implementers, and the city government.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study was limited only to the assessment of the existing

livelihood programs in Calamba City from 2010 until 2012. The time frame

was chosen because the recent livelihood programs were the target of the

study.

The study focused on the perception of the beneficiaries of the

existing livelihood programs in terms of support of the trainers,

implementers and the city government. In addition, it also determined if

there is a significant relationship among the perceptions of the beneficiaries

relative to the aforecited variables. Furthermore, it also identified the

problems encountered in the implementation of the livelihood.

Significance of the Study

The study will be significant to various segments or sectors in the

community as follows:
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Community. This study will broaden the understanding of the people

in the community and provide insights on the livelihood programs that will

encourage them to participate and improve their way of living.

The City Cooperative and Livelihood of Calamba. This research

shall provide first hand information regarding the status of the existing

livelihood program as perceived by its being beneficiaries in terms of

support of the trainers, implementers and city government.

The Implementers of the Livelihood Program. The findings of the

study will unearth the problems encountered in the implementation of the

livelihood programs as well as the solutions to address these problems.

The Trainers. This study’s will serve as a constructive endeavor, by

which their strengths and weaknesses will be determined and while

sustaining the strengths there may be proper direction to remedy weakness

Future Researchers. This study will encourage future researcher on

their desire to have a look at the city’s livelihood programs their operations

and contributions to the community resident’s skill enhancement for self-

reliant projects as source of income to up-lift their life as a whole.

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Definition of Terms

For a better grasp of the study, the researchers hereby provide

meanings, both conceptual and operational, to the following words that will

bring about understanding of the current study:

Assessment. In this study, it refers to the process of conducting an

evaluation on the relevance of City of Calamba, Laguna.

Community. In this study, it refers to the set of people who utilize a

resource extraction regulation.

Evaluation. It is a program activity designed to obtain objective

information about program or project activities to assess their effectiveness,

significance and efficiency.

Implementation. It is defined as the conduct or the affectivity of the

livelihood programs and projects. It simply means putting something into

effect or action.

Implementors. This refers to the personnel drawn from the

municipality tapped to handle the program implementation; they function

either as director, coordinator, demonstrator or consultant.

Livelihood. A livelihood comprises people, their capabilities and their

means of living, including food, income, and assets. Assets may be tangible
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assets such as resources and stores, or intangible assets such as claims

and access.

Livelihood Programs. These are activities undertaken by the city

designed to provide income for the participants of the programs as a tool to

alleviate poverty and to reduce crime in the community.

City Government Support. It is the providing of instruments or the

city’s facilities or any other means of expression for the implementation of

the program.

Status. It is a condition that is subject to change which includes the

aspect of the livelihood’s program manpower capability strategies,

management support and community response.

Trainers. These are persons who educate the beneficiaries of the

existing livelihood programs of the city on specific topics of these livelihood

programs.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the book, studies and articles published which

the researchers have browsed and have deemed related to their research.

Foreign Literature

According to Ravallion et al., (2007), the works of the livelihoods and

survival of rural people sectors’ strongly depend on agriculture and other

rural sectors strongly reliant and natural resources. Weather related shocks

and stresses and risks associated with seasonally are intrinsic to rural

livelihoods tied intimately to agricultural production as a result, rural

livelihoods tend to be characterized by risks, shocks and stresses, including

economic shocks such as changing market prices and climate related risks

which may lead to drought or repeated flooding. The poorest people are

often the most vulnerable people to these shocks and stresses, thought

coping and risk management strategies are widespread. Poor people in

rural areas also tend to suffer poverty over long period of time, with more

limited income generating opportunities compared to people in urban areas

access to services and infrastructures is usually limited.

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In addition, Bebbington studied (2000) the concept of livelihoods

basically looks at peoples’ means of gaining a living as a process of

accessing various livelihood assets or capitals such as financial, human,

social, physical, natural assets through various livelihood strategies for the

purpose of achieving certain livelihood outcomes. This conceptualization of

livelihoods is further expounded through the Sustainable Livelihoods

Framework. In order to improve the livelihoods, interventions should

improve peoples’ access to livelihood assets. The interventions should then

improve their capabilities to select appropriate livelihoods strategy to

achieve their livelihood outcomes. To start with the interventions,

proponents of this framework recommend reforming the existing rules that

people created which determine how people access the necessary

livelihood assets. These existing rules and systems of making rules are also

commonly referred to as institutions.

Furthermore, Karl stated (2002) in his work entitled “Participatory

Policy Reform from a Sustainable Livelihoods Perspective” that the policy

and local governance is that a more active involvement of the rural poor in

policy making, either directly or through community-based and civil society

organizations, would enhance their access to assets and services and

benefit their livelihood and food security goals. Where political commitment
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and bureaucratic capacity exist for policy reform, it may be possible to

participate in national policy reform processes. In other instances, it may be

possible to create spaces for the voices of the poor to be heard in

governance. In still other circumstances, it may be necessary to force policy

debates to happen: “This may happen by helping marginalized groups to

articulate their concerns, by supporting processes of empowerment,

improving awareness of rights, building advocacy and communication skills,

increasing knowledge of institutional and legal processes and demanding

inclusion in policy debates, or indeed the creation of a policy process”

On the other hand, Ireland (2004) understand that the attitude to risk

is important when considering livelihood initiatives livelihood projects that

are introduced may fail because they try to move too fast, in the sense that

their ultimate goal maybe to replace existing activities to the greatest

possible extent. Replacing traditional sources of income with alternative

untested strategies is risky from a personal or household perspective.

