Functions

FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE
HoChiMinh City University of Technology

Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
HCMC
(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 1 / 51

OUTLINE
1 FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE
2 ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
3 BASIC PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS

Functions of single variable Function and its graph
FUNCTION AND ITS GRAPH
DEFINITION 1.1
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set X ⊂ R
exactly one element y , called f (x) in a set Y ⊂ R. Denoted by:
f : X −→ Y
x 7→ y = f (x), x − i nd epend ent , y − d epend ent
The set X = x ∈ R : f (x)is defined is called the domain of the

© ª
function f and© is denoted by D( f ª).

The set f (X ) = y = f (x) ∈ R : x ∈ X is called the range of the
function f and is denoted by R( f ).

Functions of single variable Function and its graph
DEFINITION 1.2
The set consists of all points (x, f (x)), x ∈ X in the coordinate
plane Ox y is called the graph of the function f .

Functions of single variable Piecewise defined functions
PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 1.3
The functions which are defined by different formulas in
different parts of their domain, are called piecewise defined
functions

Functions of single variable Piecewise defined functions
PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 1.3
The functions which are defined by different formulas in
different parts of their domain, are called piecewise defined
functions
EXAMPLE 1.1
A function f is defined by
½
1 − x, if x É −1
f (x) =
x 2 , if x > −1

Elementary functions Linear function
LINEAR FUNCTION
y = mx + b, (1)
m is the slope of the line and b is the y−intercept.

LINEAR FUNCTION
y = mx + b, (1)
m is the slope of the line and b is the y−intercept.
The slope, m, of the line through (x 1 , y 1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) is given by

the following equation, if x 1 6= x 2
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
The slope of a line can be interpreted as the rate of change in

the y−coordinates for each 1-unit increase in the
x−coordinates.


EXAMPLE 2.1
Find the slope and the equation of the line through the points
(4, 3) and (2, 5)

EXAMPLE 2.1
(4, 3) and (2, 5)
SOLUTION The slope is

y2 − y1 5 − 3
m= = = −1.
x2 − x1 2 − 4

EXAMPLE 2.1
(4, 3) and (2, 5)
SOLUTION The slope is

y2 − y1 5 − 3
m= = = −1.
x2 − x1 2 − 4
The equation of the line that has slope −1 and passes through
point (4, 3) is
y − 3 = −1(x − 4) ⇔ y = −x + 7

Elementary functions Polynomials
POLYNOMIALS
DEFINITION 2.1
A function P is called a polynomial if
P (x) = a n x n + a n−1 x n−1 + . . . + a 2 x 2 + a 1 x + a 0
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an

are constants called the coefficients of the polynomial.
If the leading coefficient an 6= 0, then the degree of the

polynomial is n

EXAMPLE 2.2
1 P (x) = mx + b is a polynomial of degree 1 - linear function

EXAMPLE 2.2
2 P (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, (a 6= 0) is a polynomial of degree 2 -
quadratic function

EXAMPLE 2.2
2 P (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, (a 6= 0) is a polynomial of degree 2 -
quadratic function
3 P (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , (a 6= 0) is a polynomial of degree 3 -
cubic function

Elementary functions Power functions
POWER FUNCTIONS
y = x α , α ∈ R. (2)

POWER FUNCTIONS
y = x α , α ∈ R. (2)
(Read: x to the power α )

POWER FUNCTIONS
y = x α , α ∈ R. (2)
(Read: x to the power α )

The domain and range of power functions depend on the
parameter α.

Case α = 2 ⇒ y = x 2 - square function

1 Domain: D = R.
2 Range: E = [0, +∞).
3 Function is increasing on the interval (0, ∞) and decreasing
on the interval (−∞, 0).
4 Function is even, the graph is symmetric with respect to
the y−axis.

1
Case α = −1 ⇒ y = - reciprocal function
x
1 Domain: D = R \ {0}.
2 Range: E = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
3 Function is decreasing on the interval (−∞, 0) and (0, +∞)
4 Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about the origin
O(0, 0).

