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Gregg Shorthand
Manual Simplified

John Robert Gregg

L,ouis A, Leslie

Charles E, Zoubek

THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY

Business Education Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

New York Chicago San Francisco Dallas Toronto London

 GREGG SHORTHAND MANUAL SIMPLIFIED
Copyright, 1949, by The Gregg Publishing Company.Copyrighted in the
United States of America, Great Britain and Ireland, France, Italy, and
Spain. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be repro-
duced in any form without permission of the publishers. Oct. 1949-RD-200.

Shorthand Plates Written by

Charles Rader

PUBLISHED BY THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY

Business Education Division of the McGraiu-Hill Book Company, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

 PREFACE
Gregg Shorthand is the most widely used shorthand system
in the world. It has been adapted to many languages in addition
to English, for which the system was originally invented. The
successful use of the system in different languages is striking
evidence of the genius of the inventor, John Robert Gregg, in

devising the most brilliant shorthand alphabet in two thousand

years of shorthand history.
Gregg Shorthand Manual Simplified is the basic manual of
the system. It features a combined inductive and decductive pres-
entation of the principles of outline construction in Gregg Short-
hand. The arrangement of the material allows the instructor
freedom to emphasize the principles as he wishes; several differ-

ent approaches for varying the emphasis are suggested in the

Teacher's Handbook.
The Manual is organized into seventy lessons, each planned
for the usual class period of forty to fifty minutes. The theory
learning has been greatly reduced through the omission of several
hundred brief forms and other similar memory forms, sixty-six
word beginnings and word endings, twenty-six general rules or
principles, and thirteen phrasing devices. As a result, the entire
theory learning is presented in forty-eight lessons, each of which
provides a substantially complete recall of everything previously
presented. The remaining twenty-two lessons in the Manual
contain review and dictation material.
In Gregg Shorthand Manual Simplified the alphabet of Gregg
Shorthand is presented rapidly and in an order designed to
provide an easy introduction to shorthand for the learner. The
Hrst shorthand character the learner encounters is the familiar
longhand comma, which is the shorthand character for jf. Then
the analogous characters for / and v are presented; they, in turn,

iii
\V PREFACE

are followed hv the character for a, which is simply the familiar

longhand cipher. The rapid introduction of the alphabet and the
simplifications of the system make possible the early use of easy,
graded business practice material. Connected matter is used
entirely after the first week of instruction.
At Lesson 24, penmanship
suitable intervals, beginning with
drills are provided and, beginning with Lesson 37 and continuing
;

throughout the balance of the book, is a feature that is completely

new in a basic shorthand manual. In the lefthand margin of the
shorthand pages are provided "reminders" of simple conventions
of written English that occur in the accompanying shorthand
context. These "reminders," illustrated in context, increase the
student's awareness and knowledge of English essentials that
are of vital importance in transcription.
The simplifications of Gregg Shorthand and the presentation
of the system in this Manual reHect the findings of research
investigations and the suggestions of innumerable shorthand
teachers. They refiect the illustrious teaching, writing, and pub-
lishing career of John Robert Gregg and the many years of close
association with him that Louis A. Leslie and Charles E. Zoubek,
co-authors of this Manual, were privileged to enjoy. The product
of research, experience, and inspired, capable authorship, this
new Manual of Gregg Shorthand is presented to the teaching
profession and to the public with confidence and appreciation.

The Publishers
 CHAPTER I

LESSON 1

1. In shorthand, words are written as they are pronounced.

Know is written no^ say is written sa, sew is written so.

2. The shorthand character for a is a large circle. The short-

hand character shown below for s and z is approximately the
size and shape of a longhand comma. The shorthand character
for / is the same shape but about half the height of the space
between the lines in the shorthand notebook; the v is the same
shape but the full height of the space between the lines in the
notebook.

A SandZ F V
o
say ^
(^ face ^ saves

safe / save y vase

3. The shorthand character for ^ is a tiny circle. The shorthand

characters for n and tn are straight lines about the same length
as an underscore under the corresponding letters in longhand.

E N M

see
 CHAPTER I

4. The strokes representing t and d are written upward.

T D

team neat —i^ seed

tame 7^ steam X^ feet A

meet stain X^ feed

mate ^ stay y^ fade

need seat ^ fate ^

5. The shorthand character for o is very small. The curve
representing r is the same size as the curve for /; the /, the same
size as the v.

O R
c/ «

row sore ^^— stare ^

low soul ^ - store

toe wrote «— steal K- — "

dough tear -^ s*:ale Z-^-^'

no __^ tear ^ stole ^

snow 2-^ tore
y^"^ stone y^

^ >^^
so steer stove
7
 LESSON 1

note

vote /
near

mere

kneel

nail

meal

mail

mole

dear

6. The sound of h is represented by a dot written above the

following vowel.

hay O home hear

hoe o' whole hail

7. Vowels may be omitted when they do not contribute to speed

or legibility.

leauer
Jei motor hearer
 CHAPTER I

LESSON 2

8. In Paragraph 2 one tiny curve was given for s and z. Another

curve is also used for j and z in order to provide an easy joining
in any combination of sounds. It is not necessary at this point to
attempt to decide which of the two curves to use in any word;
this will become clear as the study of shorthand progresses. The
second form of s and z is given below.

S and Z
r r
pay

pair
 CHAPTER I

my

might

night -^
mine
 LESSON 3 7

13. The small circle also represents three vowel sounds. In

addition to the long e that has already been learned, it represents
the sound of /'
heard in limit and the sound of e heard in get. The
dot and dash may be used to give a positive distinction as shown.
The small circle is also used to represent the obscure vowel sound
heard in her, church, worse.

him
 CHAPTER I

just as in longhand we abbreviate Mister as Mr. These abbre-

viations are called "brief forms."

can , —
 I, E S S ON 3

> s. r -^
-^ ^
- 9 . >^^v

> 7. _/:

>
7/ 9 9. ^
A^ ^^
> 10. <£: ^

^ > 11. <^_

"SIP --^-^ >

12.

^ y ^^^

^
10 CHAPTER I

LESSON 4

19. The hook that represents o In shorthand also represents

the vowel heard in stock and the vowel heard in cause. The three
sounds may be distinguished as shown below

sorry .^ load

stock coal

follow close

operate (> frozen

4^
20. Brief Forms

put ( have / of cy

be, by shall, ship / with <f

but which / is, his y

for y could .-"^/^ their, there ^

21. Phrases

of the i/^ I will have ^2_---7

of their c^ I will be Q_y

of his ^ I shall have

of which / I shall be

for the /^ I shall not be

for which y^ I shall not have

 LESSON 4 11

Reading and Writing Practice

22.

^9 .^-^

9 .

/ ;>

^-r
24. X^ /^^—t^ ^' y
X>^- -c? Xv

/o ^ /O

9 L r ,:^y^
12 CHAPTER I

25. 4> ^
/^^^ Tz::?

V >•

^ ^1^ > ^ ^
^
 LESSON 5 13

LESSON 5

26. The sound of ses is represented by joining the two forms

of s.

case ^-^ senses ^^^j race t_^

cases ^^ face c:^ races <^_/^

sense ,:^^ faces ^^^ says /

27. To in phrases is represented by / before a downstroke.

to be
^ to till
^ to pay
^
to have /^ to plan -^ ^-,
^o change ^
to say -^ to buy ^ to show '

28. The letter x is

s
usually represented by an 5, written with a
slight backward slant.

miss mixes tax /^

misses fix X taxes ys

mix fixes ^^ coax .---z.

Reading and Writing Practice

14 CHAPTER I

y /^
^9 . ^ cz^ .^
J^^.
l^ -^7

^^^ (^

30. r r

/a ^ ^ ^
/ r r >

^ 3/ ^

31,

c/^

/^ ^ ^K > r
C ::C€ a^
f. 'cLp

32. O ^
J^- _^ /o. ^ ^
r ^^ c^ >
 LESSON 5 15

/c^

z^ J

y •
^
^
.^-
^ X
34

^
^ ^
^
^-^

f.>
>^-i/

/
^

-^ ^

^
16 C H A P 1' E R I

LESSON 6

3S. The joinings of the shorthand characters are so easy and

natural that it hardly seems necessary to give rules or even
explanations. It is interesting, however, to see the groups into
which the joinings naturally fall:

A. Circles are written inside curves, outside angles.

appear
ipp ^
re lieve <-cy

B. Circles are written clockwise on a straight line or between

two straight lines in the same direction.

edge / aim ^^
— may

mean c— main ,^^- deed

C. Between two curves in opposite directions, the circle is

written on the back of the first curve.

vapor yCP carriage ..-<2^ pavmg

skill >--«2__-- kill ,-— Q__^ rack

D. The hook is written on its side before n, m, r, I unless

a downward character comes before the hook.

own cz home c: knowledge

bone 0— bowl Cl ^^ zone ^

 LESSON 6 17

E. The clockwise th is useci in most joinings; but when th is

joined to o, r, I, the other form is used.

thread both these /9

F. It isseldom necessary in ordinary dictation to make any

distinction between s and z or between the two sounds of th. It is
possible, however, to make the distinction by placing a small dash
against the heavier of the two sounds in each pair.

cease ^ lath

seize ^ lathe

G. The exact placement of a shorthand outline on the line of

writing is of no importance. As matter of convenience, how-
a
ever, the base of the first consonant of a word is placed on the

line of writing, disregarding s before downstrokes.

space
/ dome names

Reading and Writing Practice

o C^
CHAPTER I

"^
 LESSON 6 19

. ^ > .O'

/r. /. ^^^>" ^-^^ C2^

 CHAPTER II

LESSON 7

42. Brief Forms

that ^ them r" *to, too, two

right, write « <P were, year <z_-^ *you, your ^

must y- Mr., market * Yours truly /y^

Dear Sir y^
desire.
*The hook in this outHne represents the sound of oo, which
will be studied later.

43. Word beginning ex-

express C^ extreme expense

explain (__$2— extra ^^-^ exclaim

Reading and Writing Practice

44. ^^^ y- ^ .
^_^ c^ ^
(^ ^ ^ u^ ^^ ^ <>^

^^^

C^ r
4 ^4
20
 LESSON 7 21

r ^ ^ ^

45
^ ^

C7 r
> ^:d-^

^ ^ /?
46.

47.

. ^ ^^ ^ O
<Zf

>
^ z
48.

^ r^

^^^ <z.^

/
22 CHAPTER II

LESSON 8

The word endings -tion and -tial are represented by sh.

49.
The word ending -dent is represented by sht; -ciency, by shse.
These word endings are spelled in a number of different ways
in longhand.

nation -/^ essential

action ^^;r~) occasion c-^ partial

operation Cy^ efficient V^ financial ^ss^-'^r:'-?

cancellation^ ^ efficiency i/ initial -7^

national _v^ patient

^ official
7
50. The method of expressing amounts and quantities shown
here is especially useful in business dictation. The sign for hundred
is the shorthand character for n placed beneath the figure.

300 ^ $3 Jy^
 LESSON 8 23

Reading and Writing Practice

52.

^ >c Z^ r ^
y^ -r ^^ 2^ y^ ^J^ ^

^^c ^ ^
-r^ / ^ -
^jp ^-^
/o O 9-v/ ^ c^

-^. 7
«-r

^
^ ^

^ c^ <^ . ^ -
^ 'df -^ ,_JP

'p ..-^ ^ ^ /^-?>' ^ ^ y^

r -^
24 CHAPTER II

=^ /, 9 : / "^ ^
^7 /d?
^
' <s'^-?rr7

/ ^ ^V
 LESSON 8 25

, 7
/
57.

.-^^ 4 ^ ^
>^ ^^ ----

-^ _r ^^>-^
^ _- ^ c2^ N

^ £X7
26 CHAPTER II

LESSON 9

59. Brief Forms

been C- please C___^ from ^

they f^ when ct— than, then

was ^ like ^_^^ should

60. Been In phrases

had been ^/ you have been it has been

have been / have not been there has been

I have been / has been should have been

61. Able In phrases

have been able has been able

I have been able should be able

I have not been able to be able

had been able (yf ^ you will be able ^''——^

62. Small circle for word ending -/^, loop for word endings
-il"^ and -all'j.

fairly c::>^ early <2_^ nearly

briefly Cf only ci_^ dally

;rely
sincei ^^l-^_^ openly ^ readily
 LESSON 9 27

easily ^ family totally

hastily ^^ especially occasionally <^"^

Reading and Writing Practice

^ y
^ 2 ^^^ r
^

V <:4r

^--r
64. ^

^ ^
r <^-^ ^ <l-t^" y ^^
^
^

65. ^^^

^4 ^ ^ ^ ^ Z
^.
// r ^
28 CHAPTER II

-^

yo ^ (^^

-^
66. ^
CLJ'

C^l^

^ ^ C^^
^- /^
> ^ c^ y 3v ^
67.

