Kinetics of a Particle - 3

Impulse-Momentum Methods

One impulse from the vernal wood may teach you more of man of moral evil and of good than all the sages can
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
MECHANICS may not teach us how to deal with issues
of life, but it gives us every reason to hope that

every problem has a solution

Contents
Linear Impulse Momentum Relationship
Impact
Coefficient of Restitution
Linear Impulse-Momentum Relationship
Newton’s Second Law
The resultant of the external applied force acting on a particle is equal to the rate of change of the linear

momentum of the particle  dp d  mv 
R 
dt dt
 
where p  mv Is the Linear momentum of the particle
Linear momentum is a vector quantity having the same direction as the velocity vector.
The SI unit for linear momentum is kg · m/s.
To investigate the motion of an object, velocity alone can not decide its motion. The mass of the object
also plays an important role in investigating its motion
Example-1
Suppose a small bullet of a very small mass is fired from gun with a very high speed and a person wants to
stop it by using his palm. Can he? No because he will say that even it has very small mass it has a very high
velocity.
Example-2
Now suppose a big truck is moving with a very small speed say 2km/hr or even less and you wish to stop
this truck by using both your hands. Can you stop the truck? Again the answer is no because even though it
its speed is small, it has a very large mass.
Thus neither velocity or mass alone can give us a clear understanding of the motion, but together they
can give us a better understanding of the object’s motion.
Linear Impulse - Momentum Relationship
 dp
Newton’s second law R
dt
 
Separating the variables Rdt  dp


t2 p2
    
Integrating both sides:  Rdt  

dp  p 2  p1  mv 2  mv1
t1 p1

The left hand side of the above relation is referred to as

the linear impulse, i.e.  t 2 
I   Rdt
t1

Impulse is a vector, so a negative impulse means the net force is in the negative direction. Likewise, a

positive impulse means the net force is in the positive direction.

SI units for linear impulse are: N.s   

I  p 2  p1
Thus the above relation can be expressed as t2
  

t1
Rdt =mv 2 -mv 1

Linear impulse is equal to the change in linear momentum.

Linear impulse measures the duration of contact of the force with the particle.
Linear Impulse-Momentum Relationship In Cartesian Components
t2
  
y 

t1
Rdt =mv 2 -mv 1
R
t2 
 R x    
ˆi  R y ˆj dt =m x 2 ˆi  y 2 ˆj - m x 1ˆi  y 1ˆj  v1
t1 m
Equating equal coefficients m
t2 t2 
dt = mx 2  mx 1 dt = my 2  my 1 v2
R x R y
t1 t1
x
Ix  p 2 x  p 1x Iy  p 2 y  p 1y

Conservation of Linear Momentum

If the resultant external force acting on the particle is zero, then
  
0=mv 2 -mv1 y R=0
   
v2
mv 2  mv1 v1
 
p 2  p1 m m

Which is simply Newton’s first law x

Example 1

A ball of mass 3 kg is dropped from a height 2m. After it bounces off the floor, the ball rises
back to height 1.2m. Compute
1- the velocity of the ball on hitting the floor,
2- the rebound velocity
3- the impulse exerted by the floor on the a ball,
4- if the duration of the impact is 0.0001 seconds
determine the force acting on the ball during impact
5- discuss the relation between force and impact duration time 2m
1.2m
Solution
1- the velocity of the ball on hitting the floor,
Ball is falling with a constant acceleration (g) which means that the only force acting on it is the weight.
a- Solve using
u0
Newton’s equations of motion for constant acceleration (free fall motion)
y 2 =u 2y -2gy v y =u y -gt
Time and velocity g
y 12 =0-2 10 2 
g
y=u y t- t 2
2
y 1 =- 40 = -6.325 time and displacement 2m

v 2y  u 2y  2gy y 1
velocity and position
b- Or solve using datum
Work-Energy method (mechanical energy is conserved)
g
Ti +V=T
i f +Vf

