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Learning outcomes:
When x a,
P (a ) (a a )Q(a ) R
P(a) 0 Q(a) R
P(a) R
That is, the remainder, R P (a ) 2
Definition
Note:
P(x) be a polynomial of degree n
where n ≥ 2
3
Note :
The remainder theorem applies only if the
divisor is in the form of x a .
b b
If P(x) is divided by ax b a x , then R P
a a
b
If P(x) is divided by ax b , then R P
a
4
Example 1
a) x – 2 b) 2x + 1
Solution
Let P( x) 2 x3 5 x 2 3x 7
5
a) P (2) 2 2 3 5 2 2 3 2 7
16 20 6 7
9
Therefore, the remainder is 9.
3 2
1 1 1 1
P ( ) 2 5 3 7
b)
2 2 2 2
1 5 3
7
4 4 2
4
Therefore, R = 4 .
x 2 3x x 2 3x
x2 2x x2 2x
x7
x7
x2 x2
9
9
remainder remainder
7
Example 2
is divided by:
8
Solution
P(x) = x4 + x3 - 2x2 + 4x - 5
When x 4 kx 3 5 x 2 6 x 8 is divided by
(x + 2) the remainder is 16. Determine k.
Solution
Let P ( x) x 4 kx 3 5 x 2 6 x 8
11
of -8 when it is divided by (x -1) and a remainder of
2
when divided by (2x + 1) ,determine the values of a and b.
11
Solution P ( x) ax 4 5 x 3 bx 2 7 x 1
P (1) 8
a 5 b 7 1 8
ab 3 (i)
Also, 1 11
P
2 2
4 3 2
1 1 1 1 11
a 5 b 7 1
2 2 2 2 2
a 4b 6 (ii)
12
(ii) –(i) : 3b 3
b 1
a 1 3
a2
13
Note:
Example 5
Solution
14
Since the divisor is a quadratic, x2 1
a b 15 (i)
&
P (1) 3(1) 4 5(1)3 (1) 6 a (1) b
ab 3 (ii)
15
(i) –(ii) : 2a 12
a 6
16
Example 6
When x 4 4 x 3 px 2 qx 5 is divided by x 2 1
the remainder is 2 x 3 .Find the values of p and q.
17
Solution
x 4 4 x 3 px 2 qx 5 Q ( x)( x 2 1) 2 x 3
Substituting x = 1;
1 4 4 1 3 p 1 2 q 1 5 2 1 3
p – q = -1 (ii)
18
(i) + (ii) :
2p = − 6
p=−3
-3 + q = −5
q=−2
19
Exercises
1. Given that M ( x) 2 x 3 x 2 10 x 2
a) Calculate the value of M(1)
b) Hence, write down the value of a such that the
remainder when M(x) is divided by x a is -7.
Answers
3. h = 2 , k = -1 4.(a) p = -2 , q = 5 (b) x2 2
21
FACTOR THEOREM
P ( x) Q( x)( x a )
when xa
P (a ) Q ( x)(a a ) Factor
Theorem
P(a ) 0
23
1. Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of P(x),
then P(a) = 0
24
Example 1
25
Solution
(b) Let P( x) 2 x3 3x 2 8 x 3
3 2
1 1 1 1
P 2 3 8 3
2 2 2 2
0
27
Example 2
28
Solution
Let P x 2 x 3
px 2
5
since (2x + 1) is a factor of P(x),
3 2
Then 1 1 1
P 2 p 5 0
2 2 2
1 1
p 5 0
4 4
p 21
29
Example 3
30
Solution
16 + 4a +2b - 5 = 0
4a +2b = -11……….(1)
31
P(-1) = 2(-1)3 + a(-1)2+ b(-1) – 5 = 0
-2 + a – b – 5 = 0
a – b = 7……(2)
1 13
a ,b
2 2
32
Example 4
33
Solution
METHOD 1
P(-2) = 2(-2)3 + (-2)2+ k(-2) – 4 = 0
-16 + 4 – 2k – 4 = 0
2k = -16
k = -8
34
Since (x + 2) is a factor of P(x), by using long division,
3 2
determine 2 x x 8x 4
x2
2x 2 3x 2
x2 2 x3 x 2 8x 4
2 x3 4 x 2
3x 2 8 x
3x 2 6 x
2x 4
P(x) = Q(x) D(x) + R(x)
2x 4
= (2x2 - 3x – 2)(x + 2)
… 35
METHOD 2
P(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 8x -4
= (x + 2)(ax2 + bx + c) ax3 bx 2 cx 2ax 2 2bx 2c
ax 3 (2a b) x 2 (2b c) x 2c
37
Solution
(a) Let P ( x) 3x 3 ax 2 bx 12
and
D( x) x 2 2 x 3 ( x 1)( x 3)
a + b = 9………(1)
38
P(3) = 3(3)3 + a(3)2 + b(3) –12 = 0
3a – b = 31………(2)
a = 10, b = 1
39
b) P ( x ) 3 x 3 10 x 2 x 12
3x 4
x2 + 2x - 3 3x 3 10 x 2 x 12
3x 3 6 x 2 9 x
4 x 2 8 x 12
4 x 8 x 12
2
. . .
P(x) = Q(x) D(x) + R(x)
P ( x ) (3 x 4)( x 2 2 x 3)
P ( x ) (3 x 4)( x 1)( x 3) 40