1 p
Case α = ⇒ y = x -square root function
2
1 Domain: D = [0, +∞).
2 Range: E = [0, +∞).
3 Function is increasing on the interval (0, +∞)
4 Function does not have symmetry.

Elementary functions Exponential functions
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
y = a x , a > 0, a 6= 1. (3)
(Read: base a to the power x )

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
y = a x , a > 0, a 6= 1. (3)
(Read: base a to the power x )

Laws of exponents
a x .a y = a x+y a x ³ a ´x
ax =
= a x−y bx b
ay
(a x ) y = a x y 1
a x .b x = (ab)x a −x =
ax

Function y = a x , (a > 1)
1 Domain: D = R
2 Range: E = (0, ∞)
3 Function is increasing on the interval (−∞, +∞)
4 The graph always passes through the point at (0, 1)

Function y = a x , (0 < a < 1)

1 Domain: D = R.
2 Range: E = (0, +∞).
3 Function is decreasing on the interval (−∞, +∞)
4 The graph always passes through the point at (0, 1)

Elementary functions Logarithmic functions
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
y = l og a x, a > 0, a 6= 1 (4)
(Read: logarithm to the base a of x )

Logarithmic function y = l og a x is the inverse function of
exponential function y = a x , this means that, if y = l og a x then
x = a y > 0. Therefore, the domain of logarithmic function is:
D = {x ∈ R | x > 0}.

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
y = l og a x, a > 0, a 6= 1 (4)
(Read: logarithm to the base a of x )

Logarithmic function y = l og a x is the inverse function of
exponential function y = a x , this means that, if y = l og a x then
x = a y > 0. Therefore, the domain of logarithmic function is:
D = {x ∈ R | x > 0}.
The graph of logarithmic function y = l og a x is the reflection of

the graph of exponential function y = a x about the line y = x .

Properties of logarithmic functions

l og a (x.y) = l og a x + l og a y
x
µ ¶
l og a = l og a x − l og a y
y
µ ¶
1
l og a = −l og a x
x
α
l og a β x α = l og a x
β

Function y = l og a x, (a > 1)
1 Domain: D = (0, +∞).
2 Range: E = R.
3 Function is increasing on the interval (0, +∞).
4 The graph of logarithmic function y = l og a x is the
reflection of the graph of exponential function y = a x about
the line y = x .

Function y = l og a x, (0 < a < 1)

1 Domain: D = (0, +∞).
2 Range: E = R.
3 Function is decreasing on the interval (0, +∞).
4 The graph of logarithmic function y = l og a x is the
reflection of the graph of exponential function y = a x about
the line y = x .

Elementary functions Trigonometric functions
Function sine y = sin x

1 Domain: D = R 2 Range: E = [−1, 1]
3 Function is periodic of period 2π :
sin(x) = sin(x + 2π) = sin(x − 2π)
Function is increasing on the interval − π2 , π2 , and
¡ ¢
4
decreasing on the interval π2 , 3π

¡ ¢
2
O(0, 0).

Function cosine y = cos x

1 Domain: D = R 2 Range: E = [−1, 1]
3 Function is periodic of period 2π :
cos(x) = cos(x + 2π) = cos(x − 2π)
4 Function is increasing on the interval (−π, 0) , and
decreasing on the interval (0, π) ,
5 Function is even, the graph is symmetric with respect to
the y−axis.

sin x
Function tangent y =
© πtan x = cos x ª
1 Domain: D = R \ 2 + kπ, k ∈ Z
2 Range: E = R
3 Function is periodic of period π :
tan(x) = tan(x + π) = tan(x − π)
Function is increasing on the interval − π2 , π2 .
¡ ¢
4

O(0, 0).

x
Function cotangent y = cot x = cos
sin x
1 Domain: D = R \ {kπ, k ∈ Z}
2 Range: E = R
3 Function is periodic of period π :
cot(x) = cot(x + π) = cot(x − π)
4 Function is decreasing on the interval (0, π).
O(0, 0).