Individuals in high poverty areas may be unwilling to switch to a source of

income, as they may be unable to tolerate the level of risks that this change

represents.

However, Camp Management Toolkit (2006) stated that displaced

people, who have suffered direct losses of their productive, economic,

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financial, and social assets, through natural disaster or conflict, have the

right to protect, recover, improve and develop their livelihoods. In a camp

setting, where communities are largely dependent on the assistance and

services of others to fulfill their basic needs and rights, this is particularly

important. Livelihoods contribute to food security, prevent dependency,

reduce vulnerability, enhance self-reliance and can develop or build a set of

specific skills during displacement which may have a positive impact on

their well-being and future opportunities. A Camp Management Agency can

help to improve the population’s overall standard of living and support

positive livelihoods strategies by identifying and coordinating with relevant

agencies to provide skills training, agricultural support, where appropriate,

and income generating projects. These should be based on a participatory

analysis of the social, economic and environmental context of the camp

population and the local community.

Local Literature

Livelihood is commonly defined from an economic perspective as an

occupation, work or other means by which one earns income to provide the

necessities of life. Naldoza (2000) cites a definition of livelihood by the

Bruntland Commissions' Advisory Panel on Food, Security, Agriculture,

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Forestry and Environment as "adequate stocks and flows of food cash to

meet basic needs." He further cited the definition of the Philippine National

Livelihood Program under the Social Reform Agenda, which considers

livelihood as "all those schemes which aim to create sustainable

employment opportunities through the provision of various services that

promote the establishment of income-generating activities for

poverty/marginal groups." Naldoza states further that in the Philippine

context, livelihood and poverty are related concepts for livelihood is one of

the safety nets not only in alleviating poverty but also in resolving the

pressure problems of population, environment and development. For our

purpose, we used livelihood in the broader, social terms as defined by

Sandra Wallman:

“Livelihood is never just a matter of finding or making shelter,

transacting money, and preparing food to put on the table or exchange in

the market place. It is equally a matter of the ownership and circulation of

information, the management of relationships, the affirmation of personal

significance and group identity, and the interrelation of each of those tasks

to the other. All these productive tasks together constitute the work of

livelihood.”
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Furthermore, Budi Guntoro (2002) aimed to determine the bio-

physical and socio-economic characteristics of the community, to determine

the problems encountered by the community with emphasis on livestock,

agriculture and livelihood and to recommend appropriate plans of action in

addressing these problems. Field observation and interviews with key

informants were conducted. The data gathered served as basis in the

preparation of a Community Development Plan which was the ultimate goal

of the activity. In addition, this data provided guidelines in plan

implementation as well as serving as a basis for determining the different

changes or accomplishments to be made. Eight key informants were

involved in the interview. The results showed that there are many problems

faced by the community, including low income, lack of capital and credit

sources, low prices of products and business management. Several plans of

action that were made and proposed included strengthening of the existing

farmers’ multipurpose cooperative, conversion of the farmers and women’s

association into a cooperative, introduction and implementation of swine

dispersal project, intensification of cattle, goat and duck raising, home

industries, introduction of purely self-help projects, training workshops for

farmers, youth and women, competitive farm gate prices for the

community’s products, payment of previous loans,

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encouragement/reactivation of other banks to participate in a credit

program, and general assembly meeting/monitoring and evaluation of

projects/program.

Moreover, Asey’s study (2000) stated that the main values of a

livelihoods approach that emerge from these four applications are that: it

provides an explicit focus on what matters to poor people; synthesizes

perspective of different disciplines; broadens the scope of enquiry from cash

flows, direct impacts and positive impacts to other important issues; the

Sustainable Livelihood framework is a useful analytical tool; and livelihoods

analysis generates practical recommendations to enhance the design and

implementation of initiatives. The main challenges that emerge are:

limitations in the framework (complexity and gaps); difficulties for partners in

implementing the approach; high resource inputs needed; and the

difficulties of quantifying contributions to livelihoods.

In addition, “Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can

We Make?” (2002) posted that the livelihoods approaches’ work with

people, supporting them to build upon their own strengths and realize their

potential, while at the same time acknowledging the effects of policies and

institutions, external shocks and trends. The aim is to do away with pre-

conceptions about what exactly rural people are seeking and how they are
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most likely to achieve their goals, and to develop an accurate and dynamic

picture of them in their environment. This provides the basis for identifying

the constraints to livelihood development and poverty reduction. Such

constraints can lie at local level or in the broader economic and policy

environment. They may relate to the agricultural sector – long the focus of

donor activity in rural areas – or they may be more to do with social

conditions, health, education or rural infrastructure.

Likewise, “Livelihood of Today” (2006) also posted that the notable

feature of livelihoods thinking is that it promotes an approach to

development problems that transcends individual sectors. Building cross-

sectoral, multi-disciplinary partnerships is a complex challenge. Success will

ultimately depend upon the establishment of effective systems of

information and communication which facilitate multi-level knowledge

partnerships between different stakeholders in rural development strategies.

However in terms of the practical implementation it is important to be

realistic. Livelihoods approaches do not necessarily aim to address all

aspects of the livelihoods of the poor. The intention rather is to employ a

holistic perspective in the analysis of livelihoods, in order to identify a

manageable number of key entry points where intervention could be

strategically important for effective poverty reduction, either at the local level
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or policy level. This requires identifying existing opportunities and strengths

and building on them. Rural communities often have well developed local

information and communication networks that have frequently been

overlooked in the past but there is now growing interest in finding ways to

integrate these networks more effectively within new systems.