3
0+3 10 2  = y 2f +0
2
y f =2 10 2 =40
2

y f =2 10 2  = - 6.325 m/s

2- the rebound velocity
Ball is rising with a constant acceleration (g) which means that the only force acting on it is the weight.
a- Solve using
Newton’s equations of motion for constant acceleration (free fall motion)
v y =u y -gt
y 2 =u 2y -2gy
Time and velocity
u0
0=y 22 -2 10 1.2  g
y=u y t- t 2
2
y 2 = 24 =4.9 time and displacement
g
v 2y  u 2y  2gy v0
velocity and position
Or solve using
2m
b- Work-Energy method (mechanical energy is conserved) g
1.2m
Ti +V=T
i f +Vf
y f = - 6.325 m/s y 2
3 2
y i +0=0+3 10 1.2 
2
datum
y i = 4.9
g g
3- The impulse exerted by the floor on the ball. y 2 = 4.9

Iy  my 2  my 1

Iy =3  4.9  - 3 -6.325  =33.67 N.s

I
y 1 = - 6.325 m/s

4- if the duration of the impact is 0.0001 seconds determine the force acting on the ball
during impact

0.0001 0.0001
y 2 = 4.9
Iy =  Fdt = F  dt =F 0.0001- 0 
0 0

Iy33.67
Fy = = =336700 N Fy
0.0001 0.0001
y 1 = - 6.325 m/s
5- discuss the relation between force and duration time y 2 = 4.9

t t
Iy =  Fdt = F  dt =F  t - 0  =Ft
0 0

If t tends to infinity Fy

Iy 33.67 y 1 = - 6.325 m/s

Fy = = =0
t 
F
If t is zero
Iy 33.67
Fy = = =∞
t 0

t
Impact
Terminology (in Mechanics)

Collision ((‫ت صادم‬

1: an act or instance of colliding : CLASH

2: an encounter between objects resulting in exchange or transformation of energy

3: Is an event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other for a relatively short time.

the scientific use of the word "collision" implies nothing about the magnitude of the force
Terminology (in Mechanics)
Impact ( (‫ت أثير ا لصدمه‬
1- The action of one object coming forcibly into contact with
another.
2- When two bodies collide over a very small interval of time
and exert relatively large forces on one another.
3- The force or energy of a collision of two objects.

4- have a strong effect on someone or something

Terminology (in Mechanics)
Impulsive Forces (‫)ق وىدفعيه‬ R
Forces that act for a very short time are called IMPULSE FORCES.
  
I  p 2  p1
t2
  

t1
Rdt =mv 2 -mv 1

t
For very short intervals of time, the force R of a collision cant be defined as a
function of time, thus we deal with its average value;
 t2 
I   Rdt
t1

  t2  
Iav  R av  dt  R av  t 2  t1   R av t
t1

 I
R av  av
t

If Dt=t2-t1<<1, then R dramatically increases

In this case, the force R is called … IMPULSIVE FORCE
 
 I
To decrease the impulsive force, we need to increase the duration of impact. R av  av
How can we increase the time of impact? t
 ‫و إنما األمم األخالق ما بقيت *** فإن هم ذهبت أخالقهم ذهبوا‬
‫و إذا أصيب القوم في أخالقهم *** فأقم عليهم مأتما و عويال‬
‫فقوم النفس باألخالق تستقم‬
‫صالح أمرك لألخالق مرجعه *** ّ‬
‫و ما الحسن في وجه الفتى شرفا له *** إذا لم يكن في فعله و الخالئق‬
‫امير الشعراء ‪ :‬احمد شوقى‬
Collision of Two Particles
Coordinates and Velocities
 
v u

m1 m2

Immediately before impact

plane of impact (P)

m1 m2
line of impact (L)
F F

during impact

 u
v

m1 m2
Immediately after impact
 Conservation of linear momentum along the PLANE OF IMPACT:

vP uP plane of impact vP u P

vL uL m1 m2 vL u L
line of impact line of impact
m1 m2 m1 m2
F F
Immediately before impact Immediately after impact
during impact

Impulse-momentum equation for the blue ball:

I P1 =m1vP -m1v P  0
v P  vP

Impulse-momentum equation for the violet ball:

I P2 =m 2 u P -m 2 u P  0
u P  u P
Conservation of linear momentum along the LINE OF IMPACT:
vP uP plane of impact vP u P

vL uL m1 m2 vL u L
line of impact line of impact
m1 m2 m1 m2
F F
Immediately before impact Immediately after impact
during impact

Impulse-momentum equation for the blue ball:

t2
I L1 = -  Fdt = m1vL - m1v L
t1

Impulse-momentum equation for the violet ball:

t2
I L2 =  Fdt = m 2 u L - m 2 u L
t1
Adding up both equations leads to
0=  m1vL - m1v L    m 2 u L - m 2 u L 

 m1v L + m 2 u L    m1vL + m 2 u L 
Example 2
The 0.05 kg bullet traveling at 600 m/s strikes the 4 kg block centrally and is embedded within it. If the block
is sliding on a smooth horizontal plane with a velocity of 12 m/s in the direction shown just before the
impact, determine the velocity of the block and bullet combined and its direction q immediately after impact

12 m/s

30o

600 m/s
Solution vP uP
plane of impact
vP u P

line of impact vL uL m1 m2 vL u L line of impact

m1 m2 m1 m2
F F

Immediately before impact Immediately after impact

during impact
v L
L
vL =vsin
12 m/s
Immediately  Immediately
after impact after impact vP =vcos
30o

 m2 , u 
F
600 m/s plane of impact F plane of impact
during impact F F
 m1 , v  during impact

u L =6
12 m/s

Immediately 30o Immediately u P  10.4

before before impact
impact
600 m/s v L =600 m/s

line of impact line of impact

 vP uP vP u P
plane of impact

line of impact vL uL m1 m2 vL u L line of impact

m1 m2 m1 m2
F F

Immediately before impact Immediately after impact L

during impact
vL =vsin
Total Linear momentum along the line of impact is conserved.
Immediately vP =vcos

 m1v L + m 2 u L    m1  m 2  vL after impact

0.05  600  +4  6    4  .05  v  sin 

F plane of impact
Linear momentum along the plane of impact is conserved. F
during impact
 m1v P + m 2 u P    m1  m 2  vP u L =6
0.05  0  + 4 12cos30    4  .05  v cos 
u P  10.4
Immediately
before impact
v L =600 m/s
Solve the two equations to get the unknowns

line of impact
Coefficient of Restitution
Coefficient of Restitution
vP uP plane of impact vP u P

vL uL m1 m2 vL u L
line of impact line of impact
m1 m2 m1 m2
F F
Immediately before impact Immediately after impact
during impact

The coefficient of restitution of two colliding particles is a positive real number between 0.0 and 1.0
representing the ratio of speeds after and before an impact, taken along the line of the impact.

u L -vL vL - u L
e= - =-
u L -v L vL - u L

Surface smooth, and objects are smooth

Cases to consider
In the case of a one-dimensional collision involving two objects, A and B, the coefficient of
restitution is given by:
vP uP plane of impact vP u P

vL uL m1 m2 vL u L
line of impact line of impact
m1 m2 m1 m2
F F
Immediately before impact Immediately after impact
during impact

u L -vL vL - u L
e= - =-
u L -v L vL - u L
where:
 is the final velocity of object A after impact
 is the final velocity of object B after impact
 is the initial velocity of object A before impact
 is the initial velocity of object B before impact
Cases to consider
In the case where frictional forces can be neglected and the object is dropped from rest
onto a horizontal surface, this is equivalent to:
v0
h vo  0
e=
H
H
where h
 is the bounce height
 is the drop height