2
^ r^ ^,
A 71
< 9 9 ^.

68.
 LESSON 9 29

^ ^-e

7 ^ —
^^
^^<^

> y/ <z_^

"^/ ^
69 _
^ ^^
^^
^

/ r /
^
30 CHAPTER II

LESSON 10

70. The diphthong oi is written ^

toy /-^ soil Jl voice

oil cjZ.^-^^ annoy (-;7-z^ joining /

toil y^— noise —z^ avoid

71. Word endings -tire, -ture

failure cxd^.^^-^ figure nature

securely ^::?~~~-^ procure picture

72. Word endings -ual, -tual

annua

73. Omission of vowel in re-, be-, de-, d'ts-, mis-

receive revision began

reserve
7 reverse
7 became

rec eipt c^ repeat

7
beneath C
replace <_-^ below

reception begin (^""^^ because

r
 LESSON 10 31

deserve ^/ deposit y'^^ destroy

deceive XJ displace ^t_^P misplace

1-^
debate display /C_^^ mistake

decision /^ dispatch ^^ mistaken

/""^
desertion / discretion misery

delay disguise /^ ^ misleadin

Reading and Writing Practice

32 CHAPTER II

76. ^ ef

• ^^ ^ ^
^

II.

/^

;
^ /-^
^
/^ ^ ^
> 7" ^
>/ cxL—^

^ ^ 'P
 LESSON' 10 33

r cA ^
^ 4^^
<r<r

79.

r^ ^^^ (2^

80. ^ -
^ ^ ,^^ /- y y^ ^ ^

9
^
34 CHAPTER II

LESSON 11

81. Brief Forms

*and, end ^ bill C_^ what ^^

side ^ after A' most

business ^ all <^ Mrs. ,_^

*This upward curve represents the nd combination, which will

be studied later.

82, Any vowel following a long i is represented by a small

circle within the large circle.

signs ^^-^ via {z lion \^_,,^-'

science (^-7 diet / violin ^^iL^-s*—

riot L_i^ diary /^ Miami -

—^— «=>

83. The sounds of la and ^« as in piano and create are repre-

sented by a large circle with a ciot placed within it.

piano (^^/"^ mania . j^^rc? initiate cr^

create .—-^iJ^ creation .— variation

y
cP'^^-^

area QJP appreciate O. negotiate

84. Hook and circle vowels may be joined in the order in which
they occur.

poetry (^'''-^ rayon *-/^ folio i>i.

^
poem (> radio <^_J^^'^'"^ snowy -'=^-t>'
 LESSON 11 3S

Readlng and Writing Practice

85.

-V
36 CHAPTER II

c^

87. r

^^ /
r
/ z

C.

9 ^ .

^ ^^ ^^

<z_^ ^
SV ^..^

.r^T-
^ L^
.^ V r
^
89. /^
/^^^
 LESSON 11 37

M y ^
^ ^
^

^ y ^
^
90.

<:^l_^-z>- ^^ ex: /

^
^ > r /^
38 CHAPTER II

LESSON 12

91 A. The word been is represented by b after have, has, had.

1 have been / it has been ^^ had been l^f^

B. The word able is represented by a after be or been.

had been able

^ will be able

^
C. The word beginning re- is represented by r before a down-
stroke or a vowel.

revise rearrange <.j2j2y reservation

7
D. The word beginning de- is represented by d except before

deserv^e ^/ decline degrade

Reading and Writing Practice

/f^ / ^ --7
/^ / ^^ ^ ^/>. ^
^^ /^ ^
 LESSON 12 39

y^ Z^^^ ^r^^ ^— ^ ^^V--

93. ^ ^-v/

_^ /^^ J '^ -^ ^^<; ^ ^ ^ ^/^

94. ^ .-<L^ : ^ ^ c^ ^-^^

3"

^^>^^
^ / -^
>f ^

y^ (^ O ^ ^ --^_^ ^. ^
>
^
40 CHAPTER II
 I,F, SSON 12 41

z -? c^ ^^-—-^

^^^^
Q^
 CHAPTER III

LESSON 13

99. A tiny hook expresses the three vowel sounds heard in

the words up, foot, food. The three sounds may be distinguished
as shown below :

food ^
who

do

through

choose

whose /

truth

move

mistrust cool

1 00. Words beginning w, sw^ wh

we ^ water ^-2^ worst „z^^

way ^ war woods /-?r^

wait ^^ wall wool ^-7^

42
LESSON 13 43
44 CHAPTER III

102. r

^ J
p
/o

r ^
9
;> i ^ /F

103. > ^ ^ ^^
r

C-^-:^ ^ <L-^

^ / r

^ C^^ > ^ ^ .

^ / y< ^ ^
^ y y ^
y ^
/ y

104.
^ ^V'

^. Z^
 LRSSON 13 45

r ^ Q
/
^

^ ^
>
>
J
105, cr:;'^ z ^ ^ ^
y <2-r 2-

106. ^ ^
46 CHAPTER III

^2 ^
 LESSON 14 47

LESSON 14

107. Brief Forms

this (^ send ^^ about

(^-
thing, think glad very

enclose —--^ letter, let worth .1^

108. The word ending -ther

48 CHAPTER III

110.

c
c Q-^

K-^ ^

r<' -. ^
 LE S S (J N 14 49

113./^ j/: ^
C^::^^

^ / /iP
-7^

r 6^
^ -^
114./^ ^

n ^ ^
U.
y
^ cz r
115,

-7" -"1^ ^^
50 CHAPTER III

^ ^-_ ^ J
^ ^

^.^''
^ ^ x^
t J- ^
 LESSON 15
5J_

LESSON 15

116. The sound of w in the body of a word

twin /tr doorway / quiet ^^^^

quick --'^'^ queen ^--^—

railway (_j2__^ quite "T!^

117. Words beginning ah or aw

ahead .}f await .^ awoke . -z:.—

awai
ly .A^ awake aware .^pZ^
^P'~^

118. y before a hook vowel is expressed by the small circle.

Ye at the beginning of a word is expressed by a small loop; "^a,

by a large loop.

yawn ^— youth ^ Yale <::::ii -

yacht (^ yellow ^:i -^ yarn c::^..^.--

Reading and Writing Practice

119 ^ Q^_^ .- -^^^^^^ ^

^-€__^

^
i^ ^:^^ y^ r ---^-z. c^- ^=7-2^ ^ ^ ^
52 CHAPTER III

120.

O'—T^
5^

^
121. y^ 9 .
P a^ Q_J? 7/-^

y
^
^^ ^ y /"/. /
y^ ^^^^^ - ^?^

122. ^ y

^^

r
 LESSON 15 S3

y '9

123./ /-^^^^ . ,^>^ y^-^

y
cr
f ^'

^ ^
<^^-i^

^
> —^

/
54 CHAPTER III

124./

<^. ^ .A^

;^
^
 LESSON 16 55

LESSON 16

125. Brief Forms

necessar y -^ believe, b deliver

belief
doctor, satisfy, ^^^ return
during satisfactory
yet ^ next
_Y='
work

126. The short sound of li is omitted before «, ni, or a straight

downstroke.

some

run

sun

127. The sound of ng is written

(spelled «^) is written ^^_^

ring ^.c_ young ^f^

rang c-i2_ length

wrong <
—<- strong

rung ^^
brins
56 CHAPTER III

Reading and Writing Practice

/o ^

^ 9 ^ Z^
^ 9 «2-r

r?

^
130.
 LESSON 16 57

^
131.x ^^ .^
cr
^-^ <^^ /" ^
~7

7 /^y ^

/ ^ - >^^ y (3) r ^ ^-^^^

 CHAPTER III

—
-

^r y

133.

C_^ > .P-" -y

/
^^

/^ ^ y^ c ^^ y^ ^ ^ s ^ r
 LESSON 17 59

LESSON 17

134. Brief Forms

remit, «^-*»— great

remittance
where CL^ over

among un dei company, keep ^^

*The outlines for under and over are written above the follow-
ing shorthand character. These may also be used as prefix forms,
as in underneath, overcome.

135. The combination rd is represented by writing the r with

an upward turn at the finish. The combination Id is expressed
by raising the end of the / in the same manner.

near —e_^
neared —e^
feared o^
hard (Z^

heard «—>'

Reading and Writing Practice

60 CHAPTER III

^ J 7 ^^ ^
y

^
^^v_J^
-^" ^
^:^.-< ^ "-^
.^ ^ ^
6/ C2^ ^ ^
r
C^. ^
^ >

138. ^

y ^

^ ^
•w

/ ^ c.-^^

^
/O-
 LESSON 17 61

^
139. ^ ^ '^^-^-^ ^-^- "^^.^ ^ /

--^-^

7 .-^^

^ ^^
>

'7 - ^
140

7^ ^ ^ / '^ ^^^ 1^ ^ ^
- ^ cL — / ^-i — — -^ :? ^^
t ^ p^ ^ 1

>
62 CHAPTER III

^ y^

^ / C_^ C2^

/^

142.

Q' y.

^
Y Xr
c_^ <=^

y ^ /^
 LESSON 18 63^

LESSON 18

143A. The oo hook is written on its side after n, m.

noon —^3__ smooth Z — r^ famous ^^:?'^-~t

B. The word endings -ure, -ual are represented by r and / except

after downstrokes.

creature ^-—P-"^-^ feature

pleasure C._^^ visual

C. At the beginning of a word and after ^, ^, or a downstroke,

the combination us is written without an angle.

just h^ discuss ^ ^ husky 2.~2>

D. At the beginning and end of words the comma s is used

before and after/, i, k, g; the left s, before and after ^, ^, r, /.

safety ^ globes ^ — - -yr sails d> ^^

spares Q^ skate >-^ rags i_^^ —

E. The comma 5 is used before /, ^, «, w, o; the left 5 is used
after those characters.

stones y^^ solos ^ -^ needs —z^

F. The comma s is used before and after sh, ch, j.

sashes j sages / reaches <^-y/'

64 C H AFTER III

G. The comma 5 is used in words consisting of s and a circle

vowel or s and th and a circle vowel.

see ^ these /f seethe ^

Reading and Writixg Practice

144. The Miser

^ ^
^

^
 LESSON 18 65

^
J ^^ ^

9 \
V
r
^ -
^ :

^- ( (^ 9

Aesop's Fables
145. The Nurse and the Wolf

•o^ r

<^

/ -t^
/ ^ ^
-^ -^ > ^^; (^
 66 CHAPTER III

^ J . (<
—Aesop's Fables

146. The Maid and the Chickens

9 ^^ ^ , c/
<rc

^^ Q^ T ^ ^^rT< ^ . ^:^

^ :

X ^ -^ ^ ^i!^^—^ I
(^^"-^ X" X —Aesop's Fables

147. The Lion and the Rabbit

. ,_^^ .^^^ ^^-^ . yp ;, r /^. f

 LESSON 1 67

'<^, r- ^^ .^Z^ -^ o^^ •^-

-^ 7- . Q^ C^

^ ^ _- >^ ^
> ^
>^^ ^ /
-Aesop' s Fables
 CHAPTER IV

LESSON 19

148. The diphthong // is written ^

unit if-^ review ^ ^
tube

few ^ huge / pure yO

view ^ fuel .^A^^.^ beauty

149. The diphthong ax is written A^

ounce (^fr scout ^'"'7/ ^^

now —^ doubt

cow ^"^^ power

150. Brief Forms

how, out ^ ever one, won

use d^ every importance,

important
those (^ soon niatter

Reading and Writing Practice

68
 LESSON 19 69

l^

^ > p
— zp ;
V ^
152.
-Tf L <
z ^

<r<r

^>-—

Z
6-7 >

7^ C^

153. ^
^
rr

7 ^
^^ 7
70 CHAPTER IV

^^
 LESSON 19 71

-^ .-V

^
r-
f
156. X

'V

c^.
72 CHAPTER I
\'

LESSON 20

157. Brief Forms

several 1 suggest,
suggestion
always

any —c. unable rone

A\orld ^^ usual, wisTi / week, weak ^

158. The combinations ted, ded, det are represented by

treat

treated

heat y^

heated

seat ^
seated

rate

159. The combinations men, mem are represented by.

knee — ^^ mended ^ months

me . o mental /^ i^ninute ^
many ^ mentioned y memory

meant X examine ^^
— member
"

mend __ — ^ woman ^-t^ women

 LESSON 20 73

Reading and Writing Practice

160

^
^ ^

^ ^ ^
^
7 V r

'^
Cs^ -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
/

161 ; ^ ^ f
^ ^/. /v
z J2- T
e^ ^
^^
/^ ^ ^ ^
74 CHAPTER IV

<2_-^

^ ^ / ^^ ^^^-^

162. -^---r

^ ^
-y -^^> o / ^/ /^ <:»'">

<^ . ^^ >%
.^^^:^> .^

163.^ 9 .

