Advanced Quantum Mechanics

Rajdeep Sensarma

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sensarma@theory.tifr.res.in

Lecture #15

Quantum Mechanics of Many Particles

Recap of Last Class

Writing Many Body Hamiltonians with creation annihilation operators

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Ground State Energy -> Pressure, Compressibility

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Free Fermi gas and its degeneracy pressure.

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Free Bose Gas and BEC

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Weakly Repulsive Bose gas
Consider a large number of bosonic particles (spin 0) interacting with each other by pair-wise
contact interaction. The system has a homogeneous density 𝜌.

V (~r r~0 ) = g (~r r~0 ) V (~q ) = g We will stick to 3D for the time being

X k2 † gX † †
H= a ak + a a 0 ax0 ax
2m k 2 0 x x
k xx

1 X X 0
k3 ·x0 k4 ·x)
HI = a†k1 a†k2 ak3 ak4 V (x x0 )ei(k1 ·x+k2 ·x
V
x,x0
FT of the interaction term
k1 ,k2 ,k3 k4

g X
HI = a†k1 a†k2 ak3 ak4 (k1 + k2 k3 k4 )
2V
k1 ,k2 ,k3 k4

g X † X k2 † g X †
HI = ak+q a†k0 q ak ak
0
So, H= ak ak + ak+q a†k0 q ak
0 ak
2V 0 2m 2V
k,k ,q k 0 k,k ,q

N
a†0 )
(p
ground state for non-interacting Bosons: | i= |0i
N!

How does this picture change in presence of interaction?

BEC in weakly repulsive Bose gas
For noninteracting system: ha†0 a0 i = N0 = N All Bosons are in the condensate

For weakly interacting system, still expect the occupation of the k=0 mode to be

macroscopically large.

ha†0 a0 i = N0 ' N More precisely, N0 /N ! ⇢0 /⇢ 6= 0 as N !1

Implicit defn. of weak interactions: 1- 𝜌0/𝜌 << 1

In this limit, we can forget the fact that a0 is an operator and replace it by its

expectation value, a complex number,

with N0 = | | 2

This neglects fluctuations of the creation/annihilation operator (for k=0) which is ~ 1

compared to expectation values N0~N.

Treating k=0 mode in classical approximation is OK.

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This is like treating e-m radiation classically when we have large no. of photons.
Bogoliubov Theory of Weakly Repulsive BEC

Presence of interactions imply that even at T=0, not all Bosons are in k=0 mode

These finite k Bosons interact with themselves and with the condensate.

Bogoliubov Theory keeps interaction of Bosons with the condensate and throws out

B-B interaction otherwise

Provides the leading Quantum Correction to the classical description of all particles in

the Condensate.

Provides perturbation expansion in appropriate dimensionless coupling in weak coupling limit.

Bogoliubov Theory of Weakly Repulsive BEC

Let us first separate out terms involving a0

The K.E. contribution of the condensate term is 0 and we can focus on the interaction

All mom sums exclude 0

Expansion in φ, Bogoliubov Theory

keeps the first leading correction ~ φ2

Leading Quantum Correction around Classical Theory

Bogoliubov Theory of Weakly Repulsive BEC
Assume real φ (will justify later)

All mom sums exclude 0

Since we are interested in O(N) terms, it is OK to replace φ2 by N in quadratic terms.

In φ4 term corrections need to be taken into account

𝜌 is density of Bosons
Bogoliubov Theory of Weakly Repulsive BEC

Hamiltonian quadratic in creation/annihilation operators

Occupation basis of a is not eigenbasis of H

!✓ ◆
1X k 1X
2
2 k
+ g⇢ g⇢ ak
Ĥ = +g⇢+ a†k a 2m
2 2m 2 k
g⇢ k2
2m + g⇢
a† k
k k

Occupation basis of linear combination of ak and a†-k should be the eigenbasis of H

† †
With linear transforms ↵k = u↵ ↵
k ak + vk a k one should be able to write down
X †
Ĥ ⇠ E0 + Ek↵ ↵k ↵k
↵k

Occupation number basis of 𝛾 would be eigenbasis

 Bogoliubov Theory
Define new operators which are linear combinations of a†k and a-k

† Used reflection symmetry

k = uk a k + v a
k k
uk =u-k

Demand that new operators satisfy Bosonic commutation relations

= [uk ak + vk a† k , uk a†k + vk a k]

