JIM101 Learning Material (Lecture Note) - CHAPTER 1

JIM 101- CALCULUS
Chapter 1: Functions
LEARNING MATERIAL:
LECTURE NOTE
JIM 101 Course Instructor
Dr. Mohd. Asyraf Mansor

asyrafman@usm.my
04-6533935
We lead | Kami Memimpin
www.usm.my
 Definition and Characteristics
CHAPTER 1: of Functions
FUNCTIONS  Basic Classes of Functions
 Composite Functions
JI M101
 Inverse Functions
 Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
 Trigonometric, Inverse
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions
Learning Objectives:
 Use function notation and definition to represent

and evaluate a function.
 State the domain and range of various basic

classes of function.
 Formulate the composite and inverse function.
 Understand the basic formula of exponential,

logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric
and hyperbolic functions. [Will be used in Chapter
3 onwards].
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1.1 Definition and Characteristics of Functions
A function is a relation in which each
element of the domain is paired with
exactly one element of the range.
Another way of saying it is that there is
one and only one output (y) with each
input (x).
x f(x) y
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Input
y = f (x )
Name of
Output Function
A diagram showing a function as a kind of machine.

Functions and Function Notation
Functions can be specified in a variety of ways. However, we will
concentrate primarily on functions that are given by equations
involving the dependent and independent variables. For
instance, the equation
defines y, the dependent variable, as a function of x, x is the

independent variable.
Functions and Function Notation
To evaluate this function (that is, to find the y-value that
corresponds to a given x-value), it is convenient to isolate y
on the left side of the equation.
Using f as the name of the function, you can write this

equation as
The original equation, x2 + 2y = 1, implicitly defines y as a

function of x. When you solve the equation for y, you are
writing the equation in explicit form.
Example 1
Given 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑥 − 1, find:
(a) 𝑓𝑓(2)
(b) the value of 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 = 3
Solution
(a) 𝑓𝑓(2)
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑓𝑓 2 = 8(2) − 1
= 15
Example 1
Given 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑥 − 1, find:
(a) 𝑓𝑓(2)
(b) the value of 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 = 3
Solution
(b)𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 = 3
𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 = 8𝑘𝑘 − 1
8𝑘𝑘 − 1 = 3
8𝑘𝑘 = 3 + 1
4 1
𝑘𝑘 = =
8 2
A vertical line can intersect the graph of a function of x at

most once.
This observation provides a convenient visual test, called

the Vertical Line Test, for functions of x.
That is, a graph in the coordinate plane is the graph of a

function of x if and only if no vertical line intersects the
graph at more than one point.
For example, in Figure P.1(a), you can see that the graph
does not define y as a function of x because a vertical line
intersects the graph twice, whereas in Figures P.1(b) and (c),
the graphs do define y as a function of x.
Figure P.1
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
Classifications and Combinations of Functions
In the terminology of functions, a function y = f(x) is even when
its graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, and is odd
when its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
The symmetry tests (algebraic approach) yield the following test

for even and odd functions.
Example 2
Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither.
1
) x − x (b) g ( x) = 2
(a) f ( x= 3
(c) h( x)= 10 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 8
x
Solution (a)
) x3 − x
f ( x=
f (− x) = ( − x ) − ( − x )
3
=− x3 + x
− ( x3 − x )
=
= − f ( x)
Since, f (− x) = − f ( x), it implies f ( x) is an odd function.

Example 2
1
) x − x (b) g ( x) = 2
(a) f ( x= 3
(c) h( x)= 10 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 8
x
Solution (b)
1
g ( x) = 2
x
1
g (− x) =
(−x)
2
1
= 2
x
= g ( x)
Since, g (− x) = g ( x), it implies g ( x) is an even function.

Example 2
1
) x − x (b) g ( x) = 2
(a) f ( x= 3
(c) h( x)= 10 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 8
x
Solution (c)
h( x)= 10 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 8
h(− x) 10 ( − x ) − 4 ( − x ) + 3 ( − x ) − 8
3 2
=
−10 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 3 x − 8
=
−(10 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 3 x + 8)
=
≠ h( x) or − h( x)
It implies h( x) is neither odd nor even function.
By the end of the eighteenth century, mathematicians and

scientists had concluded that many real-world phenomena
could be represented by mathematical models taken from a
collection of functions called elementary functions.
Elementary functions fall into three categories.
1. Algebraic functions (polynomial, rational)

2. Trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, and so on)
3. Exponential and logarithmic functions
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Figure P.2 shows the graphs of basic functions.
Figure P.2
What are the domain and range of a function?
• The Domain is the set of all possible x-values in a
function.
• The Range is the set of all possible y-values in a

function.