^
.^

^^
— -^—

<2 -;?< V ,^
164./^-/^ ^_^ ^X^ -^ ' /^ ^
 LESSON 20 75

. z
/^

^ ><
_ - y-. ^^ ^—

^^

165.

^
-t^^

^
76 CHAPTER I
\'

LESSON 21

166. The shorthand characters for n-t, n-d are joined without
an angle to represent nt, nd, thus: __^

sign (;;^^ fastened ^:^^ parents Qj^-^

signed ^^^^-^ band (o^ recent '-<2-^

trained A-^^"^ thousand ^^^^ entire

strained y^-J^^-^ explained C_ S^^ entry

joined ^^^-"^ grand ^ LJ2-^ into ^

planned C J2y print Cj2^
friendly Cjs^ plenty C .J^
bond rent

rind event

kind point ^
hind ^ excellent

167. The shorthand characters for m-t, m-d are joined without
an angle to represent mt, nid, thus:
 L p: s s () N 21 77

168. Brief Forms

did, date X individual opportunity O-

morning office ^ general

want got big

Reading and Writing Practice

169. x^c:^^ >2- ^
78 CHAPTER IV

^
^ ^^ ^
^-^^ ^
-^^ i' r ^ e^.

<r<r
^
<^ O'

/^^

^<^ (f

/(PS-

c/^ ^ >

r -^

^
J^ X ^
 LESSON 21 79

172. '^ 4--r 9

z
.
^s"^- •

^
^^
^^>:^ ^?
^ ^
")

7. ^ ^^. ^
/7 ^ > ^ ^ 7

173./^ o2- ^O' ^ ^^^

^
^
^
174. — c:^?:^

/v

/V'> ^'^

^I <^
80 CHAPTER IV

l^ ^ ^ ^^ J ^
^^
r
175. /^ r

>
^9- ^. ^
 LESSON 22

LESSON 22

176. A minor vowel may often be omitted when two vowels

occur together. The oo hook is often used to represent the
diphthong u.

theory J^-^ new pneumonia "g:>

genius amuse strenuous

tedious induce remunerate

ideal genuine ^jj^Aa— produce Ct^^-^

177. Days and Months

Sunday 2— January August

Monday 32— February September ^

Tuesday y^ March October

Wednesday J7-^ April (f November

Thursday ->— May December

Friday O^ June

Saturday ^^^ July

178. The stenographer must be able to write the common

place names rapidly and accurately.

New

Chicago
York __^

y^
Detroit

Boston 6
Nebraska

Pennsylvania
ro
82 CHAPTER IV

Philadelphia .:<;;^_^ Memphis Missouri

Los Angeles ^__^^^ California Illinois

6
Reading and Writing Practice

.J.
2
 LESSON 22 83

181./^ / ^
_ ^
___ z-*-^
^ ^ . -^

J /
^ - -.s r
84 CHAPTER IV
 LESSON 23 85

LESSON 23

185. Before n the diphthong ow is omitted. When this omission

occurs between n and n, a jog is used to indicate the omitted diph-
thong. The syllable moun is represented by the men blend.

186. The word beginnings per-, pur-, pro-

187. The word ending -wt'«/

excitement/^'' payment experimented o^ ;

moment agreement xperimental

rrangement (2_^^ appointment (jz.-^ fundamental

86 CHAPTER IV

188. The word ending -ble

available cx^—-^ suitable J>/' cable

reliable ._>€__^ payable desirable

sensible terrible possible

Reading and Writing Practice

189. /^-^

r: y ,^. r^

<y^

^ y /^ /o

^
/
190. y^^ n ^ tT.

^ .jy ^ ^
 LESSON 23 87

191.x ,a^ r

r (^^--z^ ^Z^ ^
^ ^ d .

f ( /-^ > y^
"-^
^
192. ^ £
^

/ / ^
^
c.^ ^ cL r

193. ^

>
 CHAPTER IV

^
3Sd^ ^
u

^^ J^

> ^ ^
^ ,^ ^^ J
^
194. /O

^ _ ^^/ /^

Q..^

9 -<i^

,1^

^ _ ^
195./ ^^ C ^ ._^^ '^ ^ -^
 LESSON 23 89

^r
90 CHAPTER IV

LESSON 24

196A, To give the learner a clear mental picture of the proper

shapes of the shorthand strokes that he is studying, an enlarged
model of the alphabetic characters and of the typical joinings is

given, together with a short explanation of the things that the

writer should keep in mind as he writes.
The following practice procedure is suggested
a. Read the explanations carefully.

b. Study the model to see the application of each explanation.

c. Copy the first word in the practice drill.
d. Compare what you have written with the enlarged model.
e. Write three or four more copies, trying to improve your
outline with each writing.
f. Repeat this procedure with the remaining outlines in the
practice drill.

B. R L K G

To write these strokes accurately

a. Start and finish each one on the same level of writing.
b. Make and / deep.
the beginning of the curve in r Make the
end of the curve in k and g deep.
c. Make the / and g at least twice as long as r and k.

Practice Drill:

Q^ ^ ^ ^
Are-our-hour, will-well, can, go-good.
Air, lay, ache, gay.
 LESSON 24 91

C. Kr Rk Gl

To write these combinations accurately

a. Make the curves rather flat.

b. Make the combinations kr and rk somewhat shorter than

the combined length of r and k when written by themselves.
c. Make the combination gl somewhat shorter than the com-
bined length of ^ and / when written by themselves.

Practice Drill:

Cream, crate, maker, mark, dark.

Gleam, glen, glare, eagle.

Reading and Writing Practice

197. Businessmen's Likes

/O

^-r
92 CHAPTER IV

9
V .

(^- <y cy CZ--

y

^>(^ ^
198. Tips for the Beginning Secretary

r (^ C2-

^r Z -zr > r

^ ^

y> ^

^ ^. ^
^ f f^
"Y > ^
199. The Pleasure of Work

c:::rcy
LESSON 24 93
94 CHAPTER IV
 CHAPTER V
LESSON 25

201. -SHIP

friendship C^2^ apprenticeship^^^^-^relationships

township /~~/ steamships >^ / ownership

7
202. -CLE, -CAL

mechanical , jr:^-^physical
^ medical

musical -, technical y^^^^~7-~> critical

203. -SELF, -SELVES

yo urself 'y herself 'q_^ themselves f

myself j^ itself y^ ourselves i_--j'

—
himself 'c; oneself
^ yourselves
^
204. After-

afternoon ^Zj__ afterthought Jy^ aftermath 2-^

Reading AxNd Writing Practice

^r ^ A ^~
95
96 CHAPTER V

9 . r
^ ^^
— >-

L n

^, ^
y >
^^
^^

C^ ^

207. -7

^ ^
lp:sson 25 97
98 CHAPTER V

209. X ^ ^^^ ^ Q ^ ^

3/^f ^
^1^2^ s r^<^
''^

r-?
^ ;^ ^ r
^ -^
/ > -^

V ^/
210.
^
/-^

r (^-^

^ ^ ^ ^ k^ ^
^
 LESSON 26 99

LESSON 26

211. Brief Forms

property L^ order c^^ speak (

progress C-_^ ^ enable .^^ such

purpose upon y""^

(^ C- street

212. The combinations jent-d, pent-d are represented by C/

gentle C/ legend t -^r^y suspend

urgent ^/ opened C^ depend ^cy

intelligent ^/-^^^y/ happened cZ^ respond »—
-^

regent c^ . spend O^ cheapened y^

diligent / ^_^ expend C^ carpenter

213. The combinations def-v, tif, tiv are represented by

native —^ / define '(^^ divide ^/f

captive
y^^ defend ( Z^ division ( V
motive .-—^/ definite ( /^^ develop (cxC-^

positive C/y different C Cjzy devoted

sensitive ^^^^j-^/y? difference ( Lp-7 devise

creative ,--^—^/ differ ( C^ divert ^ £xl^

defy (^ default <

^v.—--^^ divorce ( u~^
100 CHAPTER V

Reading and Writing Practice

214.

3^/
2 ^
^ ^ <<^

9
^
1
215. - /f ^ ^
r ^ . j/^ /
^ /-^^

^
^^^

216.^ z^ J^ r- ^ J^:^ ^

r
 l.KSSON 26 101

^J-^:^ y^ ^

^
X
^ ^
^ e^

^^
217. X^Z^

^
^^/-
C-^2-. ^ , k

^
/ \ <7

^ ^
^ .

^
-^
^
102 CHAPTER V
 LESSON 27 103

LESSON 27

220. Electr-, electric

electric . — electric fan ^^ electric wire ^^^_^

electrical ^->._^ electric motor z/ "electric iron (S^

221. Inter-, intr-, enter-

interfere ^:>^ interrupt C^ enters

interference .=<:>2^ introduce y^ entering "T

interfered ,,^ introduction

^^^ entrance —^
internal "=\____^ enter enterprise C^
international 'Z-/^ entered y^ enterprising (j^

222. Short-, ship-

shortsighted shorten shipload

shortly ^ shortened shipwreck «_«<^

/
shorter e_. shortage shipyard C:^-^

Reading and Writing Practice

223. Zj^ ^ <^ (^ .i_^ r^ c^

c^

^
104 CHAPTER V
 i.p:ss()N 27 105

225. y^ ^^
^.
<^-r

"'
y -^ ^f — ^ ^. c^ - ^—

226

^ c^-^'^.- /^ '':=^^1^ (^^^

c^. ' ^ ^

"^ ^^
r C-. ;
y>

/ry^ C^
/
>
106 CHAPTER V

^ -^

/ ^
221. y^ (Ls-^ ^
I.
7
^y<-^ ^
/^'

J ^^ ^ ^ .^
 LESSON 28 107

LESSON 28

228. Because of the frequency of the following phrases, a

shght modification is made of the outlines for some words in

the phrases. Do not extend these modifications to similar phrases.

of course c-^ I had ^^ we hope k -

you will
of course it is <^-v^ to him y^ to us /^

as soon as ^ I hope ( let us <<_—-^^

as soon 2^ we hope ( your order ^

as possible
to do /^ to our /""-^ worth while .-rr^

229. The nt combination used to add not to was and to the

is

one form of is shown below. The apostrophe is used to show the

contracted forms.

was not ti^ there was not _.^«i>/ wasn't t>^

it was not y<^C^ there is not ^y<-^ I wasn't c^^

he was not <^^ it is not y^^^ it isn't

230. In expressions of time, ago is represented by g.

/""'^"^
days ago months ago ^^—piinutesago
weeks ago <f^ >, years ago <2_2>--- ^ ^°"§ ^§^

231. The hook is omitted from vcant when want is phrased

after a pronoun.

I want cxy he wants a^ do you want

108 CHAPTER V

you want who wants y^z^^ if you want A^

we want ^2-^ they want /*^^ I wanted

Reading and Writing Practice

232.
LESSON 28 109
no CHAPTER V

V ^
236.
c^ y

^ ^
-7 /^/^

5~ SD ^
^ 7" 7 Sip

^
r
V
^r
^
 LESSON 29 111

LESSON 29

237. -FUL, -IFY

helpful Q -^ hopefulness

thoughtful -^ thankful ^
gratefully ^ ^-^^ careful ^""^^

useful ^ dignified

238. -IFICATION

classification justification
y
modification verification
A
qualifications specifications /
239. -GRAM

telegram X- radiogram monogram .

cablegram 'o^ program C-. diagram /^^

240. -RITY

majority security ^^^-->

minority sincerity ^^^^2.^

authority c^"-^ familiarity

241. -LITY, -LTY

"
utility ^^* faculty J-^ possibility
112 CHAPTER V

facility {^ penalty C- reliability

personality <^S_ ability

/^ flexibility

Reading and Writing Practice

242. ^ ^-^y /^^^ ^ ^—<2^ ^ f ^ cJ^:^

^
9 .-^_j^ y 9 ^--- 9- a^ r

^ ^
^ ^
y^
^ ^^^^

c^
c/^ ^^>

s (^

6 -^

%
> J
243. ^ j
4
f
LESSON 29 113
114 CHAPTER V

-ZJ^ N ^

^ ^
^ "^
3
® ^^.^ -^^
> / ^ ^-^ /
246. ^ ^ y^ y^ / //^ /7
55-

7
^ 9
^ <« ^
'.^
7 ^

247 ^ ^
 LESSON 29 115

^ . 1
Cy^

J i

9
116 CHAPTER V

LESSON 30

248A. B V .; P . F

To write these strokes accurately

a. Give them approximately the slant indicated by the dotted
lines.

b. Make the curve deep at the beginning of v, f, comma s;

make the curve deep at the end of b, p, left s.

c. Make the s tiny b and v the full height of your notebook line
;
;

p and / about half the height of your notebook line.

