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WORK and ENERGY
OUTLINE
• Work and Kinetic Energy
• The Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
• Power
• Conservative Force-Nonconservative
Force
• Potential Energy
• Mechanical Energy
• Conservation of Mechanical Energy
4.1 Work and Kinetic Energy
The work done by a constant force F on the object when it
F=const
moves a straight distance s is:
W Fs cos F .s
s In general case, the work is not constant, the path is a curve.
The work done by force F when the object moves a very small
F
(1) displacement ds (we can consider F constant and ds a straigh
ds linet:
dv
dW F .ds m .ds mv dv
(2) dt
The work done by force F when the object moves from position (1) to (2) is:
2 v2
1 1 1 2
W F .ds mv dv mv22 mv12 We define: Kinetic Energy: K mv
1
v1
2 2 2
The total work done on a particle is equal to the change in its kinetic energy
1 1
W K mv22 mv12
2 2 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
4.2 Power
work _ done dW F .ds
Power P F .v
per _ unit _ of _ time dt dt
t2
W dW Pdt
t1
if P const W Pt
1 2 1 2
W mv2 mv1
2 2
1 2 1 2
mv2 mv1
W 2 2
t
P P
Conservative
Nonconservative Force
1. Definition: A force is Conservative if the
work done by the force is independent on
the path, it is dependent only on the
initial and final position.
- Gravity and spring force are
conservative forces,while kinetic friction
is not.
2. Work done by Gravitation Force:
dr Work done by the grav. force F on object
(1) m when it moves a displacement ds:
Fgrv m
r1 Mm
ds dW F .ds F .ds. cos G dr
r 2
dr
(2)Work done by the grav. force F on object
m when it moves from (1) to (2)
r2
r2
Mm Mm Mm
W G 2 dr G G
G 6.67 1011 N .m 2 / kg 2
M r r2 r1
r1
+ Work done is independent of the path, but of the initial and final position
gravitation force is conservative.
+ we define a scalar quantity called gravitational potential energy of two object
sseparated by a distance r : Mm
U (r ) G C
r
If we choose U=0 when r=, we have C=0, If we choose U=0 on the
surface of Earth: C=GMm/R
We can write: W U1 U 2 U
Conservative Forces
1. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
between any two points is independent of the path taken by
the particle.
2. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
through any closed path is zero. (A closed path is one in
which the beginning and end points are identical.)
3. the work Wc done by a conservative force on an object as
the object moves from one position to another is equal to the
initial value of the potential energy minus the final value.
(2) W12 Fc. .ds Fc..ds U1 U 2 U
(a) (1a 2 ) (1b 2 )
F
ds
W Fc. .ds 0
(b)
(1)(2) (C )
(1)
Mechanical Energy
• If an object is exerted by
Conservative Force Fc ma Fc Fnc
and Nonconservative
Force Fnc,
• from the Work-Kinetic K K 2 K1 WFc WFnc (1)
Energy Theorem :
• Fc is conservative: WFc U U1 U 2 (2)
• From (1) and (2): K 2 K1 U1 U 2 WFnc
( K 2 U 2 ) ( K1 U1 ) WFnc
• Mechanical Energy: E E2 E1 WFnc
E=K+U
Conservation of Mechanical
Energy
The change in Mechnaical energy of an
object is equal to the work done by
nonconservative force on the object as it
takes a path form position (1) to (2)
E E2 E1 WFnc
F gradU
grad i j k
x y z
Potential Energy and
Equilibrium in One Dimension
For a general conservative force in one dimension,
dU
F Fx i Fx
dx
A particle is in equilibrium if the net
force acting on it is zero.
dU/dx=0=>U=min or Max
dU
F
dx
dU Fdx
U ( x) x ans : B
dU 8x dx
3
U ( x 0 ) 0 0
U 2x4
Problem 2
dU
a ) Fx 16 x 8 x 3
dx
dU
b) 8 x 3 16 x 0 x 0
dx
d 2U
c) 2 24 x 2 16
dx
d 2U
at x 0, 2 16 0
dx
Conclusion : x 0 is the equilibriu m position.
0 f(x) x
This equilibriu m is stable
9 • The 3 - kg object in Figure 7 - 18 is released from
rest at a height of 5 m on a curved frictionle ss ramp.
At the foot of the ramp is a spring of force constant k
= 400 N/m. The object slides down the ramp and into
the spring, compressing it a distance x before coming
momentarily to rest. (a) Find x. (b) What happens to
the object after it comes to rest?
1 2
mgh kx
2
9. ( a) 0.858 m; (b) The spring will
accelerate the mass and it will then retrace x 2 mgh
k
0.587 m
the path, rising to a height of 5 m.
10. An object of mass m starts from rest
and slides a distance d down a
frictionless incline of angle &. While
sliding, it contacts an unstressed spring
of negligible mass as shown in Figure
P8.10. The object slides an additional
distance x as it is brought momentarily to
rest by compression of the spring (of
force constant k). Find the initial
separation d between object and spring.
Ei Ef
1
mgd sin mgx sin kx 2
2
1 2
mgx sin kx 2
2 1 kx
d x
mg sin 2 mg sin