Foreign Studies

DFID (2000) showed that it could be considered that a more

appropriate way to orchestrate projects would be to first gain an

understanding of the natural and social resources of an area, then to work

with the community to broaden livelihood options and reduce the

dependence upon natural resources.

Moreover, Montoya and Drews (2006) suggest that the success of a

particular activity lies in the motivation and capacity of the individual

involved and in the context which he activity is developed. The type of

activity is less important although it is suggested that an activity may be

more likely to succeed if the community itself has identified it.

Furthermore, Drumm and Moore (2002) found out that there is a

need for a clear vision, goals and objectives in a livelihood project. This

holds true whether the main goals of the project are focused on
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development, or on conservation aspects. Making goals specific and

measurable allows for progress of working towards agreement on a vision

and goals for an area with communities helps generate the local

commitment and “buy-in” to a project which is important to success.

In addition, Cleary’s study (2003) stated that livelihood aims to

promote development that is sustainable not just ecologically, but also

institutionally, socially and economically and to produce genuinely positive

livelihood outcomes. This is to be achieved through a variety of approaches,

sharing the following elements: (1) people-centered; (2) responsive and

participatory; (3) multi-level; (4) conducted in partnership; (5) sustainable,

with the four key dimensions of sustainability being economic, institutional,

social and environmental; and (6) dynamic.

Local Studies

A study of production and reproduction activities revealed the

following occupations as sources of income. Model or toy boat-making is the

community's major source of income. Despite its being a coastal area, most

of the village residents are not active in capture fishing or aquaculture. The

main or secondary source of income for both men and women are derived

from the production of model boats which is tied up with market exchange.
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Though functional boats are also locally produced, the main activity of the

people since the Spanish period had been the making of model boats.

Lately, the products are wooden handicrafts in the form of miniature

decorative boats, patterned after yachts, galleons, frigates, clippers and

sailboats. These are sold to local and foreign tourists, local distributors or

any lover of decorative items. The model boat production process is a family

affair with the male and female children and other household members

participating in various stages of production. Caliling citing a study of David

and Patricio in 1996 shows that, out of the toy boats as a livelihood activity,

a family could gain an average monthly income of Php 4,651 (US$ 114). But

a recent study by the researchers of the declared income of 17 model boat

makers shows that the average monthly income is only Php 2,172.87. One

gave an extremely high income of Php16, 000 for 15 days but this is not

regular. Discussions with a group revealed that the presence of the US

Navy before the closure of the US bases helped in raising their sales.

Nowadays, they have to rely on tourists going to the island or to Boracay

Island. (Asong, 2003)

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Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

The related literature and studies gathered by the researchers

provide beneficial information that clearly discussed questioning

techniques. Some authors and researchers shared their knowledge and

research findings. Bebbington, Karl, Camp Management Toolkit,

Naldoza concludes that the concept of livelihoods basically looks at

peoples’ means of gaining a living to improve and develop their livelihood.

Furthermore, Ravallion discussed the works of the livelihoods and

survival of rural people sectors strongly depend on agriculture and other

rural sectors strongly reliant and natural resources. Ireland understands

that livelihood projects may be at risk if the implementation was not

carefully understood.

Furthermore, Carney, Asey, and Guntoro recommend appropriate

plans of action in addressing livelihood problems to develop an accurate

and dynamic picture of livelihood beneficiaries in their environment.

Moreover, Montoya and Drews, and Drumm and Moore suggest

an alternative livelihood projects that will motivate individual to be involved

in an activity while, Cleary point out five elements to promote development

that is sustainable for livelihood.

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In addition, Asong, Caliling, David and Patricio have gathered

evidences that the success of livelihood programs lays in the appropriate

livelihood programs for each area. These research findings call for more

improvement for the trainers, implementors, and city government in

supporting the livelihood programs implemented in Calamba City.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives details about the method of research employed by

the researchers which includes the research design, respondents of the

study, research instrument, validation of the instrument, data-gathering

procedure and the statistical treatment used for the collected data.

Research Design

The researchers employed the descriptive method design. According

to Ecora (2003), the descriptive method of research is adequate for

gathering information about the current condition. Revilla (2002) as cited by

Shavers pointed out that the main aim in employing this method is to

describe the nature of the situation as it exists at the time of the study and

explore the possible sources of the phenomena.

In this study, the researcher’s objective was to gather the perception

of the beneficiaries on the existing livelihood programs on selected

barangays in Calamba City relative to the trainers’ support, implementors’

support and the perception of the local government support. Likewise, it

verified if there are significant relationship on the perception of the

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beneficiaries on the existing livelihood programs in terms of support of

trainers, implementors, and the local government. Furthermore, it identified

the problems encountered by the beneficiaries in the implementation of the

livelihood programs.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the beneficiaries of the existing

livelihood programs from these barangays; Banlic, Lingga, Mayapa, and

Sucol. The total number of the beneficiaries in the livelihood programs from

the aforementioned barangays is 60. However, only 70% or 42 of them were

selected by the researchers through simple random sampling technique as

their respondents. They were asked to assess the trainers, implementors,

and city government who were implementing the livelihood programs in

terms of support.

Table A below shows the distribution of the respondents from each

school.
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Table A
Distribution of Respondents
According to Barangays

Name of Barangays No. of Respondents Percent

Banlic 7 16.7
Lingga 11 26.2
Mayapa 10 23.8
Sucol 14 13.3
Total 42 100.0

Instrument of the Study

This study utilized questionnaires, formulated with the guidance of

their adviser, as the primary source in gathering information and data

needed in the study. It was focused on the perception of the beneficiaries of

the existing livelihood program’s trainer’s, implementor’s and city

government support and the problems encountered by the beneficiaries in

the implementation of the livelihood programs.