Practice Drill

^ ^ f^^ J^ ^
Puts, spare, business, bares, stairs, sphere, leaves, briefs.

B. Pr Pl Br Bl

To
c
write these combinations accurately:
a. Write each without a pause between the first and second
letter of each combination.
b. Watch your proportions carefully.

Practice Drill

O 0> c^
Press, pray, prim, plan, plate, place. Brim, brief, bread,
blame, blast.
 LESSON 30 117

C. ¥R FL

To write these combinations accurately:

a.Write them with one sweep of the pen, with no stop between
the/and ther or/.

Practice Drill

Free, free/,e, frame, fiee, flame, flap.

Reading and Writing Practice

249. The Deerhound

118 CHAPTER V

y^^ "% J

^ .^ d ^ r
r ^f^^

O^

/^ r

(2_>*/

^^ &
^-

250. The Miller, His Son, and Their Donkey

^.
 LESSON 30 119

o^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^
<i-

^ / ^
^ /^-^
r

^ r^
¥ ^ ^

/^

«r<'
^ -e?
•
^
^
^ ^
Q^ ^ /^^
J ^ ^
120 CHAPTER V

-Aesop's Fables
 CHAPTER VI

LESSON 31

251. The combinations den, ten are represented by an upward

/"^^
curve, thus :

sudden

hidden

widen /P^^^

wooden .^t^*^

deny (

evidence /

danger f / attainable O (
dinner ( sustained

252. The combinations dem, tern are represented by a longer

upward curve, thus

tomorrow

customer

121
122 CHAPTER VI

253. Special Business Forms

tome ( Dear Madam Respectfully yours

to make ( Dear Miss Yours very truly

to know ( Yours sincerely ,^ Very truly yours A

Gentlemen Cy Sincerely yours ^j,;?-^. Cordially yours .^-

Dear Mr. ( Very sincerely / Yours cordially ^>^

Dear Mrs. ( Yours respectfully ^-^^Very cordially yours >^~V7

Reading and Writing Practice

254. ( y _— y ^^f>^ r y^
^
7
 LESSON 31 123

255. C y
cP
^
7
y- 1^

9
9,

9
2S6.

-!$'

-r" ^ ^ ^ ^.

"^;. ^ ^ /^
/^
Z'
^

257.

V r
(y? y^
124 CHAPTER VI

/ y r cy

c ^ y^

258. ^ jL , ^ / a^
^ r

o ^ ^ r
^ ^ r
^ >
y?

2S9.

9^
 LESSON 31 125

^ <X7 >
^
126 CHAPTER VI

LESSON 32

260. Brief Forms

time ( difficult ( /^ merchandise —Yj^

ordinary o^ why (P purchase C^

stand y^ merchant ^---^^

261. Tern, term; dern, derm; thern, therm

turn /^
turns f'~^

turned J^
attorney ^p^
pattern //*" southern )3<*^^

eastern "^^ thermometer

f^^
262. Ort

port Cr"

export 0-^

report i_^

deport y^Zr^ reporter c^ quarter

Reading and Writing Practice

263. r
 LESSON 32 127

't' {^ /- C-j^ <^ ^ ^ / V ^->,

264.
'

/C ^ . ^^ ^ ^ ,^
^

y^
cc

-^
i
(^ (^ ^ yy ^—0x2^

> ^
128 CHAPTER \' I

^ ^^ ^ ^• ^
/

265. / —^-^ -^ --x <Cy^ -

^ ^ ^ ^
X ^ ? >b ^^ (yL..^

>
9 oZST^

266. .

^;^.

9 <2_^ 9 <^ /t^

y ^ ^'
^ ^f
;?

267. r
LESSON 32 129
130 CHAPTER VI

LESSON 33

269. The t is omitted from words ending in ct {kt) . The past

tense and the er, or derivatives are formed with the disjoined
character because the last letter of the root word is missing.
Most of the endings used to form derivatives may be joined —
-ive, -ivity, -fid, -Hon, and others.

act
^^ attraction (;f^''^

acted t^:/^^ distract

actor i^j'T^

active

activity
V
respect

respected

270. There are seven words of one syllable ending in st from

which the t is omitted.

best first ^ cost

rest i-y^ past

f rested

test ^ last lasts

271. The final t is omitted in words of more than one syllable

ending in st except as explained in the next paragraph.

earnest honest latest

 LESSON 33 131

nicest --0^ protested C^cX^

surest ^O^ interest y>

protest (L<X dentist

protests Ot>^ motorists

272. If the last letter of the root word is missing or if the word
ends in a vowel, a disjoined st is used to represent the endings
-ist and -est.

lowest happiest
cY individualist
/^
earliest busiest So shortest ^
highest CP greatest ^—L-^ prettiest O^jy
Reading and Writing Practice
132 CHAPTER VI
LESSON 33 133
134 CHAPTER VI

<^ - <^
^
^.
X
-p r ^ f^
c
 LESSON 34 135

LESSON 34

278. Brief Forms

body part (^ remember

consider, --^ present, O advertise

consideration presence
else *.__ -t probable (_

279. The d is omitted from tne following words, which fall

naturally into family groups.

bound L- extend J^^ counter-

mand
rebound ^ pretend C-t? reprimand

boundary l__t_>7 dividend

pound C^

propound Cy

expound L- demand

280. Derivative Drill

rests c_^ persisted C^ interests

/
lasts resistance '--i' interested

^ 2^ amendment
earnestly assistant
c
Reading and Writing Practice

-7 /- C C^
136 CHAPTER \' I

•
r ^> ^ ^,
z 7
/. /
/"
1^
N y -^

282 .6^ ^ ^
Ti:? e^ ^
^

^ ._^ -^
^ ^ ^^.
LESSON 34 137

^
7r^
138 CHAPTER

^
VI

^^ ^ ^ /
^ /^ c:.^ <2_-^ c-'

^
/^
 LESSON 35 139

LESSON 35

286. Incl

incline

inclined 1,

inclines
-r

287. POST-

postman C_ postage (/ postpone C/^

postal c t.
post office ( <^ postponed w^J
288. Super-, supr-

supervise supreme superior

supervision superficial y superlative

289. Trans-

transfer c'^ transaction ^ transfix U

transact ^-r~> transport 0"^ translate

Reading and Writing Practice

290. ^

^ P >^ J,a^
^^
.
f^ ^ J
^ ^ Q^
140 CHAPTER VI

O^ /
r -^ ^
.
'
^ ^ c
LESSON 35 141
142 CHAPTER VI

^
^
O
/
-^ ^7
^
294.

r
7 /S-^ r c^ /

^- ^.
 LESSON 36 143

LESSON 36

295A. O On Sho

/
C/ ^
^ /
^
To write these combinations accurately:
a. Keepthe o hook narrow, being sure that the beginning and
end are on the same level of writing as indicated by the dotted line.
b. Keep the o in on and sho parallel with the consonant as

indicated by the dotted line.

c. Avoid a point at the curved part indicated by the arrows.

Practice Drill

Of, tow, know, low, own, home, hot, odd, shown.

B. NoN KoR

To write these combinations accurately:

a. Make the beginning of the o retrace the preceding character.
b. Avoid a point at the curved part of the o as indicated by
the arrows.

Practice Drill

Coal, course, goal, known, moan.

144 CHAPTER VI

C. Oo Noo NooM

To write these combinations accurately

a. Keep the oo hook narrow and deep.
b. Keep the beginning and end of the hook on the same level
of writing.
c. In the words neve and numb keep the hook parallel with the
straight line that precedes it.

d. In the word numb retrace the m on the bottom of the oo

hook.
e. Avoid a point at the places indicated by arrows.

Practice Drill

You-your, yours truly, you would, to-too-two, do, noon, moon,

mood.

D. We are
To write this combination accurately:
a.Write the hook from left to right rather than straight up
as you would do when the hook is standing alone. Notice the
arrow.
b. Start writing the r before the r stroke cuts the hook, as indi-
cated by the arrow.

Practice Drill

We are, we will, whale, wheels.

 LESSON 36 145

E. Hard, hailed CL^

To write these combinations accurately
a. Give the end of the r and the / a lift upward.
b. Do not hft the end too soon or the strokes may resemble
the nd, w^ combinations.

Practice Drill

^ L /^ :
Neared, feared, cheered, dared, hold, sold, bold.

Reading and Writing Practice

296. Mr. Smith's Chickens

^
146 CHAPTER VI

^ 'i-^ 9-

<2_--

C^ ^ •^ -^ ^
^ "-^

^^
^ c^ // ^ ^ ^^
^ >
^ r
^ / ^^
. (^
-z^

Q-^ r f
^

A ^
 LESSON 36 147

/ -i-j. ^ -,
r

^
^ <rr

<Z^

^^
<rr
^
r^v "'^ 3^ r

^j
^^ - ^ 1^„-
'>j <^<:

2^ "S? >
c<r

^
-'^ <r<r

^
r
•f
6 ^
^^ r
148 CHAPTER \' I

6^ ^ w - ^ / <L^ (^

^7

—^ .-^ ^^ ^
297. Success

.^-7

(f r^ ^ ^ C^ ^ {f
 CHAPTER VII

LESSON 37

298. Con- and com- are represented by k before a consonant

other than r or /, by ku and km before a vowel or before r, I.

Sometimes in longhand the n or in is doubled when a vowel

follows.

confer

299. En-, in-, iin- are represented by n before a consonant. They

are written in full when a vowel follows. Sometimes in longhand
the n is cioubled when a vowel follows.

enjoy
150 CHAPTER VII

Inferiority income unwritten

indeed instruct uncommon

instrument
inspect

intimate
Z.
unfair
unfold

enact
Z^
^z^
^^
intended

superintend
unfinished

un luckily.
^ innovation

unknown ^

300. Km-, im- are represented by m before a consonant. They

are written in full when a vowel follows. Sometimes in longhand
the m is doubled when a vowel follows.

embarrass —y -pr emphatically

ciiipiirtucaiiy J
imprope

emphasis . -. impossible —-^ im ply

employ .
— -^
^ .

impending
. /
A"^-
-^ emotion

emphatic import immodest

Reading and Writing Practice

competitors
luares
 LESSON 37 151

^
^
guidance
comparable

(^ d. r —
£- -f

^ .^
^
302.
7 r^ ~7

/J
employees
instrumental
strengthening
'^//... ^

,
introductory t
''^
(;^^zP'~7 ^
^ ^^ c, — ^ ^ c
-r- ^
303.

/
152 CHAPTER VII
 LESSON 37 153

,conjunction
bookkeeper

^ ,:r^^ ^^
^ .^^
. J^
307.
<7
o

policies
discussed

procedures
, introductory ^

V^
154 CHAPTER VII

LESSON 38

308. For-, fore-, fur- are represented by / before a consonant.

The / is joined with an angle to a following r or / to indicate that
it represents a word beginning. The / is disjoined if the following
character is a vowel.

forget -^ y furnish ^Ly

forgive />- — furniture —

^^iL^^

form further ^
perform furthermore ^
performance furlough <l,.-^«^

inform forever //

Albany ^
altogether

already

submit 2—-r/ substantially /</ suburb

substance /^^ subtract y<-^^ subway

^
subdivide yc^ submerge subscribe ^-—^^

subdivision X^k subdue sublease (_S-^

 LESSON 38 155

311. Ul is represented by the oo hook before a forward or

upward consonant stroke.

ultimate cons ult

insult -7^ multiply

result "-"^ cultivate

312. -HOOD, -WARD

boyhood C^y^ reward '

hence- c^
forward -y^Q .

neighbor- ^y^ homeward afterward ^^

hood C^y^ y
childhood '''^^i_,.-;;Morward yy^ upward (\^

manhood straight- ^"^-^^^^ backward yJ^y^

forward
womanhood onward awkward

313. Compound word beginnings are joined naturally in the

order in which they occur.

uncontested V undisputed

uninterrupted indispensable

unemployed misinterpret o-
Reading and Writing Practice

314.
introductory
a^- ^ i^ — t o X--^y^

subscription 9 r ^ /
-z
 156 CHAPTER VII

r? r f
^
"crs-

, conjunction
sufficient
7-

315. J-—^ r
forgive
aiukward
CT^ ^ V ^

, introductory /^
^ J^ ^^
^
^^
-c=5 — \ ^

, luhen clause ^ r

— ^>?