Some basic formulas

2 2
sin x + cos x = 1 sin x
tan x =
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cos x
tan(π − x) = tan(−x) =
sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x − tan x
1 − cos 2x
sin2 x = tan(π + x) = tan(x)
2 ³π´
π tan 0 = 0, tan is
sin = 1; sin(kπ) = 0 2
2 undefined
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x cos x
cot x =
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = sin x
1 − 2 sin2 x cot(π − x) = cot(−x) =
1 + cos 2x − cot x
cos2 x = cot(π + x) = cot x
2 ³π´
cos 0 = 1; cos π = −1 cot = 0, cot 0 is
³ π´ 2
cos ± = 0. undefined
2
Elementary functions Inverse trigonometric functions
Function arcsine y = arcsin x
y = arcsin x ⇐⇒ x = sin y
π π (5)
−1 É x É 1, − ÉyÉ
2 2

Function arcosine y = arccos x
y = arccos x ⇐⇒ x = cos y
(6)
−1 É x É 1 0Éy Éπ

Function arctangent y = arctan x
y = arctan x
⇐⇒ x = tan y
π π (7)
−∞ < x < ∞ − <y<
2 2

Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions
e x − e −x
Function sinh x = is called hyperbolic sine.
2
1 Domain: D = R 4 Function is odd, the graph is

2 Range: E = R symmetric about the origin
3 Function is increasing on O(0, 0).
the R

e x + e −x
Function cosh x = is called hyperbolic cosine.
2
1 Domain: D = R (−∞, 0)
2 Range: E = [1, +∞) 4 Function is even, the graph
3 Function is increasing on is symmetric with respect to
(0, +∞) and decreasing on the y−axis.

DEFINITION 2.2
sinh x
Function tanh x = is called hyperbolic tangent.
cosh x

DEFINITION 2.2
sinh x
Function tanh x = is called hyperbolic tangent.
cosh x
DEFINITION 2.3
cosh x
Function coth x = is called hyperbolic cotangent.
sinh x

Hyperbolic Identities
sinh(−x) = − sinh x
cosh(−x) = cosh x
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x
sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

f and g are functions, then
f
f ±g, f g, , f g , ...
g
are functions on the domain = D f ∩ D g

Elementary functions The composite function
THE COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Suppose that y = f (u), where u is a function of x : u = g (x). We

compute this by substitution
y = f (g (x))
The procedure is called composition because the new function

is composed of the 2 given functions f and g
DEFINITION 2.4
Given 2 functions f and g , the composite function f ◦ g (read: f
of g ) is defined by
( f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x))
Domain D f ◦g = {x : x ∈ D g AND g (x) ∈ D f }



EXAMPLE 2.3
If f (x) = x 2 , and g (x) = x 3 − 7, find the composite function f ◦ g
and g ◦ f
SOLUTION We have
( f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)) = f (x 3 − 7) = (x 3 − 7)2

EXAMPLE 2.3
If f (x) = x 2 , and g (x) = x 3 − 7, find the composite function f ◦ g
and g ◦ f
SOLUTION We have
( f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)) = f (x 3 − 7) = (x 3 − 7)2
(g ◦ f )(x) = g ( f (x)) = g (x 2 ) = (x 2 )3 − 7 = x 6 − 7

Elementary functions One-to-one functions
ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 2.5
A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on
the same value twice; that is,
f (x 1 ) 6= f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 6= x 2

DEFINITION 2.5
f (x 1 ) 6= f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 6= x 2
EXAMPLE 2.4
1 The function f (x) = x 3 is one-to-one because if x 1 6= x 2 then
x 13 6= x 23 .

DEFINITION 2.5
f (x 1 ) 6= f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 6= x 2
EXAMPLE 2.4
1 The function f (x) = x 3 is one-to-one because if x 1 6= x 2 then
x 13 6= x 23 .
2 The function g (x) = x 2 is not one-to-one because, for instance
g (1) = 1 = g (−1), and so 1 and −1 have the same output.