Proof
vL v L
y 2 = y o2 -2gy Velocity Velocity
immediately immediately
vertical velocity and position
before impact after impact
v 2L = 0 -2g  -H 
u L -vL
0= vL2 -2gh e= -
u L -v L
e= -
u L -vL
=-
0 - vL - 2gh h
= - =
u L -v L 0 -  -v L  2gH H
Determine the coefficient of restitution between the ball and the surface of impact
of example (1)

u L -vL h
e= - =
u L -v L H

H=2m
h=1.2m
u  -v 0 - 4.9
e= - L L = - = 0.775
u L -v L 0 -  -6.325 

6.325 m / s 4.9 m/s

h 1.2
e= = = 0.775
H 2
Cases to consider
The coefficient of restitution is a comparison between the potential, PE, of the object
immediately before impact with that immediately after impact:

mgh
e= v0
mgH vo  0

H
Proof h

e= -
u L -vL
=-
0 - vL
= -- 2gh
=
mgh
u L -v L 0 -  -v L  2gH mgH
vL vL
Velocity Velocity
immediately immediately
before impact after impact

u L -vL
e= -
u L -v L
Cases to consider
The coefficient of restitution is a comparison between the kinetic energy, KE, of the
object immediately before impact with that immediately after impact:

1
mvL2
KE 2
e=  v0
KE 1 vo  0
mv 2L
2
Proof H
h
u L -vL 0-vL v
e= - = - = L
u L -v L 0-  -v L  v L
1 2
KE= mvL2 vL = KE vL v L
2 m Velocity Velocity
immediately immediately
1 2 before impact after impact
KE= mv 2L vL = KE
2 m
KE
e=
KE
Types of Impact
Elastic Impact
if the body returns to its original shape, the body is said to be elastic in nature, and this property is called as
‘elasticity’ v u  u
P P vP P
plane of impact

vL - u L
e= -
vL m1 m2 vL
1 line of impact uL u L line of impact
vL - u L m1 m2 F F
m1 m2

Immediately before impact Immediately after impact

during impact
Properties
1- No permanent deformation during impact
2- Total Linear Momentum is conserved during impact (along the line of impact)
 m1v L + m 2 u L    m1vL + m 2 u L 
3- The total kinetic energy of the bodies is conserved during impact
KE (before) = KE (after)
1 1 1 1
m1  v 2L  v 2P  + m 2  u L2  u P2  = m1  vL2  vP2  + m 2 u L2  u P2 
2 2 2 2

4- The generation of sound and elastic waves is negligible

Plastic Impact
Plasticity is defined as the ability of a body to change its shape and size permanently
qP
vP uP
plane of impact

vL2 -vL1
e= - 0 line of impact vL uL m1 m2 vL q L line of impact
v L2 -v L1 m1 m2 F F m1 m 2

Immediately before impact Immediately after impact

during impact
Properties
1- After impact the two bodies move as one body
2- Only one of the bodies has to be ideally plastic to obtain this condition.
3- Total Linear Momentum is conserved during impact
 m1v L + m 2 u L    m1 + m 2  q L
4- Permanently deformed during impact and have no restoring force after the maximum deformation
occurs.
5- Kinetic energy is lost during the permanent deformation (most is converted into heat).
K  KE(before) - KE(after)
1 1   1 
K   m1  v 2L  v 2P  + m 2  u 2L  u 2P   -   m1  m 2   q 2L  q P2  
2 2   2 
Real Materials
vL2 -vL1
0< e= - 1
v L2 -v L1

Properties
1- Total Linear Momentum is conserved during collision
 m1v L + m 2 u L    m1vL + m 2u L 
2- Forces cause elastic and plastic deformations simultaneously
3- Kinetic energy is lost during the permanent deformation (most is converted into heat).
K  KE(before) - KE(after)
1 1  1 1 
K   m1  v 2L  v P2  + m 2  u L2  u 2P   -  m1  vL2  vP2  + m 2  u L2  u P2  
2 2  2 2 
4- There are other factors that effect the value of e such as the velocity of approach and the temperature of
the bodies.
Example 3
A ball of mass 2 kg has been dropped from a one meter height on a
smooth floor. If the coefficient of restitution between the ball and
the floor is 0.3 determine the following
1- the velocity of the ball on hitting the floor, 1m
2- the rebound velocity h