316. f
LESSON 38 157
CHAPTER VII
 LESSON 39 159

LESSON 39

320. Many long words may be abbreviated in shorthand by

dropping the endings. This device is used also in longhand, as
Jan. for J aniiary. The extent to which this device may be used
depends upon the familiarity of the writer with the words and
with the subject matter of the dictation. When in doubt, write
it out. The ending is not dropped when a special shorthand word

ending form has been provided, such as -ijication.

It is helpful to note that many of the words written with this
cievice fall naturally into families of similar endings.

excuse ^-^r aptitude C^ ad

accuse ^r^
refuse

confuse ^^
profuse

abuse

attitude locate <>__^-^>--~' irrigate

gratitude reciprocate afferej

Reading and Writing Practice

160 CHAPTER VII

if clause
^ ^ //
,

,
parenthetical cl^ © f
/ ^ cy^ o -^ o
(^ ^ ^
322.
, ii:hen clause
, introductory ^

^ /o z %rt
jy
A —
^^
>
LESSON 39 161
CHAPTER VII
 LESSON 40 163

LESSON 40

326. Additional examples of word families from which the

endings may be dropped.

distribution /^ /

contribution

Reading and Writing Practice

327.
describing
community
activities

, introductory
luorth-iuhile
hyphenated
before noun

, if clause
164 CHAPTER \II

(2- ^ Cy^ ^'3^^^ . ^

328. /^
"^^^
y^ r
catalogue
forivarded
today
 LKSSON 40 165

, series ^-e?'^ ©
^ ^ 7 ^ a^
166 CHAPTER VII

series ^ j^
,

camera
/ ^G. r
/ O

^y '^ r tTcZ
 LESSON 41 167

LESSON 41

333. Some words may be written without the ending although

they do not belong to groups of similar endings.

reluctant significant convenience,

;nce, ^
conve nient ^^
privilege )reliminar a'Iphabet Q y
anni
liversary ^-^-/^ arithmetic CLJiy' atmosphere ^ ^

334. When /, d, yi, or m is followed by -ition, -ation, the circle is

^
omitted.

permission exportation A
O^^ explanation

addition quotation ^—-z^ station }^

importation -r foundation /^ termination ^ 7

Reading and Writing Practice

 168 CHAPTER VII

>^^ V
^ ^ y>

,
parenthetical
 LESSON 41 169

^
^^^^^ ^ ^'^A^
^
c2^

,
iiitri)diict()ry

past due
no noun, y :^(d
no h\phen
y tro.

C^ /^ ^

, if clause ^.^i^ . yS /^ -^ -""'^ ^ <--^ ^ ^

338. cy ^ ^.
,
introductory
o

7^

y^y

,
conjunction '^*2-^ .^^G
yy ^

339. ^ o
, aj clause ^ q^ ? ^ ^
170 CHAPTER VII

present-day
hyphenated
<^

_^>—-*^
^ »
before noun

y 7- W
^ ^
^ ^ 7
, introductory

>
-J -^ r
 LESSON 42 171

LESSON 42

340A. My Lie Fight

-iz:>*

To write these combinations accurately :

a. Join the circle in the same way that you would join an
a circle, but turn the end inside the circle.
b. Before turning the end of the circle inside, be sure that
the stroke touches the stroke to which the i is joined.
c. Avoid making a point at the places indicated by arrows.

Practice Drill

My, night, sight, line, mile.

B. Ow Oi
^-
To
:^r
write these combinations accurately:
a. Keep the hooks deep and narrow.
b. Place the circles outside the hooks as indicated by the
dotted lines.

Practice Drills

y^ nr^ /^
How-out, now, doubt, scout, toy, soil, annoy.

C. Th Ent Emt

To write these combinations accurately:

a. Slant these strokes as indicated by the dotted lines.
b. Start the th, ent, cind-emt to the right and upward.
172 CHAPTER VII

Practice Drills

There are, and will, empty, health, lined, ashamed.

Compare:

Hint, heard; tamed, detailed.

Reading and Writing Practice

341. Opportunity
LESSON 42 173
174 CHAPTER VII

-^
^ ^ ^ 2. ^
T
^

, introductory

Ci<^ o -
.^

342. Enthusiasm

y Z C - ^ ^^^ ^^ O y<

, z/ clause v
^
/
7
^ ^ ^ y ^^ J( ^ y^

;^
 LESSON 42 175

-^ ^ d^ ^.

(LJ^

r
r f. /^

^ <^^ ^
.7
>

-^ ^

/ -7
procession
, if clause
^ o
-€—
 I

CHAPTER VIII

LESSON 43

343. It is often possible to omit a word in a phrase. In the

phrase / should like to have, it is clear that the word to has been
omitted and must be inserted in transcription.

more or less

in the world

I should like to have

will you please

one of the most

one of the best

344. When the word beginning mis- or a short, common word

comes before understand or understood, the under is omitted
and the stand or stood is written under the mis- or under the
short word, as shown in the examples below.

^
understand I do not understand

understood they cannot understanci

I understand o thoroughly understood J^-^x

I understood o please understanci

176
 1. KSSON 43 177

misunderstand - -^ clearly understood

misunderstood ^ ^^ readily understand

Reading and Writing Practice

345.

,
parenthetical

up-to-date a
hyphenated /
before noun

city's

/^
features
benefit y
346.

/J"

/^ o2^ <^ / c:;2^ y

178 CHAPTER VIII

familiarity

2^ V ^ >^^ r'
salaries
automatically y 2
^ ^ > -^TX Z**^^

requirements
, ij clause (y ^^—z^ -^ ^
-c^r «?-/

347. / . (^ ^' ^ <i—

^.
children . > -^ a. —
child's

iL-^ ^> > . /^

, conjunction
supervisor (y ^
^ o
^ >_/*=' 9

, ivhen clause
reasonably ^
<^___^
lO 6^ Cy ^ no
^

/ <^
^^ 9
5^
^^"^s
LESSON 43 179
180 CHAPTER VIII

-T
/^ 2r ^
350. ^2-^ ^

/ 2-

/ c^-^

^ >

^
recommend
^ ^^
C? s
Sincerely
 LESSON 44 18

LESSON 44

351. Most compound words arc formed merely by joining the

two separate shorthand outlines. In some compounds it seems
advisable to modify the outline in order to obtain a better joining,
as in the words anyhozv and however. Many of the compound
words form useful phrases by the addition of else, as shown below.

anyhow -^ everyone else

however
V
X. someone else

whoever anywhere else

hereafter ^jP somewhere else

everywhere else

somebody else

nobody else

anybody else

everybody else

something else

anything else

nothing else

everything else
182 CHAPTER VIII

Reading and Writing Practice

352. ^
, introductory

doctors'
, <when clause 7 r-^-^^r^ / 9 O

,
(>

introductory
neighborhood
^
/I
/<^
C_
y ^
^
/""^
__

Q
^,.-^^77 C2_^/ >
/
r
y ^
-^^ y.
353.
minor
,
introductory ^ <^_^ c^

/^
o
X /
y
C^
J^ ^ .-^ -^ y
^ .<^

ambitious
elsewhere ^2- _r7 ^^ ; 7
/^ ^ -^
 LESSON 44 183

^
^
r ^ ^ ^ - C^^

y ^ ^
^ f J^
^
, conjunction r;\

^y ^
354. r

,
introductory ^^ /^

,
parenthetical / y^ A^^
,
ivhen clause

O ^0
o ^
^£^

-7 ^
^^ .^
-^
355.

,
introductory

/T
pleasure
past
(^
courteous ^^

'Z ^
184 CHAPTER VIII

^ "^-^^
^J^ ^ /^

>. c^ . y

^ c:?

ZSG. --^^r^ xJ^^ ^

C^

-1^ ^ >
nveather OS. ^

^—^^

357. / ^^ e--

^ 2^. > ^^ ^^ ^
X .^ y .

^ (2--
^^^

^
 LESSON 44 185

? <2_^, ^ J
,
conjunction '^ (y Q_^ q r
/^ 'CL^.
186 CHAPTER VIII

LESSON 45

358. Brief Forms

state y quantity ^-p< future /^^

never ^ public,
^ acknowledge ^^
y publish
/'^

situation J^ regular ^ ^...^ ^

359. Additional abbreviations for use after numerals and

after such words as few, several. The sign for hundred is placed
beneath the figure as a positive distinction from million, which
is written beside the figure.

300 •^ 3 bushels v
3,000,000 ^ 3 feet 3.

$300 Jy a doll!
lar

$3,000,000 3 ^ few hundred

^
300,000,000 ^^,^__ several hundred dollars

3,000,000,000 3^ a million .

3 pounds 3- a hundred ^_

3 gallons 3 ^
3 per cent 3.

3 barrels 3y 3 per cent per annum 32—

Reading and Writing Practice

360. ( <.^--y V (3^ — ^ r ^^ ^c^ O

 LESSON 45 187

, as clause
,
introductory c^-^

, as clause y' ^^ ^^
proceed . , ^ ( ^r

^-^ ^ ^
^^ ^ ^
 188 CHAPTER VIII

acceptance (/^ ^/^

described

, introductory
unreasonable Jy^ ^^ /fz-^Q r ^
 LESSON 45 189

^. ^ . ^ ^ ^ (^__^ 3.

^^^

c/^
7 ^ {f^ ^

^ /I y^ ^ s ^
363
catalogue
./^^ ^ ^
variety ^
^ Z r

, introductory / /7\
(^
^^^ U ^—Q-^

, series ^^
^
190 CHAPTER VIII

LESSON 46

364. Brief Forms

newspaper number correct

7 —\ organize allow
envelope, <c^-^^
nevertheless^^^^ /-

idea y<^ experience C request

365. Intersection, or the writing of one character through

another, is sometimes useful for special phrases. The writer

should not attempt to memorize lists of such phrases they should

;

be devised only when the constant repetition of certain phrases

in the dictation makes it clearly worth while to form special
outlines.

a.m. c.o.d.

.m.
'
Chamber of Commerce /'

Reading and Writing Practice

 LESSON 46 191

, as clause
^® ^
7
, series
subscription
o ^^

^
^ ^
^^^ cy
>

/Oy ^ ^ <Z_^v

^<2-

367 ^^ ^ ^r^-
^ ^' /U

^-^f^O
^^^
192 CHAPTER VIII

369.

___ ^^ y

introductory
,

, <when clause y
 LESSON 46 193

370.
forwarded
bookkeeper

r 9

9 ^ ^<^

V ^
r^ <^ - A ^
czr

-^ y P
apposition
O
,

effect

e^^
^^ ^ .^^

^' ^
194 CHAPTER VIII

LESSON 47

371. Self-, circum-

self-evident self-reliant
self-made

self-interest y circumstantial
selfish

'y^
self-addressed ^ self-esteem circumstances

372. -POSE, -POSITION

compose
^ disposition /^ suppose /
composition ^^ impose —-^
-
transpose C

composer ,--> imposition

uiipusiLiwn . -y proposal

dispose yc repose ^ position ^

373. Compound word beginnings

uninterested ^ incomplete

disinterested y>. untranslatable

uncomplaining unselfishly

Reading and Writing Practice

374.

recei'ved
 LESSON 47 195

, //clause 9^-^ c, --^ ( ^^"^ Q) (^ ^

route

^ ^o
196 CHAPTER VIII

^ p z y .2^

d^-cT^

376. cZ^ f
a-

-7

/^
, 2/ clause

-V z^

/ ^^
break
grease
"k^
4-^^ J^

, ij clause ^ O
.^--<r7
 I.FCSSON 47 197

money-hack
L ^ J ^ ^ ^^
hyphenated
before noun

y Cje G, ^
c/- ^ ©/
, introductory
,
parenthetical
198 CHAPTER VIII

LESSON 48

3 79 A. Dev-Tive Gent

To write these strokes accurately:

a.Make them large, almost the full height of your notebook
line.

b. Make them narrow.

c. Start and finish the strokes on the same level of writing, as
indicated by the dotted lines.

Practice Drill

Divide, definite, defeat, native, gentle, spent, happened.

B. Th Ten Tem

To write these strokes accurately:

a. Slant the strokes as indicated by the dotted lines.
b. Make the beginning of the curves deep.
c. Make the tem large, about the full height of the line; the
th, small; the ten about half the size of the tem.

Practice Drill

In the, in time, tender, teeth, detain, medium.

 LESSON 48 199

Reading and Writing Practice

380. Composure

. , t-7 )

^ y ^ r? y

J^

e?
J^
z I-

conjunction

y ^^^,
^
^ /^

r- 7
y-
introductory ^^
,

,
parenthetical "-^ ^ ^^—^
^0
o ^
yy
, series
, introductory

3^
200 CHAPTER VIII

r ^ J

^
, introductory
, ivhen clause
^
r
2- ^
--^^
(T
y<^ ^ J O^
victories
/^ ^
^ .