Validation of the Instrument

For validation purposes, the research adviser and research facilitator

checked the survey questionnaire used in the study. After going through
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corrections, it was presented to two Social Studies professors, one TLE

teacher of the Laguna College of Business and Arts (LCBA), and one city

livelihood official of Sta. Rosa City Cooperative and Livelihood Office for

validation purposes. This process led to the formulation of a better

instrument for gathering data after their comments, suggestions and

recommendations were incorporated in the final questionnaire.

Data-Gathering Procedure

This study was conducted with the permission of the Barangay

Chairmen of the different barangays. The researchers distributed the

questionnaire and explained thoroughly the procedure to the respondents.

Then, the researchers retrieved the accomplished questionnaire. All

responses were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted carefully. Then, the

researchers made conclusions based on the findings and recommendations

to improve the livelihood programs that implemented in Calamba City.

Statistical Treatments of Data

The following are the statistical treatments applied in the study:

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1. The mean and the four-point Likert Scale were used to describe the

trainers, implementors, city government and challenges encountered

by the beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs in selected

barangay in Calamba City.

The formula for the mean is given as

n
 xi
x  i 1
n

n
 xi
Where X =simple mean, i 1 = sum of all values of variable x, and n

= number of respondents.

2. To establish the significant relationship on the perception of the

livelihood beneficiaries in terms of the support of the trainers,

implementors, and city government, the Spearman Rank Correlation

test was used

Where n = number of observations

d = difference between the ranks

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∑d2 = sum of the square of difference between the ranks

Correlation Interpretation Guide:

± 1.00 perfect positive/negative correlation
± 0.76 - ± 0.99 very high positive/negative correlation
± 0.51 - ± 0.75 high positive/negative correlation
± 0.26 - ± 0.50 moderately small positive/negative correlation
± 0.01 - ± 0.25 very small positive/negative correlation
0.00 no correlation

The significance of the Spearman Rank Correlation test was

established by the t-ratio formula and using the table of critical values of t for

two-tailed or one-tailed test at 0.05 or 0.01 level of significance with df = n –

r n-2
t computed 
1- r2

The hypothesis is tested at 0.05 significant levels.

RATING SCALE

3.25 – 4.00 Highly Manifested (HM)

2.50 – 3.24 Manifested (M)

1.75 – 2.49 Moderately Manifested (MM)

1.00 – 1.74 Not Manifested (NM)

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Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter primarily discusses the research problems of the study.

The discussion is divided into four parts. The first part tackles the

manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of the trainers,

implementors, and city government as perceived by the beneficiaries. The

second part involves the relationship between the perceived manifestation

of existing livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers,

implementors, city government and the challenges encountered by the

beneficiaries. Then, the third section recounts the challenges encountered

by the beneficiaries in the implementation of the livelihood programs. The

last part presents the proposed action plan.

1. The Beneficiaries’ Perception on the Existing Livelihood Programs

Implemented in Selected Barangay in Calamba City.

The first objective of the study is to determine the perception of the

beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs in terms of: trainers,

implementors, and city government. Results of the conducted inquiry on

these matters are shown in the following table.

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Table 1.1
The Manifestation of Existing Livelihood Program in Terms of the
Trainers as Perceived by the Beneficiaries

Indicators
Trainers MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.1.1 Uses complete training materials for the 3.12 Manifested
livelihood program.
1.1.2 Demonstrates moral support to 3.07 Manifested
participants.
1.1.3 Manifests competency in the 3.31 Highly Manifested
implementation of the program.
1.1.4 Encourages sharing of ideas and 3.26 Highly Manifested
opinions among the participants.
1.1.5 Assists in the implementation of the 3.29 Highly Manifested
livelihood program.
Composite Mean 3.21 Manifested
Legend: 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Manifested (HM) 2.50 – 3.24 Manifested (M)
1.75 – 2.49 Moderately Manifested (MM) 1.00 – 1.74 Not Manifested (NM)

As shown in Table 1.1, trainers indicators numbers 1.1.1, “Uses

complete training materials for the livelihood program”, and 1.1.2,

“Demonstrates moral support to participants’’, have mean of 3.12, and 3.09

respectively which are both interpreted as manifested by the beneficiaries.

On the other hand, trainers indicators number 1.1.3, “Manifests competency

in the implementation of the program”, 1.1.4, “Encourages sharing of ideas

and opinions among the participants”, and 1.1.5, “Assists in the

implementation of the livelihood program”, have mean of 3.31, 3.26, and

3.29 respectively which interpreted as highly manifested by the

beneficiaries. The manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of

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trainers has an overall mean of 3.21 which is manifested by the

beneficiaries.

The above-mentioned findings of the study imply that the

manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of trainers is assessed

as perceived by the beneficiaries. The trainers support well the livelihood

programs implemented by the government. They have an overall mean of

3.21 in their support to the livelihood beneficiaries.

This is related to the post in “Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What

Contribution Can We Make?” that the livelihoods approaches’ work with

people, supporting them to build upon their own strengths and realize their

potential, while at the same time acknowledging the effects of policies and

institutions, external shocks and trends.