Elementary functions Inverse functions
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 2.6
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain D and range E .
Then its inverse function f −1 (read: f inverse) has domain E
and range D and is defined by
f −1 (y) = x ⇔ f (x) = y
f −1 (x) = y ⇔ f (y) = x

INVERSE FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 2.6
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain D and range E .
Then its inverse function f −1 (read: f inverse) has domain E
and range D and is defined by
f −1 (y) = x ⇔ f (x) = y
f −1 (x) = y ⇔ f (y) = x

CANCELLATION EQUATIONS
f −1 ( f (x)) = x, ∀x ∈ D, f ( f −1 (y)) = y, ∀y ∈ E .
X → Y → X
−1
x 7 → f (x) 7→ f ( f (x)) = x
and
Y → X → Y
−1 −1
y 7 → f (y) 7→ f (f (y)) = y

The graph of f −1 (x) is obtained by reflecting the graph of f (x)

about the line y = x.

The graph of f −1 (x) is obtained by reflecting the graph of f (x)

about the line y = x.


HOW TO FIND THE INVERSE FUNCTION OF A

ONE - TO - ONE FUNCTION f
1 Write y = f (x)


1 Write y = f (x)
2 Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)


1 Write y = f (x)
3 To express f −1 as a function of x, interchange x and y . The
resulting equation is y = f −1 (x)


1 Write y = f (x)
EXAMPLE 2.5
Find the inverse function of f (x) = x 3 + 2


1 Write y = f (x)
EXAMPLE 2.5
Find the inverse function of f (x) = x 3 + 2
SOLUTION
1 y = x3 + 2
x3 = y − 2 ⇒ x = 3 y − 2
p
2
p
3
3 y = x − 2 = f −1 (x)
Find the inverse function of

2
f = ex −1
Solution:


2
f = ex −1
Solution:
y = f (x) = exp(x 2 − 1)


2
f = ex −1
Solution:
y = f (x) = exp(x 2 − 1)
log y = x 2 − 1
x 2 = 1 + log y

Basic properties of functions Periodic functions
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 3.1
The function f is called periodic of period T > 0 if for all x ∈ X ,
such that x − T, x + T ∈ X and
f (x + T ) = f (x − T ) = f (x) (8)

Basic properties of functions Periodic functions
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 3.1
The function f is called periodic of period T > 0 if for all x ∈ X ,
such that x − T, x + T ∈ X and
f (x + T ) = f (x − T ) = f (x) (8)
EXAMPLE 3.1
Function sine f (x) = sin x is periodic function and has period
T = 2π. This means that, for all values of x
f (x + 2π) = sin(x + 2π) = f (x − 2π) = sin(x − 2π)
= f (x) = sin x.

Basic properties of functions Increasing and decreasing functions
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 3.2
A function f is called
1 increasing on an interval X if f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 < x 2
in X .
2 decreasing on an interval X if f (x 1 ) > f (x 2 ) whenever x 1 < x 2
in X .

DEFINITION 3.2
in X .
in X .
EXAMPLE 3.2
1 Function f (x) = x is increasing on the R.

DEFINITION 3.2
in X .
in X .
EXAMPLE 3.2
2 Function g (x) = x 2 is decreasing on the interval (−∞, 0) and
increasing on the interval (0, +∞).

DEFINITION 3.2
in X .
in X .
EXAMPLE 3.2
2 Function g (x) = x 2 is decreasing on the interval (−∞, 0) and
increasing on the interval (0, +∞).
3 Function h(x) = c = const , according to the definition is not
decreasing and not increasing.
Basic properties of functions Symmetry
SYMMETRY
DEFINITION 3.3
Function f is called an even function on the X ⊂ R if for all x ∈ X
such that −x ∈ X and
f (−x) = f (x) (9)

SYMMETRY
DEFINITION 3.3
Function f is called an even function on the X ⊂ R if for all x ∈ X
f (−x) = f (x) (9)
DEFINITION 3.4
Function f is called an odd function on the X ⊂ R if for all x ∈ X
f (−x) = − f (x) (10)

SYMMETRY
1 The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to
the y−axis.