^
^

(Z^

^,
^r^ a^. ^ . 7 7
,
parenthetical
^
O^ y /^ ^^ Q
 LESSON 48 201

381. Servant or Master?

V^
<

9 r ^
^
Y
-
'?

^ ^ ^
7
automatically
^^^
,
parenthetical

^Z^ ^ ^
(^ n^
conjunction
o re
,

precision
O
r ^ r
, series ^^ O o
^ <^ ^^r?
 CHAPTER IX

LESSON 49

382. Brief Forms

throughout .a-^^ between ^ value

question — cover immediate

7
,
-^

agent / regard opinion ^

383. -INGS, -INGLY

feelings c:><:L—.^ things ^

feelingly c><l—~-^ outings ^
longings seemingly ^
longingly exceedingly

readings surprisingly ^
evenings J. increasingly _^—-_^

Reading and Writing Practice

384. ( ^ 7 L^X. <U^ ^ C

^
C 202
 I, K SSO N 49 203

L ^V
.^y9 ^ o

^
men's
profitably
4 ^ .

^ -^
y-^ ? Q^
, ij clause
promptly O
9 ^ ^ ^ r

f s ^

385

/<7

c±^ ^^ ?
^7
- ^ ~ r-- /^

-^^^KV
^
, i/ clause ^5'^ Q <^
f-T -^ *^_i^ ^

386.
204 CHAPTER IX

^. ^_^
^ ^
advisable
sufficient

^c
postpone

387.

<L^

fi've-year
hyphenated ^ ^ 5"^
^^^ ^'^-^ (L-^
before noun

^
'

^-
introductorv
«
O' /- <^ r^' ^
.^2^ J^

O
,
introductor\

^_--*0 ^ -^

388. ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ 6f^
 LESSON 49 205

, iiitroiluct()r\

reputation

v;^
;>

r oJS' <2_-^

^ ^^ / 9

o
clothes
,
introductory <^ ^
9 7
introductory

z
,

^ r ^

^^^ ^ r
,,2^

/ .^
206 CHAPTER IX

LESSON 50

389. Brief Forms

conclude ^^v-—^ particular ^^ house ]?

conclusion confident,
confidence
^^ success A-->

object subject

390. -SUME, -SUMPTION

assume 2 resume ^-2-. consumption ^

assumed 2-^ resumption presume Cj^

assumption 2— -O-
presumption (_j>

391. -ULATE

regulate ,_-«r ^ speculator ^ circulation

regulated t,,^ ^
speculative C^-^ miscalculate

regulations .^.^ — population accumulates

^r^'—p
7

Reading and Writing Practice

392.

, ij clause
leather
LESSON 50 207
208 CHAPTER IX

, introductory
/
/ yC^
angles J
 Lies SON 50 209

c^

/ > ^ y ^_^
210 CHAPTER IX

LESSON 51

397. Brief Forms

advantage / wonder

refer, yesterday y
reference
enough recognize
7
correspond, ^ railroad
correspondence
direct /

398. -LESS

hopeless (__^ careless

thoughtlessly uselessness

needless unless

Reading and Writing Practice

 LESSON 51 211

,
parenthetical
referring
<0 ^ -7
212 CHAPTER IX

,
parenthetical ^ ^ /~/ ^ y^^ ' /l^ ^

403.

<rr
 LESSON 51 213

i^^ r 7 ^ r
y7 9 C^ 90

r
^ ' ^

404.

, ivlien clause
^ ^
^
"

^ >
^ ^<h^

/j. A
405
,
^^
ivhen clause
<2_^ ^
^
offers ^-^

^ /

406. ^ ^ r
>
214 CHAPTER IX

, introductory
treasury
~/
,^^'-,.^iL—^ /f
^- ^
o^—^ __7 © ^
y^^^^

A-Zt^

, introductory ^. V V^o ^ ^-^

.^^ -^
 LESSON 52 215

LESSON 52

407. Brief Forms

likewise <^___-^

instant, —
instance
otherwise ^r^

character ""ZT'^

govern

408. In proper names the terminations -burg, -ville, -field,

-port are expressed by the first letter of the termination, joined

or disjoined.

Harrisburg Danville Davenport

Newburs Greenfield Shreveport

EADING AND WRITING PRACTICE <^

, conjunction i

becoming /y y<^

^^^ ^^y^
216 CHAPTER IX

^ <=^
^ 9
^ /^

410.
^
announces
^
men's
/
__ ^^ ,:,^ ^ ^
^ - ^
411. O^ -7

7 ^
<_^ c/'

^
c? r ^
^ ^^ ^ o

-%
^ ^ r
 LESSON 52 217

^
.«^ ^ .
"^^
>^
^ L)^ ^ /^
r <y^ CL^ ^
Ij^ ^
self-respect

^ ^
z >

^ ^ ^
 218 CHAPTER IX

^ ^^ ^ .

-7 ^

414. r ^X^ ^ ^
O

^
415.
/
, as clause V __

^
^
r

y
416.
, aj clause
bookkeeper
submitted

, introductory ^ )^ Q Z_ ^ y
.^
 I^ESSON S3 219

LESSON 53

417. -FORD, -INGTON, -INGHAM, -TON, -TOWN

Rockford «_-<i--2^ Birmingham C-—rzi-Ncwton

Arlington Q.-v__--;^^^ Johnston ^-^^ Johnstown

418. A few common geographical abbreviations:

America CP' English <:>-y Canadian ^'^--

American CST"
— Great Britain^---7^ Puerto Rico ^
England jy__ Canada ^^— Hawaii ^
Reading and Writing Practice

anyone
describe
America's

^ /^ ^
._^ ^y r ^z^
220 CHAPTER IX I

,
series
, introductory
assistance

' / ^ V ^^0o ^^^

foreign
introductory
,
^
3- ^
^

>—
«^
 LK S S () N 53 221

422. ^^ Q .

y^

, ij clause
?
// cZO > V Jp

^ r"
^ r
423. u^ ^^ i-.^ ^
occasion
, introductory

^ Z^ J '^ ^ 9
> o
,
introductory .^^
^^ ^ '^''/^

^
high-quality
hyphenated
before noun

/
^ ^-//f
424. ^
, i/ clause
o
222 CHAPTER IX
 L i: s s (J N 54 223

LESSON 54

426. -ous. Many words in English end in -ous. In most of the

shorthand outhnes tor these words the combination is written
with an angle between the hook and the s. Because of the fre-
quency ot the combination it should be practiced so that it comes
unhesitatingly to the mind. The combination standing alone rep-
resents yourst'lj. Practice the word yourself until you can write
the combination without a perceptible pause between the hook
and the s. The writing motion is very much like that used in writ-
ing the figure 3 m longhand. The combination -ous is frequently
found after /, n, m. Practice the following words containing these
combinations. In each case, the straight line and the -ous should
be written with one impulse of the hand, at the same time keeping
the straight line straight.

minus courteous miscellaneous

iscell

solicitous .4__--<^ poisonous <^ synonymous

The combination -ous also occurs frequently after / and /.

Write the ?• or / and the hook with one sweep of the pen, adding
the s without a pause.

generous Mctonous zealous £_^

In some words the ending -ous follows u. The shorthand com-

bination resembles the small letter n in longhand and should be
written with the same speed and fluency, without a pause between
the two hooks.

conspicuous strenuous ^^^2^ continuous

C—iy
224 CHAPTER IX

Reading and Writing Practice

427. Opportunities in Business

^ — ^ ^ c ^ ^ T) ^
, conjunction ^ - y
^ ^ o
(^^ 9- ^. .^ y

.^^

^ o ^

J > 9 .

, as clause
organization
Q i r ^
r ^^ ^

numerous
parenthetical X2^ y>

O to X r

intelligence
^^ ^^
, conjunction
 LESSON 54 225

J .
y^ .f'^^- ^ ( ^ (^

^ ^ ^^
428. Initiative

, conjunction — — ^ ,
^ /

^ ^ ( /< — -^ y ^v

^
^

-^
conjunction -^"P^
 !
226 CHAPTER IX

. O^

^ ^
c^^ r-

receives
^^ ^ ^^.
contempt ^
4^
^'^,4.
^ ^
> ^ ^--\_-/^ ^ ^ X —Elbert Hubbard

429. The Person Who Knows

advice
loss

ivhen clause ,^7^ 9^ o

?^
,

benefit

^> >

> / ^ /
 CHAPTER X
LESSON 55

430. Vocabulary Drill

%7r^ (^ (^
Alteration, submission, rewarded, self-made, circumstantial, refinement,
greetings, presumed, fatherless, misrepresent, filed, pictured, afterthought, au-
thorship, itself, vehicle, electricity, shortest, rectify, notification, maturity, pen-
alty, telegram, postmaster, superficial, delicate, excused, aptitude, frantic,
transplanted, c.o.d.

Reading and Writing Practice

431.
guest's
, introductory
Q
~^
,
parenthetical /

Z_^

1"^ ^ '9-
^ . A^
111
^^^. (-^
228 CHAPTER X

, conjunction

6^ ^ ^s-.
/7^ ^
 LESSON 55 229

^—^

annually
similar '^
 230 CHAPTER X

,
parenthetical
efficiently
o
>^
^^7^ > r
 LESSON 55 231

,
introductory
difference

/
232 CHAPTER X

LESSON 56

435. Vocabulary Drill

Subdivide, cultivate, backward, self-imposed, presumption, speculating,

district, misjudge, sealed, quota, mother, permission, February, after-dinner,
historical, electric wire, short time, inferiority, identification, diagram, inclina-
tion, postdated, supreme, transfixes, exponent, enjoy, consumed, $1,200, p.m.

Reading and Writing Practice

436. This Thing Called Success

,
parenthetical
, introductory
 LESSON 56 233

greeted
abundant
234 CHAPTER X
 LESSON 56 235

^
'J^-
, if clause
assistance ^"^ O
'^^
4^4
^ ^
439.
^^
per cent
real estate

'/, ^
^^ >
, introductory
in n't /^
,
parenthetical

O
r
^
, series
policies

O U—-^ — .

"O
parenthetical
—^ ^o
^_ q^-"^
,

X^ .:^.

:7
7- V
236 CHAPTER X

LESSON 57

440. Vocabulary Drill

7 "--^
.^
^ '

J' ^^ I— s^
7

^ ^ c[ O^^^ ^ '^
Delicious, misspell, myself, afterthought, ethical, ripened, electricians,
shortsighted, modifications, clarified, cablegrams, inclusion, control, unworthy,
subway, excused, motherhood, rewards, self-regulation, circumvent, confine,
presumption, careless, exposed, prettiest, postponed, my understanding, I have
been, Chamber of Commerce.

Reading and Writing Practice

441. He Liked Everybody

^^ QJ ^
? >^
^^
^ ^.f^
 LESSON 57 237

^^
7^ ."-^ f^ ^ /
^
 238 CHAPTER X
courteous
overivheltn
ingly

jar-reaching
hyphenated
before noun
, introductory

co-operation
campaign
 LESSON 57 239

.^ c/^

C^

criticism ^ 9 i 6f

<="->

y J^

significant
privilege

^^
four-engine
hyphenated -==^
before noun 7

*—r>

accommodate -

,
parenthetical /o2-
, introductory
240 CHAPTER X

appearance
^ r
dividends ^^ V .

-^
A ry- ^^ y.

r ^x^.
quite
men's

A
/^ ^
^
 LESSON 5 8 241

LESSON i8

446. Wkabl-larv Drill

feelings, consumption, circumstances, self-composed,awkward, fatherhood,

adults, subtracted,embodied, supporter, postman, included, misfortune,
sold, angle, warmed, August, moment, partnership, themselves, electric power,
simplification, excuse, Westport. requirement, programs.

Reading axu Writing Practice

447. The Businessman's Best Friend

-^
, apposition
,
introductorv
successor
242 CHAPTER X

5^5^^:
heartily
businessman's Q-^"""^^

^<W /
 LESSON 58 243

448.

^ ^
7
Los Angeles
averaging c /7

t^- (^
^ ^y

X -^
break
,
introductory /-^^^
, apposition

series '^ i/^ -^ ^^

^
,

^ '
O ^^ —^ /^ ^^ c^ /^ V ^^^
244 CHAPTER X
 LESSON 59 245

LESSON 59

452. Vocabulary Drill

^^ ^—i)

Sublease, manhood, circumstances, winnings, formulated, quiet, disrespect,

misinterpret, bankruptcy, musical, themselves, censorship, shipwrecked,
electrically, certify, ratification, charity, personality, telegrams, disinclined,
amendment, superhuman, empower, encounter, knowingly, irrigate, altitude,
our understanding, a.m.