3- the maximum height h after it bounced

4- the impulse exerted by the floor on the a ball.
5- the dissipated energy.
Solution
outline line of impact
v0
u0

H=1m
h

v L

plane of impact
Velocity
Velocity vL F immediately after
immediately Forces during impact impact
before impact t2
I=  Fdt = mvL - mv L
t1
I Projectile motion
Projectile motion F=
t Ti +V=T
i f +Vf
Ti +V=T
i f +Vf 1 1
ΔKE = mv L2 - mv L2 1
2 2 mvL2
v h KE 2
e = L = = 
vL H KE 1
mv 2L
2
1- the velocity of the ball on hitting the floor, g 2
y= y o t - t
u0
2
v 2L = u 2 -2gy = 0-2 10  -1 =20 vertical position and time

v L = -4.5 m/s H=1m y 2 = y o2 -2gy

Projectile motion
vertical velocity and position
2- the rebound velocity
v -v y = y o - g t
e= - L2 L1 vertical velocity and time
v L2 -v L1 vL
Velocity
0-vL v immediately
0.3= -  L before impact v2L -v1L

0-v L 4.5 e= -
v 2L -v1L
v1  1.35 m / s v0

3- the maximum height h after it bounced h KE

e= =
h h H KE
e=
H v L Projectile motion
h
0.3= t2
1 Velocity immediately I=  Fdt = mvL - mv L
after impact t1
h=.09 m
4- the impulse exerted by the floor on the a ball
t2
I=  Fdt = m1vL1 - m1v L1
t1

I = 2 1.35  - 2  -4.5  =11.7

line of impact
v0
u0

H=1m
h=0.9

vL  1.35

plane of impact

v L  4. 5 F
Forces during impact
5- the dissipated energy.
m 2 m 2
DE = y 1  y 1 v0
2 2 u0
m 2 m
DE =  4.5  - 1.35  = ... J
2

2 2
H=1m
h=0.9
Where did that lost energy go?
vL  1.35

The percentage of lost energy

v L  4. 5
vL KE
e= = = 0.3
vL KE
Example 4
A ball of mass 2kg is projected as shown with a speed of 10 m/s. The coefficient of restitution
between the ball and the smooth floor is e=0.7. Determine;
1- the speed it hits the floor
2- the rebound speed
3- the maximum height after rebounding
4- the impulse of the floor on the ball
5- the loss in the kinetic energy.
10 m/s

1.5m

h
Solution
10 m/s Line of impact v= 0

u= 0

v P =10
1.5m vL =-ev L
h
v P =10 v P =10
Plan of impact
vL F
t2
I=  Fdt = mvL - mv L Projectile motion
t1
I Ti +V=Tf +Vf
F= i
Projectile motion t 1
mvL2
vL h KE 2
Ti +V=Tf +Vf
e = = = 
i vL H KE 1
mv 2L
1 1 2
ΔKE = mvL2 - mv L2
2 2
 1- the speed it hits the floor 10 m/s g 2
y= y o t - t
2
v 2L = 0-2 10 -1.5  vertical position and time
u= 0
v L = -5.5 m/s y 2 = y o2 -2gy
v P =10 1.5m
vertical velocity and position

2- the rebound speed y = y o - g t

v P =10
v P =10 vertical velocity and time
v -v
e= - 2L 1L Projectile motion vL
v 2L -v1L v2L -v1L

e= -
0-v1L v 2L -v1L
0.7= - v= 0
0-  -5.5 
vL =3.85 v h= KE
v P =10 e=- L 
vL H KE
3- the maximum height after rebounding
vL h
e=-  vL t2
vL H h
I=  Fdt = mvL - mv L
h v P =10 t1
0.7=
1.5
h=0.74 m
4- the impulse of the floor on the ball

10 m/s
Line of impact v= 0

u= 0 v P =10

1.5m vL =3.85

h=0.74 m
v P =10 v P =10

F
v L =5.5
t2
I=  Fdt = mvL - mv L
t1

I L =2 3.85   2  5.5   18.7

Time to Say Goodbye

and remember

THE BEST IS YET TO COME