SYMMETRY
the y−axis.
2 The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin
O.

SYMMETRY
the y−axis.
O.
EXAMPLE 3.3
1 Function f (x) = x is odd on R because for each x ∈ R then
−x ∈ R and f (−x) = −x = − f (x).

SYMMETRY
the y−axis.
O.
EXAMPLE 3.3
1 Function f (x) = x is odd on R because for each x ∈ R then
−x ∈ R and f (−x) = −x = − f (x).
2 Function g (x) = x 2 is even on R because for each x ∈ R then
−x ∈ R and g (−x) = (−x)2 = x 2 = g (x).

Basic properties of functions Boundedness
BOUNDEDNESS
DEFINITION 3.5
Let function f : X → Y be defined on a set D ⊂ X . Function f is
called
1 bounded from above if there is a number M ∈ R such that
for all x ∈ D from the domain D one has f (x) É M ;
2 bounded from below if there is a number m ∈ R such that for
all x ∈ D from the domain D one has f (x) Ê m;
3 bounded if there is a number C > 0 such that for all x ∈ D
from the domain D one has | f (x)| É C ;
4 unbounded if for all C > 0, exists x 0 ∈ D such that | f (x 0 )| > C .

EXAMPLE 3.4
1
1 Function f (x) = is bounded from above on the set
1 + x2
D = R because 0 < f (x) É 1, ∀x ∈ R.

EXAMPLE 3.4
1
1 Function f (x) = is bounded from above on the set
1 + x2
D = R because 0 < f (x) É 1, ∀x ∈ R.
1
2 Function g (x) = is bounded on the open interval [1, +∞)
x
because 0 < g (x) É 1, ∀x ∈ [1, +∞) but g (x) is unbounded on
the interval (0, +∞) because for all C > 0, exists
1
x0 = ∈ (0, +∞) such that |g (x 0 )| = |C + 1| > C .
C +1

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE

HoChiMinh City University of Technology

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 1 / 51

1 FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE

3 BASIC PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 2 / 51

FUNCTION AND ITS GRAPH

The set X = x ∈ R : f (x)is defined is called the domain of the

function f and© is denoted by D( f ª).

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 3 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 4 / 51

PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 5 / 51

PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 5 / 51

m is the slope of the line and b is the y−intercept.

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 6 / 51

m is the slope of the line and b is the y−intercept.

The slope, m, of the line through (x 1 , y 1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) is given by

The slope of a line can be interpreted as the rate of change in

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 6 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 7 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 8 / 51

SOLUTION The slope is

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 8 / 51

SOLUTION The slope is

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 8 / 51

P (x) = a n x n + a n−1 x n−1 + . . . + a 2 x 2 + a 1 x + a 0

where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an

If the leading coefficient an 6= 0, then the degree of the

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 9 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 10 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 10 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 10 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 11 / 51

(Read: x to the power α )

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 11 / 51

(Read: x to the power α )

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 11 / 51

Case α = 2 ⇒ y = x 2 - square function

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 12 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 13 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 14 / 51

(Read: base a to the power x )

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 15 / 51

(Read: base a to the power x )

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 15 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 16 / 51

Function y = a x , (0 < a < 1)

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 17 / 51

(Read: logarithm to the base a of x )

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 18 / 51

(Read: logarithm to the base a of x )

The graph of logarithmic function y = l og a x is the reflection of

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 18 / 51

Properties of logarithmic functions

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 19 / 51

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 20 / 51

Function y = l og a x, (0 < a < 1)

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 21 / 51

Function sine y = sin x

decreasing on the interval π2 , 3π

(HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC 22 / 51