Reading and Writing Practice

453. The Sign on the Wall

246 CHAPTER X

9 J <^ y^ ^
^ y 9
r--^
^
r'.==^r '^
essential
realize
h
^ ^^V ^--7 -
 LESSON 59 247

7 ^^
^
, if
annoyance
clause
-^
/T/
C <^ ^ ^ ^Q ^

^
455. ^r^

^ y.
,

,
conjunction
introductory
^ -
i'c ^ ^>
r
V 2:-j^
248 CHAPTER X

-^ ^ ^^
c^ ^ cy- 2 ^
, if clause
,
parenthetical /^ Q /^ Q

research -^

Q ^ Q
parenthetical
,

practical 4^— (^ r
^^
,
introductory

6^ ^

, ivhen clause
G ^S 2.^^ ^
^ Cf ^~- 'y 2 u^
 LESSON 59 249

loiv-priced
good-looking y'
hyphenated
before noun

c^
250 CHAPTER X

LESSON 60

458. Vocabulary Drill

Postponed, resumption, consultation, priesthood, misunderstandings, selfish-

ness, circumstantial, disposal, depression, beneath, engage, twins, exempt,
afterwards, classified, electrification, inability, diagramed, pretend, similarity,
includes, superlative, transformation, anywhere else, acquired, attitude, located,
short term.

Reading and Writing Practice

459. Luck

rising
, series

^-r
 LESSON 60 251

462.
hook-rcvitiu
hyphenated
before noun

Y r? .<C-
 252 CHAPTER X
long-felt
full-page
hyphenated ,^^^
before noun

-y
<?^ ^>-'—
y

y
/^ dj2^ ^
463.

^ / ^^
mystery-story ^^ A.
^<-^
hyphenated /ty^^ cy >
before noun

J
^^
9 ^
jarenthetical
^ c^ — ^

pleasure

9^9
^
, // clause ^^
,7
/ ^
/action-filled
hyphenated/'
^j
('^
V ^ 2.

before noun
^
 LESSON 60 253

6^

, ;/ clause ^

464 o-^
^Z^ V

colleges r
four til

> Cr r
(y^ a^ r

^ <2^ / O ^ Q)

passed
,
parenthetical

U^ ^ ...J^^
7

,
series
— .> o o
separate

9 c ^
^
^ . ^ "S^
254 CHAPTER X

c^
emphasis
monetary

^
cr

3;; y

1:
 LE S S () N 61 255

LESSON 6

465. Vocabulary Drill

9-- -^1^,

J^^yr^ y-
boyhood, homeward, whoever, self-imposed, circumnavigate,
Distant,
assumption, becomingly, misnamed, quarrel, conformed, respectable, surgical,
after-dinner, warship, specified, codification, peculiarity, programs, supporting,
transferred, confiscated, frantic, enrolled, thoroughly understood. Chamber
of Commerce, electric train, I wasn't.

Reading axd Writing Practice

466. How to Become a Master
y>

, apposition
experiments

C (_^ — J-

> ^—
256 CHAPTER X

Q -
/:T'0.

, introductory r (^^ cr
2 -

^ ^-t^o^ ^ c—^ c^
^
,t^l^

d^ y- ^ y ^—^ ^ .
^ ^

, introductory (--^

, series
^ a^ Q <--r

-/"

467. y^ .^^

^ ^
annual
income-tax
-^ ^
hyphenated
before noun ^^ ^ ^ ^ >^^/
= ^ ^ > ^
^ ^. ^

> / A ^
 LESSON 61 257

any one
convenience

^ f -
J-^. dT^ ^ ^
O^ "7

I ^
y^
r V-^
'well-planned /
luell-ivritten
hyphenated
before noun y r. "^

^^

three-day
hyphenated
before noun
258 CHAPTER X

/2/-

up-to-tlie-
ininute
hyphenated
before noun
customers
 LESSON 61 259

4 ^
^
^ c--^5k^. -—

, series ^
^ >^ >

/-"-^
^

-7 ^
260 CHAPTER X

LESSON 62

470. Vocabulary Drill

Childless, speculative, smilingly, dwellings, proposition, circumnavigate,

henceforward, motherhood, insulting, submission, translation, supports, postal,
below, deserving, misspent, empty, Monday, compliment, clinical, aftermath,
shipyards, electric lights, monogram, earliest, chemist, confused, inquired,
assumed, Westfield, celebrity, purport, tomorrow, amplification.

Reading and Writing Practice

471. Telephone Talk

survey
 LESSON 62 261

^^ ^ <^ jL ^ j^ c^Y
262 CHAPTER X
movie
wave
-T ^ ^ ^-^ ^^ ^
, series
naturally / y

___ ^ .^ ^ ^
r -7^ r
<2

courtesy
caller's A—y . —^ J ^ . —^ u ^^^^v

r C?

identify
, // clause cy^i^ r A ^ ^
2 ^^
^ 9^ ^
;_ /
^-"^^
, // clause
o 2.
^
 LESSON 62 263

. ^
2- .

^ 6p
secretaries
overzealous

y
c::^-^:^

o ^
irritated
^
''^''
, conjunction '

, // clause

,
conjunction
person's _^ q

—Clement Comments
264 CHAPTER X

LESSON 63

472. Vocabulary Drill

Delinquent, behalf, misdemeanor, bungalow, primed, companionship, after-

thought, miracle, electric heater, penniless, presumption, unknowingly,
refinement, circumstantial, modified, ramifications, authorities, inclusion,
supremacy, unwritten, furnishings, substitute, cultivation, eastward, emphatic,
quarter, yourselves, it is understood, p.m., 5 pounds, self-regulation, do you
want.

Reading and Writing Practice

economy
,
introductory c -j <—
 LESSON 63 265

, parenthetical '^ G". 30 -/^ Ly. c^

266 CHAPTER X

^
noticeable Q-^ . _> ^ C^
/^ ^ ^^
7 ^ Q ;7

'^>- ^
campaign
latter
^

/-.

^^ y^- -^->
parenthetical

^
,

exceeded (/) o <^ f CQ

> o ^

, introductory
ejects
 l.KSSON 63 267

distributor
, luhen clause o ^ <^ ^ d>^
9^
route
supplement
7
V ^
better-balanced
^< ^ —^ ^
hyphenated
before noun
268 CHAPTER X
part-time
^.

^
hyphenated
before noun

9
? O
, series

;^
if clause

^^
,

Cordially

-^
^ /^
 LESSON 64 269

LESSON 64

479. Vocabulary Drill

Circumstances, harmless, stipulated, consumes, unwillingly, dVvellings, self-

explanatory, boyhood, subdued, transposition, postmaster, inclined, deceitful,
misconduct, December, classical, latitude, after-dinner, imprint, citizenship,
themselves, genteel, shortages, electric deported, notification, Atlantic,
car,
he wasn't, few days ago, definitely understood.

Readlxg and Writing Practice

480. "Beyond the Call of Duty"

<2

heroes
iL'orth-iuhile
hyphenated
before noun

, luhen clause 7 (jr^

270 CHAPTER X

believes
 LESSON 64 271

^
r ^^

overcome
y
superhuman if^ /%
^ .

> (
introductory
,

equipped r X Ce^ ^^^ ^0

^ c^
. 7^^ c^-
^
^ /^
^
6f> iy

p ^-2-^^ JX
further
convenience

^^
J 482.
^r^' ^
^
^ /
introductory ^ CP^
^
,

9 ^ X ^ Z^ ^--Ly ^
r9
^ ^
272 CHAPTER X

-7$^

c::n c^ ^

three-ijuay
hyphenated
before noun
(/ '- ^ 1
484 ^ 9
 LESSON 64 273

as clause cy
fo
y ^^-

y (^ <^ ^5'. c>2^ ^ r

r
,
:'/ clause
deposit

^ ^ cy -^X ~y

^
^
274 CHAPTER X

LESSON 65

485. Vocabulary Drill

Postponed, blessings, granulated, helplessness, betray, dreamed, afterwards,

steamships, shortest, clarif}', justification, diagram, familiarity, deportation,

determination, including, transferring, unfinished, submitted, fatherhood,

self-respect, circumference, impartial, congregate, Sunday, several million
dollars, a.m.

Reading and Writing Practice

486. Help Yourself to Happiness
 LKSSON 65 275

^ .

z.
r

parenthetical
^ G) ^ Z' J^
276 CHAPTER X

if clause i 7
^
,

,
ivhen clause (7) '
LESSON 65 277
278 CHAPTER X

(^ ^ ^ ^ ^r^

CL^
 LESSON 66 279

LESSON 66

491. Vocabulary Drill

Circumvention, grudgingly, regulator, useless, impounded, inclination,

superstitious,emblem, subdivision, ultimatum, manhood, rewarded, self-
composed, mistook, qualifications, functions, radical, misunderstood, aftermath,
shipshape, electric engine, superiority, technicality, programs, exponent,
highest, Greenville, 500 pounds, a.m.

Reading and Writing Practice

492. Be Yourself

, introductory
advice

^^'^X//^ -^^/^
280 CHAPTER X

,
/•/

fore'ver
clause /^_^
^ Q ^t:^ ^

^
 LESSON 66 281

^ r /^ /^ ^

T ^
potential
'y ^ ^
annual __ r
^—-<r^ ^
r /^-X N ^
494.
-x^^
C.^ J /C
7
, introductor\ /;?
^ /7. ^

^. ^ ^. ^ ^^
^o 2 c:^?^

-^i_^2^
V ^
interruption ( /^
,
series ^ "k.^^

— ^ o ^
w^ o

^ y^
282 CHAPTER X

495. ^_^
air-travel
hyphenated -_/?
before noun ~/
, as clause y
 LESSON 66 283

- l^ ^ ^ \ C^^ ^ Sr^"^
<L^ 9 P

c^
2i
further

^ y 2^ ^
Z^
V^
7 ^ ^
284 CHAPTER X

LESSON 67

498. Vocabulary Drill

I r-

Presumption, stimulated, needlessly, shortly, Albany, substantial, woman-

hood, self-possessed, circumnavigate, accordingly, deport, misunderstood,
brother, failed, roadway, after-dinner, ethical, ownership, himself, reminded,
certification, dignified, electric current, lowest, inclination, Newport.

Reading and Writing Pilactice

499. Plodders

possession i

anyone ^ ^^T^^^ ^ r

/^ (2^

O-
^ r
 LESSON 67 285

"
/ ^ Z ^
7.
^
, introductory
o
r

f^ ^ cy (—r \

(^ r
-r

impatient
careers e^ N
^ 4^
^ ^^^
-^ y ^
^

^^^ .

500.
series
^
,
^<Z-~
,
z'/ clause V'^T ^ T:r o
^ > ^^ -1^
^ -^^
^o <— ^
^ ^
^ t ^^ ^ ^
 286 CHAPTER X

^ V ^
502.

, as clause
probably
 LESSON 67 287

if clause 9 /
,

co-operate ^—^ Q -p/- r

o
y^

>

«-^
,

,
series
i/ clause ^ ^ <iy - o ^^

70, /

,
503.
aj clause
^ ^o ,<-
^^ -3 r
beginning /
^ c.^

^
"-Oy^
,
conjunction
j or 'ward t:P
^ ^
c:.^
^--r
^ >/
504.

^
 288 CHAPTER X

r<r

series

— z^.
,

advances o o
r
,
introductorv
medium ^ «-r O
i-^h^ Q

^
^ 9 . ?. ^
r (^^v-"—

^7

y^ >, ^-^
^^
 LESSON 68 289

LESSON 68

505. Vocabulary Drill

Emulated, circumstances, amazingly, assumed, postage, transmittal, uncer-

emphasized, alternative, subsistence, ultimately, compress, childhood,
tain,
entered, self-supporting, importation, excuse, thermometer, mistrial, Wednes-
day, pun" hment, afterthought, guardianship, undignified, justification,
seniority, damaged, p.m., 5 feet, our understanding, electric stove, there isn't.

Reading and Writing Practice

506. Have You Ceased to Study?

, if clause
president

^ S^C) 9 C^^^^^
290 CHAPTER X
 LESSON 68 291

, introductory

<^ (^

>

^
cr 'y> (Tc

^
cr
studies
pursue
4
XZP ^^W > ^ ^---"U
^^^

^
^
, luhen clause
O /^
^ ^^ ^

^^v
-?i.
—Bruce Barton
^^
507.
destroy
nourish
, luhen clause '
 292 CHAPTER X

^ X^
if clause
9<
,

accompany

o
r Q-^^ o
V ^
508.

convenience

(^

^ J
cZj>
I
, series
recommend
i ^
^ o ^

^
y ' z^??-^ £/

^
-:^_^
- ^
^
^ o. 7 -, ^ .

