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POLYNOMIALS
6.1 POLYNOMIALS
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The following are examples of polynomials :
(a) P(x) = 2x + 5
(b) P(x) = 3x 2 + 7
(c) P(x) = x 3 – x 2 + 2x + 1
(d) P(x) = x 4 – 5x 2 + 6
3 2
(c) P( x) x x 8 x 1
Note: The indices (n) cannot be a fraction or negative integer
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P(x) = anxn +an-1 xn-1+………….+a1x+ao
Notes :
(1) an,an -1,…,ao are called the coefficients.
(2) an is called the leading coefficient.
(3) ao is called the constant term.
(4) The degree of the polynomial (n) is determined
by the highest power of x.
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For example :
Polynomials Degree Name Leading Constant
coefficient term
P(x) = 3 0 Constant 3 3
P(x) = 2x + 5 1 Linear 2 5
P(x) = x3 x2 + 6 3 Cubic 1 6
P(x) = x4 + 3x 5 4 Quartic 1 5
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Monomials, Binomials and Trinomials
Example :
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monomials
(a) 3yz2
binomials
(b) 2y2 – 7z
trinomials
(c) 3x2 – xy + 2y3
EXAMPLE 1:
3 2 2
Simplify (3x 5 x 7) (4 x 2 x 3)
Solution :
It can be written as:
3x3 5 x 2 0 x 7 Line up like
terms
4x2 2x 3
3 2 12
3x x 2 x 4
Algebraic Operation on Polynomials
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
EXAMPLE 2:
4 3 3 2
Simplify ( x 5 x x 4) ( 2 x 3 x 6 x 1)
Solution :
x 4 7 x3 3x 2 5 x 5 13
Algebraic Operation on Polynomials
Multiplying Polynomials
P(x) = 5x2 + 2x – 1
2P(x) = 2(5x2 + 2x – 1)
= 2(5x2)+ 2(2x) –2(1)
= 10x2 + 4x – 2
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EXAMPLE 3:
(a)3P(x)
(b)P(x)Q(x)
Solution :
a) 3P(x) = 3(3x3– 2x + 4)
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EXAMPLE 3:
(a)3P(x)
(b)P(x)Q(x)
Solution :
32 5
3
9 9
• the quotient is 3
• the remainder is 5
• the divisor is 9
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32 5
3
9 9
The statement could be expressed as:
32 = (3)(9) + 5
= (quotient)(divisor) + remainder
P x Q x D x R x
P x R x
Q x where
D x D x
P(x) – a polynomial
D(x) – divisor
Q(x) – quotient
R(x) - remainder
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EXAMPLE 4:
Solution :
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Solution
Quotient
2x 2 3 x 3
x 1 2 x3 x 2 0 x 1
(-) 2 x3 2 x 2
3x 2 0 x
(-) 3 x 2 3 x
3x 1
(-) 3 x 3
2
Remainder
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The quotient, Q(x) is 2x2 – 3x + 3
Standard form:
P x Q x D x R x
2
2 x 3 x 2 1 (2 x 3x 3) ( x 1) 2
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EXAMPLE 5:
Divide x3 + 2x2 – x + 1 by (x + 3)
x 2 x 2
x 3 x3 2 x 2 x 1
(-) x 3 3x 2
x2 x
2
(-) x 3 x
2x 1
(-) 2 x 6
5
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Standard form:
P x Q x D x R x
x3 2 x 2 x 1 2 5
( x x 2)
x3 x3
x 3 2 x 2 x 1 ( x 2 x 2)( x 3) 5
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EXAMPLE 6:
Solution :
4 x 4 0 x 3 5 x 2 2 x 10
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2x 3 3x 2 2 x 4
2 x 3 4 x 4 0 x 3 5 x 2 2 x 10
(-) 4 x 4 6 x 3
6 x3 5 x 2
(-) 6 x 3 9 x 2
4x2 2x
(-) 4 x 2 6 x
8 x 10
(-) 8 x 12
2
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Standard form:
P x Q x D x R x
P( x) (2 x3 3x 2 2 x 4)(2 x 3) 2
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EXAMPLE 7:
Solution :
6x 2 7 x 2
x 2 3 x 2 6 x 4 11x 3 7 x 2 8 x 4
() 6 x 4 18 x3 12 x 2
7 x 3 19 x 2 8 x
() 7 x 3 21x 2 14 x
2x2 6x 4
() 2x2 6x 4
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0
Standard form:
P x Q x D x R x
P x 6 x 4 11x 3 7 x 2 8 x 4 x 2 3x 2 0
P x 6 x 4 11x 3 7 x 2 8 x 4 x 2 3x 2
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EXERCISE
(b) P( x) x 4 3x 2 2 x 4, D( x) x 1
(c) P( x) 3 x 5 4 x 2 12 x 17, D( x) x 3 2 x 2 2
ANSWER
(a) P( x) (3 x 8)( x 2 2 x) 20 x 7
(b) P( x) ( x 3 x 2 2 x)( x 1) 4
(c) P( x) (3 x 2 6 x 12)( x 3 2 x 2 2) 14 x 2 24 x 7 30