(a) Constant Function
Example 3: Compute the domain and range of,
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 18
Solution:
Algebraic method
For any values of 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 18. Thus, the domain of the

function is −∞, ∞ or ℝ and the range will remain at 18 .
Hence,
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 18 .
(b) Linear Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 5
Solution:
Algebraic method
𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 5 Graphical Method
𝑦𝑦 is defined for all values of 𝑥𝑥.
Hence, the domain

𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
Then, rewrite as
𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 5
𝑦𝑦 − 5 = 2𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 − 5
𝑥𝑥 =
2 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
𝑥𝑥 is defined for all values of 𝑦𝑦.
Therefore, the range
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
(c) Quadratic Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2
Solution:
Algebraic method Graphical Method
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2
Hence, the domain
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2, ∞
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
Then, rewrite as
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑥 = ± 𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑥 is defined for 𝑦𝑦 such that 𝑦𝑦 − 2 ≥ 0,
which 𝑦𝑦 ≥ 2. 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞

(d) Square Root Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
Solution:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑦𝑦 is defined for 𝑥𝑥 if 𝑥𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0, which
𝑥𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, ∞
Hence, the domain
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = [2, ∞)
Then, rewrite
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = [2, ∞)
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2
𝑥𝑥 is defined for 𝑦𝑦 if 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0
(e) Absolute Value Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
Solution:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
Hence, the domain 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, ∞
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
Then, rewrite
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = ±𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 = ±𝑦𝑦 − 1
𝑥𝑥 is defined for 𝑦𝑦 if 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
(f) Rational Function
3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 − 1
Solution:
Algebraic method Then, rewrite
3 3
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 3
In order to calculate the domain, 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 3
𝑥𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 + 3
𝑦𝑦 + 3
𝑥𝑥 ≠ 1 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 is defined for all values of 𝑥𝑥 except 𝑥𝑥 is defined for all values of 𝑦𝑦 except
if 𝑥𝑥 = 1. if 𝑦𝑦 = 0.
Hence, the domain Hence, the range

𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, 1 ∪ (1, ∞) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, 0 ∪ (0, ∞)
(f) Rational Function
3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 − 1
Solution:
Graphical Method
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, 0 ∪ (0, ∞)
x
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, 1 ∪ (1, ∞)
(g) Combination of Functions
Example 9: Compute the domain of the following function:
5𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 3
Solution:
Algebraic method
5𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑥 − 3 ≠ 0
𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 3
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 3
In order to calculate the domain, 𝑦𝑦 is defined for all values of 𝑥𝑥 except if

𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 ≠ 0 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 3 .
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) ≠ 0
Hence, the domain
𝑥𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, −1 ∪ (−1,3) ∪ (3, ∞)
𝑥𝑥 ≠ −1
1.3 Composite Functions
Figure P.30
The composite of f with g is generally not the same as the

composite of g with f.
Example 10
For f(x) = 2x – 3 and g(x) = x2 + 1, find each composite function.
(a) 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥
(b) 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
(c) Find the values of 𝑥𝑥 if 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 7
Solution:
Example 4 – Solution cont’d
Example 4 – Solution cont’d
(c) Find the values of 𝑥𝑥 if 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 7
From (a) we obtain, 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 = 7
2𝑥𝑥 2 = 7 + 1
2𝑥𝑥 2 = 8
2
8
𝑥𝑥 = = 4
2
𝑥𝑥 = 4
= ±2
Hence, 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2
1.4 Inverse Functions
A function y = f(x) with domain D is one-to-one on D
if and only if for every x1 and x2 in D, f(x1) = f(x2)
implies that x1 = x2.
A function is a mapping from its domain to its range

so that each element, x, of the domain is mapped to one,
and only one, element, f(x), of the range.
A function is one-to-one if each element f(x) of the

range is mapped from one, and only one, element, x,
of the domain.
Horizontal Line Test
A function y = f(x) is one-to-one if and only if
no horizontal line intersects the graph of y = f(x)
in more than one point.
y
Example: The function
y = x2 – 4x + 7 is not one-to-one (0, 7) (4, 7)
on the real numbers because the y=7
line y = 7 intersects the graph at
2
both (0, 7) and (4, 7). x
2
Example: Apply the horizontal line test to the graphs
below to determine if the functions are one-to-one.
a) y = x3 b) y = x3 + 3x2 – x – 1
y y
8 8
4 4
-4 4 -4 4
x x
one-to-one not one-to-one

If f is one-to-one, then f -1 exists.
The domain of f is the range of f -1, and the range of

f is the domain of f -1.

For a function y = f (x), the inverse relation of f

is a function if and only if f is one-to-one.
For a function y = f (x), the inverse relation of f

is a function if and only if the graph of f passes the
horizontal line test.
If f is one-to-one, the inverse relation of f

is a function called the inverse function of f.
The inverse function of y = f (x) is written y = f -1(x).

Example: From the graph of the function y = f (x),
determine if the inverse relation is a function and, if it
is, sketch its graph.
y y = f -1(x)
y=x
The graph of f passes
y = f(x)
the horizontal line test.
x
The inverse
relation is a function.
Reflect the graph of f in the line y = x to produce the

graph of f -1.
1
Example 11: Find the inverse function of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥−3
Solution
Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 Switch x and y
1
= 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 − 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = 1
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 = 1
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑥𝑥 Solve for y.
1 + 3𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥
1+3𝑥𝑥
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥
1.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
An exponential function is then a

function in the form,
f ( x) = a x
where a > 0, a ≠ 1.
There is a very important

exponential function that arises
naturally in many places. This
function is called the natural
exponential function.
The natural exponential function is f ( x) = e x , where e = 2.71828182845905…
Since, e > 1, thus e x → ∞ as x → ∞

e x → 0 as x → −∞
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Logarithmic Functions
There are a couple of special logarithms

that arise in many places. These are,
ln x = log e x Natural Logarithm
log x = log10 x Common Logarithm
In the natural logarithm the base e is the

same number as in the natural
exponential logarithm. A sketch of both Figure 1.5b
of these logarithms given in Figure 1.5b.
From this graph we can get a couple of properties about the natural logarithm that
we will use many times in this and later Calculus courses.
ln x → ∞ as x → ∞
ln x → −∞ as x → 0, x > 0
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Example 12: Find the inverse function of ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Solution
Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 Switch x and y
𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥
2𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = Solve for y.
2
ln 𝑥𝑥
Therefore, ℎ−1 𝑥𝑥 =
2
1.6 Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
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Trigonometric Functions
Extra Reading Materials
Trigonometric Functions: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/TrigFcns.aspx
Trigonometric Identities: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/pdf/Trig_Cheat_Sheet.pdf

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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
− 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 , 𝟎𝟎 ∪ (𝟎𝟎, 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐]
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(−∞, ∞)
(−∞, ∞) (0, 𝜋𝜋)
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Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions have similar names to the trigonometric

functions, but they are defined in terms of the exponential function.
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www.usm.my
(−∞, ∞)
(−∞, ∞)
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E-mail via asyrafman@usm.my
THANK YOU
Gracias | 谢谢你 | நன்றி | Terima Kasih | 감사합니다 | ‫ﺷﻛرا‬

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JIM 101- CALCULUS

Dr. Mohd. Asyraf Mansor

We lead | Kami Memimpin

FUNCTIONS  Basic Classes of Functions

 Exponential and Logarithmic

 Use function notation and definition to represent

 State the domain and range of various basic

 Formulate the composite and inverse function.

 Understand the basic formula of exponential,

A diagram showing a function as a kind of machine.

defines y, the dependent variable, as a function of x, x is the

Using f as the name of the function, you can write this

The original equation, x2 + 2y = 1, implicitly defines y as a

A vertical line can intersect the graph of a function of x at

This observation provides a convenient visual test, called

That is, a graph in the coordinate plane is the graph of a

The symmetry tests (algebraic approach) yield the following test

Since, f (− x) = − f ( x), it implies f ( x) is an odd function.

Since, g (− x) = g ( x), it implies g ( x) is an even function.

By the end of the eighteenth century, mathematicians and

Elementary functions fall into three categories.

1. Algebraic functions (polynomial, rational)

• The Range is the set of all possible y-values in a

Kami Memimpin We Lead

For any values of 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 18. Thus, the domain of the

Hence, the domain

Therefore, the range

Hence, the domain Hence, the range

𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, 0 ∪ (0, ∞)

In order to calculate the domain, 𝑦𝑦 is defined for all values of 𝑥𝑥 except if

The composite of f with g is generally not the same as the

From (a) we obtain, 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 1

A function is a mapping from its domain to its range

A function is one-to-one if each element f(x) of the

one-to-one not one-to-one

If f is one-to-one, then f -1 exists.

The domain of f is the range of f -1, and the range of

Kami Memimpin We Lead

For a function y = f (x), the inverse relation of f

For a function y = f (x), the inverse relation of f

If f is one-to-one, the inverse relation of f

The inverse function of y = f (x) is written y = f -1(x).

Reflect the graph of f in the line y = x to produce the

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑥𝑥 Solve for y.

An exponential function is then a

There is a very important

The natural exponential function is f ( x) = e x , where e = 2.71828182845905…

Since, e > 1, thus e x → ∞ as x → ∞

There are a couple of special logarithms

In the natural logarithm the base e is the

Extra Reading Materials

Trigonometric Functions: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/TrigFcns.aspx

Trigonometric Identities: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/pdf/Trig_Cheat_Sheet.pdf

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

− 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 , 𝟎𝟎 ∪ (𝟎𝟎, 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐]

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(−∞, ∞) (0, 𝜋𝜋)

The hyperbolic functions have similar names to the trigonometric

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