= |uk |2 [ak , a†k ] + |vk |2 [a† k , a k] + uk vk [ak , a k] + vk uk [a† k , a†k ]

1 -1 0 0
 Bogoliubov Theory

The Hamiltonian:
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1X k2 1X k2
H= + g⇢ (a†k ak + a †
ka k) + g⇢(a†k a† k + h.c.) + g⇢
2 2m 2 2m
k k

⇢✓ ◆
1X k2 † †
= + g⇢ (u2k + vk2 ) 2g⇢uk vk ( k k + k k)
2 2m
k

⇢✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1X k2 † † 1X k2
+ g⇢ 2uk vk + g⇢(u2k + vk2 ) k k + h.c. + g⇢
2 2m 2 2m
k k

If
=0
The Hamiltonian is diagonal in the number basis of 𝛾 operators
Bogoliubov Theory
Take Automatically satisfies |uk|2-|vk|2=1

uk2 + vk2 = cosh 2θk 2ukvk = sinh 2θk

⇢✓ ◆ ⇢✓ ◆
k2 k2
+ g⇢ 2uk vk g⇢(u2k + vk2 ) =0 + g⇢ sinh 2✓k g⇢ cosh 2✓k =0
2m 2m

g⇢
tanh 2✓k = k2
2m + g⇢

s✓ ◆2
k2
Define Ek = + g⇢ g 2 ⇢2
2m

" #
k2 g⇢
1 + g⇢
u2k =1+ vk2 = 1+ 2m uk v k =
2 Ek 2Ek
 Bogoliubov Theory
With these values of uk and vk
⇢✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1X k2 † † 1X k2
H= + g⇢ (u2k + vk2 ) 2g⇢uk vk ( k k + k k) + g⇢
2 2m 2 2m
k k

k2
+ g⇢ g⇢
Now, u2k + vk2 = 2m uk v k =
Ek 2Ek
⇣ ⌘2
✓ 2
◆ k2
+ g⇢ g 2 ⇢2
k 2m
+ g⇢ (u2k + vk2 ) 2g⇢uk vk = = Ek
2m Ek

1X † † 1X
H= Ek ( k k + k k) + Ek k 2 /2m g⇢
2 2
k k

We have managed to obtain the eigenstates of the interacting Bose gas

(within Bogoliubov Approximation)
 The Ground State
1X † † 1X
H= Ek ( k k + k k) + Ek k 2 /2m g⇢
2 2
k k

Since Ek >= 0, the ground state corresponds to a state, where occ. no. of the 𝛾 Bosons is zero

for all momentum states
k | Gi = 0 8k

1X
Ground state energy: U/V = Ek k 2 /2m g⇢
2
k

We started Bogoliubov approximation by claiming ⇢0 = ha†0 a0 i ⇠ ⇢

Let us see when this approximation holds, i.e. when the above theory makes sense.

X
For this we will calculate ⇢0 = ⇢ ha†k ak i
k
 The Ground State ⇢0 = ⇢
X
ha†k ak i
k

a†k ak = [uk †
k vk k ][uk k vk †
k]
† † † †
= u2k k k uk v k ( k k + k k) + vk2 k k

†
Expectation value in GS: h G| k k | Gi =0

† †
h G| k k + k k | Gi =0

† †
h G| k k| Gi =h G |1 + k k | Gi =1

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X X k2
1X + g⇢
No. of atoms in k ≠ 0 mode N = 0
ha†k ak i = vk2 = 2m
1
2 Ek
k k k
The Ground State
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X X k2
1X + g⇢
N = 0
ha†k ak i = vk2 = 2m
1
2 Ek
k k k
0 1
Z 1 k2
V 4⇡ + g⇢ k
N0 = k dk @ q
2 2m
1A y=p
(2⇡)3 2 2 k2 2 2m⇢g
0 g⇢ km + 2m

Z !
1 2
0 1 3/2 2 y +1
⇢ = (2m⇢g) y dy p 1
4⇡ 2 0 2y 2 + y 4
p
2
3

0 p scattering length
⇢ 2 m 3/2 8
= (2m⇢g)3/2 = (⇢g 3 1/2
) = p (⇢a3s )1/2 g=
4⇡as
⇢ 2
12⇡ ⇢ 3⇡ 2 3 ⇡ m

For Bogoliubov theory to be valid ⇢a3s ⌧ 1

Weakly Interacting / Dilute Bose gas