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Table 1.2
The Manifestation of Existing Livelihood Program in Terms of
Implementers as Perceived by the Beneficiaries

Indicators
Implementors MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.2.1 Supports the trainers and the 3.29 Highly Manifested
beneficiaries in their training needs.
1.2.2 Helps the beneficiaries in the start-up of 3.24 Manifested
their livelihood projects.
1.2.3 Consider feedback as critical inputs to 3.31 Highly Manifested
project involvement.
1.2.4 Make sure that the livelihood programs 3.02 Manifested
are answer to financial needs of the
beneficiaries.
1.2.5 Helps the beneficiaries in marketing their 3.26 Highly Manifested
finished products.
Composite Mean 3.22 Manifested
Legend: 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Manifested (HM) 2.50 – 3.24 Manifested (M)
1.75 – 2.49 Moderately Manifested (MM) 1.00 – 1.74 Not Manifested (NM)

As shown in Table 1.2, implementor indicator numbers 1.2.1,

“Supports the trainers and the beneficiaries in their training needs”, 1.2.3,

“Consider feedback as critical inputs to project involvement’’, and 1.2.5

“Helps the beneficiaries in marketing their finished products”, have of 3.29,

3.31, and 3.26 respectively which are all interpreted as highly manifested

by the beneficiaries. On the other hand, implementor indicator numbers

1.2.2, “Helps the beneficiaries in the start-up of their livelihood projects”, and

1.2.4, “Make sure that the livelihood programs are answer to financial needs

of the beneficiaries”, have mean of 3.24, and 3.02 respectively which means

that they are both assessed as manifested by the beneficiaries. The

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manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of trainers has an

overall mean of 3.22 which means it is manifested by the beneficiaries.

The above-mentioned findings of the study imply that the assessment

of existing livelihood program in terms of implementors is manifested as

perceived by the beneficiaries. The implementors maintain the livelihood

programs undertaken by the government. They have an overall mean of

3.22 in their support for the livelihood beneficiaries.

It is related to a study done by Camp Management Toolkit (2006)

which stated that the agency or the implementors can help to improve the

population’s overall standard of living and support positive livelihoods

strategies by identifying and coordinating with relevant agencies to provide

skills training, agricultural support, where appropriate, and income

generating projects.
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Table 1.3
The Manifestation of Existing Livelihood Program in Terms Of City
Government as Perceived by the Beneficiaries

Indicators
City Government MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.3.1 Ensures that each barangay has a 3.12 Manifested
functional livelihood program.
1.3.2 Supports an organized pool of consultant 2.90 Manifested
and expertise with various specialized
livelihood programs skills.
1.3.3 Maintains training centers with complete 2.93 Manifested
training facilities.
1.3.4 Provides transportation services for the 3.02 Manifested
livelihood program staff in order for them
to monitor programs progress especially
on upland barangay of the municipality.
1.3.5 Motivates the beneficiaries through 3.19 Manifested
recognition and incentives.
Composite Mean 3.03 Manifested
Legend: 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Manifested (HM) 2.50 – 3.24 Manifested (M)
1.75 – 2.49 Moderately Manifested (MM) 1.00 – 1.74 Not Manifested (NM)

As shown in Table 1.3, implementor indicator numbers 1.3.1,

“Ensures that each barangay has a functional livelihood program”, 1.3.2,

“Consider Supports an organized pool of consultant and expertise with

various specialized livelihood programs skills’, 1.3.3 “Maintains training

centers with complete training facilities”, 1.3.4, “Provides transportation

services for the livelihood program staff in order for them to monitor

programs progress especially on upland barangay of the municipality”, and

1.3.5, “Motivates the beneficiaries through recognition and incentives”, have

means of 3.12, 2.90, 2.93, 3.02 and 3.19 respectively which mean that they
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are manifested by the beneficiaries. The assessment of existing livelihood

program in terms of trainers has an overall mean of 3.03 which means it is

manifested by the beneficiaries.

The above-mentioned findings of the study imply that the

manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of city government is

assessed as perceived by the beneficiaries. The city government supports

well the livelihood programs implemented by the government. They have an

overall mean of 3.03 in their support to the livelihood beneficiaries.

This was supported by Karl (2002) in his study which showed that the

policy and local governance needs a more active involvement of the rural

poor in policy making, either directly or through community-based and civil

society organizations, would enhance their access to assets and services

and benefits their livelihood and food security goals.

2. The relationship between the support of trainers, implementors,

city government and the challenges encountered by the
beneficiaries of existing livelihood program.

The second objective of the study is to determine the relationship of the

beneficiaries in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, city

government and the challenges encountered by the beneficiaries. Results of

analyses done are presented below.

Table 2
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The Relationship between the Perceived Manifestation of Existing

Livelihood Program in Terms of the Support of Trainers, Implementors,
City Government and the Challenges
Encountered by the Beneficiaries

Computed Critical
Paired Variables r-value Interpretation
t Value value
the Perceive Manifestation of
Existing Livelihood Program
in Terms of the Support of
0.19016 1.2251 2.021
Trainers, Implementors, City Not significant
Government and the
challenges encountered by
the beneficiaries
Legend: Level of significance 0.05 (two tailed test)

As shown in Table 2, the analysis generated a computed r value of

0.19016 which is interpreted as “very small positive” correlation between the

perceived manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of support

and the challenges encountered by the beneficiaries. Furthermore, the said

analysis generated a computed t value of 1.2251which is less than its

critical value of 2.021 in this case, the decision to accept the null hypothesis.

It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the

perceived manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of support

and the challenges encountered by the beneficiaries

In this case, the decision is to accept the null hypothesis. It can be

concluded that there is no significant relationship between the perceived

manifestation of existing livelihood program in terms of the support of

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trainers, implementors, city government and the challenges encountered by

the beneficiaries.

