Chapter 1

Traffic Model

1.1 Topology
Accordingly to the scenario which will be simulated, the process is controlled
by the time, that will be fixed as well as the number of mobile nodes.At the
beginning it could be take a low value, e.g. 10 minutes, and it will be varied
accordingly the requirements in the application.
The scenario is aproached to a realistic urban city, i.e. Typical Urbain,
where the speed of the mobil is around 3Km/h (TU3)[4]. It is described by
means of the two nodes: BSS and MS. The traffic will be simplify to the
downlink.The GSM calls go from the BSS to the specefic MS, allocated in
the frames. Whereas for the GPRS data packets, the RLC blocks are stored
in buffers at the BSS, ready to be sent to the user when there are enough
resources to be transmitted over the air interface.
The cell area is considered as a medium capacity, i.e, it uses 4 TRX
which consists of 32 TSs, which three of them are for control signaling and
the rest 29 traffic channels are dedicated to voice and data traffic[1].So the
signalling associated would be simulated by means of a time delay in the
control channels transmission.
The radio cell is shown below, where a BSS and a fixed number of mobile
nodes are located inside the area, and are able to receive the GSM/GPRS
calls.

1.2 Traffic Model

The GSM/GPRS network serving both circuit-switched voice and packet-
switched data calls is the focus of attention.
The Traffic Models are defined to characterize the behaviour of the users

1
in a cellular system, such as the voice calls and the GPRS data transfer.So the
time variation of traffic is studied, either for voice and GPRS data. Although
GPRS have a wide range of applications and its use is increasing, the presence
of GSM voice service is much higher than data, therefore their representative
probabilities can be assumed to a fixed value, i.e. 0.7 of the arriving calls
correspond to GSM voice users, and the rest 0.3 to GPRS users[3].
Due to the complexity of this systems, the focus of this proyect will be in
the RLC Layer, simplifying the higher levels.
A session is defined as the time when a BSS is transmiting to a specific
Mobile node. Due to the choice of TU3 area, the mobility of each mobile
is small during the session time. The maximun packet size is 1500 bytes,
corresponding to LLC in the upper layer, that it means this time is around
several seconds.
Arrival and duration of communications are statistically distributed de-
pending on specific parameters for each service type such as they are specified
as follow.

1.2.1 Voice Call

The voice service is delimited by means of the parameters,which are shown
in the table[3]:

• arrival time , that follows a Poisson distribution, and it requires the

definition of the mean arrival rate,λ. It describes that the inter-arrival
times are independent and identically distributed according to an expo-
nential distribution[1]. The probability density function is as follows:

(λt)n e−λt
fx = (1.1)
n!

• holding time, call average duration that is defined as an exponential

distribution, and represented with the mean holding time, 1/µ. If a
voice call finds all the channels seized, it is blocked and lost.
The probability density function of the exponential distribution is (pa-
rameter λ >0):
f (x) = λe−λx , x >= 0 (1.2)

1.2.2 GPRS Data Packet

Unlike the GSM voice, the data traffic is more difficult to model, due to
the application and the bursty nature. According to the application, mainly

2
WWW-browsing and e-mail consist the traffic data, whereas other applica-
tions such as FTP, WAP, MMS,and other represent a small porcentage of
the total traffic.
However, this aproach to the higher level is not necessary, so the session
is assumed to be composed by a packet whose size is calculated according to
certain distributed process.
A source traffic model consists of two parts: the arrival process and the
activity phase.
The arrival time can be described by the distribution of the inter-arrival
time. The most frequently function is the Poisson process, as in GSM
voice.The mena arrival rate per session,λsession is specified and assigned a
value.
For the duration of the session, the number of bits transmitted is calcu-
lated by means of several process specified following:

• Geometric distribution (parameter 0<p<1)[1]: The probability density

function:
pk = p(1 − k)k−1 , k = 1, 2, .. (1.3)

It is used first because it is simpler to model.

• Pareto distribution (parameters k, α) [1]: The probability density func-

tion:
α k
p x = ( )α , x > k (1.4)
k α

It is more close to the real packet size, but because its probability
function can reach a much bigger number of bits (upper bound at 66666
bytes, whereas the maximun LLC block is 1500 bytes), this distribution
will be simulated later.

It can be distinguised different types of mobile specified in the QoS profile

and according to this priority its capacity in the use of TSs is different. In
this way, the most advantaged ones are able to manage with 4 TSs at the
same session, so it would be the assumption in the simulation.
Under this traffic conditions, the simulator is implemented, and some of
this parameters will be modified at the same time new ones can be added in
future improvements to be done throught the working process.

3
1.3 RLC Functionalities
1.4 RRM

4
Bibliography

[1] Marco Hoffman, Simulation of a Flow Control Algorithm between two

Nodes of the Global Packet Radio System Network, Abril 2001.

[2] Source Traffic Modeling of Wireless Applications, Institute of

Wrzburg,Germany

[3] QoS of Dynamic Radio Resource Management policies in a GPRS Net-

work

[4] GPRS Radio Network Performance Simulation and Optimization with

Dynamic Simulator