Warsaw 

University of Technology
F l
Faculty of Environmental Engineering 
fE i lE i i

PhD Piotr Narowski

Thermodynamics – lecture 3
Thermodynamics – lecture 3
Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy ‐ definition
Energy ‐

Fundamental question:

Energy What is it?
Energy – What is it?

In physics, energy (from Greek ἐνέργεια ‐ energeia, 
"activity, operation", from ἐνεργός
y, p , ργ ς ‐ energos, "active, 
g , ,
working ") is a quantity that is often understood as the 
ability to perform work (this is not adequate definition in 
th
thermodynamics). This quantity can be assigned to any 
d i ) Thi tit b i dt
particle, object, or system of objects as a consequence of its 
physical state.
physical state.
 Energy – What is it?
Energy ‐ definition
Energy ‐

During a 1961 lecture for undergraduate students
D i 1961 l t f d d t t d t
at the California Institute of Technology, Richard 
Feynman, a celebrated physics teacher and Nobel 
Laureate, said this about the concept of energy:

„There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing all natural phenomena that
are known to date. There is no known exception to this law—it is exact so far
as we know. The law is called the conservation of energy. It states that there
is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold
changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a
mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity which does
not change when something happens.
happens It is not a description of a mechanism,
mechanism
or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some
number and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and
calculate the number again, it is the same.”
—The Feynman Lectures on Physics
 Energy – What is it?
Energy ‐ definition
Energy ‐
Different forms of energy gy include kinetic,,
potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, elastic
and electromagnetic energy. The forms of energy
are often named after a related force. German
physicist Hermann von Helmholtz established that
all forms of energy are equivalent — energy in one
form can disappear but the same amount of
energy will appear in another form. A restatement
of this idea is that energy is subject to a
conservation law over time.

The energy is a system quantity that describes

the thermodynamic state of the system and is
changed by transfers to and from the system.
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
The concept of energy emerged out of the idea of vis 
Mechanical Work and Power viva (from the Latin for living force), which Leibniz 
d fi d th
defined as the product of the mass of an object and its 
d t f th f bj t d it
velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was 
conserved.

 In physics, mechanical work
In physics, mechanical work is defined as product of a force F
is defined as product of a force F and a 
and a
displacement ds. when both are measured in the same direction (are 
collinear).
W  F·ds  Fds cos 
 In situations where the force changes over time, or the path deviates from a straight line, above 
equation is not generally applicable although it is possible to divide the motion into small steps, 
such that the force and motion are well approximated as being constant for each step, and then 
to express the overall work as the sum over these steps. The general definition of mechanical 
p p g
work is given by the following line integral:
2 2
W1 2   F  ds    W W  F·ds
This expression is an inexact differential which means
that the calculation of differential work is path-
1 1 dependent and cannot be differentiated to give Fds.

 In physics, power is the rate at which work is 
performed or energy is converted:
W dW Wmech   Pdt
t2
P  lim Pavg  lim 
t 0 t 0 t dt t1
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
Kinetic Energy and Work
gy
By Newton’s second law of motion, the magnitude of the force
component Fs is related to the change in the magnitude of V by.
dV Using the chain rule, dV ds dV
Fs  ma  m this can be written as: Fs  m  mV
dt ds dt ds
Rearraging and integrating V2 s2
from s1 to s2 gives: 
V1
mVdV   Fs ds
s1
V2

 m V2 2  V12 
V2 1 1

Left side of the equation is
evaluated as: mVdV  mV 2
V1 2 V1 2
The quantity mV2/2 is the kinetic energy of body – it is scalar quantity. The change 
of kinetic energy equals to work of force F.
s2
1 1
KE  KE 2  KE1  mV2  mV12   F  ds  W1 2
2

2 2 s1
 Kinetic energy is property of body.
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy and Work
The body of mass m moving verticaly in gravitional field near Earth’s
surface. Two forses are acting on the system – the force due to gravity of
magnitude mg and the force R acting on the system.
z z

m V2  V1    Rdz   mgdz

Total work of the two 1 2 2
2 2
forces is equal tho the
change of kinetic energy: 2 z1 z1
z2

 mgdz  mg  z  z1   mgz2  mgz1

z2
The work of force R W
from definition is: R ( z2  z1 )   Rdz
z1 z1
2

m V22  V12   mg  z2  z1 
z2 1
The work of force R equals: WR ( z  z ) 
2 1 
z1
Rdz 
2
The quantity mgz is the gravitational potential energy of body – it is scalar quantity. 
The change of potential energy equals:

PE  PE 2  PE1  mg
mgz2  mg
mgz1
 Potential energy is extensive property of body.
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
Conservation of Energy in Mechanics
The two forms of energy – kinetic energy and potential
energy of system are called the mechanical energy.
If there
th i any force
is f exceptt
m V22  V12   mg  z2  z1   0
gravity acting on body 1
moving we can write:
2

1 1
The equation can be mV2  mgz2  mV12  mgz1  const.
2
rearranged: 2 2

Under this condition the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of the
system remains constant. It means that the during the movement of system energy
is transferred from one form of energy to another but total energy remains constant.
This is the conservation of energy – empirical law of nature.