3. Challenges Encountered by the Beneficiaries in the Implementation

of the Livelihood Programs.

The next concern of the study is to determine the challenges

encountered by the beneficiaries in the implemented livelihood programs.

Table 3
The Challenges Encountered by the Beneficiaries in the
Implementation of the Livelihood Programs

Indicators
Challenges MEAN INTERPRETATION
3.1 Availability of trained personnel to 3.38 Highly Manifested
implement livelihood program.
3.2 Sufficient livelihood programs information 3.12 Manifested
drive.

3.3 Exact budgetary allocation for livelihood 2.90 Manifested

programs activities.

3.4 Availability of support in marketing the 3.14 Manifested

residents / participants livelihood
programs finished products.

3.5 Sufficient logistics support such 3.05 Manifested

transportation services and materials to be
needed for the implementers.
Composite Mean 3.12 Manifested
Legend: 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Manifested (HM) 2.50 – 3.24 Manifested (M)
1.75 – 2.49 Moderately Manifested (MM) 1.00 – 1.74 Not Manifested (NM)

Table 4 shows the challenges encountered by livelihood beneficiaries

in terms of trainers, implementors, and city government support. Indicator

3.1, “Availability of trained personnel to implement livelihood program”,

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indicator 1.5, has a mean of 3.38 meaning it is highly manifested by the

beneficiaries, while indicators 3.2, “Sufficient livelihood programs

information drive”, 3.3, “Exact budgetary allocation for livelihood programs

activities”, 3.4, “Availability of support in marketing the residents /

participants livelihood programs finished products”, 3.5 “Sufficient logistics

support such transportation services and materials to be needed for the

implementers”, have means of 3.12, 2.90, 3.14, and 3.05 respectively which

mean that the challenges in the implementation of livelihood programs are

manifested by the beneficiaries. The challenges encountered by the

beneficiaries in the implementation of the livelihood programs have an

overall mean of 3.12 which means it is manifested by the beneficiaries.

This was supported by Cleary’s study (2003) which stated that every

livelihood program aims to promote development that is sustainable not just

ecologically, but also institutionally, socially and economically and to

produce genuinely positive livelihood outcomes.

4. The research purports to recommend an implementation of an

enhancement plan matrix for the trainers, implementors, and city
government support campaign to the livelihood beneficiaries.
General Objectives

This Enhancement Plan is intended for the benefit of the livelihood

beneficiaries implemented in Calamba City. It is designed by the

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researchers in order to maintain highly functional and responsive trainers,

implementors, and city government.

Rationale

This is based mainly on the perceived manifestation of existing

livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, and city

government. This is to ensure proper guidance for the trainers,

implementors, and city government through a well-planned Enhancement

Plan for the livelihood beneficiaries.

Area of Expected
Problem Objective Strategies
Concern Output
Trainers, Moral, To strengthen Conduct a Maintained
Implementors, financial, the capacity Cooperative and improved
and City and of the Management the
Government livelihood cooperative Training implementatio
consultant/ in terms of its n of livelihood
expert operation and program that
support management increases the
beneficiaries
program.
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Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter initially discusses the research problem, respondents of

the study, and the statistical treatments applied to the data gathered. Then it

focuses on the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

The main objective of the study was to determine the observance

and effectiveness of the existing livelihood programs in Calamba City.

Specifically, it sought to determine the perception of the livelihood

beneficiaries in terms of the support of the trainers, implementors, and the

city government. The study also sought to know to find out if there is a

significant relationship on the perception of beneficiaries on the existing

livelihood programs in terms of support of trainers, implementers and the

city government.

The respondents of the study were the 42 beneficiaries from the

different barangays in Calamba namely: Banlic, Lingga, Mayapa, and

Sucol. They answered the set of questionnaires prepared by the

researchers with the help of some concerned individuals. The data were
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statistically treated using the mean and the four-point Likert Scale. These

treatments were used to describe the support of the trainer, implementors,

city government and challenges encountered by the beneficiaries of the

existing livelihood programs. The Spearman Rank Correlation was used to

establish the relationship between the perceived manifestation of existing

livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, city

government and the challenges encountered by the beneficiaries.

The following are the findings of the study:

1. The perception of the beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs in

terms of the trainers, implementors, and city government are as follows:

1.1 The beneficiaries perceived that the trainers are capable of providing

support to the beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs. The

beneficiaries manifested to the entire indicators on the Trainer’s support,

as indicated in the composite mean of 3.21.

1.2 The beneficiaries perceived that the trainers are somehow better

than the trainers in providing support to the beneficiaries of the existing

livelihood programs. Overall, they manifested to the entire indicators on

the Implementor’s support, as indicated in the composite mean of 3.22.

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1.3 The beneficiaries perceived that the city government is not far behind

from the support given by the trainers and implementors to the

beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs. On the average, they

manifested to the entire indicators on the City Government support, as

indicated in the composite mean of 3.03.

2. There is no significant relationship between the perceived manifestation

of existing livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers,

implementors, city government and the challenges encountered by the

beneficiaries as indicated by the computed r- value of 0.19016.

3. The beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs encountered some

challenges in terms of the support of the trainers, implementors, and the

city government though it is not serious based on the indicated

computed overall mean of 3.12.

Conclusions

Based on the above-mentioned findings of the study, the following

conclusions are drawn:

1. That the beneficiaries perceive sufficient support of the trainers,

implementors, and the city government in the implementation of the

existing livelihood programs.

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2. That there is no significant relationship between the perception of the

beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs in terms of the support

of the trainers, implementors, and the city government and the

challenges encountered by the beneficiaries.