509. r
 LESSON 68 293

^^-^

earliest
^ ^^W
r

, if clause
facilities ^ cf\--^

^^
294 CHAPTER X

LESSON 69

510. Vocabulary Drill

Unless, formulating, resumption, seemingly, entertain, disposition, gratitude,

self-command, misunderstood, awkwardly, spinsterhood, ulterior, substitution,
transacted, supervised, postman, included, township, furthermore, consumed,
eminent, methodical, afterthought, myself, shortly, sports, imprint, programs,
actuality, integrity, classification, ratified, a.m., electric engines, it isn't,

week ago.

Reading and Writing Practice

511. Put First Things First

/ .^^^
 LESSON 69 295

(T

^ ^
7

unhurried
, introductory ^o ^ ^ ^^"^^

r rr ^ \
y r r- ^

;, )
<=- ^>'
,
introductory /^^^^/
occasionallv ^-""^ -y^^Q)
296 CHAPTER X

c^ -^ ^:r~> -^
y>

y-ty ^.

512.
air-travel

J. ^
<2-=

^^
^ -^..^ ^ -^
hyphenated
before noun
O^—y^
/^ ^
<>__—-«^ G_-^ >

<^ if. .

already )
employees /
further

^ > ^
G^ / ^L^
^ ^
>.

513. ^ crs>. <;- p

,

,
luhen clause
introductory
^Q P ^^^-^

<2_--
 LESSON 69 297

—c^r
-
> ^
assistance
efficient

^
514. C^^ /^
<2-r
£,
Here
frofit (
^--^
Z^ ^ ^
^ r
r

long-range
lovi-cost
hyphenated
before noun
•
^^^ ^_^
7
^^ ^^^
y-
.

>

^
r ? ^
^>

deposit ) /^
, introductory ^X ^ /
298 CHAPTER X
 LESSON 70 299

LESSON 70

515. Vocabulary Drill

JL, ^-^
Circumscribe, transposition, exceedingly, stimulation, restless, including,
superiority, imply, alternate, subtract, resultant, boyhood, onward, self-reliance,
mistreated, beware, deemed, obstacle, horsemanship, herself, aftermath,
independent, devotion, shortest, demanded, telegram, insecurity, modifications,
simplify, Pittsburgh, electric wires, a.m., if it isn't.

Reading and Writing Practice

,
parenthetical
conjunction
day's
cy
o ^- • ^ ^ _
300 CHAPTER X
/
,
parenthetical
telephone Q^ ^ o ^ /^^ ^^
r z <2__V

J. ^ r 2^^^ ^ . U (^ cp^
<rr

^y
<r<r

Q^
2 ^ ^
/ ^
.-^^ ^ r 5^

,
y
parenthetical Q-^
^
ct —yiy^
^r ^ ^ (T)
^
<2_-'
^
simply

o
/
"^ ^ ^
-^

/<^

/ X"
r
/?
r
 LESSON 70 301

; . y r ^—^- ^

zy
^r
^^ X" /^ V,

occurred (^-^ ^
unusual

J7^^
302 CHAPTER X

,
parenthetical
requires (^
 LESSON 70 303
, series
, introductory
o
^ ^^ x^
y^ r / ;
7
^^ ^-^ c^
J
^
^

^
 Marginal Reminders Explained

In the following pages will be found more complete statements

of the principles of punctuation and other pretranscription aids
briefly indicated in the marginal reminders of this book. It is not
intended that the pupil should attempt to learn these principles;
they are presenteci here as an aid to the understanding of the
marginal reminders. The ability to apply the principles will come
from the constant repetition of the reminders.
The main purpose of the pretranscription punctuation remind-
ers given in the margins is to give the learner the "knack" of
punctuating the constructions most frequently used in ordinary
business correspondence. For that reason (and because of the
obvious necessity for extreme brevity) the reminders have been
made so short and so simple that the grammarian might well
quarrel with the wording of some of them. In this section each
of the very brief reminciers is discussed more fully and with a
careful explanation of the grammatical relationships involved.
It is more important, however, that the learner form the habit
of correctly punctuating these simple business constructions than
that he be able to give the complete and accurate grammatical
explanation. The headings given below are the same as those
used in the marginal reminders.

,
parenthetical

In order to make his meaning clearer, a writer sometimes

comment or explanation that could be omitted without
inserts a
changing the meaning of the sentence. These added comments
and explanations are called parenthetical and are separated from
the rest of the sentence by parentheses, dashes, or commas.

You owe us the $25, however, and you have not paid . .

. . . you should remember us, too, with a payment.

304
 MARGINAL REMINDERS EXPLAINED 305

A special type of parenthetical expression is called appositive

and is explained below.

, apposition

Sometimes a writer mentions some person or thing and then,

in order to make his meaning perfectly clear to the reader, says
the same thing in different words.

. . . call our assistant manager, Miss Johnson, at Main

6-6000
Here it is Friday, May 23, and we have not . . .

In many cases these constructions in apposition resemble the

constructions in which the commas are used to set off paren-
thetical expressions. whether the tran- It is really immaterial
scriber thinks he is using the commas to set oil an apposition or
to set off a parenthetical expression. They are the same thing
and the result is identical.
Some of the appositions occur at the end of a sentence, in which
case only one comma is needed.

. . . send us your check for $18.20 by Friday, January 12.

, series

When three or more similar expressions (words, phrases, or

clauses) occur in a series with a conjunction before the last
expression, a comma should be placed before the conjunction.

. provide you with the envelopes, letterheads, and

. .

cards that . .

. goods shipped on March 10, April 7, and May 4.

. .

The Mutual Insurance Company found the plan she

wanted, set it up for her, and made her happy.
306 MARGINAL REMINDERS EXPLAINED

,
introductory
,
if clause

,
when clause
,
as clause

One of the most frequent errors made by the beginning tran-

scriber is the failure to make a complete sentence. In most cases
the incomplete sentence isdependent or subordinate clause
a
introduced by if, when, or as. The dependent or subordinate
clause deceives the transcriber because it is a complete sentence,
except that it is introduced by a word such as if and therefore
requires another clause to complete the thought. If . what?
. .

When . . . what?
The dependent or subordinate clause signals its coming with a
relative pronoun or a subordinate conjunction. The relative pro-
nouns are that, who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever.
The commonest subordinating conjunctions are if, though, al-
though, whether, unless, as, because, when, since, while, where,
after, wherever, until, before, how. however.
In this text each if clause, when clause, and as clause has been
marked as such in the margin because these are by far the three
commonest subordinating conjunctions found in business cor-
respondence.

. . . when many customers owe us small balances, the

total amounts to a surprising sum.
If there is any error, please let us know . . .

As I am leaving for a two months' vacation abroad,

I should like to rent my apartment . . .

The Other and less frequent dependent clauses have been

grouped under the general marginal reminder ", introductory."
The rule covering the group of introductory dependent clauses,
however, is that a comma is used to separate a subordinate clause
from a following main clause. If the main clause comes first,
 MARGINAL REMINDERS EXPLAINED 307

no comma is required. A comma was placed in the preceding

sentence after the subordinate clause (;'/ the main clause comes
first) because that clause came before the main clause. No comma
would be required if the position of the two clauses were reversed
so that the sentence would read : No comma is required if the
main clause comes first.
Thus, the comma is required when the subordinate clause
introduces the main clause. Similarly, a comma is required after
other introductory or explanatory expressions such as on the
contrary, in brief, for instance.

Supplementing the annual report, I have occasionally

written to the members of our company . .

For your convenience in returning this letter, we are

enclosing a prepaid envelope.

The example shows the use of the comma after the

just given
introductory or explanatory expression for your convenience in
returning this letter. When a similar expression is used at the
end of the sentence, no comma is required.

A self-addressed envelope is enclosed for your conveni-

ence in returning the form.

The learner will find it safe to use a comma after any intro-
ductory or explanatory expression or after any element of a
sentence used at the beginning of the sentence out of its natural
word order. The writer whose judgment has been formed by
constant practice will often prefer to omit the comma after a
short introductory expression that seems to flow into the rest
of the sentence without a break.
The constant observation of good models is the best and
surest way to become proficient in punctuation.
308 MARGINAL REMINDERS EXPLAINED

, conjunction
A comma is used to separate two independent clauses that are
joined by one of the conjunctions and, but, or, for, neither, nor.
An independent clause (sometimes called a main or principal
clause) is one that has a complete subject and predicate and that
could stand alone as a complete sentence.

We have to meet allour bills, but we cannot do so until

we collect all those due us from our customers.

The first independent or principal or main clause is

We have to meet all our bills.

because that could stand as a separate sentence. The second
independent clause, which could stand as a separate sentence, is

we cannot do so until we collect all those due us from

our customers.

These could be written two separate sentences with a period

as
after each. Because the thought of the two sentences is closely
related, it seemed better to the writer of the letter to put them
into one sentence. Because the two independent clauses are con-
nected by the co-ordinating conjunction hut, a comma is used
between them.

Hyphenated before noun

No noun, no hyphen
The presence or absence of the hyphen in expressions like
worth while and up to date causes transcription errors largely
because of the infrequency of the problem. The principle is ex-

tremely simple. If a noun follows the expression, the hyphens

are inserted — no following noun, no hyphen.

The book is up to date. (No noun after the expression.)

The up-to-date book (Noun follows
. . . the expression.)
 MAKG N I A I. K K M N
I I) K K S K \ P I. A I X K I) 309

Spelling and capitalization

Words that present any difficulty in spelling or capitalization

are correctly printed in the margin. Some of them recur many
times in the course of the text. This constant repetition in the
natural context is more successful in teaching material of this
sort than the most intensive study of any one form at a time.
 APPENDIX
STATE ABBREVIATIONS
The abbreviations used by the Post Office Department

Ala. Q_^0 Maine -TZ^

Ariz. CLf iMd.

Ark. CX^ Mass.

CaHf. Mich.

Colo. Minn.

Conn. Miss.

Del. Mo.

Fla. C^ Mont.

Ga. Nebr.

Idaho Nev.

111. N. H.

Ind. N.J.

Iowa o N. Mex

Kans. N.Y.

Ky. N. C.

La. N.Dak.

310
 APPENDIX 311

PRINCIPAL CITIES OF
THE UNITED STATES
Jacksonville

Jersey City

Kansas City --^^-c?

Knoxville

Long Beach

Los Angeles k_..-^

Elizabeth e
^
Erie (lJ'

Cambridge ^-^___^ Fall River ^iC^-^W' Memphis -

Camden ^^^_^y Mint C_-^^ Miami __ -?:^r

Canton --:::^-^ P ort Wayne J^ Milwaukee

Charlotte Fort Worth A*^ Minneapolis

Chattanooga jarv Nashville

Chicago

Cincinnati
^^/-i

c^H^
Cjrand Rapids

Hartford
piGs

^^^^ New
^
) Newark

Bedford

Cleveland Houston ^^y^ ^itw Haven

fe
Columbus Indianapolis _-^Y^ ^^'^^^' Orleans
312 APPENDIX

New York Rochester (_^ Springfield ^-*=^

Norfolk Sacramentc). Syracuse ^^^^^

Oakland St. Louis y^ —-"'^ Tacoma

Oklahoma City St. Paul >f Tampa

Omaha :__-^-P Salt Lake City Toledo

Paterson (y'^-'T-^ San Antonio ^, ...- Trenton

Peoria ff^jp
San Diego^;—/^ Tulsa

Philadelphia c><i_j^ San Francisco ^-;;7^ Utica ^^^"'^^'^

Washington "^^^

Wichita /^
Somerville z ^_^ Wilmington

South ^tx\di^^^ ^l^Worcester

Spokane ^^^^— Yonkers

 APPENDIX 313

Recall Chart
This word list contains an example of every shorthand charac-

BCD
ter, every abbreviating and phrasing device, and every principle
of joining.
314 APPENDIX

Brief Forms in Order of Presentation

B D
3.

r o
4. ^ /

7. /^ ._^

^ 9.

9
14. ^

^^^ 16. ^ -^
17. ^'

.^^ — O^
19.
^ ^ ^
20.

21.
 APPENDIX 315

A B D E F

26. ^ (^1--^

f ^ > /
32.
r
-7" -7^ ^
34.

^ i_>=- 45. X
^7<

46.
7
^-^

/
50.
/ -?
7 J>^ 51.
7 V
52.. ^ ,.r^

^ C
--42^-^'~^'^