 In thermodynamics the concept of energy conservation is extended 
y p gy
to  other forms of energy.
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
Thermodynamic definition of work
In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is the energy
transferred by the system to another that is accounted for by
changes in the external generalized mechanical constraints on the
system.
t A such,
As h thermodynamic
th d i workk is
i a generalization
li ti off the
th
concept of mechanical work in mechanics.

Joule
Joule’ Apparatus measuring
Workk (thermodynamics)
W (th d i ) is
i a mechanism
h i f
for mechanical equivalent of heat

transportation energy across the boundary of

the system.
y
Power (thermodynamics) is the rate at
which energy is transferred across the
boundary of system by work.

 The external generalized mechanical constraints
The external generalized mechanical constraints may be chemical, electromagnetic (including 
may be chemical electromagnetic (including
radiative, as in laser power), gravitational, or pressure/volume or other simply mechanical 
constraints.
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
Sign Convention and Notation
In engineering thermodynamics the devices such as
internal combustion engines or turbines are offen
concerned whose purpose is to do work. Hence in
contrast
t t tot mechanics
h i the th work
ork performed
f d by
b such
h
devices is teated as positive:

W > 0 : work done byy the system,

y , The signg convension can be
changed to opposite. The
W < 0 : work done on the system. calculations should be done in
accordance of the sign convention.

R
Remember:
b W k is
Work i nott a property
t off the
th system
t b t the
but th energy is.
i
 Properties of system may be distincted into two classes:
 An extrinistic property is quantity whose value is independent
An extrinistic property is quantity whose value is independent of the nature of 
of the nature of
substance within the system boundaries – kinetic energy.
 An intrinistic property is quantity whose value is dependent on the nature of 
substance composing the system –
p g y pressure, temperature, internal energy.
p p gy
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
 Other forms of work
Shaft work Electrical work Elastic spring work

Extension of solid work Work on Changing a Surface

Work on Electrical Charge A
Area
 Energy – What is it?
Concepts of Work and Energy
Concepts of Work and Energy
 External generalized mechanical constraints – general formula for 
a y quas equ b u
any quasiequilibrium work. The thermodynamic work is a dot 
o e t e ody a c o s a dot
product of generalized force Fk and generalized displacement dXk.
 
W  Fk ·d X k

 Fk is an intensive property of system and dXk is extensive 
property of system.
 Energy – What is it?
Expansion and Compression Work
Expansion and Compression Work
Energy is transferred by a work interaction any time the
volume
l off either
ith a closed
l d or open system
t i changed.
is h d
Mechnical work of moving 
b
boundary of closed system:
d f l d
W  Fext ·ds

From pressure definition: Fext  pA
B
Because the product of area and dicplacement is 
h d f
the change of system volume:
d di l i Ads  dV
Hence, work of expansion is: W  pA·ds  pdV
V2
The total work for change in volume from V1 to 
V2 is obtained by integrating above equation:
W12   pdV
V1
The total work for change in volume expressed by the integral of pressure 
and change of volume is valid for any shape of system boundary!
 Energy – What is it?
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
 The first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the 
principle of conservation of energy.
The law expresses that energy can be transformed, i.e. changed from one form 
to another but cannot be created or destroyed It is usually formulated by
to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. It is usually formulated by 
stating that the change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount 
of heat supplied to the system, minus the amount of work performed by the 
y g
system on its surroundings.
Julius von Mayer: dU   Q  W
„ Energy can be neither created nor 
d t
destroyed”
d” dU   Q  pdV .
Rudolf Clausius:
„ There is a state function E, called 
There is a state function E called ‘energy’
energy , whose differential 
whose differential
equals the work exchanged with the surroundings during an 
adiabatic process.”

The internal energy of an isolated system remains constant.
 Energy – What is it?
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics

What is heat?
gy
What is internal energy?
What is adiabatic process?
What is the energy balans for open and closed systems?
What is rate of heat transfer?
How can be heat transffered?

It will be continued…
Summary
Reading:

 Thermodynamics, K. Wark, D. E. Richards – Chapter 2
 Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, M. J. Moran,
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, M. J. Moran, 
H. N. Shapiro – Chapter 2
 Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, J. R. Howell, R. 
O Buckius Chapter 2 and 4
O. Buckius, Chapter 2 and 4,
 Termodynamika, J. Szargut, Rozdział 3 – in Polish,
 Termodynamika, B. Staniszewski, Rozdział
y , , 2 – in Polish,,

Thank you for your attention.