3. That the beneficiaries of the existing livelihood programs encountered

some challenges in terms of the support of the trainers, implementors,

and the city government though it is a minor challenge there must have

counter measure on the side of the implementing office.

Recommendations

In the light of the findings and conclusions cited, the following

recommendations are offered:

1. Enhancement of the system for effective marketing of the livelihood

programs finished product to ensure that marketing of the livelihood

projects will not be a problem as more beneficiaries join the livelihood

programs.

2. Improvement in the livelihood programs information drive in order to

encourage more participants to join the program. Information

advertisement or notice must be available in all barangays through

meetings to discuss the existing livelihood programs.

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3. Enhancement of the promotion or campaign of the existing livelihood

programs and trainings that may be adapt in a barangay by the

beneficiaries.

4. Further studies are recommended regarding the perception of the

livelihood programs beneficiaries in other cities and municipalities to be

a benchmark for future researchers.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Balisacan, A., “Local Growth and Poverty Reduction in Dynamics of

Regional Development: The Philippines in East Asia”, Edgar Elgar,
United Kingdom, 2006

Ellis, F. “Rural livelihood and Diversity in Developing Countries”, Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2000

B. Journal

Kayahayan, Davao Provincial Magazine, “Livelihood of Today”,

Davao, 2010

Bot, K. (2000). “An Assessment of Three Livelihood Programs”, DOLE,

Manila and International Labor Organization Asian Employment
Program (ARTEP)

Naldoza, A. N., 2000. Livelihood Security: Conceptual Referents. Paper

presented during the SLEG Workshop, Amigo Terrace Hotel, Iloilo City,
October 2002.

Guntoro, B., Community Development Plan: Rural Livestock, Agriculture

and Livelihood”, Revija za geografijo - Journal for Geography 5-2, 2010.

Asey, C., Overseas Development Institute, “Sustainable Livelihoods

Applying Livelihood Approaches to Natural Resource Management
Initiatives: Experiences in Namibia and Kenya”, February 2000.

Kathleen Mogelgaard, “Breaking New Ground in the Philippines:

Opportunities to Iimprove Human and Environmental Well-being”,
November 2004

World Bank, “Philippines Environment Monitor 2000”, Manila: World Bank

Group, 2000
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C. Unpublished Theses

Barrameda, Archangel (2011). “Assessing the Implemented Livelihood

Programs in the Municipality Level in Cabuyao, Laguna; A basis for
Adaptation for Hong Kong Village”, Masteral Thesis, MBA, 2011

Asong, R.H. (2003). “Alternative Livelihoods in a Coastal Village”, University

of the Philippines in the Visayas, Philippines
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A
Letter of Request

October 18, 2013

Barangay Chairman
Barangay
Calamba City, Laguna

Dear Sir:

Greetings!
The undersigned are conducting a research entitled “Assessment of the
Livelihood Programs Implemented in Selected Barangays in Calamba City,
Laguna”. This is in compliance with the major subject Research in Social
Studies.

In connection with this, we would like to seek for your approval for us to
conduct a survey to the livelihood programs beneficiaries in your barangay
as our respondents on October 21, 2013.

We are hoping for your kind consideration regarding this matter.

Thank you very much and God bless.

Very truly yours,

Christine R. delos Reyes
Christy B. Horquia
William S. Palacol
Researchers

Noted by:

DR. EULA JAVIER

Research Adviser

DR.EDNA MANAIG
Dean of School of Teacher Education
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Appendix B
Adviser’s Appointment Form

January 14, 2013

DR. EULA JAVIER

SSC DIRECTOR, BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
LCBA

DEAR DR. JAVIER:

The undersigned group is presently enrolled in Language Research which

requires making a research output as partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor
of Secondary Education.

In view of this, we would like you to serve as our adviser in our Research
this 2nd semester S.Y 2012-2013

Please affix your signature under CONFORME certifying your acceptance

of this appointment as our adviser.

Thank you.

Very truly yours,

Christine R. delos Reyes

Christy B. Horquia
William S. Palacol

Conforme:

___________________
Date _______________

Approved:

DR. EDNA MANAIG

DEAN, SCHOOL OF EACHER EDUCATION
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Appendix C
Language Editor’s Appointment Form

February 15, 2014

MRS. MA. CIELO BATAANON

PROFESSOR
LCBA

DEAR MRS. BATAANON:

The undersigned group is presently enrolled in Language Research which

requires making a research output as partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor
of Secondary Education.

In view of this, we would like you to serve as our language editor in our
Research this 2nd semester S.Y 2012-2013

Please affix your signature under CONFORME certifying your acceptance

of this appointment as our adviser.

Thank you.

Very truly yours,

Christine R. delos Reyes

Christy B. Horquia
William S. Palacol

Conforme:

___________________
Date _______________

Approved:

DR. EDNA MANAIG

DEAN, SCHOOL OF EACHER EDUCATION
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Appendix D

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Laguna College of Business and Arts

P. Burgos St., Calamba City
College of Teacher Education

Dear Respondents:

The undersigned are conducting a research entitled “Assessing the

Livelihood Programs Implemented in Calamba City, Laguna: A basis for
making an Action Plan”. This is in compliance with the major subject
Research in Social Studies.

In this regard, kindly help the researchers by accomplishing the

questionnaire – checklist as accurately as you can. Please be assured that
the data will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you and God Bless!

