MELECT 2

ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY

Mechanical Engineering Department

De La Salle University - Manila
TOPIC 1: THE NUMBER SYSTEM
COMPLEX NUMBER

REAL NUMBERS IMAGINARY NUMBERS

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS RATIONAL NUMBERS

INTEGERS NON-INTEGERS

NEGATIVE ZERO POSITIVE

PRIME COMPOSITE
Recall: Which of the following describe 8+0i?

A. Irrational number
B. Real number
C. Imaginary
D. Surd
 1. Evaluate
●  

A. C.

B. D.
Press “MODE” Press “2” for CMPLX “CMPLX” should Input the given
appear on top of the values
screen
  2. Evaluate

A.
B.
C.
D.
Press “ = “
 2. What is the value of?
●  

A. i C.

B. D.
 Note: For some
calculators (e.g. fx-
570ES Plus), this
will lead to a
MATH ERROR

Reason: calculator
can only process
up to the 3rd
degree (raise to 3)

Solution: express
(1-i)6
Make sure you are Input the values and “CMPLX” should
as (1-i)3 (1-i)3
still in “CMPLX” mode press “ = “ appear on top of the
screen
 2. What is the value of?
●  

A. i C.

B. D.
3. Which of the following statements is
CORRECT?

A. 0.0010 has one significant figure

B. 200 has two significant figures
C. 100.00 has five significant figures
D. 0.003280 has three significant figures
Significant Figure Rules

1. Non-zero digits (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are always

significant.
(Ex: 12 has 2 sig. figs.)

2. Any zeros between two significant digits are

significant.
(Ex: 609 has 3 sig. figs.)
Significant Figure Rules

3. Zeroes to the right of a non-zero digit is only

significant if there is a decimal point.
# of SF
100 1 Significant
100. 3
100.0 4 Not
Significant
00100.0 4
(+1pt 1st Exam): How many significant figures in:

0.0004 1
500300 4
700.00 5
1.00020 6
0.0010080 5
3. Which of the following statements is
CORRECT?

A. 0.0010 has one significant figure

B. 200 has two significant figures
C. 100.00 has five significant figures
D. 0.003280 has three significant figures
TOPIC 2: FACTOR THEOREM
 
4. What is the remainder if the polynomial
is divided by (x-2)?

A. 64 C. 44

B. 54 D. 34
TOPIC 2: FACTOR THEOREM
 
4. What is the remainder if the polynomial
is divided by (x-2)?

A. 64 C. 44

B. 54 D. 34
 TOPIC 3: PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM

log ( 𝑥𝑦 )=log ( 𝑥 ) + log ⁡( 𝑦)

  log 𝑎 𝑎=1
 

 
𝑥
log
𝑦 ( )
=log ( 𝑥 ) − log ⁡( 𝑦)  
n

 
log 𝑥 log 0=− ∞
 

log 𝑦 𝑥=
log 𝑦
 5. Solve for the value of x in the equation

A. 1 or 3
B. 0 or -1
C. -3 or 4
D. 1 or -4
 5. Solve for the value of x in the equation

A. 1 or 3
B. 0 or -1
C. -3 or 4
D. 1 or -4
TOPIC 4: Descartes’ Rule of Signs

● Used to approximate the no. of roots

(positive and negative)

● Involves counting of sign changes

 6. The equation has how many maximum
possible positive real roots?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
 6. The equation has how many maximum
possible positive real roots?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
TOPIC 5: Binomial Theorem
●  

● Exponent of x decreases by 1
● Exponent of y increases by 1
● Sum of the exponents is n
● Number of terms is n+1
● Middle term =
TOPIC 5: Binomial Theorem
●  

If 2nd term is constant “k”:

 7. What is the middle term of the expansion

A. -8864 x12y5
B. -8064 x10y6
C. -9064 x10y5
D. -8064 x10y5
 7. What is the middle term of the expansion

A. -8864 x12y5
B. -8064 x10y6
C. -9064 x10y5
D. -8064 x10y5
TOPIC 6: Word Problems
● Age Problem
● Mixture Problem
● Work Problem
● Clock Problem
● Motion Problem
● Digit & Number Problem
● Miscellaneous Problem (not included in the
discussion)
8. If Popo was four times as old as Kawhi
8 years ago, and if Popo will be twice as
old as Kawhi in 8 years hence, find the
age of Kawhi.

A. 16 C. 38
B. 40 D. 12
8. If Popo was four times as old as Kawhi
8 years ago, and if Popo will be twice as
old as Kawhi in 8 years hence, find the
age of Kawhi.

A. 16 C. 38
B. 40 D. 12
Mixture Problem

Quantitative Analysis: A + B = C

Qualitative Analysis: Ax% + By% = Cz%

9. How much water must be evaporated
from 10 kg solution which has 4% salt to
make a solution of 10% salt?

A. 4 kg C. 5 kg
B. 6 kg D. 7 kg
9. How much water must be evaporated
from 10 kg solution which has 4% salt to
make a solution of 10% salt?

A. 4 kg C. 5 kg
B. 6 kg D. 7 kg
Work Problem
●  
Case I (Same rate): Total man time to complete work
= sum of unit man time

Case II (Work together, different rate): Sum of unit

work = total of unit work
Work Problem
Case III (Work together, different rate, someone left):

1 1 1
 

( + 𝑇 𝑥+
𝐴 𝐵 ) ( )
𝐴
𝑇 𝑦 =1
10. An engineer and his helper can do a certain job
in 3 hours. On a given day, they work together for 1
hour, then the helper left and the engineer finishes
the rest of the work in 8 hours. How long will it take
for the engineer to do the job alone?

A. 12 hours C. 10 hours
B. 8 hours D. 15 hours
10. An engineer and his helper can do a certain job
in 3 hours. On a given day, they work together for 1
hour, then the helper left and the engineer finishes
the rest of the work in 8 hours. How long will it take
for the engineer to do the job alone?

A. 12 hours C. 10 hours
B. 8 hours D. 15 hours
Clock Problem
●  

Magic Number:
11. How many minutes after 10:00
o’clock will the hands of the clock be
opposite each other for the first time?

A. 22.76 C. 20.45
B. 21.81 D. 21.48
11. How many minutes after 10:00
o’clock will the hands of the clock be
opposite each other for the first time?

A. 22.76 C. 20.45
B. 21.81 D. 21.48
Additional question: How many minutes
after 5 o’clock will the hands of the clock
be perpendicular for the first time?

A. 10.91 C. 10.35
B. 10.67 D. 10.69
Additional question: How many minutes
after 5 o’clock will the hands of the clock
be perpendicular for the first time?

A. 10.91 C. 10.35
B. 10.67 D. 10.69
Motion Problem
●  
Uniform motion:
12. Joggers A and B, starting from the same point,
jogging in opposite directions in a circular track field.
Their circular path has a diameter of 800 meters. If
the average speed of Jogger A is 3 kph and that of
Jogger B is 4 kph, compute the time they will meet.

A. 6.85 min C. 14.54 min

B. 21.54 min D. 43.23 min
12. Joggers A and B, starting from the same point,
jogging in opposite directions in a circular track field.
Their circular path has a diameter of 800 meters. If
the average speed of Jogger A is 3 kph and that of
Jogger B is 4 kph, compute the time they will meet.

A. 6.85 min C. 14.54 min

B. 21.54 min D. 43.23 min
TOPIC 7: Principles of Counting
Permutation

Arrangement of items in a particular order

Combination

Arrangement of items in which order is not important

n number of objects
taken r at a time
Example Problems
How many words beginning with T and
ending with E can be made (no letter
repeated) out of the word TRIANGLE?
A. 540 C. 1080
B. 720 D. 5
TRIANGLE
● Letters T and E cannot be moved
● We have six letters that can be
manipulated (R,I,A,N,G,L,E)
● The six letters are to complete a
word such that all six spots
between T & E are occupied
● n = 6; r = 6
● *Order matters
Example Problems
Number of permutations = (total objects!)/(repetitions!)
How many permutations can be made out Number of permutations = 11!/(3! x 3! x 2! x 2!)
of the letters of the word ENGINEERING?
A. 277 200 C. 2 772 000
B. 399 168 D. 3 628 800

ENGINEERING
● 11 total letter
● Repeating letters
E-3
N-3
G-2
I-2
Example Problems Cyclic Permutation:

arranging objects around a circle.

The number of ways can 8 beads of
different colors be strung as a necklace is:
A. 2 520 C. 4 320
B. 2 880 D. 5 040 N = (n-1)!
*Note: If necklace, bracelet, etc use N = (n-1)!/2

n = 8 beads of different colors

Therefore:
Progression
Sequence of numbers, each term related to its predecessor by a uniform law

Arithmetic Progression (AP) Geometric Progression (GP)

Common difference, d Common ratio, r

an = am + (n-m)d an = am (r)n-m For infinite Geometric

Progression (r<1)
Sum of terms: Sum of terms:
S = n/2 (L+a1) = n/2 (2a1 +(n-1)d) S = a1(1-rn)/(1-r) S = a1/(1-r)

Harmonic Progression (HP)

A series of terms is known as a Harmonic Progression when their reciprocals are in
arithmetic progression.
Example: 1/a, 1/(a+d), 1/(a+2d), and so on are in HP because a, a + d, a + 2d are in AP.
Example Problems

The sum of all odd numbers between 1 and 1000

which are divisible by 3 is:

A. 83 660 C. 9 000
B. 83 667 D. 9 003
Example Problems
Geometric Progression:
The 2nd and 5th term of a geometric series
Sum of terms: S = a1(1-rn)/(1-r)
are -½ and 1/16 respectively. Find the sum a1 = ?
of the series up to 8 terms r=?
A. 78/121 C. 91/135 Solve for r: Solve for a1:
B. 85/128 D. 104/139 an = am (r)n-m an = am (r)n-m
n = 2; m=5 n = 1; m=5
-½ = 1/16 (r)2-5 a1 = 1/16 (-½ )1-5
r = -0.5 a1 = 1

Sum of terms: S = a1(1-rn)/(1-r)

a1 = 1
r = -0.5
n=8
Calculator Techniques
If the 6th term of an AP is 11 and its 13th
term is 123, then the 2nd term of this AP is
Mode:3:2
If 1/18 and -1/486 are respectively the 4th
and the 7th terms of a GP, then the first
term of this GP is:
Mode:3:5 or 6

2 Shift:1:5:5 1 Shift:1:5:5

*Adjust signs: odd

terms are negative
a1 = -3/2
Variation Problems

A storage battery discharges at a rate proportional to the

charge. If the charge is reduced by 50% of its original
value at the end of 2 days, how long will it take to reduce
the charge to 25% of its original charge?

A. 1 day C. 3 days
B. 2 days D. 4 days
Diophantine Equation Problem
● A Diophantine equation is an equation
A man bought 20 chickens for P 200. The
in which only integer solutions are
cocks cost P 30 each, the hens P 15 each allowed.
● When there is a lack in given/equations
and the chicks at P 5 each. How many
formed
cocks did he buy?

C- Cocks Mode 7
H- Hens START: 1 Look for entries with
X- Chicks END: 10 integers as solution
1). C + H + X = 20 STEP: 1
2.) 30C + 15H + 5X =
200
Combining 1 & 2
25 C + 10 H = 100
Number of Cocks: Therefore, the man bought 2 cocks
C= (100-10H)/25
Venn Diagram Problems X y
z
If each examinee were able to answer at Integral Differential
both
least one of the two Calculus problems
that came out in the latest licensure
examinations. How many were able to
solve both problems if 50% of them solve
the Integral problem and 75% solve the
differential problem? The total number of
examinees is 2000.
A. 250 C. 750
B. 500 D. 700
TRIGONOMETRY (PLANE)
Trigonon - triangle

Metron - measure

1 Revolution = 360°

= 2π radians

= 400 Grads

= 400 Gons

= 6400 Mils
Trigonometric Identities
Example Problems

Which of the following is equivalent to 180 deg?

A. 3200 mills C. pi/2 rad

B. 100 grads D. all of these

Example Problems 58°35’

From the second floor window of a

building, the angle of depression of an 9.75 m
object on the ground is 35°58’, while from
a fifth floor window, 9.75 m above the first
point of observation the angle of 35°58’
depression is 58°35’. How far is the object
from the building?

A. 10.7 m C. 13.5 m
B. 12.4 m D. 11.5 m
x=?
Example Problems

What expression is equivalent expression for

sin2x?

A. ½sin x cos x C. -2sin x cos x

B. 2sin x cos(½ x) D. (2 sin x)/sec x

SINE and COSINE LAW
Example Problems
An airplane can fly at an airspeed of 300
50
mph.If there is a wind blowing towards the
east at 50 mph, what should the planes

0
30
compass heading in order for its course to
be 30 degrees. What will be the plane’s
ground speed if it flies at this course?

A. 21.7°; 322mph C. 29.7°; 322mph

B. B. 21.7°; 542mph D. 26.7°; 352mph
Area of a Triangle
Circle Circumscribed
about a Triangle

A = abc/4r

Circle Inscribed in a
Triangle

A = rS
Example Problems

The sides of a triangle are 8cm, 10cm, and 14cm.

Determine the radius of the inscribed and
circumscribing circle.

A. 2.45; 7.14 C. 3.43; 7.14

B. 2.45; 8.14 D. 5.43; 9.34