Respectfully yours,
Christine R. delos Reyes
Christy B. Horquia
William S. Palacol
Researchers

Noted by:

DR. EULA JAVIER

Research Adviser

DR.EDNA MANAIG
Dean of School of Teacher Education
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Appendix E
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Name (Optional):

Age:

Gender:

Barangay:

Direction: Please be honest in the assessment of your observation by

checking the appropriate blank which indicates your response using the
scale below.

4- Highly Manifested

3- Manifested

2- Moderately Manifested

1- Not Manifested

I. ASSESSMENT FOR TRAINERS, IMPLEMENTERS, AND CITY

GOVERNMENT
Please check the number of your choice.

Indicators 4 3 2 1
HM M MM NM
1. Uses complete training materials for the livelihood
program.
(Kumpleto ang mga gamit para sa itinuturong
programang pagkabuhayan.)

2. Demonstrates moral support to participants.

(Nagbibigay ng malinaw na ideya para
maintindihan ng mga kasali sa programang
pangkabuhayan ang lahat ng mga detalye ng
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programa.)

3. Manifests competency in the implementation of

the program.
(May sapat na kaalaman sa pagpapatupad ng
programa.)

4. Encourages sharing of ideas and opinions among

the participants.
(Pinapalakas ang loob ng mga kaslai na ibahagi
ang kanilang kaalaman.)

5. Assists in the implementation of the livelihood

program.
(Tumutulong sa pagpapatupad ng programang
pangkabuhayan.)

6. Supports the trainers and the beneficiaries in their

training needs.
(Sinusuportahan ang mga tagapagturo at mga
kaslai sa livelihood programs sa mga
pangangailangan nila sa pagsasanay.)

7. Helps the beneficiaries in the start-up of their

livelihood projects.
(Tinutulungan ang mga kasali sa livelihood
programs sa pagpapasimula ng kanilang mga
proyekto.)

8. Consider feedback as critical inputs to project

involvement.
(Kinukunsidera ang mga mahalagang opinion
bilang importanteng bahagi sa pakikiisa sa
proyekto.)

9. Make sure that the livelihood programs are

answer to financial needs of the beneficiaries.
(Sinisiguradona ang programang pangkabuhayan
ay makasasagot sa pangangailangang pinasyal
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ng mga kaslai sa programa.)

10. Helps the beneficiaries in marketing their finished

products.
(Tinutulungan ang mga kasali sa
pangkabuhayang programa sa pagbebenta ng
kanilang mga produkto.)

11. Ensures that each barangay has a functional

livelihood program.
(Tinitiyak na ang bawat barangay ay may mga
aktibong pangkabuhayang programa sa
kaslukuyan.)

12. Supports an organized pool of consultant and

expertise with various specialized livelihood
programs skills.
(May sapat na mga “consultants” na may mga
aktibong pangkabuhayang programa sa
kasalukuyan.)

13. Maintains training centers with complete training

facilities.
(May sapat na sanayang gusali na may sapat sa
mga kagamitan sa pagsasanay sa mga
pangkabuhayang programa.)

14. Provides transportation services for the livelihood

program staff in order for them to monitor
programs progress especially on upland barangay
of the municipality.
(May sapat na sasakyan ang mga nagpapatupad
ng mga programang pangkabuhayang para sa
pagsubaybay nila sa mga gawain ng mga kasali
pangkabuhayng programa sa mga barangay.)

15. Motivates the beneficiaries through recognition

and incentives.
(Nagbibigay ng pagkilala at mga insentibo upang
ganahan ang mga kasali sa mga
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pangkabuhayang programa.)

II. CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN IMPLEMENTATION OF

LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS
Please check the number of your choice.
4 3 2 1
HM M MM NM
16. Availability of trained personnel to implement
livelihood program.
(Pagakakaroon ng mga sanay na mga tauhan
para magpatupad ng mga programang
pangkabuhayan.)

17. Sufficient livelihood programs information drive.

(May sapat na impormasyon tungkol sa mga
pangkabuhayang ng munsipyo.)

18. Exact budgetary allocation for livelihood programs

activities.
(May sapat na “budget” para sa mga gawain ng
mga pangkabuhayang programa.)

19. Availability of support in marketing the residents /

participants livelihood programs finished products.
(Pagkakaroon ng suporta sa pagbebenta ng mga
produkto ng mga kasali sa pangkabuhayang
programa.)

20. Sufficient logistics support such transportation

services and materials to be needed for the
implementers.
(May sapat ang mga suporta sa mga
pangangailangan sa pangkabuhayang programa
tulad ng sasakyan at mga materyal para sa mga
nagpapatupad ng mga programa.)
 LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION 58

CURRICULUM VITAE

CHRISTINE R. DELOS REYES

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

School: LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

Birthday: JANUARY 25
Birth Place: CABUYAO CITY, LAGUNA
Parents: MR. ARTURO S. DELOS REYES
MRS. JANET R. DELOS REYES
Religion: CATHOLIC

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College School: LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

Bachelor of Secondary Education, Major in Social Studies
2011-present

High School: CABUYAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Cabuyao City, Laguna
March 2004

Elementary: BANLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Banlic, Calamba City, Laguna
March 2000
 LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION 59

CURRICULUM VITAE

CHRISTY B. HORQUIA

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

School: LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

Birthday:
Birth Place:
Civil Status:
Parents:

Religion:
E-mail Address:

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College School:

High School:

Elementary:
 LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION 60

CURRICULUM VITAE

WILLIAM S. PALACOL

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

School: LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

Birthday:
Birth Place:
Civil Status:
Parents:

Religion:
E-mail Address:

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College School:

High School:

Elementary: